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Akiki P, Delamotte P, Montagne J. Lipid Metabolism in Relation to Carbohydrate Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39192070 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2024_821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrates and lipids integrate into a complex metabolic network that is essential to maintain homeostasis. In insects, as in most metazoans, dietary carbohydrates are taken up as monosaccharides whose excess is toxic, even at relatively low concentrations. To cope with this toxicity, monosaccharides are stored either as glycogen or neutral lipids, the latter constituting a quasi-unlimited energy store. Breakdown of these stores in response to energy demand depends on insect species and on several physiological parameters. In this chapter, we review the multiple metabolic pathways and strategies linking carbohydrates and lipids that insects utilize to respond to nutrient availability, food scarcity or physiological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Akiki
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Delamotte
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jacques Montagne
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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2
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Selamioğlu A, Karaca M, Balcı MC, Körbeyli HK, Durmuş A, Yıldız EP, Karaman S, Gökçay GF. Triosephosphate Isomerase Deficiency: E105D Mutation in Unrelated Patients and Review of the Literature. Mol Syndromol 2023; 14:231-238. [PMID: 37323194 PMCID: PMC10267495 DOI: 10.1159/000528192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic haemolytic anaemia, increased susceptibility to infections, cardiomyopathy, neurodegeneration, and death in early childhood are the clinical findings of triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) deficiency, which is an ultra-rare disorder. The clinical and laboratory findings and the outcomes of 2 patients with TPI deficiency are reported, with a review of cases reported in the literature. Case Presentation Two unrelated patients with haemolytic anaemia and neurologic findings who were diagnosed as having TPI deficiency are presented. Neonatal onset of initial symptoms was observed in both patients, and the age at diagnosis was around 2 years. The patients had increased susceptibility to infections and respiratory failure, but cardiac symptoms were not remarkable. Screening for inborn errors of metabolism revealed a previously unreported metabolic alteration determined using tandem mass spectrometry in acylcarnitine analysis, causing elevated propionyl carnitine levels in both patients. The patients had p.E105D (c.315G>C) homozygous mutations in the TPI1 gene. Although severely disabled, both patients are alive at the ages of 7 and 9 years. Discussion For better management, it is important to investigate the genetic aetiology in patients with haemolytic anaemia with or without neurologic symptoms who do not have a definitive diagnosis. The differential diagnosis of elevated propionyl carnitine levels using tandem mass spectrometry screening should also include TPI deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Selamioğlu
- Division of Paediatric Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meryem Karaca
- Division of Paediatric Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cihan Balcı
- Division of Paediatric Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Kutay Körbeyli
- Division of Paediatric Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aslı Durmuş
- Division of Paediatric Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Edibe Pembegül Yıldız
- Division of Paediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Karaman
- Division of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülden Fatma Gökçay
- Division of Paediatric Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Myers TD, Ferguson C, Gliniak E, Homanics GE, Palladino MJ. Murine model of triosephosphate isomerase deficiency with anemia and severe neuromuscular dysfunction. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 3:100062. [PMID: 36405628 PMCID: PMC9673098 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency (TPI Df) is a rare, aggressive genetic disease that typically affects young children and currently has no established treatment. TPI Df is characterized by hemolytic anemia, progressive neuromuscular degeneration, and a markedly reduced lifespan. The disease has predominately been studied using invertebrate and in vitro models, which lack key aspects of the human disease. While other groups have generated mammalian Tpi1 mutant strains, specifically with the mouse mus musculus, these do not recapitulate key characteristic phenotypes of the human disease. Reported here is the generation of a novel murine model of TPI Df. CRISPR-Cas9 was utilized to engineer the most common human disease-causing mutation, Tpi1 E105D , and Tpi1 null mice were also isolated as a frame-shifting deletion. Tpi1 E105D/null mice experience a markedly shortened lifespan, postural abnormalities consistent with extensive neuromuscular dysfunction, hemolytic anemia, pathological changes in spleen, and decreased body weight. There is a ∼95% reduction in TPI protein levels in Tpi1 E105D/null animals compared to wild-type littermates, consistent with decreased TPI protein stability, a known cause of TPI Df. This work illustrates the capability of Tpi1 E105D/null mice to serve as a mammalian model of human TPI Df. This work will allow for advancement in the study of TPI Df within a model with physiology similar to humans. The development of the model reported here will enable mechanistic studies of disease pathogenesis and, importantly, efficacy testing in a mammalian system for emerging TPI Df treatments.
