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El-Nashar H, Sabry M, Tseng YT, Francis N, Latif N, Parker KH, Moore JE, Yacoub MH. Multiscale structure and function of the aortic valve apparatus. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1487-1532. [PMID: 37732828 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Whereas studying the aortic valve in isolation has facilitated the development of life-saving procedures and technologies, the dynamic interplay of the aortic valve and its surrounding structures is vital to preserving their function across the wide range of conditions encountered in an active lifestyle. Our view is that these structures should be viewed as an integrated functional unit, here referred to as the aortic valve apparatus (AVA). The coupling of the aortic valve and root, left ventricular outflow tract, and blood circulation is crucial for AVA's functions: unidirectional flow out of the left ventricle, coronary perfusion, reservoir function, and support of left ventricular function. In this review, we explore the multiscale biological and physical phenomena that underlie the simultaneous fulfillment of these functions. A brief overview of the tools used to investigate the AVA, such as medical imaging modalities, experimental methods, and computational modeling, specifically fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulations, is included. Some pathologies affecting the AVA are explored, and insights are provided on treatments and interventions that aim to maintain quality of life. The concepts explained in this article support the idea of AVA being an integrated functional unit and help identify unanswered research questions. Incorporating phenomena through the molecular, micro, meso, and whole tissue scales is crucial for understanding the sophisticated normal functions and diseases of the AVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam El-Nashar
- Aswan Heart Research Centre, Magdi Yacoub Foundation, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malak Sabry
- Aswan Heart Research Centre, Magdi Yacoub Foundation, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuan-Tsan Tseng
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, London, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Francis
- Aswan Heart Research Centre, Magdi Yacoub Foundation, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Najma Latif
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, London, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kim H Parker
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James E Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Magdi H Yacoub
- Aswan Heart Research Centre, Magdi Yacoub Foundation, Cairo, Egypt
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, London, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Small AM, Yutzey KE, Binstadt BA, Voigts Key K, Bouatia-Naji N, Milan D, Aikawa E, Otto CM, St Hilaire C. Unraveling the Mechanisms of Valvular Heart Disease to Identify Medical Therapy Targets: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2024; 150:e109-e128. [PMID: 38881493 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000001254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Valvular heart disease is a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and has no effective medical therapy. Severe disease is managed with valve replacement procedures, which entail high health care-related costs and postprocedural morbidity and mortality. Robust ongoing research programs have elucidated many important molecular pathways contributing to primary valvular heart disease. However, there remain several key challenges inherent in translating research on valvular heart disease to viable molecular targets that can progress through the clinical trials pathway and effectively prevent or modify the course of these common conditions. In this scientific statement, we review the basic cellular structures of the human heart valves and discuss how these structures change in primary valvular heart disease. We focus on the most common primary valvular heart diseases, including calcific aortic stenosis, bicuspid aortic valves, mitral valve prolapse, and rheumatic heart disease, and outline the fundamental molecular discoveries contributing to each. We further outline potential therapeutic molecular targets for primary valvular heart disease and discuss key knowledge gaps that might serve as future research priorities.
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Zhang K, Gu F, Han Y, Cai T, Gu Z, Chen J, Chen B, Gao M, Hou Z, Yu X, Zhao J, Gao Y, Xie J, Hu R, Liu T, Li B. Association between dietary calcium intake and severe abdominal aorta calcification among American adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 18:17539447241232774. [PMID: 38415471 PMCID: PMC10903221 DOI: 10.1177/17539447241232774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence regarding the relationship between dietary calcium intake and severe abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between dietary calcium intake and severe AAC in American adults based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS The present cross-sectional study utilized data from the NHANES 2013-2014, a population-based dataset. Dietary calcium intake was assessed using two 24-h dietary recall interviews. Quantification of the AAC scores was accomplished utilizing the Kauppila score system, whereby severe AAC was defined as having an AAC score greater than 6. We used multivariable logistic regression models, a restricted cubic spline analysis, and a two-piecewise linear regression model to show the effect of calcium intake on severe AAC. RESULTS Out of the 2640 individuals examined, 10.9% had severe AAC. Following the adjustment for confounding variables, an independent association was discovered between an augmented intake of dietary calcium and the incidence of severe AAC. When comparing individuals in the second quartile (Q2) of dietary calcium intake with those in the lowest quartile (Q1), a decrease in the occurrence of severe AAC was observed (odds ratio: 0.66; 95% confidence interval: 0.44-0.99). Furthermore, the relationship between dietary calcium intake and severe AAC demonstrated an L-shaped pattern, with an inflection point observed at 907.259 mg/day. Subgroup analyses revealed no significant interaction effects. CONCLUSION The study revealed that the relationship between dietary calcium intake and severe AAC in American adults is L-shaped, with an inflection point of 907.259 mg/day. Further research is required to confirm this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fangming Gu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tianyi Cai
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhaoxuan Gu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Bethune First College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bowen Chen
- Bethune First College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhengyan Hou
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoqi Yu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - JiaYu Zhao
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yafang Gao
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jinyu Xie
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Bethune First College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tianzhou Liu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, No. 218, Ziqiang Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130000, China
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Kang JH, Kawano T, Murata M, Toita R. Vascular calcification and cellular signaling pathways as potential therapeutic targets. Life Sci 2024; 336:122309. [PMID: 38042282 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Increased vascular calcification (VC) is observed in patients with cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. VC is divided into three types according to its location: intimal, medial, and valvular. Various cellular signaling pathways are associated with VC, including the Wnt, mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt, cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C, calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin, Ras homologous GTPase, apoptosis, Notch, and cytokine signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the literature concerning the key cellular signaling pathways associated with VC and their role as potential therapeutic targets. Inhibitors to these pathways represent good candidates for use as potential therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hun Kang
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Shinmachi, Kishibe, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan.
