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Acharjee A, Chaube R, Joy KP. Effects of altered photoperiod and temperature on expression levels of gonadotrophin subunit mRNAs in the female stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 90:2289-2311. [PMID: 28393358 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Differential effects of photoperiod and temperature on the temporal modulation of gonadotrophin subunit genes (glycoprotein α, gpα), follicle-stimulating hormone β (fshβ) and luteinizing hormone β (lhβ) expression were investigated in the stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. Female H. fossilis were exposed to varying photoperiod and temperature conditions for 14 and 28 days in the early preparatory phase of the annual reproductive cycle. Gonadotrophin subunit gene expression, gonado-somatic index (IG ), ovarian histology and plasma steroid hormone levels were evaluated. The exposure of H. fossilis to long photoperiod (LP) of 16 h light or high temperature (HT) at 28 ± 2° C (mean ± s.e.), alone or in combination, resulted in significant increases in gpα, fshβ and lhβ messenger (m)RNA levels, IG , plasma oestradiol-17β (E2 ), testosterone (T) and progesterone (P4 ) levels. The ovaries were filled with advanced yolky oocytes. On the other hand, the short photoperiod (SP) of 8 h light exposure decreased the transcript levels with higher inhibition in the normal temperature (NT) group at 18 ± 2° C (mean ± s.e.) than the HT group at 28 ± 2° C. Furthermore, the inhibition reached the highest level in total darkness (TD) of 24 h light deprivation under NT conditions at 18 ± 2° C. Consequently, the SP and TD treatments inhibited the IG , plasma E2 and T levels and ovarian development. The exposure to high temperature at 28 ± 2° C also modified the short photoperiod effect by elevating plasma E2 level. The plasma T level changed only mildly while the plasma P4 level showed the greatest fluctuations; the level reached the nadir in the SP + HT group but increased in the SP + NT group on day 28. A two-way ANOVA of the data showed differential effects of photoperiod and temperature; photoperiod produced a highly significant effect on fshβ expression while temperature had a highly significant effect both on lhβ and gpα levels. Thus, the differential expression of the gpα by the environmental variables ensures temporal synchronization of ovarian development and spawning.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Acharjee
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 211005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R Chaube
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 211005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K P Joy
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 211005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Hou ZS, Wen HS, Li JF, He F, Li Y, Tao YX. Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during early ovarian development and under dense rearing condition. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 236:131-138. [PMID: 27401261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis of female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during early ovarian development and under high rearing density. Trouts were sampled from 240 (ovarian stage II) to 540 (ovarian stage IV) days following hatching (DFH) as control group (Ctrl, 4.6-31.1kg/m(3)) to determine HPG axis during early ovarian development. Trouts from the same batch of fertilized eggs were reared in two higher densities during 240-540 DFH as stocking density 1 and 2 (SD1, 6.6-40.6kg/m(3); SD2, 8.6-49.3kg/m(3)) to elucidate effects of high density on reproductive parameters. Dopamine, E2 (estradiol), 17α,20β-P (17α,20β-dihydroxy4-pregnen-3-one) and P4 (progesterone) were evaluated by radioimmunoassay or ELISA. mRNA expression of hypothalamic gnrh-1, -2 (gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1, -2), pituitary gonadotropins (fsh/lh, follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone) and their cognate receptors (fshr/lhr) in ovaries were examined by qRT-PCR. Our findings demonstrated mRNA expression of hypothalamic sgnrh-1, pituitary fsh and ovarian fshr increased in early ovarian development (360 DFH). Serum 17α,20β-P and pituitary lh mRNA expression first increased when trouts were in ovarian stage III (420 DFH). Ovaries were at different stages when reared in different densities. Long-term high density treatment (over 31.7kg/m(3)) resulted in decreased hypothalamic sgnrh-1, pituitary fsh, ovarian fshr, serum E2, and increased hypothalamus gnrh-2 and serum dopamine during vitellogenin synthesis, suggesting HPG of rainbow trout might be retarded under dense rearing condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Shuai Hou
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hai-Shen Wen
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Ji-Fang Li
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Feng He
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yun Li
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
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Acharjee A, Chaube R, Joy KP. Molecular cloning and characterization of the gonadotropin subunits GPα, FSHβ, and LHβ genes in the stinging catfishHeteropneustes fossilis: Phylogeny, seasonal expression and pituitary localization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arup Acharjee
- Department of Zoology; Centre of Advanced Study; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi India
