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Ascunce MS, Toloza AC, González-Oliver A, Reed DL. Nuclear genetic diversity of head lice sheds light on human dispersal around the world. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293409. [PMID: 37939041 PMCID: PMC10631634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The human louse, Pediculus humanus, is an obligate blood-sucking ectoparasite that has coevolved with humans for millennia. Given the intimate relationship between this parasite and the human host, the study of human lice has the potential to shed light on aspects of human evolution that are difficult to interpret using other biological evidence. In this study, we analyzed the genetic variation in 274 human lice from 25 geographic sites around the world by using nuclear microsatellite loci and female-inherited mitochondrial DNA sequences. Nuclear genetic diversity analysis revealed the presence of two distinct genetic clusters I and II, which are subdivided into subclusters: Ia-Ib and IIa-IIb, respectively. Among these samples, we observed the presence of the two most common louse mitochondrial haplogroups: A and B that were found in both nuclear Clusters I and II. Evidence of nuclear admixture was uncommon (12%) and was predominate in the New World potentially mirroring the history of colonization in the Americas. These findings were supported by novel DIYABC simulations that were built using both host and parasite data to define parameters and models suggesting that admixture between cI and cII was very recent. This pattern could also be the result of a reproductive barrier between these two nuclear genetic clusters. In addition to providing new evolutionary knowledge about this human parasite, our study could guide the development of new analyses in other host-parasite systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S. Ascunce
- Department of Plant Pathology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ariel C. Toloza
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (CONICET-UNIDEF), Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angélica González-Oliver
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - David L. Reed
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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2
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Hodson CN, Toon A, Cook LG, Ross L. Are asymmetric inheritance systems an evolutionary trap? Transitions in the mechanism of paternal genome loss in the scale insect family Eriococcidae. Genetics 2023; 224:iyad090. [PMID: 37183508 PMCID: PMC10324942 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Haplodiploidy and paternal genome elimination (PGE) are examples of asymmetric inheritance, where males transmit only maternally inherited chromosomes to their offspring. Under haplodiploidy, this results from males being haploid, whereas under PGE, males inherit but subsequently exclude paternally inherited chromosomes from sperm. Their evolution involves changes in the mechanisms of meiosis and sex determination and sometimes also dosage compensation. As a result, these systems are thought to be an evolutionary trap, meaning that once asymmetric chromosome transmission evolves, it is difficult to transition back to typical Mendelian transmission. We assess whether there is evidence for this idea in the scale insect family Eriococcidae, a lineage with PGE and the only clade with a suggestion that asymmetric inheritance has transitioned back to Mendelian inheritance. We conduct a cytological survey of 13 eriococcid species, and a cytological, genetic, and gene expression analysis of species in the genus Cystococcus, to investigate whether there is evidence for species in this family evolving Mendelian chromosome transmission. Although we find that all species we examined exhibit PGE, the mechanism is extremely variable within Eriococcidae. Within Cystococcus, in fact, we uncover a previously undiscovered type of PGE in scale insects that acts exclusively in meiosis, where paternally inherited chromosomes in males are present, uncondensed, and expressed in somatic cells but eliminated prior to meiosis. Broadly, we fail to find evidence for a reversion from PGE to Mendelian inheritance in Eriococcidae, supporting the idea that asymmetric inheritance systems such as PGE may be an evolutionary trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Hodson
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
- Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alicia Toon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lyn G Cook
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Laura Ross
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
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Oh M, Kim S, Lee S. Revisiting the phylogeny of the family Miridae (Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha), with updated insights into its origin and life history evolution. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 184:107796. [PMID: 37086912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Heteroptera is one of the most successfully adapted groups on Earth and can be observed in almost every environment. Within the evolution of heteropteran insects, Miridae show remarkable diversity (>11,700 spp.), accounting for a quarter of all Heteroptera. However, their phylogeny is still unclear, and no plausible theory for the driving force of their diversification has been established. In this work, we provide new suggestions for the phylogeny of Miridae using a larger dataset than previous studies. In addition, we suggest an alternative evolutionary history based on newly calibrated divergence dates for Miridae and its subordinate groups, and present probable factors of the family's success in terms of species diversity. The entire dataset comprises 16 outgroups and 188 ingroup taxa including all seven known subfamilies and 37 out of 45 known tribes. Each species is aligned as 3,577bp with six molecular loci (COI, 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA D3 region, H2A, and H3A). Among the molecular markers, we are the first to test histone genes (H2A, H3A) in Miridae. Our results raise the following points about phylogenetic relationships: i) The earliest group to diverge from Miridae was Monaloniini (Bryocorinae). ii) Bryocorinae and Cylapinae are polyphyletic, Deraeocorinae and Orthotylinae also rendered as non-monophyletic group. iii) Termatophylini and Coridromiini separated from Deraeocorinae and Orthotylinae respectively. iv) Four large tribes, Orthotylini, Phylini, Deraeocorini and Mirini are non-monophyletic. The results from our ancestral state reconstruction and divergence date estimation suggest the following: i) Miridae first diverged during the Late Jurassic (approx. 