| | - Takahito Kawano
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masaharu Murata
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Riki Toita
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan; AIST-Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Ackah RL, Yasuhara J, Garg V. Genetics of aortic valve disease. Curr Opin Cardiol 2023; 38:169-178. [PMID: 36789772 PMCID: PMC10079625 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0000000000001028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Aortic valve disease is a leading global cause of morbidity and mortality, posing an increasing burden on society. Advances in next-generation technologies and disease models over the last decade have further delineated the genetic and molecular factors that might be exploited in development of therapeutics for affected patients. This review describes several advances in the molecular and genetic understanding of AVD, focusing on bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). RECENT FINDINGS Genomic studies have identified a myriad of genes implicated in the development of BAV, including NOTCH1 , SMAD6 and ADAMTS19 , along with members of the GATA and ROBO gene families. Similarly, several genes associated with the initiation and progression of CAVD, including NOTCH1 , LPA , PALMD , IL6 and FADS1/2 , serve as the launching point for emerging clinical trials. SUMMARY These new insights into the genetic contributors of AVD have offered new avenues for translational disease investigation, bridging molecular discoveries to emergent pharmacotherapeutic options. Future studies aimed at uncovering new genetic associations and further defining implicated molecular pathways are fuelling the new wave of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L. Ackah
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Jun Yasuhara
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Vidu Garg
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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6
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Hasan SS, Fischer A. Notch Signaling in the Vasculature: Angiogenesis and Angiocrine Functions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023; 13:cshperspect.a041166. [PMID: 35667708 PMCID: PMC9899647 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Formation of a functional blood vessel network is a complex process tightly controlled by pro- and antiangiogenic signals released within the local microenvironment or delivered through the bloodstream. Endothelial cells precisely integrate such temporal and spatial changes in extracellular signals and generate an orchestrated response by modulating signaling transduction, gene expression, and metabolism. A key regulator in vessel formation is Notch signaling, which controls endothelial cell specification, proliferation, migration, adhesion, and arteriovenous differentiation. This review summarizes the molecular biology of endothelial Notch signaling and how it controls angiogenesis and maintenance of the established, quiescent vasculature. In addition, recent progress in the understanding of Notch signaling in endothelial cells for controlling organ homeostasis by transcriptional regulation of angiocrine factors and its relevance to disease will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana S Hasan
- Division Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Fischer
- Division Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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Li G, Shen N, Deng H, Wang Y, Kong G, Shi J, Dong N, Deng C. Abnormal mechanical stress on bicuspid aortic valve induces valvular calcification and inhibits Notch1/NICD/Runx2 signal. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14950. [PMID: 36908813 PMCID: PMC9997191 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a congenital cardiac deformity, increasing the risk of developing calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). The disturbance of hemodynamics can induce valvular calcification, but the mechanism has not been fully identified. Methods We constructed a finite element model (FEM) of the aortic valve based on the computed tomography angiography (CTA) data from BAV patients and tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) individuals. We analyzed the hemodynamic properties based on our model and investigated the characteristics of mechanical stimuli on BAV. Further, we detected the expression of Notch, NICD and Runx2 in valve samples and identified the association between mechanical stress and the Notch1 signaling pathway. Results Finite element analysis showed that at diastole phase, the equivalent stress on the root of BAV was significantly higher than that on the TAV leaflet. Correspondingly, the expression of Notch1 and NICH decreased and the expression of Runx2 elevated significantly on large BAV leaflet belly, which is associated with equivalent stress on leaflet. Our findings indicated that the root of BAV suffered higher mechanical stress due to the abnormal hemodynamic environment, and the disturbance of the Notch1/NICD/Runx2 signaling pathway caused by mechanical stimuli contributed to valvular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhou Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Shen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huifang Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gangcheng Kong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nianguo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Shea MK, Wang J, Barger K, Weiner DE, Townsend RR, Feldman HI, Rosas SE, Chen J, He J, Flack J, Jaar BG, Kansal M, Booth SL. Association of Vitamin K Status with Arterial Calcification and Stiffness in Chronic Kidney Disease: The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort. Curr Dev Nutr 2023; 7:100008. [PMID: 37181121 PMCID: PMC10100935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2022.100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arterial calcification and stiffness are common in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Higher vitamin K status has been associated with less arterial calcification and stiffness in CKD in cross-sectional studies. Objectives To determine the association of vitamin K status with coronary artery calcium (CAC) and arterial stiffness [pulse wave velocity (PWV)] at baseline and over 2-4 follow-up years in adults with mild-to-moderate CKD. Methods Participants (n = 2722) were drawn from the well-characterized Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort. Two vitamin K status biomarkers, plasma phylloquinone and plasma dephospho-uncarboxylated matrix gla protein [(dp)ucMGP], were measured at baseline. CAC and PWV were measured at baseline and over 2-4 y of follow-up. Differences across vitamin K status categories in CAC prevalence, incidence, and progression (defined as ≥100 Agatston units/y increase) and PWV at baseline and over follow-up were evaluated using multivariable-adjusted generalized linear models. Results CAC prevalence, incidence, and progression did not differ across plasma phylloquinone categories. Moreover, CAC prevalence and incidence did not differ according to plasma (dp)ucMGP concentration. Compared with participants with the highest (dp)ucMGP (≥450 pmol/L), those in the middle category (300-449 pmol/L) had a 49% lower rate of CAC progression (incidence rate ratio: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.33, 0.78). However, CAC progression did not differ between those with the lowest (<300 pmol/L) and those with the highest plasma (dp)ucMGP concentration (incidence rate ratio: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.56, 1.19). Neither vitamin K status biomarker was associated with PWV at baseline or longitudinally. Conclusions Vitamin K status was not consistently associated with CAC or PWV in adults with mild-to-moderate CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kyla Shea
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jifan Wang
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn Barger
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Raymond R. Townsend
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harold I. Feldman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sylvia E. Rosas
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - John Flack
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Bernard G. Jaar
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mayank Kansal
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois–Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah L. Booth
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - CRIC Study Investigators
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois–Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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9
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The Haemodynamic and Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061317. [PMID: 35740339 PMCID: PMC9220142 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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10
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Cardiac Calcifications: Phenotypes, Mechanisms, Clinical and Prognostic Implications. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030414. [PMID: 35336788 PMCID: PMC8945469 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in arterial and heart valve calcifications, as these contribute to cardiovascular outcome, and are leading predictors of cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Cardiovascular calcifications are often considered as one disease, but, in effect, they represent multifaced disorders, occurring in different milieus and biological phenotypes, following different pathways. Herein, we explore each different molecular process, its relative link with the specific clinical condition, and the current therapeutic approaches to counteract calcifications. Thus, first, we explore the peculiarities between vascular and valvular calcium deposition, as this occurs in different tissues, responds differently to shear stress, has specific etiology and time courses to calcification. Then, we differentiate the mechanisms and pathways leading to hyperphosphatemic calcification, typical of the media layer of the vessel and mainly related to chronic kidney diseases, to those of inflammation, typical of the intima vascular calcification, which predominantly occur in atherosclerotic vascular diseases. Finally, we examine calcifications secondary to rheumatic valve disease or other bacterial lesions and those occurring in autoimmune diseases. The underlying clinical conditions of each of the biological calcification phenotypes and the specific opportunities of therapeutic intervention are also considered and discussed.
