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Chen B, de Launoit E, Meseguer D, Garcia Caceres C, Eichmann A, Renier N, Schneeberger M. The interactions between energy homeostasis and neurovascular plasticity. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024:10.1038/s41574-024-01021-8. [PMID: 39054359 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-01021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Food intake and energy expenditure are sensed and processed by multiple brain centres to uphold energy homeostasis. Evidence from the past decade points to the brain vasculature as a new critical player in regulating energy balance that functions in close association with the local neuronal networks. Nutritional imbalances alter many properties of the neurovascular system (such as neurovascular coupling and blood-brain barrier permeability), thus suggesting a bidirectional link between the nutritional milieu and neurovascular health. Increasing numbers of people are consuming a Western diet (comprising ultra-processed food with high-fat and high-sugar content) and have a sedentary lifestyle, with these factors contributing to the current obesity epidemic. Emerging pharmacological interventions (for example, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists) successfully trigger weight loss. However, whether these approaches can reverse the detrimental effects of long-term exposure to the Western diet (such as neurovascular uncoupling, neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption) and maintain stable body weight in the long-term needs to be clarified in addition to possible adverse effects. Lifestyle interventions revert the nutritional trigger for obesity and positively affect our overall health, including the cardiovascular system. This Perspective examines how lifestyle interventions affect the neurovascular system and neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandy Chen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Elisa de Launoit
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - David Meseguer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cristina Garcia Caceres
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Munich & German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Eichmann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Inserm U970, Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Renier
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Marc Schneeberger
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Wu Tsai Institute for Mind and Brain, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Potegal M. How it ends: A review of behavioral and psychological phenomena, physiological processes and neural circuits in the termination of aggression in other animals and anger in people. Behav Brain Res 2024; 456:114676. [PMID: 37739229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
More is known about aggression initiation and persistence in other animals, and anger in people, than about their cessation. This review summarizes knowledge of relevant factors in aggression, mostly in vertebrates, and anger termination in people. The latency, probability and intensity of offensive aggression in mice is controlled by activity in a neuronal subpopulation in ventromedial hypothalamus [VMH]. This activity instantiates an aggressive state termed angriffsbereitschaft ["attack-readiness"]. Fighting in many species is broken into bouts with interbout breaks due to fatigue and/or signals from dorsal raphe to VMH. Eventually, losers decide durations and outcomes of fighting by transitioning to submission or flight. Factors reducing angriffsbereitschaft and triggering these defeat behaviors could include metabolic costs, e.g., lactate accumulation and glucose depletion detected by the hypothalamus, central fatigue perhaps sensed by the Salience Network [insula and anterior cingulate gyrus] and pain of injuries, the latter insufficiently blunted by opioid and non-opioid stress analgesia and transduced by anterior VMH neurons. Winners' angriffsbereitschaft continue for awhile, as indicated by post-victory attacks and, perhaps, triumph displays of some species, including humans. In longer term situations, sensory and/or response habituation of aggression may explain the "Dear enemy" tolerance of competitive neighbors. Prolonged satiation of predatory behavior could involve habenula-regulated reduction of dopaminergic reward in nucleus accumbens. Termination of human anger involves at least three processes, metaphorically termed decay, quenching and catharsis. Hypothesized neural mechanisms include anger diminution by negative feedback from accumbens to anterior cingulate and/or activity in the Salience Network that controls anger's "accumulation/offset" phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Potegal
- University of Minnesota, United States.
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Yoshida T, Fujitani M, Farmer S, Harada A, Shi Z, Lee JJ, Tinajero A, Singha AK, Fujikawa T. VMHdm/c SF-1 neuronal circuits regulate skeletal muscle PGC1-α via the sympathoadrenal drive. Mol Metab 2023; 77:101792. [PMID: 37633515 PMCID: PMC10491730 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To adapt to metabolically challenging environments, the central nervous system (CNS) orchestrates metabolism of peripheral organs including skeletal muscle. The organ-communication between the CNS and skeletal muscle has been investigated, yet our understanding of the neuronal pathway from the CNS to skeletal muscle is still limited. Neurons in the dorsomedial and central parts of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMHdm/c) expressing steroidogenic factor-1 (VMHdm/cSF-1 neurons) are key for metabolic adaptations to exercise, including increased basal metabolic rate and skeletal muscle mass in mice. However, the mechanisms by which VMHdm/cSF-1 neurons regulate skeletal muscle function remain unclear. Here, we show that VMHdm/cSF-1 neurons increase the sympathoadrenal activity and regulate skeletal muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) in mice via multiple downstream nodes. METHODS Optogenetics was used to specifically manipulate VMHdm/cSF-1 neurons combined with genetically-engineered mice and surgical manipulation of the sympathoadrenal activity. RESULTS Optogenetic activation of VMHdm/cSF-1 neurons dramatically elevates mRNA levels of skeletal muscle Pgc-1α, which regulates a spectrum of skeletal muscle function including protein synthesis and metabolism. Mechanistically, the sympathoadrenal drive coupled with β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AdR) is essential for VMHdm/cSF-1 neurons-mediated increases in skeletal muscle PGC1-α. Specifically, both adrenalectomy and β2AdR knockout block augmented skeletal muscle PGC1-α by VMHdm/cSF-1 neuronal activation. Optogenetic functional mapping reveals that downstream nodes of VMHdm/cSF-1 neurons are functionally redundant to increase circulating epinephrine and skeletal muscle PGC1-α. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, we propose that VMHdm/cSF-1 neurons-skeletal muscle pathway, VMHdm/cSF-1 neurons→multiple downstream nodes→the adrenal gland→skeletal muscle β2AdR, underlies augmented skeletal muscle function for metabolic adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yoshida
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, USA; Department of Clinical Nutrition School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mina Fujitani
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA; Laboratory of Nutrition Science, Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Scotlynn Farmer
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | - Ami Harada
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, USA; Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Zhen Shi
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, USA; Department of Plastic Surgery, Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jenny J Lee
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Arely Tinajero
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Ashish K Singha
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | - Teppei Fujikawa
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, USA; Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA.
