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Xie J, Wang L, Tian S, Li R, Zhang L, Shi H, Liu Z, Ma T, Hu H, She Z, Wang L. The Protective Role of Transcript-Induced in Spermiogenesis 40 in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:2519-2534. [PMID: 38884889 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Prompt reperfusion after cerebral ischemia is important to maintain neuronal survival and reduce permanent disability and death. However, the resupply of blood can induce oxidative stress, inflammatory response and apoptosis, further leading to tissue damage. Here, we report the versatile biological roles of transcript-induced in spermiogenesis 40 (Tisp40) in ischemic stroke. We found that the expression of Tisp40 was upregulated in ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain tissues and oxygen glucose deprivation/returned -stimulated neurons. Tisp40 deficiency increased the infarct size and neurological deficit score, and promoted inflammation and apoptosis. Tisp40 overexpression played the opposite role. In vitro, the oxygen glucose deprivation/returned model was established in Tisp40 knockdown and overexpression primary cultured cortical neurons. Tisp40 knockdown can aggravate the process of inflammation and apoptosis, and Tisp40 overexpression ameliorated the aforementioned processes. Mechanistically, Tisp40 protected against ischemic stroke via activating the AKT signaling pathway. Tisp40 may be a new therapeutic target in brain ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang, China
| | - Song Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruyan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongjie Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tengfei Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang, China
- Huanggang Institute of Translational Medicine, Huanggang, China
| | - Heng Hu
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhigang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Lang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Boutonnet L, Mallard J, Charles AL, Hucteau E, Gény B, Lejay A, Grandperrin A. Autologous mitochondrial transplantation in male mice as a strategy to prevent deleterious effects of peripheral ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C449-C456. [PMID: 38145293 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00639.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) is known to induce severe tissue damage, notably through mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial transplantation has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy in cardiac IR; however, few studies have previously assessed its efficacy in the context of peripheral IR. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the effect of mitochondrial transplantation in a hindlimb model of IR injury. Thirty-six SWISS mice were divided into three groups: control (CTL, n = 12), ischemia-reperfusion (IR, n = 12), and IR with mitochondrial transplantation (MT, n = 12). Ischemia (2 h) was induced using the tourniquet model around the right hind limb in the IR and MT groups. In MT group, mitochondria isolated from the right rectus muscle, a nonischemic region, were injected shortly before reperfusion. Mitochondrial respiration, calcium retention capacity, and Western blotting analysis were performed 2 h after reperfusion. Compared with the CTL group, IR led to a decrease in the mitochondrial respiratory capacity, particularly for the basal state (-30%; P = 0.015), oxidative phosphorylation (-36%; P = 0.024), and calcium retention capacity (-45%; P = 0.007). Interestingly, mitochondrial transplantation partially restored these functions since no differences between MT and CTL groups were found. In addition, the administration of healthy mitochondria resulted in a positive regulation of redox balance and mitochondrial dynamics within the skeletal muscle. Although further investigations are needed to better characterize underlying mechanisms, mitochondrial transplantation represents a promising strategy in the setting of IR-induced muscular damage.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ischemia-reperfusion injury leads to severe muscular damage. Even if prompt revascularization is the treatment of choice, muscular alterations can lead to severe sequalae as mitochondrial dysfunction. Accordingly, adjunctive strategies are needed to overcome the muscular damage. Mitochondrial transplantation has shown beneficial effects in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion, but its role in peripheral muscle is not well established. In this study, we found that mitochondrial transplantation partially restored muscular function when submitted to ischemia reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauréline Boutonnet
- Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory (UR 3072), Biomedicine Research Centre of Strasbourg CRBS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Joris Mallard
- Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory (UR 3072), Biomedicine Research Centre of Strasbourg CRBS, Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Sports Science, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Laure Charles
- Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory (UR 3072), Biomedicine Research Centre of Strasbourg CRBS, Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elyse Hucteau
- Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory (UR 3072), Biomedicine Research Centre of Strasbourg CRBS, Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Sports Science, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernard Gény
- Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory (UR 3072), Biomedicine Research Centre of Strasbourg CRBS, Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Physiology and Functional Explorations, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Lejay
- Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory (UR 3072), Biomedicine Research Centre of Strasbourg CRBS, Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Kidney Transplantation, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Antoine Grandperrin
- Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory (UR 3072), Biomedicine Research Centre of Strasbourg CRBS, Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Sports Science, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Yuxiong W, Faping L, Bin L, Yanghe Z, Yao L, Yunkuo L, Yishu W, Honglan Z. Regulatory mechanisms of the cAMP-responsive element binding protein 3 (CREB3) family in cancers. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115335. [PMID: 37595431 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The CREB3 family of proteins, encompassing CREB3 and its four homologs (CREB3L1, CREB3L2, CREB3L3, and CREB3L4), exerts pivotal control over cellular protein metabolism in response to unfolded protein reactions. Under conditions of endoplasmic reticulum stress, activation of the CREB3 family occurs through regulated intramembrane proteolysis within the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Perturbations in the function and expression of the CREB3 family have been closely associated with the development of diverse diseases, with a particular emphasis on cancer. Recent investigations have shed light on the indispensable role played by CREB3 family members in modulating the onset and progression of various human cancers. This comprehensive review endeavors to provide an in-depth examination of the involvement of CREB3 family members in distinct human cancer types, accentuating their significance in the pathogenesis of cancer and the manifestation of malignant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yuxiong
- Department of Urology II, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China
| | - Li Faping
- Department of Urology II, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China
| | - Liu Bin
- Department of Urology II, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China
| | - Zhang Yanghe
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China
| | - Li Yao
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China
| | - Li Yunkuo
- Department of Urology II, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China
| | - Wang Yishu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China.
| | - Zhou Honglan
- Department of Urology II, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China,.
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Zhang X, Hu C, Ma ZG, Hu M, Yuan XP, Yuan YP, Wang SS, Kong CY, Teng T, Tang QZ. Tisp40 prevents cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway in male mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3383. [PMID: 37291168 PMCID: PMC10250363 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) produces uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) to facilitate O-linked GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) protein modifications, and subsequently enhance cell survival under lethal stresses. Transcript induced in spermiogenesis 40 (Tisp40) is an endoplasmic reticulum membrane-resident transcription factor and plays critical roles in cell homeostasis. Here, we show that Tisp40 expression, cleavage and nuclear accumulation are increased by cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Global Tisp40 deficiency exacerbates, whereas cardiomyocyte-restricted Tisp40 overexpression ameliorates I/R-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and acute cardiac injury, and modulates cardiac remodeling and dysfunction following long-term observations in male mice. In addition, overexpression of nuclear Tisp40 is sufficient to attenuate cardiac I/R injury in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistic studies indicate that Tisp40 directly binds to a conserved unfolded protein response element (UPRE) of the glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFPT1) promoter, and subsequently potentiates HBP flux and O-GlcNAc protein modifications. Moreover, we find that I/R-induced upregulation, cleavage and nuclear accumulation of Tisp40 in the heart are mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Our findings identify Tisp40 as a cardiomyocyte-enriched UPR-associated transcription factor, and targeting Tisp40 may develop effective approaches to mitigate cardiac I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Can Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen-Guo Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Pin Yuan
- Department of Geriatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Pei Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun-Yan Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Teng Teng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, China.