| | - Radha Chaube
- Department of Zoology; Mahila Mahavidyalaya; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi India
| | - Keerikkattil Paily Joy
- Department of Zoology; Centre of Advanced Study; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi India
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Chaube R, Joy KP, Acharjee A. Catfish gonadotrophins: cellular origin, structural properties and physiology. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:536-43. [PMID: 25879854 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotrophins (GTHs) play a central role in the regulation of gametogenesis and spawning. The structural duality of the GTHs [luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)] is established in fishes with the exception of ancestral vertebrates. Most studies indicate that, in teleosts, the GTHs are secreted in separate cells. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the common α-subunit of the GTHs (and also of thyroid-stimulating hormone) and LHβ are highly conserved in fishes, as in tetrapods. However, FSHβ shows considerable divergence in teleosts. There may be 12 or 13 cysteine residues, with an additional one near the N-terminus. There may be one or two N-linked glycolsyation sites. In catfishes, there are 13 cysteine residues and one N-linked glycosylation site. In an extreme situation, a potential glycosylation site is lacking in some fishes. Both FSH and LH receptors are characterised in teleosts. The FSH receptor is promiscuous and can be cross-activated by LH. By contrast, the LH receptor is highly selective, being activated by its natural ligand or by heterologous ligands (e.g. human chorionic gonadotrophin). Consequently, teleosts show different patterns of LH and FSH secretion. In catfishes, in the absence of native FSH protein, LH controls all aspects of reproduction, from early gametogenesis to spawning.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chaube
- Zoology Department, Mahila Mahavidhylaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - K P Joy
- Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - A Acharjee
- Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Elisio M, Chalde T, Miranda LA. Seasonal changes and endocrine regulation of pejerrey (Odontesthes bonariensis) oogenesis in the wild. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 175:102-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chaube R, Singh RK, Joy KP. Effects of ovaprim, a commercial spawning inducer, on vasotocin and steroid hormone profiles in the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis: in vivo and in vitro studies. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 195:190-200. [PMID: 24246310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ovaprim (OVP) is used as an effective spawning inducer for artificial breeding of fishes and contains a salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue and a dopamine receptor-2 antagonist, domperidone. Previously, we have shown that vasotocin (VT) stimulates ovarian final oocyte maturation, hydration, and ovulation through a mechanism involving induction of a steroidogenic shift, favouring the production of a maturation-inducing hormone (MIH). In the present study, we demonstrated that OVP stimulated brain, plasma and ovarian VT levels, suggesting multiple sites of action, apart from its well established role in the induction of a preovulatory LH surge. An intraperitoneal injection of 0.5μL/g body weight of OVP for different time intervals (0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 24h) induced ovulation as well as increased significantly brain and plasma VT levels in a time-dependent manner. Plasma steroids were differentially altered; the levels of estradiol-17β (E2) and testosterone (T) decreased, and the MIH (17, 20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one; 17, 20β-DP) level increased time-dependently. In order to demonstrate whether OVP acts at the level of the ovary directly, in vitro experiments were conducted. The incubation of ovarian slices/follicles with OVP (1, 5 and 10μL/mL) for different time points (0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 24h) induced germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Ovarian VT increased significantly in a concentration- and time-dependent manner with a maximal increment at 16h. Ovarian T and E2 levels decreased concurrently with the rise in the MIH level, dose- and duration-dependently. The results show that OVP stimulates VT at the brain and ovarian level. The direct OVP-VT cascade has the potential to stimulate FOM and ovulation, sidelining the pituitary glycoprotein hormone (LH) surge.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chaube
- Zoology Department, Mahila Mahavidhyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - R K Singh
- Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; Zoology Department, Mahila Mahavidhyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - K P Joy
- Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Andersson E, Schulz RW, Male R, Bogerd J, Patiña D, Benedet S, Norberg B, Taranger GL. Pituitary gonadotropin and ovarian gonadotropin receptor transcript levels: seasonal and photoperiod-induced changes in the reproductive physiology of female Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 191:247-58. [PMID: 23856539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In female Atlantic salmon kept at normal light conditions, pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone beta (fshb) transcript levels were transiently elevated one year before spawning, re-increased in February, and remained high during spawning in November and in post-ovulatory fish in December. The first increase in plasma 17b-estradiol (E2), testosterone (T) and gonadosomatic index (GSI) was recorded in January; E2 rose up to one month prior to ovulation, while T and GSI kept increasing until ovulation. Pituitary luteinizing hormone beta (lhb) transcript levels peaked at the time of ovulation. Except for transient changes before and after ovulation, ovarian follicle stimulating hormone receptor (fshr) transcript amounts were relatively stable at a high level. By contrast, luteinizing hormone receptor (lhcgr) transcript levels started out low and increased in parallel to GSI and plasma E2 levels. Exposure to continuous light (LL) induced a bimodal response where maturation was accelerated or arrested. The LL-arrested females showed previtellogenic oil droplet stage follicles or primary yolk follicles only, and fshb and E2 plasma levels collapsed while fshr increased. The LL-accelerated females showed elevated lhb transcript levels and slightly elevated E2 levels during early vitellogenesis, and significantly elevated lhcgr E2 and GSI levels in late vitellogenesis. We conclude that Fsh-dependent signaling stimulates recruitment into and the sustained development through vitellogenesis. Up-regulation of lhcgr gene expression during vitellogenesis may reflect an estrogenic effect, while elevated fshr gene expression following ovulation or during LL-induced arrestment may be associated with ovarian tissue remodeling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Andersson
- Institute of Marine Research, Research Group Reproduction and Growth in Fish, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
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Luckenbach JA, Yamamoto Y, Guzmán JM, Swanson P. Identification of ovarian genes regulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (Fsh) in vitro during early secondary oocyte growth in coho salmon. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013. [PMID: 23200633 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone (Fsh) function in fishes is poorly understood. This study aimed to reveal Fsh-regulated genes in coho salmon previtellogenic ovarian follicles in vitro. Four suppression subtractive hybridization libraries were generated with RNA isolated from Fsh-treated and control follicles or follicle cell-enriched tissue fractions. Fsh induced steroidogenesis and dynamically upregulated several genes predominantly expressed in follicle cells, including WAP domain-containing protease, connexin 34.3, clusterin (clu1, clu2), fibronectin, wilms tumor 2-like, and influenza virus NS1A-binding protein a. Genes downregulated by Fsh included connective tissue growth factor, alcohol dehydrogenase 8-like, and serine/threonine-protein kinase pim-1. This study demonstrates for the first time in fishes that Fsh influences the expression of a unique suite of ovarian genes involved in processes like cell communication, survival and differentiation, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Collectively, these findings suggest that Fsh and/or steroids induce differentiation of granulosa cells and remodeling of the follicle in preparation for onset of vitellogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Adam Luckenbach
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
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Kim NN, Habibi HR, Lee J, Choi CY. Effects of recombinant gonadotropin hormones on the expression of vitellogenin, gonadotropin subunits and gonadotropin receptors in cinnamon clownfish, Amphiprion melanopus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 162:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Shinoda T, Miranda LA, Okuma K, Hattori RS, Fernandino JI, Yoshizaki G, Somoza GM, Strüssmann CA. Molecular cloning and expression analysis ofFshrandLhrin relation toFshbandLhbsubunits during the period of temperature-dependent sex determination in pejerreyOdontesthes bonariensis. Mol Reprod Dev 2010; 77:521-32. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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An KW, Lee J, Choi CY. Expression of three gonadotropin subunits and gonadotropin receptor mRNA during male-to-female sex change in the cinnamon clownfish, Amphiprion melanopus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 156:407-15. [PMID: 20348005 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To quantify the sex-change progression from male to female in the cinnamon clownfish, Amphiprion melanopus, we divided gonadal development into three stages (I, mature male; II, male at 90 days after removal of the female; and III, mature female), and the expression of GTH subunits and GTH receptors during each of these stages was investigated. The mRNA of the three GTH subunits and their receptors increased with progression from male to female. To understand the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on this progression, we examined expression of genes encoding the GTH subunit mRNA in the pituitary and the GTH-receptor mRNA in the gonads in addition to investigating changes in plasma E(2) levels after GnRH analogue (GnRHa) injection. GnRHa treatment increased mRNA expression levels of these genes, as well as plasma E(2) levels, indicating that GnRH plays an important regulatory role in the brain-pituitary-gonad axis of immature cinnamon clownfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Wook An