163.4 Mya), and the divergence dates of most subfamilies and tribes overlap with angiosperm radiation, which perhaps synergized their diversification. ii) Ancestral reconstruction results for Miridae reveal it to be predominantly phytophagous and diverge to oligophagy mainly in plant-tissue habitats, which could have allowed the mirids to select optimal tactics as plant-dwellers. iii) The common ancestor of Miridae originated among plant-dwellers mainly on Eudicots, and that tendency was largely maintained, but sporadic host shifts also occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsuk Oh
- Insect Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sora Kim
- Insect Phylogenetics and Evolution Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection & Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Lee
- Insect Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Deng YP, Wang W, Fu YT, Nie Y, Xie Y, Liu GH. Morphological and molecular evidence reveals a new species of chewing louse Pancola ailurus n. sp. (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) from the endangered Chinese red panda Ailurus styani. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 20:31-38. [PMID: 36619891 PMCID: PMC9811220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lice are six-legged, wingless, insect parasites of mammals and birds, and include two main functional groups: blood-sucking lice and chewing lice. However, it is still not clear whether the Chinese red panda Ailurus styani is infested with the parasitic louse. In the present study, we describe a new genus and a species of chewing louse, Pancola ailurus (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) based on morphological and molecular datasets. The morphological features showed that Pancola is closer to Paratrichodectes. The genetic divergence of cox1 and 12S rRNA among the Pancola ailurus n. sp. and other Trichodectidae lice was 29.7 - 34.6% and 38.9 - 43.6%, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on the available mitochondrial gene sequences showed that P. ailurus n. sp. is more closely related to Trichodectes canis and Geomydoecus aurei than to Felicola subrostratus and together nested within the family Trichodectidae. This study is the first record of parasitic lice from the endangered Chinese red panda A. styani and highlights the importance of integrating morphological and molecular datasets for the identification and discrimination of new louse species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ping Deng
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410128, China
| | - Wei Wang
- The Centre for Bioinnovation, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, 4556, Australia
| | - Yi-Tian Fu
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410128, China
| | - Yu Nie
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410128, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410128, China,Corresponding author.
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Zhang X, Liang F, Liu X. A New Genus and Species of the Suborder Trogiomorpha (Insecta, Psocodea) from Mid-Cretaceous Amber of Myanmar. INSECTS 2022; 13:1064. [PMID: 36421967 PMCID: PMC9696995 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We established a new genus with a new species Brachyantennum spinosum Liang et Liu, gen. et sp. nov. from mid-Cretaceous Burmese Kachin amber. It is tentatively placed into the suborder Trogiomorpha, based on the strong external valve, the reduced dorsal and ventral valve, and the short subgenital plate covering the basal part of the external valve. This new genus is apparently close to the family Cormopsocidae, based on the well-developed and very long hindwing Sc vein. However, its familial placement is ambiguous and it can be excluded from the established families of Trogiomorpha by the presence of the tarsal ctenidiobothria on the mid- and hindleg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Feiyang Liang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Xingyue Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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6
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Johnson KP. Genomic Approaches to Uncovering the Coevolutionary History of Parasitic Lice. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091442. [PMID: 36143478 PMCID: PMC9501036 DOI: 10.3390/life12091442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary New sequencing technologies have now made it possible to sequence entire genomes for a diversity of life on earth. Parasites comprise nearly half of all species. Lice are one important group of parasites of birds and mammals, including humans. Genome sequencing approaches have been applied to this group of parasites to uncover patterns of diversification. These patterns can be compared to the patterns of diversification in their hosts. Key findings from these studies have revealed that parasitic lice likely originated on birds and then switched to mammals multiple times. Within groups of birds and mammals, the evolutionary trees of lice match those for mammal hosts more than those for birds. Genomic approaches have also revealed that individual birds and mammals harbor distinct