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Jin J, Xu F, Zhang Y, Guan J, Liang X, Zhang Y, Yuan A, Liu R, Fu J. Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats is probably due to the activation of the 5-HT degradation system in proximal renal tubular epithelial cells. Life Sci 2021; 285:120002. [PMID: 34599937 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the relationship between renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (RIRI) and the activation of the renal 5-HT degradation system, including 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR), 5-HT synthases and monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A). MAIN METHODS Rat RIRI was induced by removing the right kidney, causing ischemia of the left kidney for 45 min and reperfusion for different times. RIRI model (ischemia for 45 min and reperfusion for 24 h) was pretreated with 5-HT2AR antagonist sarpogrelate hydrochloride (SH) and the 5-HT synthase inhibitor carbidopa. In HK-2 cells, cellular damage was induced by hypoxia (24 h)/reoxygenation (12 h) (H/R) and treated with SH, carbidopa or the MAO-A inhibitor clorgyline. Hematoxylin-eosin, immunohistochemistry, TUNEL and fluorescent probe staining, RT-qPCR, western blotting, ELISA, etc. were used in the tests. KEY FINDINGS The development of RIRI and the emergence of the RIRI peak were consistent with renal 5-HT degradation system activation. The highest expression regions of the 5-HT degradation system overlapped with those of the most severe lesions in the kidney, which were in proximal renal tubules. Rat RIRI and HK-2 cell damage, including oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, could be almost abolished by synergistic inhibition of SH and carbidopa. Clorgyline also abolished the cellular damage induced by H/R. H/R-induced production of mitochondrial ROS in HK-2 cells was due to MAO-A-catalyzed 5-HT degradation, and 5-HT2AR was involved by mediating the expression of 5-HT synthases and MAO-A. SIGNIFICANCE These findings revealed a close association between RIRI and activation of the renal 5-HT degradation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Jin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Jing Guan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Xiurui Liang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Ansheng Yuan
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Runkun Liu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jihua Fu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210003, China.
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Zhu J, Qiu JG, Xu WT, Ma HX, Jiang K. Alamandine protects against renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats via inhibiting oxidative stress. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:1491-1502. [PMID: 34244746 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was to determine whether alamandine (Ala) could reduce ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury of kidney in rats. METHODS Renal I/R was induced by an occlusion of bilateral renal arteries for 70 min and a 24-h reperfusion in vivo, and rat kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells NRK52E were exposed to 24 h of hypoxia and followed by 3-h reoxygenation (H/R) in vitro. RESULTS The elevated serum creatinine (Cr), blood cystatin C (CysC) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in I/R rats were inhibited by Ala treatment. Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF)-α, IL-1β, IL-6, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8 and Bax were increased, and Bcl2 was reduced in the kidney of I/R rats, which were reversed by Ala administration. Ala reversed the increase of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8 and Bax and the decrease of Bcl2 in the H/R NRK52E cells. Ala could also inhibit the increase of oxidative stress levels in the kidney of I/R rats. NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) overexpression reversed the improving effects of Ala on renal function, inflammation and apoptosis of I/R rats. CONCLUSION These results indicated that Ala could improve renal function, attenuate inflammation and apoptosis in the kidney of I/R rats via inhibiting oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Liyang, Changzhou, China
| | - Jian-Guo Qiu
- Department of Urology, Lianshui People's Hospital Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Wei-Tao Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Zaozhuang Mining Group Central Hospital, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Ma
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Liyang, Changzhou, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Liyang, Changzhou, China
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Yuan W, Wu J, Zhang Q, Liang Y, Zhang M, Qin H, Li CS. Shen-fu injection alleviates acute renal injury by reducing cytokine levels and modulating apoptosis in a porcine hemorrhagic shock model. Acta Cir Bras 2021; 36:e360405. [PMID: 34076082 PMCID: PMC8184256 DOI: 10.1590/acb360405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Shen-fu injection (SFI) was used to intervene in the resuscitation of porcine hemorrhagic shock (HS) model to study its protective effects on acute kidney injury. METHODS After 60 min of HS, 28 animals were randomly assigned into four groups. The groups were as follows: hemorrhagic shock group (HS); HS resuscitation with shed-blood group (HSR); HS resuscitation with shed-blood and SFI (1 mL·kg-1) group (HSR-SFI); and the sham operation group (Sham). The bloods were analyzed for serum creatinine (sCr), cystatin C (CysC) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). BAX, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 