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11
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Han RI, Hu CW, Loose DS, Yang L, Li L, Connell JP, Reardon MJ, Lawrie GM, Qutub AA, Morrisett JD, Grande-Allen KJ. Differential proteome profile, biological pathways, and network relationships of osteogenic proteins in calcified human aortic valves. Heart Vessels 2022; 37:347-358. [PMID: 34727208 PMCID: PMC10960607 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-021-01975-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common heart valve disease requiring intervention. Most research on CAVD has focused on inflammation, ossification, and cellular phenotype transformation. To gain a broader picture into the wide range of cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in this disease, we compared the total protein profiles between calcified and non-calcified areas from 5 human valves resected during surgery. The 1413 positively identified proteins were filtered down to 248 proteins present in both calcified and non-calcified segments of at least 3 of the 5 valves, which were then analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Concurrently, the top 40 differentially abundant proteins were grouped according to their biological functions and shown in interactive networks. Finally, the abundance of selected osteogenic proteins (osteopontin, osteonectin, osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, and RANK) was quantified using ELISA and/or immunohistochemistry. The top pathways identified were complement system, acute phase response signaling, metabolism, LXR/RXR and FXR/RXR activation, actin cytoskeleton, mineral binding, nucleic acid interaction, structural extracellular matrix (ECM), and angiogenesis. There was a greater abundance of osteopontin, osteonectin, osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, and RANK in the calcified regions than the non-calcified ones. The osteogenic proteins also formed key connections between the biological signaling pathways in the network model. In conclusion, this proteomic analysis demonstrated the involvement of multiple signaling pathways in CAVD. The interconnectedness of these pathways provides new insights for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard I Han
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-142, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Division of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chenyue W Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-142, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David S Loose
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Li Li
- Clinical and Translational Proteomics Service Center, University of Texas Health Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer P Connell
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-142, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michael J Reardon
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gerald M Lawrie
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amina A Qutub
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Joel D Morrisett
- Division of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K Jane Grande-Allen
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-142, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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12
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Cheng L, Xie M, Qiao W, Song Y, Zhang Y, Geng Y, Xu W, Wang L, Wang Z, Huang K, Dong N, Sun Y. Generation and characterization of cardiac valve endothelial-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1039. [PMID: 34489520 PMCID: PMC8421482 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02571-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiac valvular endothelial cells (VECs) are an ideal cell source that could be used for making the valve organoids. However, few studies have been focused on the derivation of this important cell type. Here we describe a two-step chemically defined xeno-free method for generating VEC-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). HPSCs were specified to KDR+/ISL1+ multipotent cardiac progenitors (CPCs), followed by differentiation into valve endothelial-like cells (VELs) via an intermediate endocardial cushion cell (ECC) type. Mechanistically, administration of TGFb1 and BMP4 may specify VEC fate by activating the NOTCH/WNT signaling pathways and previously unidentified targets such as ATF3 and KLF family of transcription factors. When seeded onto the surface of the de-cellularized porcine aortic valve (DCV) matrix scaffolds, hPSC-derived VELs exhibit superior proliferative and clonogenic potential than the primary VECs and human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC). Our results show that hPSC-derived valvular cells could be efficiently generated from hPSCs, which might be used as seed cells for construction of valve organoids or next generation tissue engineered heart valves. Cheng et al. provide a detailed characterization of the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to valve endothelial cells and their function. Their results show that the valve endothelial-like cells express key markers for valve endothelial cells, exhibiting proliferative and clonogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- LinXi Cheng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - MingHui Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - WeiHua Qiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Song
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - YanYong Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - YingChao Geng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - WeiLin Xu
- Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - NianGuo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - YuHua Sun
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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13
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Wang Y, Fang Y, Lu P, Wu B, Zhou B. NOTCH Signaling in Aortic Valve Development and Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:682298. [PMID: 34239905 PMCID: PMC8259786 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.682298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
NOTCH intercellular signaling mediates the communications between adjacent cells involved in multiple biological processes essential for tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. The NOTCH1 mutations are the first identified human genetic variants that cause congenital bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). Genetic variants affecting other genes in the NOTCH signaling pathway may also contribute to the development of BAV and the pathogenesis of CAVD. While CAVD occurs commonly in the elderly population with tri-leaflet aortic valve, patients with BAV have a high risk of developing CAVD at a young age. This observation indicates an important role of NOTCH signaling in the postnatal homeostasis of the aortic valve, in addition to its prenatal functions during aortic valve development. Over the last decade, animal studies, especially with the mouse models, have revealed detailed information in the developmental etiology of congenital aortic valve defects. In this review, we will discuss the molecular and cellular aspects of aortic valve development and examine the embryonic pathogenesis of BAV. We will focus our discussions on the NOTCH signaling during the endocardial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and the post-EMT remodeling of the aortic valve. We will further examine the involvement of the NOTCH mutations in the postnatal development of CAVD. We will emphasize the deleterious impact of the embryonic valve defects on the homeostatic mechanisms of the adult aortic valve for the purpose of identifying the potential therapeutic targets for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Wang
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengfei Lu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Bingruo Wu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics (Pediatric Genetic Medicine), and Medicine (Cardiology), The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- The Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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14
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Zhang L, Yao J, Yao Y, Boström KI. Contributions of the Endothelium to Vascular Calcification. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:620882. [PMID: 34079793 PMCID: PMC8165270 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.620882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) increases morbidity and mortality and constitutes a significant obstacle during percutaneous interventions and surgeries. On a cellular and molecular level, VC is a highly regulated process that involves abnormal cell transitions and osteogenic differentiation, re-purposing of signaling pathways normally used in bone, and even formation of osteoclast-like cells. Endothelial cells have been shown to contribute to VC through a variety of means. This includes direct contributions of osteoprogenitor cells generated through endothelial-mesenchymal transitions in activated endothelium, with subsequent migration into the vessel wall. The endothelium also secretes pro-osteogenic growth factors, such as bone morphogenetic proteins, inflammatory mediators and cytokines in conditions like hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and renal failure. High phosphate levels caused by renal disease have deleterious effects on the endothelium, and induction of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase adds to the calcific process. Furthermore, endothelial activation promotes proteolytic destruction of the internal elastic lamina that serves, among other things, as a stabilizer of the endothelium. Appropriate bone mineralization is highly dependent on active angiogenesis, but it is unclear whether the same relationship exists in VC. Through its location facing the vascular lumen, the endothelium is the first to encounter circulating factor and bone marrow-derived cells that might contribute to osteoclast-like versus osteoblast-like cells in the vascular wall. In the same way, the endothelium may be the easiest target to reach with treatments aimed at limiting calcification. This review provides a brief summary of the contributions of the endothelium to VC as we currently know them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jiayi Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kristina I. Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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15
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Majumdar U, Manivannan S, Basu M, Ueyama Y, Blaser MC, Cameron E, McDermott MR, Lincoln J, Cole SE, Wood S, Aikawa E, Lilly B, Garg V. Nitric oxide prevents aortic valve calcification by S-nitrosylation of USP9X to activate NOTCH signaling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/6/eabe3706. [PMID: 33547080 PMCID: PMC7864581 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe3706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is an increasingly prevalent condition, and endothelial dysfunction is implicated in its etiology. We previously identified nitric oxide (NO) as a calcification inhibitor by its activation of NOTCH1, which is genetically linked to human CAVD. Here, we show NO rescues calcification by an S-nitrosylation-mediated mechanism in porcine aortic valve interstitial cells and single-cell RNA-seq demonstrated NO regulates the NOTCH pathway. An unbiased proteomic approach to identify S-nitrosylated proteins in valve cells found enrichment of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and implicated S-nitrosylation of USP9X (ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, X-linked) in NOTCH regulation during calcification. Furthermore, S-nitrosylated USP9X was shown to deubiquitinate and stabilize MIB1 for NOTCH1 activation. Consistent with this, genetic deletion of Usp9x in mice demonstrated CAVD and human calcified aortic valves displayed reduced S-nitrosylation of USP9X. These results demonstrate a previously unidentified mechanism by which S-nitrosylation-dependent regulation of a ubiquitin-associated pathway prevents CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddalak Majumdar