populations of lice. Thus, these new techniques allow for the study of patterns of diversification at a wide variety of scales. Abstract Next-generation sequencing technologies are revolutionizing the fields of genomics, phylogenetics, and population genetics. These new genomic approaches have been extensively applied to a major group of parasites, the lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) of birds and mammals. Two louse genomes have been assembled and annotated to date, and these have opened up new resources for the study of louse biology. Whole genome sequencing has been used to assemble large phylogenomic datasets for lice, incorporating sequences of thousands of genes. These datasets have provided highly supported trees at all taxonomic levels, ranging from relationships among the major groups of lice to those among closely related species. Such approaches have also been applied at the population scale in lice, revealing patterns of population subdivision and inbreeding. Finally, whole genome sequence datasets can also be used for additional study beyond that of the louse nuclear genome, such as in the study of mitochondrial genome fragmentation or endosymbiont function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Johnson
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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Johnson KP, Nguyen NP, Sweet AD, Boyd BM, Warnow T, Allen JM. Simultaneous radiation of bird and mammal lice following the K-Pg boundary. Biol Lett 2019; 14:rsbl.2018.0141. [PMID: 29794007 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversification of parasite groups often occurs at the same time as the diversification of their hosts. However, most studies demonstrating this concordance only examine single host-parasite groups. Multiple diverse lineages of ectoparasitic lice occur across both birds and mammals. Here, we describe the evolutionary history of lice based on analyses of 1107 single-copy orthologous genes from sequenced genomes of 46 species of lice. We identify three major diverse groups of lice: one exclusively on mammals, one almost exclusively on birds and one on both birds and mammals. Each of these groups radiated just after the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary, the time of the mass extinction event of the dinosaurs and rapid diversification of most of the modern lineages of birds and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Johnson
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Nam-Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew D Sweet
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.,Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Bret M Boyd
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Tandy Warnow
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Julie M Allen
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.,Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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8
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Promrangsee C, Khositharattanakool P, Somwang P, Sunantaraporn S, Phumee A, Preativatanyou K, Tawatsin A, Brownell N, Siriyasatien P. The Prevalence of Bartonella Bacteria in Cattle Lice Collected from Three Provinces of Thailand. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10060152. [PMID: 31142009 PMCID: PMC6628184 DOI: 10.3390/insects10060152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cattle lice are obligatory blood-sucking parasites, which is the cause of animal health problems worldwide. Recently, several studies have revealed that pathogenic bacteria could be found in cattle lice, and it can act as a potential vector for transmitting louse-borne diseases. However, the cattle lice and their pathogenic bacteria in Thailand have never been evaluated. In the present study, we aim to determine the presence of bacterial pathogens in cattle lice collected from three localities of Thailand. Total genomic DNA was extracted from 109 cattle louse samples and the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) of 18S rRNA was developed to identify the cattle louse. Moreover, PCR was used for screening Bartonella spp., Acinetobacter spp., and Rickettsia spp. in cattle louse samples. The positive PCR products were cloned and sequenced. The phylogenetic tree based on the partial 18S rRNA sequences demonstrated that cattle lice species in this study are classified into two groups according to reference sequences; Haematopinus quadripertusus and Haematopinus spp. closely related to H. tuberculatus. The pathogen detection revealed that Bartonella spp. DNA of gltA and rpoB were detected in 25 of 109 samples (22.93%) both egg and adult stages, whereas Acinetobacter spp. and Rickettsia spp. were not detected in all cattle lice DNA samples. The gltA and rpoB sequences showed that the Bartonella spp. DNA was found in both H. quadripertusus and Haematopinus spp. closely related to H. tuberculatus. This study is the first report of the Bartonella spp. detected in cattle lice from Thailand. The finding obtained from this study could be used to determine whether the cattle lice can serve as a potential vector to transmit these pathogenic bacteria among cattle and may affect animal to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulaluk Promrangsee
- Medical Parasitology Program, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | | | - Puckavadee Somwang
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand.
| | - Sakone Sunantaraporn
- Medical Science Program, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Atchara Phumee
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases-Health Science Centre, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn Hospital, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Kanok Preativatanyou
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Apiwat Tawatsin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, National Institute of Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand.