protein expressions by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining. The renal tissues were removed and pathologic changes were observed. RESULTS Mean aortic pressure (MAP) in HSR-SFI groups were higher than that in HSR groups after shock. At the 6th hour after shock, the urine volume per hour in the HSR-SFI groups was more than that in the HSR groups. The sCr, NGAL, CysC and cytokine levels of HSR-SFI groups were lower. The Bcl-2 expression was increased in the HSR-SFI groups. The BAX and caspase-3 expressions were reduced. The histopathologic score in the HSR-SFI was lower. CONCLUSIONS SFI may reduce the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) following hemorrhagic shock by attenuating systemic inflammatory responses, and regulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- Capital Medical University, China
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Zhi D, Zhang M, Lin J, Liu P, Duan M. GPR120 Ameliorates Apoptosis and Inhibits the Production of Inflammatory Cytokines in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells. Inflammation 2020; 44:493-505. [PMID: 33009637 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the most common complication of sepsis with a high mortality rate. In this study, we focus on the renal injury caused by the immune response of renal tubular epithelial cells and inflammation-induced renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis. We studied the role of GRP120 in the inflammation and apoptosis of human renal cell line HK-2 and mouse primary renal tubular epithelial cells. GPR120 agonist GW9508 activated the GPR120 pathway. Inflammatory factors were detected using quantitative real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell apoptosis experiments included the annexin V and PI double-staining method combined with flow cytometry, TUNEL method, and Western blot. The level of cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and iNOS was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in HK-2 and TECs after the activation of the GPR120 pathway. Besides, the cell apoptosis of both cells increased. Overexpressed GPR120 and shGPR120 were established. Treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased the level of cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and iNOS in HK-2 cell and TECs. Compared with control-LPS and negative control (NC)-LPS, the overexpression of GPR120 and shGPR120 could decrease and increase the level of secreted cytokines significantly (P < 0.05), respectively, after LPS-induced apoptosis. After H2O2- and LPS-induced apoptosis, respectively, compared with the control and NC groups, overexpressed GPR120 and shGPR120 could reduce and increase the expression of caspase-3, respectively. GPR120 could suppress the cellular immune response and apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells, thereby possibly protecting the kidney and relieving sepsis-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyuan Zhi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong'an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong'an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jin Lin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong'an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong'an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Meili Duan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong'an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Xiao C, Zhao H, Zhu H, Zhang Y, Su Q, Zhao F, Wang R. Tisp40 Induces Tubular Epithelial Cell GSDMD-Mediated Pyroptosis in Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via NF-κB Signaling. Front Physiol 2020; 11:906. [PMID: 32903383 PMCID: PMC7438479 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). As a transcription factor, the Transcript induced in spermiogenesis 40 (Tisp40) has been found to be involved in renal IRI. However, the role of Tisp40 in tubular epithelial cell (TEC) pyroptosis of renal IRI remains unknown. In this study, we investigated effects of Tisp40 on Gasdermin D (GSDMD)-mediated TEC pyroptosis in renal IRI and underlying molecular mechanisms in I/R-induced kidney by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay,immunohistochemistry (IHC), reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis in vivo and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-stimulated TCMK-1 cells by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay, CCK-8 assay,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometric analysis, immunofluorescence staining,RT-qPCRand western blot analysis in vitro. We found that the levels of Tisp40 and GSDMD-N expression increased gradually, and peaked at 30 min ischemia/24 h reperfusion in vivo and 24 h OGD/R/6 h reoxygenation in vitro, simultaneously, the levels of TEC pyroptosis and renal injury were correspondingly increased. The data of Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that the expression of Tisp40 and GSDMD-N was positively correlated. Furthermore, Tisp40 overexpression aggravated TEC pyroptosis rate and increased the expressions of related proteins, including GSDMD-N, NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 in the OGD/R-stimulated TCMK-1 cell line, whereas the opposite occurred in cells treated with small interfeing RNA (siRNA) targeting Tisp40. Tisp40-deficient mice showed attenuated renal IRI and pyroptosis compared with wild-type mice. In addition, Tisp40 knockout remarkably decreased the levels of GSDMD-N, IL-1β, IL-18, NLRP3, and caspase-1 expression, and alleviated renal pyroptosis induced by I/R. Importantly, Tisp40 overexpression significantly increased TECs pyroptosis via p-p65 activation, however, the effects of Tisp40 overexpression were partially blocked by parthenolide (PTL). Collectively, our findings provide insight into the mechanism of how Tisp40 regulated GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in renal IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Xiao