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sathiyanarayanan Manivannan
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Madhumita Basu
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yukie Ueyama
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mark C Blaser
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Cameron
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael R McDermott
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joy Lincoln
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Herma Heart Institute, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Susan E Cole
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephen Wood
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brenda Lilly
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vidu Garg
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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16
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Aikawa E, Blaser MC. 2020 Jeffrey M. Hoeg Award Lecture: Calcifying Extracellular Vesicles as Building Blocks of Microcalcifications in Cardiovascular Disorders. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:117-127. [PMID: 33115271 PMCID: PMC7832175 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular calcification is an insidious form of ectopic tissue mineralization that presents as a frequent comorbidity of atherosclerosis, aortic valve stenosis, diabetes, renal failure, and chronic inflammation. Calcification of the vasculature and heart valves contributes to mortality in these diseases. An inability to clinically image or detect early microcalcification coupled with an utter lack of pharmaceutical therapies capable of inhibiting or regressing entrenched and detectable macrocalcification has led to a prominent and deadly gap in care for a growing portion of our rapidly aging population. Recognition of this mounting concern has arisen over the past decade and led to a series of revolutionary works that has begun to pull back the curtain on the pathogenesis, mechanistic basis, and causative drivers of cardiovascular calcification. Central to this progress is the discovery that calcifying extracellular vesicles act as active precursors of cardiovascular microcalcification in diverse vascular beds. More recently, the omics revolution has resulted in the collection and quantification of vast amounts of molecular-level data. As the field has become poised to leverage these resources for drug discovery, new means of deriving relevant biological insights from these rich and complex datasets have come into focus through the careful application of systems biology and network medicine approaches. As we look onward toward the next decade, we envision a growing need to standardize approaches to study this complex and multifaceted clinical problem and expect that a push to translate mechanistic findings into therapeutics will begin to finally provide relief for those impacted by this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark C. Blaser
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Caldwell AB, Liu Q, Schroth GP, Galasko DR, Yuan SH, Wagner SL, Subramaniam S. Dedifferentiation and neuronal repression define familial Alzheimer's disease. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/46/eaba5933. [PMID: 33188013 PMCID: PMC7673760 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba5933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the systems-level mechanisms that lead to Alzheimer's disease, an unmet need, is an essential step toward the development of therapeutics. In this work, we report that the key disease-causative mechanisms, including dedifferentiation and repression of neuronal identity, are triggered by changes in chromatin topology. Here, we generated human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons from donor patients with early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD) and used a multiomics approach to mechanistically characterize the modulation of disease-associated gene regulatory programs. We demonstrate that EOFAD neurons dedifferentiate to a precursor-like state with signatures of ectoderm and nonectoderm lineages. RNA-seq, ATAC-seq, and ChIP-seq analysis reveals that transcriptional alterations in the cellular state are orchestrated by changes in histone methylation and chromatin topology. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these mechanisms are observed in EOFAD-patient brains, validating our hiPSC-derived neuron models. The mechanistic endotypes of Alzheimer's disease uncovered here offer key insights for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Caldwell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Douglas R Galasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shauna H Yuan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steven L Wagner
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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18
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Alonso AM, Diambra L. SARS-CoV-2 Codon Usage Bias Downregulates Host Expressed Genes With Similar Codon Usage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:831. [PMID: 32974353 PMCID: PMC7468442 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome has spread quickly throughout the world and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The pathogenic agent is a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that infects pulmonary cells with great effectiveness. In this study we focus on the codon composition for the viral protein synthesis and its relationship with the protein synthesis of the host. Our analysis reveals that SARS-CoV-2 preferred codons have poor representation of G or C nucleotides in the third position, a characteristic which could result in an unbalance in the tRNAs pools of the infected cells with serious implications in host protein synthesis. By integrating this observation with proteomic data from infected cells, we observe a reduced translation rate of host proteins associated with highly expressed genes and that they share the codon usage bias of the virus. The functional analysis of these genes suggests that this mechanism of epistasis can contribute to understanding how this virus evades the immune response and the etiology of some deleterious collateral effect as a result of the viral replication. In this manner, our finding contributes to the understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 pathogeny and could be useful for the design of a vaccine based on the live attenuated strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Mariano Alonso
- InTech, Universidad Nacional de San Martin, Chascomús, Argentina
- CONICET, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Luis Diambra
- CONICET, Chascomús, Argentina
- CREG, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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19
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Abstract
The valves of the heart are crucial for ensuring that blood flows in one direction from the heart, through the lungs and back to the rest of the body. Heart valve development is regulated by complex interactions between different cardiac cell types and is subject to blood flow-driven forces. Recent work has begun to elucidate the important roles of developmental pathways, valve cell heterogeneity and hemodynamics in determining the structure and function of developing valves. Furthermore, this work has revealed that many key genetic pathways involved in cardiac valve development are also implicated in diseased valves. Here, we review recent discoveries that have furthered our understanding of the molecular, cellular and mechanosensitive mechanisms of valve development, and highlight new insights into congenital and acquired valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna O'Donnell
- The Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Katherine E Yutzey
- The Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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20
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Souilhol C, Serbanovic-Canic J, Fragiadaki M, Chico TJ, Ridger V, Roddie H, Evans PC. Endothelial responses to shear stress in atherosclerosis: a novel role for developmental genes. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 17:52-63. [PMID: 31366922 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-41019-40239-41565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Flowing blood generates a frictional force called shear stress that has major effects on vascular function. Branches and bends of arteries are exposed to complex blood flow patterns that exert low or low oscillatory shear stress, a mechanical environment that promotes vascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Conversely, physiologically high shear stress is protective. Endothelial cells are critical sensors of shear stress but the mechanisms by which they decode complex shear stress environments to regulate physiological and pathophysiological responses remain incompletely understood. Several laboratories have advanced this field by integrating specialized shear-stress models with systems biology approaches, including transcriptome, methylome and proteome profiling and functional screening platforms, for unbiased identification of novel mechanosensitive signalling pathways in arteries. In this Review, we describe these studies, which reveal that shear stress regulates diverse processes and demonstrate that multiple pathways classically known to be involved in embryonic development, such as BMP-TGFβ, WNT, Notch, HIF1α, TWIST1 and HOX family genes, are regulated by shear stress in arteries in adults. We propose that mechanical activation of these pathways evolved to orchestrate vascular development but also drives atherosclerosis in low shear stress regions of adult arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Souilhol
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jovana Serbanovic-Canic
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Maria Fragiadaki
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Timothy J Chico
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Bateson Centre for Lifecourse Biology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Victoria Ridger
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hannah Roddie
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul C Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- Bateson Centre for Lifecourse Biology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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21