| | - Narisa Brownell
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Song F, Li H, Liu GH, Wang W, James P, Colwell DD, Tran A, Gong S, Cai W, Shao R. Mitochondrial Genome Fragmentation Unites the Parasitic Lice of Eutherian Mammals. Syst Biol 2019; 68:430-440. [PMID: 30239978 PMCID: PMC6472445 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syy062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organelle genome fragmentation has been found in a wide range of eukaryotic lineages; however, its use in phylogenetic reconstruction has not been demonstrated. We explored the use of mitochondrial (mt) genome fragmentation in resolving the controversial suborder-level phylogeny of parasitic lice (order Phthiraptera). There are approximately 5000 species of parasitic lice in four suborders (Amblycera, Ischnocera, Rhynchophthirina, and Anoplura), which infest mammals and birds. The phylogenetic relationships among these suborders are unresolved despite decades of studies. We sequenced the mt genomes of eight species of parasitic lice and compared them with 17 other species of parasitic lice sequenced previously. We found that the typical single-chromosome mt genome is retained in the lice of birds but fragmented into many minichromosomes in the lice of eutherian mammals. The shared derived feature of mt genome fragmentation unites the eutherian mammal lice of Ischnocera (family Trichodectidae) with Anoplura and Rhynchophthirina to the exclusion of the bird lice of Ischnocera (family Philopteridae). The novel clade, namely Mitodivisia, is also supported by phylogenetic analysis of mt genome and cox1 gene sequences. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that organelle genome fragmentation is informative for resolving controversial high-level phylogenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Song
- Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hu Li
- Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410128, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, GeneCology Research Centre, Animal Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Peter James
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia
| | - Douglas D Colwell
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anette Tran
- School of Science and Engineering, GeneCology Research Centre, Animal Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Siyu Gong
- Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wanzhi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Renfu Shao
- School of Science and Engineering, GeneCology Research Centre, Animal Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia
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Abstract
There are approximately 463 species of parasitic lice recorded in Canada, in three suborders: Amblycera, six families; Ischnocera, two families; Anoplura, eight families. At least an additional 361 species may eventually be recorded based on presence of suitable hosts and proximity to known distributions. Approximately 41 species are introduced non-native species. Only about 54% of the expected chewing louse fauna has been recorded, and considerable collecting effort is needed, especially for lice infesting passerine birds, shorebirds, and seabirds. The sucking louse fauna is well known, with approximately 88% of the expected fauna recorded. Investigations into ecology of lice and the nature of relationships with their hosts are badly needed. Barcode Index Numbers are available for only 13 species of parasitic lice in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry D. Galloway
- Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, CanadaUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
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11
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Boudinot BE. A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2018; 47:563-613. [PMID: 30419291 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
No consensus exists for the homology and terminology of the male genitalia of the Hexapoda despite over a century of debate. Based on dissections and the literature, genital skeletomusculature was compared across the Hexapoda and contrasted with the Remipedia, the closest pancrustacean outgroup. The pattern of origin and insertion for extrinsic and intrinsic genitalic musculature was found to be consistent among the Ectognatha, Protura, and the Remipedia, allowing for the inference of homologies given recent phylogenomic studies. The penis of the Hexapoda is inferred to be derived from medially-fused primary gonopods (gonopore-bearing limbs), while the genitalia of the Ectognatha are inferred to include both the tenth-segmental penis and the ninth-segmental secondary gonopods, similar to the genitalia of female insects which comprise gonopods of the eighth and ninth segments. A new nomenclatural system for hexapodan genitalic musculature is presented and applied, and a general list of anatomical concepts is provided. Novel and refined homologies are proposed for all hexapodan orders, and a series of groundplans are postulated. Emphasis is placed on the Endopterygota, for which fine-grained transition series are hypothesized given observed skeletomuscular correspondences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon E Boudinot
- Department of Entomology & Nematology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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12
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Feng S, Stejskal V, Wang Y, Li Z. The mitochondrial genomes of the barklice, Lepinotus reticulatus and Dorypteryx domestica (Psocodea: Trogiomorpha): Insight into phylogeny of the order Psocodea. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:247-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Ogawa N, Yoshizawa K. Structure and evolution of the stigmapophysis-A unique repose wing-coupling structure in Psocodea. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2018; 47:416-422. [PMID: 29932971 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The gain of foldable wings is regarded as one of the key innovations enabling the present-day diversity of neopteran insects. Wing folding allows compact housing of the wings and shields the insect body from damage. Wing-fixing systems have evolved in some insects, probably to increase the durability of the shielding function by the wings. Bark lice (Psocodea) are known to possess a unique wing-to-wing repose coupling system, but a detailed morphological and evolutionary study of this system is lacking. In this study, we examined this repose coupling structure by SEM in 32 species including representatives of all three suborders of bark lice (Trogiomorpha, Troctomorpha and Psocomorpha). We concluded that the repose wing-coupling apparatus independently evolved twice within Psocodea. In Trogiomorpha, the apparatus is located on the subcostal vein of the forewing and is composed of elongated rib-like structures. In Troctomorpha and Psocomorpha, in contrast, the repose coupling structure is located on the radius vein of the forewing and is formed by a swollen vein. These morphological and developmental differences in the repose coupling structures also provide phylogenetic information at different systematic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ogawa