- Department of Urology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haijun Zhao
- Department of Urology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hai Zhu
- Department of Urology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingyu Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiuju Su
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Urology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Renhe Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Yang K, Li W, Bai T, Xiao Y, Yu W, Luo P, Cheng F. Mindin deficiency alleviates renal fibrosis through inhibiting NF-κB and TGF-β/Smad pathways. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5740-5750. [PMID: 32253812 PMCID: PMC7214143 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis acts as a clinical predictor in patients with chronic kidney disease and is characterized by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation. Our previous study suggested that mindin can function as a mediator for liver steatosis pathogenesis. However, the role of mindin in renal fibrosis remains obscure. Here, tumour necrosis factor (TGF)‐β‐treated HK‐2 cells and global mindin knockout mouse were induced with renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) to test the relationship between mindin and renal fibrosis. In vitro, mindin overexpression promoted p65—the hub subunit of the NF‐κB signalling pathway—translocation from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, resulting in NF‐κB pathway activation in TGF‐β‐treated HK‐2 cells. Meanwhile, mindin activated the TGF‐β/Smad pathway, thereby causing fibrotic‐related protein expression in vitro. Mindin−/− mice exhibited less kidney lesions than controls, with small renal tubular expansion, inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as collagen accumulation, following renal IRI. Mechanistically, mindin−/− mice suppressed p65 translocation and deactivated NF‐κB pathway. Simultaneously, mindin disruption inhibited the TGF‐β/Smad pathway, alleviating the expression of ECM‐related proteins. Hence, mindin may be a novel target of renal IRI in the treatment of renal fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Yang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Anesthesia, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Bai
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yusha Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weimin Yu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengcheng Luo
- Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Cheng
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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11
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Jiang X, Liao XH, Huang LL, Sun H, Liu Q, Zhang L. Overexpression of augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) mitigates the effect of H 2O 2-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in renal tubule epithelial cells. Apoptosis 2020; 24:278-289. [PMID: 30680481 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion is a major cause of acute kidney injury and can induce apoptosis in renal epithelial tubule (HK-2) cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a major contributor to apoptosis in acute kidney injury. We previously reported that augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) functions as an anti-apoptotic factor in H2O2-treated HK-2 cells although the precise mechanism underlying this action remains unclear. In the present study, we investigate the role of ALR in H2O2-induced ER stress-mediated apoptosis. We overexpressed ALR and established a H2O2-induced ER stress model in HK-2 cells. Overexpression of ALR reduced the level of reactive oxygen species and the rate of apoptosis in H2O2-treated HK-2 cells. Using confocal microscopy and western blot, we observed that ALR colocalized with the ER and mitochondria compartment. Moreover, ALR suppressed ER stress by maintaining the morphology of the ER and reducing the levels of the ER-related proteins, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), phospho-protein kinase-like ER kinase (p-PERK), phospho-eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α) and C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) significantly (p < 0.05). Mechanistically, ALR promoted Bcl-2 expression and suppressed Bax and cleaved-caspase-3 expression significantly during ER-stress induced apoptosis (p < 0.05). Furthermore, ALR attenuated calcium release from the ER, and transfer to mitochondria, under ER stress. To conclude, ALR alleviates H2O2-induced ER stress-mediated apoptosis in HK-2 cells by suppressing ER stress response and by maintaining calcium homeostasis. Consequently, ALR may protect renal tubule epithelial cells from ischemia/reperfusion induced acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Liao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Li-Li Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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12
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Bai T, Yang K, Qin C, Xu T, Yu X, Zhang J. Cryptotanshinone ameliorates renal ischaemia–reperfusion injury by inhibiting apoptosis and inflammatory response. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 125:420-429. [PMID: 31219678 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Bai
- Department of Urology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Kang Yang
