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Saha S, Fang X, Green CD, Das A. mTORC1 and SGLT2 Inhibitors-A Therapeutic Perspective for Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15078. [PMID: 37894760 PMCID: PMC10606418 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a critical diabetes-mediated co-morbidity characterized by cardiac dysfunction and heart failure, without predisposing hypertensive or atherosclerotic conditions. Metabolic insulin resistance, promoting hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, is the primary cause of diabetes-related disorders, but ambiguous tissue-specific insulin sensitivity has shed light on the importance of identifying a unified target paradigm for both the glycemic and non-glycemic context of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Several studies have indicated hyperactivation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), specifically complex 1 (mTORC1), as a critical mediator of T2D pathophysiology by promoting insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, inflammation, vasoconstriction, and stress. Moreover, mTORC1 inhibitors like rapamycin and their analogs have shown significant benefits in diabetes and related cardiac dysfunction. Recently, FDA-approved anti-hyperglycemic sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) have gained therapeutic popularity for T2D and diabetic cardiomyopathy, even acknowledging the absence of SGLT2 channels in the heart. Recent studies have proposed SGLT2-independent drug mechanisms to ascertain their cardioprotective benefits by regulating sodium homeostasis and mimicking energy deprivation. In this review, we systematically discuss the role of mTORC1 as a unified, eminent target to treat T2D-mediated cardiac dysfunction and scrutinize whether SGLT2is can target mTORC1 signaling to benefit patients with diabetic cardiomyopathy. Further studies are warranted to establish the underlying cardioprotective mechanisms of SGLT2is under diabetic conditions, with selective inhibition of cardiac mTORC1 but the concomitant activation of mTORC2 (mTOR complex 2) signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Saha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (S.S.); (X.F.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Xianjun Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (S.S.); (X.F.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Christopher D. Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (S.S.); (X.F.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Anindita Das
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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3
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Zhang N, Pan H, Liang X, Xie J, Han W. The roles of transmembrane family proteins in the regulation of store-operated Ca 2+ entry. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:118. [PMID: 35119538 PMCID: PMC11071953 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is a major pathway for calcium signaling, which regulates almost every biological process, involving cell proliferation, differentiation, movement and death. Stromal interaction molecule (STIM) and ORAI calcium release-activated calcium modulator (ORAI) are the two major proteins involved in SOCE. With the deepening of studies, more and more proteins are found to be able to regulate SOCE, among which the transmembrane (TMEM) family proteins are worth paying more attention. In addition, the ORAI proteins belong to the TMEM family themselves. As the name suggests, TMEM family is a type of proteins that spans biological membranes including plasma membrane and membrane of organelles. TMEM proteins are in a large family with more than 300 proteins that have been already identified, while the functional knowledge about the proteins is preliminary. In this review, we mainly summarized the TMEM proteins that are involved in SOCE, to better describe a picture of the interaction between STIM and ORAI proteins during SOCE and its downstream signaling pathways, as well as to provide an idea for the study of the TMEM family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningxia Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongming Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiansheng Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Clinical Science, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Zomot E, Achildiev Cohen H, Dagan I, Militsin R, Palty R. Bidirectional regulation of calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channel by SARAF. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212731. [PMID: 34705029 PMCID: PMC8562847 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202104007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) through the Ca2+ release–activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel is a central mechanism by which cells generate Ca2+ signals and mediate Ca2+-dependent gene expression. The molecular basis for CRAC channel regulation by the SOCE-associated regulatory factor (SARAF) remained insufficiently understood. Here we found that following ER Ca2+ depletion, SARAF facilitates a conformational change in the ER Ca2+ sensor STIM1 that relieves an activation constraint enforced by the STIM1 inactivation domain (ID; aa 475–483) and promotes initial activation of STIM1, its translocation to ER–plasma membrane junctions, and coupling to Orai1 channels. Following intracellular Ca2+ rise, cooperation between SARAF and the STIM1 ID controls CRAC channel slow Ca2+-dependent inactivation. We further show that in T lymphocytes, SARAF is required for proper T cell receptor evoked transcription. Taking all these data together, we uncover a dual regulatory role for SARAF during both activation and inactivation of CRAC channels and show that SARAF fine-tunes intracellular Ca2+ responses and downstream gene expression in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Zomot
- Department of Biochemistry, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hadas Achildiev Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Inbal Dagan