- Systematic Entomology, School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Yoshizawa
- Systematic Entomology, School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
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DE LA FILIA AG, ANDREWES S, CLARK JM, ROSS L. The unusual reproductive system of head and body lice (Pediculus humanus). MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 32:226-234. [PMID: 29266297 PMCID: PMC5947629 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Insect reproduction is extremely variable, but the implications of alternative genetic systems are often overlooked in studies on the evolution of insecticide resistance. Both ecotypes of Pediculus humanus (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), the human head and body lice, are human ectoparasites, the control of which is challenged by the recent spread of resistance alleles. The present study conclusively establishes for the first time that both head and body lice reproduce through paternal genome elimination (PGE), an unusual genetic system in which males transmit only their maternally derived chromosomes. Here, we investigate inheritance patterns of parental genomes using a genotyping approach across families of both ecotypes and show that heterozygous males exclusively or preferentially pass on one allele only, whereas females transmit both in a Mendelian fashion. We do however observe occasional transmission of paternal chromosomes through males, representing the first known case of PGE in which whole-genome meiotic drive is incomplete. Finally, we discuss the potential implications of this finding for the evolution of resistance and invite the development of new theoretical models of how this knowledge might contribute to increasing the success of pediculicide-based management schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. G. DE LA FILIA
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghU.K.
| | - S. ANDREWES
- Departnent of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMAU.S.A.
| | - J. M. CLARK
- Departnent of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMAU.S.A.
| | - L. ROSS
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghU.K.
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15
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Mitochondrial phylogenomics and genome rearrangements in the barklice (Insecta: Psocodea). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 119:118-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Ogawa N, Yoshizawa K. Origin and transformation of the in-flight wing-coupling structure in Psocodea (Insecta: Paraneoptera). J Morphol 2017; 279:517-530. [PMID: 29226378 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Many four-winged insects have mechanisms that unite the forewings and hindwings in a single plane. Such an in-flight wing coupling apparatus may improve flight performance in four-winged insects, but its structure is variable among different insect groups. The wings of bark lice (Insecta: Psocodea: "Psocoptera") also have an in-flight wing coupling apparatus, but to date, its morphology has not been studied in detail. In this study, we examined the wing-coupling structure in representative species of the three suborders of bark lice (Trogiomorpha, Troctomorpha, and Psocomorpha) and inferred its origin and transformation. We conclude that the main component of the psocodean wing coupling apparatus evolved once in the common ancestor via modification of cuticular structures at the apex of the forewing CuP vein. Morphological differences in components of the coupling structures are phylogenetically informative at the intraorder level and include an autapomorphy that characterizes Troctomorpha and a synapomorphy that supports a sister relationship between Troctomorpha and Psocomorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ogawa
- Systematic Entomology, School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yoshizawa
- Systematic Entomology, School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
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17
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Hodson CN, Hamilton PT, Dilworth D, Nelson CJ, Curtis CI, Perlman SJ. Paternal Genome Elimination in Liposcelis Booklice (Insecta: Psocodea). Genetics 2017; 206:1091-1100. [PMID: 28292917 PMCID: PMC5499165 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.199786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
How sex is determined in insects is diverse and dynamic, and includes male heterogamety, female heterogamety, and haplodiploidy. In many insect lineages, sex determination is either completely unknown or poorly studied. We studied sex determination in Psocodea-a species-rich order of insects that includes parasitic lice, barklice, and booklice. We focus on a recently discovered species of Liposcelis booklice (Psocodea: Troctomorpha), which are among the closest free-living relatives of parasitic lice. Using genetic, genomic, and immunohistochemical approaches, we show that this group exhibits paternal genome elimination (PGE), an unusual mode of sex determination that involves genomic imprinting. Controlled crosses, following a genetic marker over multiple generations, demonstrated that males only transmit to offspring genes they inherited from their mother. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed densely packed chromocenters associated with H3K9me3-a conserved marker for heterochromatin-in males, but not in females, suggesting silencing of chromosomes in males. Genome assembly and comparison of read coverage in male and female libraries showed no evidence for differentiated sex chromosomes. We also found that females produce more sons early in life, consistent with facultative sex allocation. It is likely that PGE is widespread in Psocodea, including human lice. This order represents a promising model for studying this enigmatic mode of sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Hodson