- Department of Urology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Cong Qin
- Department of Urology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Urology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Xi Yu
- Department of Urology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Urology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan China
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13
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Melittin Inducing the Apoptosis of Renal Tubule Epithelial Cells through Upregulation of Bax/Bcl-2 Expression and Activation of TNF- α Signaling Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9450368. [PMID: 31772938 PMCID: PMC6854966 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9450368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) caused by bee stings is common, with characteristics of acute onset, severe illness, and high mortality. Melittin, a major component of bee venom, has been considered to play a key role in bee sting related AKI. This study aims to illustrate whether melittin could lead to apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) and to investigate its mechanism. Methods In vivo, 45 mice were randomly divided into the melittin group (n=30, injected with melittin into the tail vein according to the total dose of 4.0 ug/g weight) and the control group (n=15, injected with the same volume of saline into the tail vein). In vitro, human RTECs (HK-2) were cultured and treated with melittin (2ug/ml or 4ug/ml) and TNF-α (10ng/ml). Biochemical analysis, HE stains, and electron microscope were performed to evaluate renal function and pathological changes. TUNEL stains and flow cytometry were performed to detect apoptosis. Real-time PCR was performed to detect mRNA levels of Bax, Bcl-2, and TNF-α. Simple western assay and immunohistochemical (IH) and immunofluorescent (IF) stains were performed for protein detection. Results Melittin successfully induced AKI in mice. Compared with the control group, obvious injury and apoptosis of RTECs were observed in the melittin group; the mRNA and protein expressions of Bax were significantly increased, while the expression of Bcl-2 was significantly decreased. The serum TNF-αlevel in melittin group was significantly higher than that in control group. In vitro, the results confirmed that melittin can cause HK-2 cells apoptosis. The trends of expression of Bax and Bcl-2 were consistent with the results in vivo. The levels of TNF-α mRNA and protein by PCR and Western blot were significantly higher in melittin group than those in control group. Conclusion Melittin can lead to the apoptosis of RTECs, which may be mediated by upregulating the expression of Bax/Bcl-2 and activating the TNF-α signaling pathway.
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Xu M, Shi H, Liu D. Chrysin protects against renal ischemia reperfusion induced tubular cell apoptosis and inflammation in mice. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2256-2262. [PMID: 30867710 PMCID: PMC6395967 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia reperfusion (IR) is a major cause of acute kidney injury with no effective treatment. Chrysin is an anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-cancer agent. However, the effect of chrysin on renal IR injury remains unknown. In this study, sham operation, IR and IR+chrysin group mice were treated with or without renal IR injury. For renal IR, bilateral renal pedicles were clamped for 30 min and then released for 48 h of reperfusion. Blood and kidney samples were collected for analysis. Results demonstrated that chrysin pretreatment remarkably decreased the levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen and attenuated morphological abnormalities in renal IR injury. Consistently, tubular cell apoptosis and inflammation were more attenuated in the chrysin pretreatment group compared with the IR group. Chrysin pretreatment decreased the expression of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 and increased the expression of Bcl-2 in renal IR injury. Furthermore, chrysin administration decreased the mRNA and protein levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. Furthermore, the IκBα/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway was more suppressed in the chrysin pretreatment group compared with the IR group. In conclusion, chrysin protects against tubular cell apoptosis and inflammation in renal IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Xu
- Department of Urology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei 441021, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Shi
- Department of Urology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei 441021, P.R. China
| | - Dongcao Liu
- Department of Urology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei 441021, P.R. China