- Division of Marine Environment and BioScience, Korea Maritime University, Busan 606-791, Republic of Korea
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Taranger GL, Carrillo M, Schulz RW, Fontaine P, Zanuy S, Felip A, Weltzien FA, Dufour S, Karlsen O, Norberg B, Andersson E, Hansen T. Control of puberty in farmed fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 165:483-515. [PMID: 19442666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Puberty comprises the transition from an immature juvenile to a mature adult state of the reproductive system, i.e. the individual becomes capable of reproducing sexually for the first time, which implies functional competence of the brain-pituitary-gonad (BPG) axis. Early puberty is a major problem in many farmed fish species due to negative effects on growth performance, flesh composition, external appearance, behaviour, health, welfare and survival, as well as possible genetic impact on wild populations. Late puberty can also be a problem for broodstock management in some species, while some species completely fail to enter puberty under farming conditions. Age and size at puberty varies between and within species and strains, and are modulated by genetic and environmental factors. Puberty onset is controlled by activation of the BPG axis, and a range of internal and external factors are hypothesised to stimulate and/or modulate this activation such as growth, adiposity, feed intake, photoperiod, temperature and social factors. For example, there is a positive correlation between rapid growth and early puberty in fish. Age at puberty can be controlled by selective breeding or control of photoperiod, feeding or temperature. Monosex stocks can exploit sex dimorphic growth patterns and sterility can be achieved by triploidisation. However, all these techniques have limitations under commercial farming conditions. Further knowledge is needed on both basic and applied aspects of puberty control to refine existing methods and to develop new methods that are efficient in terms of production and acceptable in terms of fish welfare and sustainability.
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Martyniuk CJ, Kroll KJ, Porak WF, Steward C, Grier HJ, Denslow ND. Seasonal relationship between gonadotropin, growth hormone, and estrogen receptor mRNA expression in the pituitary gland of largemouth bass. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009; 163:306-17. [PMID: 19416730 PMCID: PMC4188826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2008] [Revised: 04/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the seasonal changes in pituitary gonadotropins, growth hormone (GH), and estrogen receptor (ER) isoform mRNA in wild female and male largemouth bass (LMB) (Micropterus salmoides) from an unpolluted habitat to better understand reproductive physiology in this ecologically important species. Female pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) beta subunit and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) beta subunit mRNA showed significant seasonal variation with levels peaking from January to April and were lowest from May to August. Male LMB showed more variation in gonadotropin subunit expression from month to month. Females had approximately 2-3 times higher gonadotropin mRNA levels in the pituitary when compared to males. All three gonadotropin mRNAs in females were positively correlated to gonadosomatic index (GSI), but only LHbeta mRNA was correlated to GSI in males. Gonadotropin mRNA expression also increased with increasing oocyte and sperm maturation. Gonadotropin beta subunit mRNA expression was positively correlated to GH mRNA in both sexes. The expression of all three ER isoforms was significantly correlated to each other in both sexes. The concurrent increase in all three ER mRNA isoforms with increasing gonadotropin mRNA in females and males suggests a prominent role for E2 feedback on pituitary gonadotropin synthesis in both sexes and that each of the three ER isoforms are likely to play a role in the pituitary during teleost reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611 USA
| | - Kevin J. Kroll
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611 USA
| | - Wesley F. Porak
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Eustis, FL 32726 USA
| | - Cheree Steward
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Eustis, FL 32726 USA
| | - Harry J. Grier
- Florida Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Nancy D. Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611 USA