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Key Words
- CRISPR
- DHAP, Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
- G3P, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
- Genetics
- Glycolysis
- Hct, Hematocrit
- Hgb, Hemoglobin
- Hsp70, Heat shock protein 70
- Hsp90, Heat shock protein 90
- MCV, Mean Corpuscular Volume
- Metabolism
- RNAi, RNA interference
- TPI Deficiency
- TPI Df, Triosephosphate Isomerase Deficiency
- TPI, Triosephosphate Isomerase
- Triosephosphate isomerase (TPI)
- UTR, Untranslated Region
- WT, Wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey D. Myers
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carolyn Ferguson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Preoperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eric Gliniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gregg E. Homanics
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Preoperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael J. Palladino
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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USE OF KETOGENIC DIET THERAPY IN EPILEPSY WITH MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION: A SYSTEMATIC AND CRITICAL REVIEW. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech15.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of molecular techniques over time more than %60 of epilepsy has associated with mitochondrial (mt) dysfunction. Ketogenic diet (KD) has been used in the treatment of epilepsy since the 1920s. Aim. To evaluate the evidence behind KD in mt dysfunction in epilepsy. Methods. Databases PubMed, Google Scholar and MEDLINE were searched in an umbrella approach to 12 March 2021 in English. To identify relevant studies specific search strategies were devised for the following topics: (1) mitochondrial dysfunction (2) epilepsy (3) KD treatment. Results. From 1794 papers, 36 articles were included in analysis: 16 (%44.44) preclinical studies, 11 (%30.55) case reports, 9 (%25) clinical studies. In all the preclinic studies, KD regulated the number of mt profiles, transcripts of metabolic enzymes and encoding mt proteins, protected the mice against to seizures and had an anticonvulsant mechanism. Case reports and clinical trials have reported patients with good results in seizure control and mt functions, although not all of them give good results as well as preclinical. Conclusion. Healthcare institutions, researchers, neurologists, health promotion organizations, and dietitians should consider these results to improve KD programs and disease outcomes for mt dysfunction in epilepsy.
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Xu YW, Lin P, Zheng SF, Huang W, Lin ZY, Shang-Guan HC, Lin YX, Yao PS, Kang DZ. Acetylation Profiles in the Metabolic Process of Glioma-Associated Seizures. Front Neurol 2021; 12:713293. [PMID: 34664012 PMCID: PMC8519730 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.713293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We test the hypothesis that lysine acetylation is involved in the metabolic process of glioma-associated seizures (GAS). Methods: We used label-free mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics to quantify dynamic changes of protein acetylation between gliomas with seizure (CA1 group) and gliomas without seizure (CA2 group). Furthermore, differences of acetyltransferase and deacetylase expression between CA1 and CA2 groups were performed by a quantitative proteomic study. We further classified acetylated proteins into groups according to cell component, molecular function, and biological process. In addition, metabolic pathways and protein interaction networks were analyzed. Regulated acetyltransferases and acetylated profiles were validated by PRM and Western blot. Results: We detected 169 downregulated lysine acetylation sites of 134 proteins and 39 upregulated lysine acetylation sites of 35 proteins in glioma with seizures based on acetylome. We detected 407 regulated proteins by proteomics, from which ACAT2 and ACAA2 were the differentially regulated enzymes in the acetylation of GAS. According to the KEGG analysis, the upregulated acetylated proteins within the PPIs were mapped to pathways involved in the TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, biosynthesis of amino acids, and carbon metabolism. The downregulated acetylated proteins within the PPIs were mapped to pathways involved in fatty acid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, TCA cycle, and necroptosis. Regulated ACAT2 expression and acetylated profiles were validated by PRM and Western blot. Conclusions: The data support the hypothesis that regulated protein acetylation is involved in the metabolic process of GAS, which may be induced by acetyl-CoA acetyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Pain, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shu-Fa Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhang-Ya Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huang-Cheng Shang-Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Xiang Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Cancer, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pei-Sen Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - De-Zhi Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Cancer, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Higher Education Institutions, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Characterization of Seizure Induction Methods in Drosophila. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0079-21.2021. [PMID: 34330816 PMCID: PMC8387149 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0079-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurologic disorders. Around one third of patients do not respond to current medications. This lack of treatment indicates a need for better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and, importantly, the identification of novel targets for drug manipulation. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has a fast reproduction time, powerful genetics, and facilitates large sample sizes, making it a strong model of seizure mechanisms. To better understand behavioral and physiological phenotypes across major fly seizure genotypes we systematically measured seizure severity and secondary behavioral phenotypes at both the larval and adult stage. Comparison of several seizure-induction methods; specifically electrical, mechanical and heat induction, show that larval electroshock is the most effective at inducing seizures across a wide range of seizure-prone mutants tested. Locomotion in adults and larvae was found to be non-predictive of seizure susceptibility. Recording activity in identified larval motor neurons revealed variations in action potential (AP) patterns, across different genotypes, but these patterns did not correlate with seizure susceptibility. To conclude, while there is wide variation in mechanical induction, heat induction, and secondary phenotypes, electroshock is the most consistent method of seizure induction across known major seizure genotypes in Drosophila.