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Souilhol C, Serbanovic-Canic J, Fragiadaki M, Chico TJ, Ridger V, Roddie H, Evans PC. Endothelial responses to shear stress in atherosclerosis: a novel role for developmental genes. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 17:52-63. [PMID: 31366922 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Flowing blood generates a frictional force called shear stress that has major effects on vascular function. Branches and bends of arteries are exposed to complex blood flow patterns that exert low or low oscillatory shear stress, a mechanical environment that promotes vascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Conversely, physiologically high shear stress is protective. Endothelial cells are critical sensors of shear stress but the mechanisms by which they decode complex shear stress environments to regulate physiological and pathophysiological responses remain incompletely understood. Several laboratories have advanced this field by integrating specialized shear-stress models with systems biology approaches, including transcriptome, methylome and proteome profiling and functional screening platforms, for unbiased identification of novel mechanosensitive signalling pathways in arteries. In this Review, we describe these studies, which reveal that shear stress regulates diverse processes and demonstrate that multiple pathways classically known to be involved in embryonic development, such as BMP-TGFβ, WNT, Notch, HIF1α, TWIST1 and HOX family genes, are regulated by shear stress in arteries in adults. We propose that mechanical activation of these pathways evolved to orchestrate vascular development but also drives atherosclerosis in low shear stress regions of adult arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Souilhol
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jovana Serbanovic-Canic
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Maria Fragiadaki
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Timothy J Chico
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Bateson Centre for Lifecourse Biology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Victoria Ridger
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hannah Roddie
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul C Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- Bateson Centre for Lifecourse Biology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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22
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Bensimon-Brito A, Ramkumar S, Boezio GLM, Guenther S, Kuenne C, Helker CSM, Sánchez-Iranzo H, Iloska D, Piesker J, Pullamsetti S, Mercader N, Beis D, Stainier DYR. TGF-β Signaling Promotes Tissue Formation during Cardiac Valve Regeneration in Adult Zebrafish. Dev Cell 2019; 52:9-20.e7. [PMID: 31786069 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac valve disease can lead to severe cardiac dysfunction and is thus a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality. Its main treatment is valve replacement, which is currently greatly limited by the poor recellularization and tissue formation potential of the implanted valves. As we still lack suitable animal models to identify modulators of these processes, here we used adult zebrafish and found that, upon valve decellularization, they initiate a rapid regenerative program that leads to the formation of new functional valves. After injury, endothelial and kidney marrow-derived cells undergo cell cycle re-entry and differentiate into new extracellular matrix-secreting valve cells. The TGF-β signaling pathway promotes the regenerative process by enhancing progenitor cell proliferation as well as valve cell differentiation. These findings reveal a key role for TGF-β signaling in cardiac valve regeneration and establish the zebrafish as a model to identify and test factors promoting cardiac valve recellularization and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Bensimon-Brito
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany.
| | - Srinath Ramkumar
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Giulia L M Boezio
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Stefan Guenther
- Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Carsten Kuenne
- Bioinformatics Core Unit, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Christian S M Helker
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Héctor Sánchez-Iranzo
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Research Unit, EMBL Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Dijana Iloska
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Janett Piesker
- Scientific Service Group Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Soni Pullamsetti
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Nadia Mercader
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Dimitris Beis
- Developmental Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany.
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23
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Kefalos P, Agalou A, Kawakami K, Beis D. Reactivation of Notch signaling is required for cardiac valve regeneration. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16059. [PMID: 31690782 PMCID: PMC6831700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac Valve Disease is one of the most common heart disorders with an emerging epidemic of cardiac valve degeneration due to aging. Zebrafish can regenerate most of their organs, including their heart. We aimed to explore the regenerative potential of cardiac valves and the underlying molecular mechanisms involved. We used an inducible, tissue-specific system of chemogenetic ablation and showed that zebrafish can also regenerate their cardiac valves. Upon valvular damage at larval stages, the intracardiac flow pattern becomes reminiscent of the early embryonic stages, exhibiting an increase in the retrograde flow fraction through the atrioventricular canal. As a result of the altered hemodynamics, notch1b and klf2a expression are ectopically upregulated, adopting the expression pattern of earlier developmental stages. We find that Notch signaling is re-activated upon valvular damage both at larval and adult stages and that it is required during the initial regeneration phase of cardiac valves. Our results introduce an animal model of cardiac valve specific ablation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Kefalos
- Zebrafish Disease Model lab, Center for Experimental Surgery, Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, GR11527, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, GR26504, Greece
| | - Adamantia Agalou
- Zebrafish Disease Model lab, Center for Experimental Surgery, Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, GR11527, Greece
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, and Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Dimitris Beis
- Zebrafish Disease Model lab, Center for Experimental Surgery, Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, GR11527, Greece.
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24
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van Engeland NCA, Suarez Rodriguez F, Rivero-Müller A, Ristori T, Duran CL, Stassen OMJA, Antfolk D, Driessen RCH, Ruohonen S, Ruohonen ST, Nuutinen S, Savontaus E, Loerakker S, Bayless KJ, Sjöqvist M, Bouten CVC, Eriksson JE, Sahlgren CM. Vimentin regulates Notch signaling strength and arterial remodeling in response to hemodynamic stress. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12415. [PMID: 31455807 PMCID: PMC6712036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48218-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The intermediate filament (IF) cytoskeleton has been proposed to regulate morphogenic processes by integrating the cell fate signaling machinery with mechanical cues. Signaling between endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) through the Notch pathway regulates arterial remodeling in response to changes in blood flow. Here we show that the IF-protein vimentin regulates Notch signaling strength and arterial remodeling in response to hemodynamic forces. Vimentin is important for Notch transactivation by ECs and vimentin knockout mice (VimKO) display disrupted VSMC differentiation and adverse remodeling in aortic explants and in vivo. Shear stress increases Jagged1 levels and Notch activation in a vimentin-dependent manner. Shear stress induces phosphorylation of vimentin at serine 38 and phosphorylated vimentin interacts with Jagged1 and increases Notch activation potential. Reduced Jagged1-Notch transactivation strength disrupts lateral signal induction through the arterial wall leading to adverse remodeling. Taken together we demonstrate that vimentin forms a central part of a mechanochemical transduction pathway that regulates multilayer communication and structural homeostasis of the arterial wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C A van Engeland
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biosciences, Turku, Finland.,Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Freddy Suarez Rodriguez
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biosciences, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Adolfo Rivero-Müller
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biosciences, Turku, Finland.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tommaso Ristori
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biosciences, Turku, Finland.,Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Camille L Duran
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, Texas, USA
| | - Oscar M J A Stassen
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biosciences, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Daniel Antfolk
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biosciences, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Rob C H Driessen
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Saku Ruohonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Suvi T Ruohonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Center for Disease Modelling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Salla Nuutinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eriika Savontaus
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Center for Disease Modelling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sandra Loerakker
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Kayla J Bayless
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, Texas, USA
| | - Marika Sjöqvist
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biosciences, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Carlijn V C Bouten
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - John E Eriksson
- Turku Bioscience, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Cecilia M Sahlgren
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biosciences, Turku, Finland. .,Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. .,Turku Bioscience, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland. .,Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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25