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Rocha A, Zanuy S, Carrillo M, Gómez A. Seasonal changes in gonadal expression of gonadotropin receptors, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and steroidogenic enzymes in the European sea bass. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009; 162:265-75. [PMID: 19345689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The endocrine regulation of gametogenesis, and particularly the roles of gonadotropins, is still poorly understood in teleost fish. This study aimed to investigate transcript levels of both gonadotropin receptors (FSHR and LHR) during an entire reproductive cycle in male and female sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). To have a more comprehensive understanding of how different key factors interact to control sea bass gonadal function, changes in the transcript abundance of two important steroidogenic enzymes, P450 11beta-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) and P450 aromatase (CYP19A1), and the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), were also studied. These expression profiles were analysed in relation to changes in the plasma levels of important reproductive hormones and histological data. Expression of the FSHR was connected with early stages of gonadal development, but also with the spermiation/maturation-ovulation periods. The expression profile of the LHR seen in both sexes supports the involvement of LH in the regulation of the final stages of gamete maturation and spermiation/ovulation. In both sexes StAR expression was strongly correlated with LHR expression. In females high magnitude increments of StAR expression levels were observed during the maturation-ovulation stage. In males, gonadotropin receptors and CYP11B1 mRNA levels were found to be correlated. In females, the expression profiles of FSHR and CYP19A1 and the changes in plasma estradiol (E2) indicate that the follicular production of E2 could be under control of FSH through the regulation of aromatase expression. This study supports the idea that FSH and LH may have different roles in the control of sea bass gonadal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rocha
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Torre Sal 12595, Ribera de Cabanes s/n, Castellón, Spain
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Huang H, Zhang Y, Huang WR, Li SS, Zhu P, Liu Y, Yin SW, Liu XC, Lin HR. Molecular characterization of marbled eel (Anguilla marmorata) gonadotropin subunits and their mRNA expression profiles during artificially induced gonadal development. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009; 162:192-202. [PMID: 19327361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Three cDNA sequences encoding the gonadotropin subunits, common glycoprotein alpha subunit (GTHalpha), FSHbeta and LHbeta subunits were isolated from marbled eel. The cDNA of GTHalpha encodes 116 amino acids with a signal peptide of 24 amino acids and a mature peptide of 92 amino acids. The FSHbeta subunit consists of 127 amino acids with a 22 amino acid signal peptide and a 105 amino acid mature peptide, while the LHbeta subunit consists of 140 amino acids with a 24 amino acid signal peptide and a 116 amino acid mature peptide. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of marbled eel GTHalpha, FSHbeta, and LHbeta with that of other fishes shows a high degree of conservation in the number of cysteine residues and potential N-linked glycosylation sites. The mRNA of GTHalpha, FSHbeta and LHbeta were not only detected in pituitary, but also in ovary and testes by RT-PCR. Quantitative realtime PCR analysis revealed that the GTHalpha and LHbeta transcriptional levels in pituitaries of female and male eels gradually increased during the artificially inducing gonadal development, and peaked at late vitellogenic stage and spermiation stage, respectively. FSHbeta mRNA in the pituitaries of female eels maintained a high level at previtellogenic stage, early vitellogenic stage as well as mid-vitellogenic stage but declined sharply at late vitellogenic stage and migratory nucleus stage. In male eels, the mRNA levels of FSHbeta in the pituitaries were higher at early spermatogenesis stage than at both late spermatogenesis stage and spermiation stage. These results suggested that FSH would be in control of initiation and maintenance of gonadal growth and gametogenesis, whereas LH would be involved in the final gonadal maturation and spermiation/ovulation in the tropic eel Anguilla marmorata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Mittelholzer C, Andersson E, Taranger GL, Karlsen Ø, Norberg B. Quantification of gonadotropin subunits GPalpha, FSHbeta, and LHbeta mRNA expression from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) throughout a reproductive cycle. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 153:288-95. [PMID: 19344778 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the role of the gonadotropins in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), complete coding sequences with partially or fully un-translated regions for the three subunits GPalpha, FSHbeta, and LHbeta were determined. The sequences of the corresponding genomic loci were also determined, allowing the design of mRNA-targeting quantitative PCR assays. Relative expression was analyzed during a complete seasonal sexual maturation cycle in Atlantic cod females. Increasing levels of lhbeta mRNA were observed during gonadal growth, peaking at spawning in February-March which corresponds to maximum gonadosomatic index. In contrast, both gpalpha and fshbeta gradually increased to a peak in December, two months before spawning started, and decreased in January just prior to spawning. Both mRNAs increased again and remained high during the spawning season, with a decline at the end of the spawning period, a further decrease in spent females, followed by a new gradual increase concurrent with the start of the next reproductive cycle. In addition to its role in vitellogenesis prior to spawning, FSH seems to have additional functions during the spawning period, possibly related to vitellogenesis that runs in parallel with final oocyte maturation and ovulation of the multiple batch spawner Atlantic cod.