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Vogt A, Eicher SL, Myers TD, Hrizo SL, Vollmer LL, Meyer EM, Palladino MJ. A High-Content Screening Assay for Small Molecules That Stabilize Mutant Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TPI) as Treatments for TPI Deficiency. SLAS DISCOVERY 2021; 26:1029-1039. [PMID: 34167376 DOI: 10.1177/24725552211018198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Triose phosphate isomerase deficiency (TPI Df) is an untreatable, childhood-onset glycolytic enzymopathy. Patients typically present with frequent infections, anemia, and muscle weakness that quickly progresses with severe neuromusclar dysfunction requiring aided mobility and often respiratory support. Life expectancy after diagnosis is typically ~5 years. There are several described pathogenic mutations that encode functional proteins; however, these proteins, which include the protein resulting from the "common" TPIE105D mutation, are unstable due to active degradation by protein quality control (PQC) pathways. Previous work has shown that elevating mutant TPI levels by genetic or pharmacological intervention can ameliorate symptoms of TPI Df in fruit flies. To identify compounds that increase levels of mutant TPI, we have developed a human embryonic kidney (HEK) stable knock-in model expressing the common TPI Df protein fused with green fluorescent protein (HEK TPIE105D-GFP). To directly address the need for lead TPI Df therapeutics, these cells were developed into an optical drug discovery platform that was implemented for high-throughput screening (HTS) and validated in 3-day variability tests, meeting HTS standards. We initially used this assay to screen the 446-member National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Collection and validated two of the hits in dose-response, by limited structure-activity relationship studies with a small number of analogs, and in an orthogonal, non-optical assay in patient fibroblasts. The data form the basis for a large-scale phenotypic screening effort to discover compounds that stabilize TPI as treatments for this devastating childhood disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Vogt
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Samantha L Eicher
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tracey D Myers
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacy L Hrizo
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Biology, Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania, Slippery Rock, PA, USA
| | - Laura L Vollmer
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Michael J Palladino
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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8
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Hrizo SL, Eicher SL, Myers TD, McGrath I, Wodrich APK, Venkatesh H, Manjooran D, Swoger S, Gagnon K, Bruskin M, Lebedev MV, Zheng S, Vitantonio A, Kim S, Lamb ZJ, Vogt A, Ruzhnikov MRZ, Palladino MJ. Identification of protein quality control regulators using a Drosophila model of TPI deficiency. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 152:105299. [PMID: 33600953 PMCID: PMC7993632 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) deficiency (Df) is a rare recessive metabolic disorder that manifests as hemolytic anemia, locomotor impairment, and progressive neurodegeneration. Research suggests that TPI Df mutations, including the "common" TPIE105Dmutation, result in reduced TPI protein stability that appears to underlie disease pathogenesis. Drosophila with the recessive TPIsugarkill allele (a.k.a. sgk or M81T) exhibit progressive locomotor impairment, neuromuscular impairment and reduced longevity, modeling the human disorder. TPIsugarkill produces a functional protein that is degraded by the proteasome. Molecular chaperones, such as Hsp70 and Hsp90, have been shown to contribute to the regulation of TPIsugarkill degradation. In addition, stabilizing the mutant protein through chaperone modulation results in improved TPI deficiency phenotypes. To identify additional regulators of TPIsugarkill degradation, we performed a genome-wide RNAi screen that targeted known and predicted quality control proteins in the cell to identify novel factors that modulate TPIsugarkill turnover. Of the 430 proteins screened, 25 regulators of TPIsugarkill were identified. Interestingly, 10 proteins identified were novel, previously undescribed Drosophila proteins. Proteins involved in co-translational protein quality control and ribosome function were also isolated in the screen, suggesting that TPIsugarkill may undergo co-translational selection for polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation as a nascent polypeptide. The proteins identified in this study may reveal novel pathways for the degradation of a functional, cytosolic protein by the ubiquitin proteasome system and define therapeutic pathways for TPI Df and other biomedically important diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L Hrizo
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Biology, Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, USA
| | - Samantha L Eicher
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Tracey D Myers
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ian McGrath