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Kostina A, Semenova D, Kostina D, Uspensky V, Kostareva A, Malashicheva A. Human aortic endothelial cells have osteogenic Notch-dependent properties in co-culture with aortic smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:462-468. [PMID: 31056255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular calcification is one of the leading reasons of morbidity and mortality in Western countries and has many similarities to osteogenesis. The role of smooth muscle calcific transformation is well established for atherogenic lesions, but mechanisms driving initial stages of proosteogenic cell fate commitment in big vessels remain poorly understood. The role of endothelial and underlying interstitial cell interaction in driving cellular decisions is emerging from recent studies. The aim of this study was to analyze co-culture of endothelial and smooth muscle cells in vitro in acquiring proosteogenic phenotype. We co-cultured human aortic endothelial cells (EC) and human aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) and analyzed osteogenic phenotype by ALP staining and proosteogenic gene expression by qPCR in co-cultures and in separate cellular types after magnetic CD31-sorting. In EC and SMC co-cultures osteogenic phenotype was induced as well as activated expression of RUNX2, POSTIN, BMP2/4, SOX5, COL1A SMC; co-culture of EC with SMC induced NOTCH1, NOTCH3, NOTCH4 and HEY1 expression; Notch activation by lentiviral activated Notch intracellular domain induced expression of RUNX2, OPN, POSTIN in SMC; NOTCH1 and NOTCH3 and HEY1 were selectively induced in EC during co-culture. We conclude that endothelial cells are capable of driving smooth muscle calcification via cell-cell contact and activation of Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kostina
- Almazov Federal Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria Semenova
- Almazov Federal Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria Kostina
- Almazov Federal Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University, Department of Medical Physics, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Anna Kostareva
- Almazov Federal Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Malashicheva
- Almazov Federal Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
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26
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Gomel MA, Lee R, Grande-Allen KJ. Comparing the Role of Mechanical Forces in Vascular and Valvular Calcification Progression. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 5:197. [PMID: 30687719 PMCID: PMC6335252 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcification is a prevalent disease in most fully developed countries and is predominantly observed in heart valves and nearby vasculature. Calcification of either tissue leads to deterioration and, ultimately, failure causing poor quality of life and decreased overall life expectancy in patients. In valves, calcification presents as Calcific Aortic Valve Disease (CAVD), in which the aortic valve becomes stenotic when calcific nodules form within the leaflets. The initiation and progression of these calcific nodules is strongly influenced by the varied mechanical forces on the valve. In turn, the addition of calcific nodules creates localized disturbances in the tissue biomechanics, which affects extracellular matrix (ECM) production and cellular activation. In vasculature, atherosclerosis is the most common occurrence of calcification. Atherosclerosis exhibits as calcific plaque formation that forms in juxtaposition to areas of low blood shear stresses. Research in these two manifestations of calcification remain separated, although many similarities persist. Both diseases show that the endothelial layer and its regulation of nitric oxide is crucial to calcification progression. Further, there are similarities between vascular smooth muscle cells and valvular interstitial cells in terms of their roles in ECM overproduction. This review summarizes valvular and vascular tissue in terms of their basic anatomy, their cellular and ECM components and mechanical forces. Calcification is then examined in both tissues in terms of disease prediction, progression, and treatment. Highlighting the similarities and differences between these areas will help target further research toward disease treatment.
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27
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Abstract
Purpose of review The formation of a hierarchical vascular network is a complex process that requires precise temporal and spatial integration of several signaling pathways. Amongst those, Notch has emerged as a key regulator of multiple steps that expand from endothelial sprouting to arterial specification and remains relevant in the adult. This review aims to summarize major concepts and rising hypotheses on the role of Notch signaling in the endothelium. Recent findings A wealth of new information has helped to clarify how Notch signaling cooperates with other pathways to orchestrate vascular morphogenesis, branching, and function. Endothelial vascular endothelial growth factor, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 have been highlighted as key regulators of the pathway. Furthermore, blood flow forces during vascular development induce Notch1 signaling to suppress endothelial cell proliferation, enhance barrier function, and promote arterial specification. Importantly, Notch1 has been recently recognized as an endothelial mechanosensor that is highly responsive to the level of shear stress to enable differential Notch activation in distinct regions of the vessel wall and suppress inflammation. Summary Although it is well accepted that the Notch signaling pathway is essential for vascular morphogenesis, its contributions to the homeostasis of adult endothelium were uncovered only recently. Furthermore, its exquisite regulation by flow and impressive interface with multiple signaling pathways indicates that Notch is at the center of a highly interactive web that integrates both physical and chemical signals to ensure vascular stability.
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28
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Lin B, Srikanth P, Castle AC, Nigwekar S, Malhotra R, Galloway JL, Sykes DB, Rajagopal J. Modulating Cell Fate as a Therapeutic Strategy. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:329-341. [PMID: 29910150 PMCID: PMC6128730 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In injured tissues, regeneration is often associated with cell fate plasticity, in that cells deviate from their normal lineage paths. It is becoming increasingly clear that this plasticity often creates alternative strategies to restore damaged or lost cells. Alternatively, cell fate plasticity is also part and parcel of pathologic tissue transformations that accompany disease. In this Perspective, we summarize a few illustrative examples of physiologic and aberrant cellular plasticity. Then, we speculate on how one could enhance endogenous plasticity to promote regeneration and reverse pathologic plasticity, perhaps inspiring interest in a new class of therapies targeting cell fate modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Priya Srikanth
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Pathways Program, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alison C Castle
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Pathways Program, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sagar Nigwekar
- Pathways Program, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Pathways Program, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jenna L Galloway
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David B Sykes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Pathways Program, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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29
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Fang M, Wang C, Zheng C, Luo J, Hou S, Liu K, Li X. Mir-29b promotes human aortic valve interstitial cell calcification via inhibiting TGF-β3 through activation of wnt3/β-catenin/Smad3 signaling. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:5175-5185. [PMID: 29227539 PMCID: PMC6001435 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we hypothesized that pro-osteogenic MicroRNAs (miRs) could play functional roles in the calcification of the aortic valve and aimed to explore the functional role of miR-29b in the osteoblastic differentiation of human aortic valve interstitial cells (hAVICs) and the underlying molecular mechanism. Osteoblastic differentiation of hAVICs isolated from human calcific aortic valve leaflets obtained intraoperatively was induced with an osteogenic medium. Alizarin red S staining was used to evaluate calcium deposition. The protein levels of osteogenic markers and other proteins were evaluated using western blotting and/or immunofluorescence while qRT-PCR was applied for miR and mRNA determination. Bioinformatics and luciferase reporter assay were used to identify the possible interaction between miR-29b and TGF-β3. Calcium deposition and the number of calcification nodules were pointedly and progressively increased in hAVICs during osteogenic differentiation. The levels of osteogenic and calcification markers were equally increased, thus confirming the mineralization of hAVICs. The expression of miR-29b was significantly increased during osteoblastic differentiation. Furthermore, the osteoblastic differentiation of hAVICs was significantly inhibited by the miR-29b inhibition. TGF-β3 was markedly downregulated while Smad3, Runx2, wnt3, and β-catenin were significantly upregulated during osteogenic induction at both the mRNA and protein levels. These effects were systematically induced by miR-29b overexpression while the inhibition of miR-29b showed the inverse trends. Moreover, TGF-β3 was a direct target of miR-29b. Inhibition of miR-29b hinders valvular calcification through the upregulation of the TGF-β3 via inhibition of wnt/β-catenin and RUNX2/Smad3 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Fang
- Department of CardiologyHainan General HospitalHaikouHainanP.R. China
- Department of CardiologyShanghai Zhoupu HospitalShanghaiP.R. China
| | - Cheng‐Guang Wang
- Laboratory of System BiologyShanghai Advanced Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiP.R. China
| | - Changzhu Zheng
- Department of CardiologyShanghai Zhoupu HospitalShanghaiP.R. China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of CardiologyShanghai Zhoupu HospitalShanghaiP.R. China
| | - Shiqiang Hou
- Department of CardiologyShanghai Zhoupu HospitalShanghaiP.R. China
| | - Kangyong Liu
- Department of NeurologyShanghai Zhoupu HospitalShanghaiP.R. China
| | - Xinming Li
- Department of CardiologyShanghai Zhoupu HospitalShanghaiP.R. China
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30
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to highlight the past and more current literature related to the multifaceted pathogenic programs that contribute to calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) with a focus on the contribution of developmental programs. RECENT FINDINGS Calcification of the aortic valve is an active process characterized by calcific nodule formation on the aortic surface leading to a less supple and more stiffened cusp, thereby limiting movement and causing clinical stenosis. The mechanisms underlying these pathogenic changes are largely unknown, but emerging studies have suggested that signaling pathways common to valvulogenesis and bone development play significant roles and include Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Wnt, Notch, and Sox9. This comprehensive review of the literature highlights the complex nature of CAVD but concurrently identifies key regulators that can be targeted in the development of mechanistic-based therapies beyond surgical intervention to improve patient outcome.