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Mittelholzer C, Andersson E, Taranger GL, Consten D, Hirai T, Senthilkumaran B, Nagahama Y, Norberg B. Molecular characterization and quantification of the gonadotropin receptors FSH-R and LH-R from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009; 160:47-58. [PMID: 18992749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to elucidate regulatory mechanisms during puberty final oocyte maturation and spawning, full-length sequences coding for the receptors for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH-R) and luteinizing hormone (LH-R) were isolated from female Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) by a RACE-PCR based strategy. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed high homologies with the corresponding sequences of other fish species but contained some distinct differences. Conserved features important for functionality, such as a long N-terminal extracellular domain (ECD), seven transmembrane domains and a short C-terminal intracellular domain, were identified in both predicted proteins. Partial genomic sequences for these genes were also determined, allowing the design of mRNA-specific quantitative PCR assays. Due to suspected alternative splicing during expression of these genes, additional real-time PCR assays detecting variants containing the membrane-anchoring domain were established. Besides the expected expression of FSH-R and LH-R mRNA in the gonads similarly strong signals for LH-R were also obtained in male gill, and in female and male brain. When relative expression was analysed at different stages of sexual maturation, levels for FSH-R increased moderately during gonadal growth whereas those of LH-R showed a high peak at spawning.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mittelholzer
- Institute of Marine Research Austevoll, Storebø, Norway.
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Kobayashi T, Pakarinen P, Torgersen J, Huhtaniemi I, Andersen Ø. The gonadotropin receptors FSH-R and LH-R of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)--2. Differential follicle expression and asynchronous oogenesis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008; 156:595-602. [PMID: 18377904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 02/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The biological activity and spatio-temporal expression patterns of the gonadotropin receptors FSH-R and LH-R were examined in the repetitive spawner Atlantic halibut to elucidate the gonadotropic regulation of the asynchronous follicle development. The cloned receptors were expressed in mammalian COS-7 cells, and stimulation with sea bass FSH and LH increased the cAMP production. The halibut FSH-R and LH-R genes were shown to be highly expressed in the gonads of sexually mature fish, but the transcripts were also found in extra-gonadal tissues such as pituitary and brain. Different expression patterns of FSH-R and LH-R in the developing follicles were documented by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Abundant FSH-R mRNA was found in the small follicles during primary growth and vitellogenesis, and the signals were localized to the granulosa cells by in situ hybridization. In contrast, follicular LH-R mRNA was hardly detectable during the early stages. Conversely, in follicles during final maturation FSH-R mRNA levels tended to decrease, while the expression of LH-R was highly upregulated. Whereas the pituitary FSH and LH are asynchronously expressed in annual spawners, both gonadotropins were expressed in the female halibut pituitary throughout the reproductive cycle, except in the prespawning females. Hence, the sequential gonadotropic activation of ovarian follicle growth and maturation in repetitive spawners is probably regulated by modulating the temporal expression of FSH-R and LH-R in the follicle membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamae Kobayashi
- Institute of Aquaculture Research, PO Box 5010, 1430 Aas, Norway
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Watanabe N, Hatano J, Asahina K, Iwasaki T, Hayakawa S. Molecular cloning and histological localization of LH-like substances in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) placenta. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 146:105-18. [PMID: 17158078 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
All mammals exhibit pituitary-specific expression of LH and FSH, whereas placental expression of gonadotropins has been reported only in primates and equids. Some cetaceans, such as dolphins, have a long gestational period and a sexual cycle of about 27 days almost comparable with that of humans. Histologically, dolphins have an epitheliochorial placentae that resembles placentas of Perissodactyla including horses. In the present study, we cloned cDNAs encoding gonadotropins and observed their immunohistochemical localization in the placenta of bottlenose dolphin. The cDNAs obtained encoded 120 amino acids for the alpha-subunit (including 96 amino acids of mature proteins), and 141 amino acids for the beta-subunit (including 121 amino acids of mature proteins). The sequence of the alpha-subunit was similar to that in the pig (Artiodactyla) pituitary glycoprotein hormone [96.7% homology at amino acids (aa) level], and the sequence of the beta-subunit was similar to that of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the pig [94.3% homology at aa level] and white rhinoceros (Perissodactyla) [93.3% homology at aa level]. Of interest, dolphin LHbeta lacks carboxyl-terminal-peptides (CTP). This fact suggests that CTP are not essential for placental expression of gonadotropin in dolphins. Immunohistochemical observations employing anti-ovine LHbeta antibody revealed positive staining in the villositycal tissue. Our observations suggest placental expression of gonadotropin homologues in cetaceans and possible evolutionary conservation of placentae-derived hormonal control of ovarian functions during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Watanabe