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Andrew P K Wodrich
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Hemanth Venkatesh
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Daniel Manjooran
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sabrina Swoger
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kim Gagnon
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Matthew Bruskin
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Maria V Lebedev
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sherry Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ana Vitantonio
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sungyoun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Zachary J Lamb
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Andreas Vogt
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Maura R Z Ruzhnikov
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Michael J Palladino
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Frye RE. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Unique Abnormalities and Targeted Treatments. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2020; 35:100829. [PMID: 32892956 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2020.100829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence implicate mitochondria in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this review, we outline some of the evidence supporting this notion, as well as discuss novel abnormalities in mitochondrial function that appear to be related to ASD, and treatments that both target mitochondria and have evidence of usefulness in the treatment of ASD in clinical trials. A suspicion of the mitochondrion's involvement in ASD can be traced back to 1985 when lactic acidosis was noted in a subset of children with ASD. A large population-based study in 2007 confirmed this notion and found that a subset of children with ASD (∼4%) could be diagnosed with a definite mitochondrial disease. Further studies suggested that children with ASD and mitochondrial disease may have certain characteristics such as fatigability, gastrointestinal disorders, unusual types of neurodevelopmental regression, seizures/epilepsy, and motor delay. Further research examining biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction and electron transport chain activity suggest that abnormalities of mitochondrial function could affect a much higher number of children with ASD, perhaps up to 80%. Recent research has identified a type of dysfunction of mitochondria in which the activity of the electron transport chain is significantly increased. This novel type of mitochondrial dysfunction may be associated with environmental exposures and neurodevelopmental regression. Several treatments that target mitochondria appear to have evidence for use in children with ASD, including cofactors such as L-Carnitine and the ketogenic diet. Although the understanding of the involvement of mitochondria in ASD is evolving, the mitochondrion is clearly a novel molecular target which can be helpful in understanding the etiology of ASD and treatments that may improve function of children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Frye
- Division of Neurology, Section on Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ.
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Alqahtani F, Imran I, Pervaiz H, Ashraf W, Perveen N, Rasool MF, Alasmari AF, Alharbi M, Samad N, Alqarni SA, Al-Rejaie SS, Alanazi MM. Non-pharmacological Interventions for Intractable Epilepsy. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:951-962. [PMID: 32792840 PMCID: PMC7414058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 30% of epileptic individuals, intractable epilepsy represents a problem for the management of seizures and severely affects the patient's quality of life due to pharmacoresistance with commonly used antiseizure drugs (ASDs). Surgery is not the best option for all resistant patients due to its post-surgical consequences. Therefore, several alternative or complementary therapies have scientifically proven significant therapeutic potential for the management of seizures in intractable epilepsy patients with seizure-free occurrences. Various non-pharmacological interventions include metabolic therapy, brain stimulation therapy, and complementary therapy. Metabolic therapy works out by altering the energy metabolites and include the ketogenic diets (KD) (that is restricted in carbohydrates and mimics the metabolic state of the body as produced during fasting and exerts its antiepileptic effect) and anaplerotic diet (which revives the level of TCA cycle intermediates and this is responsible for its effect). Neuromodulation therapy includes vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), responsive neurostimulation therapy (RNS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy (TMS). Complementary therapies such as biofeedback and music therapy have demonstrated promising results in pharmacoresistant epilepsies. The current emphasis of the review article is to explore the different integrated mechanisms of various treatments for adequate seizure control, and their limitations, and supportive pieces of evidence that show the efficacy and tolerability of these non-pharmacological options.