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Qin C, Li M, Bai T, Yang K, Xu T, Zhang J. Tisp40 deficiency limits renal inflammation and promotes tubular cell proliferation in renal ischemia reperfusion injury. Exp Cell Res 2018; 371:255-261. [PMID: 30121191 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Renal ischemia reperfusion (IR) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI), and no effective treatment is available to date. In our previous studies, we demonstrated that Tisp40 exacerbates tubular cell apoptosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis after renal IR injury. However, the role of Tisp40 in renal inflammatory responses and tubular cell proliferation during renal IR injury remains unknown. In this study, Tisp40 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were induced with or without renal IR injury. For renal IR, bilateral renal pedicels were exposed and clamped to induce 30 min of ischemia. After 48 h of reperfusion, the kidneys were collected for analyses. Results showed that Tisp40 deficiency attenuates neutrophil and macrophage infiltration after renal IR. Consistently, the protein levels of TNF-α and MCP-1 were markedly decreased, and the phosphorylation levels of IκBα and P65 were inhibited in Tisp40-deficient mice than in WT mice in renal IR injury. In addition, compared with WT mice, Tisp40 deficiency significantly increased the expression levels of proliferative cellular nuclear antigen and phosphorylated Erk1/2 after renal IR injury. In conclusion, Tisp40 deficiency limits renal inflammatory responses and promotes tubular cell proliferation in ischemic AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Qin
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Tao Bai
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Kang Yang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
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Muras-Szwedziak K, Nowicki M. Associations Between Intravenous Iron, Inflammation and FGF23 in Non-Dialysis Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3-5. Kidney Blood Press Res 2018; 43:143-151. [PMID: 29444509 DOI: 10.1159/000487368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Both iron deficiency and chronic inflammation are highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The effect of intravenous iron infusion on mineral metabolism in CKD may be modified by inflammation. Intravenous iron theraphy may reduce peripheral degradation, secretion, clearence of iFGF23 and lead to hypophosphatemia. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of intravenous iron on mineral metabolism in CKD patients. METHODS 35 non-dialysis patients with CKD stages 3-5. received 100 mg/24h of ferric oxide saccharated solution for 5 days. Serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), parathormone (PTH), intact-FGF23 (iFGF23), C-terminal-FGF23 (cFGF23), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and high-sensitive CRP were assessed on day 1 and 3 at baseline and 2 hours after each dose administration and once on day 6. Plasma iFGF23 and cFGF23, as well as serum BAP were measured with ELISA and other parameters with standard automated laboratory methods. RESULTS Serum iFGF23 increased after iv iron on day 1 and 6 (from 268.9±446.5 to 326.3±529.9 on day 1; p=0.05 and to 451.4±601 pg/mL on day 6; p=0.03). cFGF23 was reduced only on day 1 (from 654.3±441.3 to 473.6±414 RU/mL; p=0.016). P concentration decreased significantly two hours after the first iron infusion (from 1.69±0.5 to 1.54±0.35 mmol/l; p=0.003). In following days the changes of cFGF23, P and of other calcium-phosphate metabolism were not significant. Serum CRP correlated neither with iFGF-23 nor cFGF-23. CONCLUSION Intravenous iron supplementation may only transiently affect the production and degradation of FGF23 resulting in hypophosphatemia at the commencement of iron therapy. Chronic low-grade inflammation does not seem to play a role in that mechanism.
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Lu R, Zhou J, Liu B, Liang N, He Y, Bai L, Zhang P, Zhong Y, Zhou Y, Zhou J. Paeoniflorin ameliorates Adriamycin-induced nephrotic syndrome through the PPARγ/ANGPTL4 pathway in vivo and vitro. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:137-147. [PMID: 28972886 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Paeoniflorin (PF), an effective composition that is extracted from Radix Paeoniae Alba, plays a role in protecting against various kidney diseases. However, the mechanism of PF on nephrotic syndrome (NS) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective role of PF on Adriamycin (ADR)-induced NS in vivo and vitro as well as its potential mechanism. In animal study, PF significantly decreased the levels of 24-h urine protein, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, total cholesterol and triglycerides in NS rats, but increased the total protein and albumin levels. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining revealed that the kidney lesion was resolved upon PF treatment. After treatment with PF, the morphology and number of podocytes in renal tissue were restored to normal. PF increased expression of synaptopodin and decreased expression of desmin, demonstrating a protective effect in podocyte injury. Further studies revealed that PF upregulated Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and restrained Angiopointin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) in kidney tissue. In vitro study, PF reduced Caspase3 and Bax and increased Bcl-2, indicating that the apoptosis rate of podocytes induced by ADR was reduced by PF. Furthermore, PF ameliorated podocyte injury by upregulating synaptopodin and reducing desmin. In accordance with animal study, PF downregulated ANGPTL4 by activating PPARγ. However, the therapeutic effects of PF were reversed by GW9662 (PPARγ inhibitor), likely by suppressing ANGPTL4 degradation. In general, these results demonstrate that PF has a good therapeutic effect on NS by activating PPARγ and subsequently inhibiting ANGPTL4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Bihao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ning Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lixia Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Peichun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yanchun Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Jiuyao Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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