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Merege-Filho CAA, Gil SS, Kirwan JP, Murai IH, Dantas WS, Nucci MP, Pastorello B, de Lima AP, Bazán PR, Pereira RMR, de Sá-Pinto AL, Lima FR, Brucki SMD, de Cleva R, Santo MA, Leite CDC, Otaduy MCG, Roschel H, Gualano B. Exercise modifies hypothalamic connectivity and brain functional networks in women after bariatric surgery: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:165-174. [PMID: 36585494 PMCID: PMC10134041 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a disease that may involve disrupted connectivity of brain networks. Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for obesity, and the positive effects on obesity-related conditions may be enhanced by exercise. Herein, we aimed to investigate the possible synergistic effects of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) and exercise training on brain functional networks. METHODS Thirty women eligible for bariatric surgery were randomly assigned to a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB: n = 15, age = 41.0 ± 7.3 years) or RYGB plus Exercise Training (RYGB + ET: n = 15, age = 41.9 ± 7.2 years). Clinical, laboratory, and brain functional connectivity parameters were assessed at baseline, and 3 (POST3) and 9 months (POST9) after surgery. The 6-month, three-times-a-week, exercise intervention (resistance plus aerobic exercise) was initiated 3 months post-surgery (for RYGB + ET). RESULTS Exercise superimposed on bariatric surgery (RYGB + ET) increased connectivity between hypothalamus and sensorial regions (seed-to-voxel analyses of hypothalamic connectivity), and decreased default mode network (DMN) and posterior salience (pSAL) network connectivity (ROI-to-ROI analyses of brain networks connectivity) when compared to RYGB alone (all p-FDR < 0.05). Increases in basal ganglia (BG) network connectivity were only observed in the exercised training group (within-group analyses). CONCLUSION Exercise training is an important component in the management of post-bariatric patients and may improve the hypothalamic connectivity and brain functional networks that are involved in controlling food intake. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrial.gov: NCT02441361.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A A Merege-Filho
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group; School of Physical Education and Sport; Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rheumatology; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Saulo S Gil
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group; School of Physical Education and Sport; Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rheumatology; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - John P Kirwan
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Igor H Murai
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group; School of Physical Education and Sport; Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rheumatology; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner S Dantas
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Mariana P Nucci
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neuroradiology (LIM-44), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Pastorello
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neuroradiology (LIM-44), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alisson Padilha de Lima
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group; School of Physical Education and Sport; Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rheumatology; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Bazán
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neuroradiology (LIM-44), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa M R Pereira
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana L de Sá-Pinto
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda R Lima
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sonia M D Brucki
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto de Cleva
- Gastroenterology Department, Digestive Surgery Division Department of Digestive Division, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco A Santo
- Gastroenterology Department, Digestive Surgery Division Department of Digestive Division, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia da Costa Leite
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neuroradiology (LIM-44), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Concepción García Otaduy
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neuroradiology (LIM-44), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group; School of Physical Education and Sport; Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rheumatology; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group; School of Physical Education and Sport; Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rheumatology; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Taylor VJ. Lactation from the inside out: Maternal homeorhetic gastrointestinal adaptations regulating energy and nutrient flow into milk production. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 559:111797. [PMID: 36243202 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lactation invokes homeorhetic processes to ramp up and supply milk synthesis components to fulfil nutritional, immunological and microbiological requirements of developing offspring, overseen by complex neuroendocrine networks. The maternal gut meets these intense metabolic demands, supported by hyperphagia and rapid adjustments to process larger food quantities. Enteroplasticity describes an inherent ability of the gastrointestinal tract to harness metabolic and structural adaptations that increase nutrient absorption. Most shifts in response to increased demands are transitory and by secreting milk, the continuous energetic drain out of the maternal body avoids development of pathological metabolic diseases. Lactation has various positive benefits for long-term maternal health but many females do not lactate for long post pregnancy and younger women are increasingly pre-disposed to excessive body mass and/or metabolic complications prior to reproducing. Inadvertently invoking intestinal adaptations to harvest and store excess nutrients has negative health implications with increased risks for both mother and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky J Taylor
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences (LHCS), Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), The Open University, United Kingdom.
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