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Key Words
- ASDs, Antiepileptic drugs
- ATP, Adenosine triphosphate
- Anaplerotic diet
- BBB, Blood-brain barrier
- CKD, Classic ketogenic diet
- CSF, Cerebrospinal fluid
- EEG, Electroencephalography
- EMG, Electromyography
- GABA, Gamma-aminobutyric acid
- Intractable epilepsy
- KB, Ketone bodies
- KD, Ketogenic diet
- Ketogenic diet
- LC, Locus coeruleus
- LCFA, Long-chain fatty acids
- MAD, Modified Atkin's diet
- MCT, Medium-chain triglyceride
- MEP, Maximal evoked potential
- Music therapy
- NTS, Nucleus tractus solitaries
- PPAR, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- PUFAs, Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- RNS, Responsive neurostimulation
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SMR, Sensorimotor rhythm
- TCA, Tricarboxylic acid cycle
- TMS, Transcranial magnetic stimulation
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation Biofeedback therapy
- VNS, Vagus nerve stimulation
- Vagus nerve stimulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Imran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Hafsa Pervaiz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Ashraf
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Perveen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Fawad Rasool
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah F Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Metab Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noreen Samad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Saleh Abdullah Alqarni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim S Al-Rejaie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Mufadhe Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Wehbe Z, Tucci S. Therapeutic potential of triheptanoin in metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:385-391. [PMID: 31778232 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past 15 years the potential of triheptanoin for the treatment of several human diseases in the area of clinical nutrition has grown considerably. Use of this triglyceride of the odd-chain fatty acid heptanoate has been proposed and applied for the treatment of several conditions in which the energy supply from citric acid cycle intermediates or fatty acid degradation are impaired. Neurological diseases due to disturbed glucose metabolism or metabolic diseases associated with impaired β-oxidation of long chain fatty acid may especially take advantage of alternative substrate sources offered by the secondary metabolites of triheptanoin. Epilepsy due to deficiency of the GLUT1 transporter, as well as diseases associated with dysregulation of neuronal signalling, have been treated with triheptanoin supplementation, and very recently the advantages of this oil in long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders have been reported. The present review summarises the published literature on the metabolism of triheptanoin including clinical reports related to the use of triheptanoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Wehbe
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sara Tucci
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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H S N, Paudel YN, K L K. Envisioning the neuroprotective effect of Metformin in experimental epilepsy: A portrait of molecular crosstalk. Life Sci 2019; 233:116686. [PMID: 31348946 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate and aggravate epileptic seizures affecting around 1% of global population making it a serious health concern. Despite the recent advances in epilepsy research, no disease-modifying treatment able to terminate epileptogenesis have been reported yet reflecting the complexity in understanding the disease pathogenesis. To overcome the current treatment gap against epilepsy, one effective approach is to explore anti-epileptic effects from a drug that are approved to treat non-epileptic diseases. In this regard, Metformin emerged as an ideal candidate which is a first line treatment option for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), has conferred neuroprotection in several in vivo neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's diseases (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Stroke, Huntington's diseases (HD) including epilepsy. In addition, Metformin has ameliorated cognitive alteration, learning and memory induced by epilepsy as well as in animal model of AD. Herein, we review the promising findings demonstrated upon Metformin treatment against animal model of epilepsy however, the precise underlying mechanism of anti-epileptic potential of Metformin is not well understood. However, there is a growing understanding that Metformin demonstrates its anti-epileptic effect mainly via ameliorating brain oxidative damage, activation of AMPK, inhibition of mTOR pathway, downregulation of α-synuclein, reducing apoptosis, downregulation of BDNF and TrkB level. These reflects that Metformin being non-anti-epileptic drug (AED) has a potential to ameliorate the cellular pathways that were impaired in epilepsy reflecting its therapeutical potential against epileptic seizure that might plausibly overcome the limitations of today epilepsy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini H S
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Yam Nath Paudel
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Krishna K L
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
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