- Department of Biochemistry, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ruslana Militsin
- Department of Biochemistry, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Raz Palty
- Department of Biochemistry, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Górska AA, Sandmann C, Riechert E, Hofmann C, Malovrh E, Varma E, Kmietczyk V, Ölschläger J, Jürgensen L, Kamuf-Schenk V, Stroh C, Furkel J, Konstandin MH, Sticht C, Boileau E, Dieterich C, Frey N, Katus HA, Doroudgar S, Völkers M. Muscle-specific Cand2 is translationally upregulated by mTORC1 and promotes adverse cardiac remodeling. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52170. [PMID: 34605609 PMCID: PMC8647021 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202052170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) promotes pathological remodeling in the heart by activating ribosomal biogenesis and mRNA translation. Inhibition of mTOR in cardiomyocytes is protective; however, a detailed role of mTOR in translational regulation of specific mRNA networks in the diseased heart is unknown. We performed cardiomyocyte genome-wide sequencing to define mTOR-dependent gene expression control at the level of mRNA translation. We identify the muscle-specific protein Cullin-associated NEDD8-dissociated protein 2 (Cand2) as a translationally upregulated gene, dependent on the activity of mTOR. Deletion of Cand2 protects the myocardium against pathological remodeling. Mechanistically, we show that Cand2 links mTOR signaling to pathological cell growth by increasing Grk5 protein expression. Our data suggest that cell-type-specific targeting of mTOR might have therapeutic value against pathological cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A Górska
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Clara Sandmann
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Eva Riechert
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Hofmann
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ellen Malovrh
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Eshita Varma
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vivien Kmietczyk
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julie Ölschläger
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lonny Jürgensen
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Verena Kamuf-Schenk
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Claudia Stroh
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jennifer Furkel
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mathias H Konstandin
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Etienne Boileau
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany.,Section of Bioinformatics and Systems Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology and Klaus Tschira Institute for Integrative Computational Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Dieterich
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany.,Section of Bioinformatics and Systems Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology and Klaus Tschira Institute for Integrative Computational Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Frey
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Shirin Doroudgar
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mirko Völkers
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
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Wang YM, Xu WJ, Xiang LL, Ding M, Zhang JJ, Lu JY, Xie BJ, Gao YD. Store-operated Calcium Entry-associated Regulatory Factor Regulates Airway Inflammation and Airway Remodeling in Asthma Mice Models. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L533-L544. [PMID: 34231388 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00079.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is involved in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation and remodeling in asthma. Store-operated calcium entry-associated regulatory factor (SARAF) can down-regulate SOCE. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the role of SARAF in the regulation of airway inflammation and remodeling in asthma mice models, as well as in the functional regulation of human airway smooth muscle cells (hASMCs). METHODS Balb/c mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin to establish the asthma mice models. Mice were transfected with lentivirus, which expressed the SARAF gene + GFP or the negative control gene + GFP. Airway resistance was measured with the animal pulmonary function system. Airway inflammation and remodeling were evaluated via histological staining. In vitro cultured hASMCs were transfected with scrambled small interfering RNA(siRNA) or SARAF-specific siRNA respecitvely. The proliferation, migration rate, hypertrophy and SOCE activity of hASMCs were examined with cell counting kit 8, wound healing test, bright field imaging and Ca2+ fluorescence imaging, respectively. SARAF expression was measured by quantitative real-time-PCR. RESULTS Asthma mice models showed decreased SARAF mRNA expression in the lungs. SARAF overexpression attenuated airway inflammation, resistance and also remodeling. Downregulation of SARAF expression with siRNA promoted the proliferation, migration, hypertrophy and SOCE activity in hASMCs. CONCLUSIONS SARAF plays a protective role against airway inflammation and remodeling in asthma mice models by blunting SOCE; SARAF may also be a functional regulating factor of hASMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, China.,Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Wen-Juan Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Lin-Li Xiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Mei Ding
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Jin-Jin Zhang
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Jing-Ya Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Bao-Juan Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Ya-Dong Gao
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, China
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