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31
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New developments in mechanotransduction: Cross talk of the Wnt, TGF-β and Notch signalling pathways in reaction to shear stress. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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32
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Rizzo P, Bollini S, Bertero E, Ferrari R, Ameri P. Beyond cardiomyocyte loss: Role of Notch in cardiac aging. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:5670-5683. [PMID: 29271542 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of the cellular events occurring in the aging heart has dramatically expanded in the last decade and is expected to further grow in years to come. It is now clear that impaired function and loss of cardiomyocytes are major features of cardiac aging, but other events are likewise important. In particular, accumulating experimental evidence highlights the importance of fibroblast and cardiac progenitor cell (CPC) dysfunction. The Notch pathway regulates cardiomyocyte, fibroblast, and CPC activity and, thus, may be critically involved in heart disease associated with advanced age, especially heart failure. In a translational perspective, thorough investigation of the Notch system in the aging myocardium may lead to the identification of molecular targets for novel therapies for age-related cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rizzo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care and Research, E.S. Health Science Foundation, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Sveva Bollini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Bertero
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Genova and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS per Oncologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Ferrari
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care and Research, E.S. Health Science Foundation, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Pietro Ameri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Genova and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS per Oncologia, Genova, Italy
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33
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Koenig SN, LaHaye S, Feller JD, Rowland P, Hor KN, Trask AJ, Janssen PM, Radtke F, Lilly B, Garg V. Notch1 haploinsufficiency causes ascending aortic aneurysms in mice. JCI Insight 2017; 2:91353. [PMID: 29093270 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An ascending aortic aneurysm (AscAA) is a life-threatening disease whose molecular basis is poorly understood. Mutations in NOTCH1 have been linked to bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), which is associated with AscAA. Here, we describe a potentially novel role for Notch1 in AscAA. We found that Notch1 haploinsufficiency exacerbated the aneurysmal aortic root dilation seen in the Marfan syndrome mouse model and that heterozygous deletion of Notch1 in the second heart field (SHF) lineage recapitulated this exacerbated phenotype. Additionally, Notch1+/- mice in a predominantly 129S6 background develop aortic root dilation, indicating that loss of Notch1 is sufficient to cause AscAA. RNA sequencing analysis of the Notch1.129S6+/- aortic root demonstrated gene expression changes consistent with AscAA. These findings are the first to our knowledge to demonstrate an SHF lineage-specific role for Notch1 in AscAA and suggest that genes linked to the development of BAV may also contribute to the associated aortopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Koenig
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and.,The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute
| | - Stephanie LaHaye
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and.,The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics
| | - James D Feller
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and.,The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Patrick Rowland
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and.,The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kan N Hor
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Aaron J Trask
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and.,The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Paul Ml Janssen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Freddy Radtke
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Brenda Lilly
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and.,The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics
| | - Vidu Garg
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and.,The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute.,Department of Molecular Genetics.,Department of Pediatrics, and
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34
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Gošev I, Zeljko M, Đurić Ž, Nikolić I, Gošev M, Ivčević S, Bešić D, Legčević Z, Paić F. Epigenome alterations in aortic valve stenosis and its related left ventricular hypertrophy. Clin Epigenetics 2017; 9:106. [PMID: 29026447 PMCID: PMC5627415 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-017-0406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis is the most common cardiac valve disease, and with current trends in the population demographics, its prevalence is likely to rise, thus posing a major health and economic burden facing the worldwide societies. Over the past decade, it has become more than clear that our traditional genetic views do not sufficiently explain the well-known link between AS, proatherogenic risk factors, flow-induced mechanical forces, and disease-prone environmental influences. Recent breakthroughs in the field of epigenetics offer us a new perspective on gene regulation, which has broadened our perspective on etiology of aortic stenosis and other aortic valve diseases. Since all known epigenetic marks are potentially reversible this perspective is especially exciting given the potential for development of successful and non-invasive therapeutic intervention and reprogramming of cells at the epigenetic level even in the early stages of disease progression. This review will examine the known relationships between four major epigenetic mechanisms: DNA methylation, posttranslational histone modification, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling, and non-coding regulatory RNAs, and initiation and progression of AS. Numerous profiling and functional studies indicate that they could contribute to endothelial dysfunctions, disease-prone activation of monocyte-macrophage and circulatory osteoprogenitor cells and activation and osteogenic transdifferentiation of aortic valve interstitial cells, thus leading to valvular inflammation, fibrosis, and calcification, and to pressure overload-induced maladaptive myocardial remodeling and left ventricular hypertrophy. This is especcialy the case for small non-coding microRNAs but was also, although in a smaller scale, convincingly demonstrated for other members of cellular epigenome landscape. Equally important, and clinically most relevant, the reported data indicate that epigenetic marks, particularly certain microRNA signatures, could represent useful non-invasive biomarkers that reflect the disease progression and patients prognosis for recovery after the valve replacement surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Gošev
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Martina Zeljko
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital Merkur, Zajćeva 19, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željko Đurić
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Kišpatićeva 12, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Nikolić
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Milorad Gošev
- School of Medicine, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer, Trg Svetog trojstva 3, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Sanja Ivčević
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dino Bešić
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zoran Legčević
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Frane Paić
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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35
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Vieceli Dalla Sega F, Aquila G, Fortini F, Vaccarezza M, Secchiero P, Rizzo P, Campo G. Context-dependent function of ROS in the vascular endothelium: The role of the Notch pathway and shear stress. Biofactors 2017; 43:475-485. [PMID: 28419584 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signal molecules in several biological processes whereas excessive, unregulated, ROS production contributes to the development of pathological conditions including endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. The maintenance of a healthy endothelium depends on many factors and on their reciprocal interactions; in this framework, the Notch pathway and shear stress (SS) play two lead roles. Recently, evidence of a crosstalk between ROS, Notch, and SS, is emerging. The aim of this review is to describe the way ROS interact with the Notch pathway and SS protecting from-or promoting-the development of endothelial dysfunction. © 2017 BioFactors, 43(4):475-485, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgio Aquila
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Fortini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro Vaccarezza
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA) Center, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Rizzo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, E.S. Health Science Foundation, Cotignola, (RA), Italy
| | - Gianluca Campo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Cardiovascular Institute, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Anna, Cona, (FE), Italy
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Human interstitial cellular model in therapeutics of heart valve calcification. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1981-1997. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Aortic valve disease is relatively common and encompasses both congenital and acquired forms. Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common type of cardiac malformation and predisposes to the development of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). Since the description of the link between NOTCH1, BAV and CAVD approximately a decade ago, there have been significant advances in the genetic and molecular understanding of these diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Recent work has defined the congenital cardiac phenotypes linked to mutations in NOTCH1, and in addition, novel etiologic genes for BAV have been discovered using new genetic technologies in humans. Furthermore, several mouse models of BAV have been described defining the role of endothelial Notch1 in aortic valve morphogenesis, whereas others have implicated new genes. These murine models along with other cell-based studies have led to molecular insights in the pathogenesis of CAVD. SUMMARY These findings provide important insights into the molecular and genetic basis of aortic valve malformations, including BAV, specifically highlighting the etiologic role of endothelial cells. In addition, numerous investigations in to the mechanisms of CAVD demonstrate the importance of developmental origins and signaling pathways as well as communication between valve endothelial cells and the underlying interstitial cells in valve disease onset and progression.