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Nihon University Advanced Medical Research Center, 30-1 Ohyaguchi-Kamimachi Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
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Linderoth M, Norman A, Noaksson E, Zebühr Y, Norrgren L, Balk L. Steroid biosynthetic enzyme activities in leachate-exposed female perch (Perca fluviatilis) as biomarkers for endocrine disruption. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2006; 366:638-48. [PMID: 16540152 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that adult female perch in a freshwater lake, Molnbyggen, Sweden, have a reproductive disorder caused by unidentified endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) leaching from a local refuse dump. The adverse effects include shallow open sores, low ratio of sexually mature individuals, low gonadosomatic index and low circulating levels of androgens. We hypothesised that the low androgen levels could be a result of impaired production and/or stimulated excretion of androgens by EDCs. From October 2000 to November 2001, at time-points important in the perch reproductive cycle, adult female perch were collected in Molnbyggen and in the reference lake, Djursjön. The activities of three key enzymes in androgen biosynthesis: 17alpha-hydroxylase (17OHlase), 17,20-lyase (lyase) and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17betaHSD) were determined in head kidney or ovary. The relationship between enzyme activities and plasma steroid concentrations was examined. Ovarian histopathology and the determination of brain aromatase activity were also included in the study. Similar 17OHlase, 17betaHSD and aromatase activities were found in Molnbyggen females and reference fish throughout the year. Head kidney 17OHlase showed a positive correlation to cortisol levels (r=0.754; p<0.001) but not to androgen levels. Molnbyggen females exhibited lower ovarian lyase activity during vitellogenesis than reference fish. Atretic oocytes were on most occasions more frequent in sexually immature than in sexually mature females. The results suggest that neither 17OHlase, 17betaHSD nor aromatase is the target for EDCs disrupting the androgen homeostasis of exposed female perch. Further investigation is needed to establish the role of decreased ovarian lyase activity in endocrine homeostasis, but the possibility of increased excretion of androgens should also be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Linderoth
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kazeto Y, Goto-Kazeto R, Trant JM. Membrane-bound progestin receptors in channel catfish and zebrafish ovary: changes in gene expression associated with the reproductive cycles and hormonal reagents. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2005; 142:204-11. [PMID: 15862564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Revised: 01/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-bound progestin receptors (mPRs) are potential intermediaries in meiotic maturation of fish oocytes and other physiological processes. In this study, gene expression of the mPRs in the ovary of catfish and zebrafish during the reproductive cycle and the hormonal regulation of the expression were investigated. The transcript abundance of catfish mPRalpha gradually increased in conjunction with ovarian growth and then decreased prior to spawning period whereas the ovarian gene expression of mPRbeta varied little throughout the reproductive cycle. In contrast, mPRgamma gene expression peaked early in the mid-vitellogenic stage. The transcript abundance of zebrafish mPRalpha and beta was low in ovarian follicles at early stages of oogenesis and gradually increased after the onset of vitellogenic growth and, thereafter, the gene expression did not vary. Gonadotropic treatment did not modulate the ovarian expression of mPRalpha and beta genes in either catfish or zebrafish. On the other hand, exposure to 17,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregenen-3-one (the maturation-inducing steroid in this species) resulted in the down-regulation of mPRalpha in catfish ovary whereas gene expression was significantly induced by estradiol-17beta. Taken together, these findings suggest that gonadotropin-induced final oocyte maturation may not require an induction of mPR(s) expression or that the gonadotropin stimulates mPR protein production at the post-transcriptional level, presuming these receptors are indispensable for oocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinori Kazeto
- Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
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