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Theodoris CV, Mourkioti F, Huang Y, Ranade SS, Liu L, Blau HM, Srivastava D. Long telomeres protect against age-dependent cardiac disease caused by NOTCH1 haploinsufficiency. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1683-1688. [PMID: 28346225 DOI: 10.1172/jci90338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by gene haploinsufficiency in humans commonly lack a phenotype in mice that are heterozygous for the orthologous factor, impeding the study of complex phenotypes and critically limiting the discovery of therapeutics. Laboratory mice have longer telomeres relative to humans, potentially protecting against age-related disease caused by haploinsufficiency. Here, we demonstrate that telomere shortening in NOTCH1-haploinsufficient mice is sufficient to elicit age-dependent cardiovascular disease involving premature calcification of the aortic valve, a phenotype that closely mimics human disease caused by NOTCH1 haploinsufficiency. Furthermore, progressive telomere shortening correlated with severity of disease, causing cardiac valve and septal disease in the neonate that was similar to the range of valve disease observed within human families. Genes that were dysregulated due to NOTCH1 haploinsufficiency in mice with shortened telomeres were concordant with proosteoblast and proinflammatory gene network alterations in human NOTCH1 heterozygous endothelial cells. These dysregulated genes were enriched for telomere-contacting promoters, suggesting a potential mechanism for telomere-dependent regulation of homeostatic gene expression. These findings reveal a critical role for telomere length in a mouse model of age-dependent human disease and provide an in vivo model in which to test therapeutic candidates targeting the progression of aortic valve disease.
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LaFoya B, Munroe JA, Mia MM, Detweiler MA, Crow JJ, Wood T, Roth S, Sharma B, Albig AR. Notch: A multi-functional integrating system of microenvironmental signals. Dev Biol 2016; 418:227-41. [PMID: 27565024 PMCID: PMC5144577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Notch signaling cascade is an evolutionarily ancient system that allows cells to interact with their microenvironmental neighbors through direct cell-cell interactions, thereby directing a variety of developmental processes. Recent research is discovering that Notch signaling is also responsive to a broad variety of stimuli beyond cell-cell interactions, including: ECM composition, crosstalk with other signaling systems, shear stress, hypoxia, and hyperglycemia. Given this emerging understanding of Notch responsiveness to microenvironmental conditions, it appears that the classical view of Notch as a mechanism enabling cell-cell interactions, is only a part of a broader function to integrate microenvironmental cues. In this review, we summarize and discuss published data supporting the idea that the full function of Notch signaling is to serve as an integrator of microenvironmental signals thus allowing cells to sense and respond to a multitude of conditions around them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce LaFoya
- Biomolecular Sciences PhD Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Jordan A Munroe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Masum M Mia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Michael A Detweiler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Jacob J Crow
- Biomolecular Sciences PhD Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Travis Wood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Steven Roth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Bikram Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Allan R Albig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; Biomolecular Sciences PhD Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Notch signaling is an evolutionary conserved pathway critical for cardiovascular development and angiogenesis. More recently, the contribution of Notch signaling to the homeostasis of the adult vasculature has emerged as an important novel paradigm, but much remains to be understood. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings shed light on the impact of Notch in vascular and immune responses to microenvironmental signals as well as on the onset of atherosclerosis. In the past year, studies in human and mice explored the role of Notch in the maintenance of a nonactivated endothelium. Novel pieces of evidence suggest that this pathway is sensitive to environmental factors, including inflammatory mediators and diet-derived by-products. SUMMARY An emerging theme is the ability of Notch to respond to changes in the microenvironment, including glucose and lipid metabolites. In turn, alterations in Notch enable an important link between metabolism and transcriptional changes, thus this receptor appears to function as a metabolic sensor with direct implications to gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Briot
- I2MC, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Team 1, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Bouloumié
- I2MC, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Team 1, Toulouse, France
| | - M. Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Tsang HG, Rashdan NA, Whitelaw CBA, Corcoran BM, Summers KM, MacRae VE. Large animal models of cardiovascular disease. Cell Biochem Funct 2016; 34:113-32. [PMID: 26914991 PMCID: PMC4834612 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human cardiovascular system is a complex arrangement of specialized structures with distinct functions. The molecular landscape, including the genome, transcriptome and proteome, is pivotal to the biological complexity of both normal and abnormal mammalian processes. Despite our advancing knowledge and understanding of cardiovascular disease (CVD) through the principal use of rodent models, this continues to be an increasing issue in today's world. For instance, as the ageing population increases, so does the incidence of heart valve dysfunction. This may be because of changes in molecular composition and structure of the extracellular matrix, or from the pathological process of vascular calcification in which bone-formation related factors cause ectopic mineralization. However, significant differences between mice and men exist in terms of cardiovascular anatomy, physiology and pathology. In contrast, large animal models can show considerably greater similarity to humans. Furthermore, precise and efficient genome editing techniques enable the generation of tailored models for translational research. These novel systems provide a huge potential for large animal models to investigate the regulatory factors and molecular pathways that contribute to CVD in vivo. In turn, this will help bridge the gap between basic science and clinical applications by facilitating the refinement of therapies for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Tsang
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, SCT, UK
| | - N A Rashdan
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, SCT, UK
| | - C B A Whitelaw
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, SCT, UK
| | - B M Corcoran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, SCT, UK
| | - K M Summers
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, SCT, UK
| | - V E MacRae
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, SCT, UK
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