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, V8P 5C2, Canada
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dave Dilworth
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Chris J Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | | | - Steve J Perlman
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, V8P 5C2, Canada
- Integrated Microbial Biodiversity Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto M5G 1Z8, Canada
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18
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Nagler C, Hyžný M, Haug JT. 168 million years old "marine lice" and the evolution of parasitism within isopods. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:76. [PMID: 28279151 PMCID: PMC5345136 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0915-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Isopods (woodlice, slaters and their relatives) are common crustaceans and abundant in numerous habitats. They employ a variety of lifestyles including free-living scavengers and predators but also obligate parasites. This modern-day variability of lifestyles is not reflected in isopod fossils so far, mostly as the life habits of many fossil isopods are still unclear. A rather common group of fossil isopods is Urda (190-100 million years). Although some of the specimens of different species of Urda are considered well preserved, crucial characters for the interpretation of their lifestyle (and also of their phylogenetic position), have so far not been accessible. Results Using up-to-date imaging methods, we here present morphological details of the mouthparts and the thoracopods of 168 million years old specimens of Urda rostrata. Mouthparts are of a sucking-piercing-type morphology, similar to the mouthparts of representatives of ectoparasitic isopods in groups such as Aegidae or Cymothoidae. The thoracopods bear strong, curved dactyli most likely for attaching to a host. Therefore, mouthpart and thoracopod morphology indicate a parasitic lifestyle of Urda rostrata. Based on morphological details, Urda seems deeply nested within the parasitic isopods of the group Cymothoida. Conclusions Similarities to Aegidae and Cymothoidae are interpreted as ancestral characters; Urda is more closely related to Gnathiidae, which is therefore also interpreted as an ingroup of Cymothoida. With this position Urda provides crucial information for our understanding of the evolution of parasitism within isopods. Finally, the specimens reported herein represent the oldest parasitic isopods known to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nagler
- Functional morphology group, Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Großhaderner Strasse 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Matúš Hyžný
- Department of Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Geological-Paleontological Department, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, A-1010, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim T Haug
- Functional morphology group, Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Großhaderner Strasse 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,GeoBio-Center, Richard-Wagner Strasse 10, 80333, Munich, Germany
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19
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Takano OM, Mitchell PS, Gustafsson DR, Adite A, Voelker G, Light JE. An Assessment of Host Associations, Geographic Distributions, and Genetic Diversity of Avian Chewing Lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) from Benin. J Parasitol 2017; 103:152-160. [PMID: 28067108 DOI: 10.1645/16-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Host associations of highly host-specific chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) across multiple avian species remains fairly undocumented in the West African country of Benin. Two hundred and seventeen bird specimens collected from multiple localities across Benin and housed at the Texas A&M University Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections were examined for lice. Lice were identified and genetic data (mitochondrial COI and nuclear EF-1α genes) were obtained and phylogenetically analyzed. In total, we found 15 host associations, 7 of which were new to science. Genetically, most lice from Benin were unique and could represent new species. Based on host associations and unique genetic lineages, we estimate we discovered a minimum of 4 and possibly as many as 8 new chewing louse species. Given the lack of current data on chewing louse species distributions in Benin, this study adds to the knowledge of host associations, geographic distribution, and genetic variability of avian chewing louse species in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oona M Takano
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Preston S Mitchell
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Daniel R Gustafsson
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Alphonse Adite
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Gary Voelker
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Jessica E Light
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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20
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Allen JM, Burleigh JG, Light JE, Reed DL. Effects of 16S rDNA sampling on estimates of the number of endosymbiont lineages in sucking lice. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2187. [PMID: 27547523 PMCID: PMC4958000 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic trees can reveal the origins of endosymbiotic lineages of bacteria and detect patterns of co-evolution with their hosts. Although taxon sampling can greatly affect phylogenetic and co-evolutionary inference, most hypotheses of endosymbiont relationships are based on few available bacterial sequences. Here we examined how different sampling strategies of Gammaproteobacteria sequences affect estimates of the number of endosymbiont lineages in parasitic sucking lice (Insecta: Phthirapatera: Anoplura). We estimated the number of louse endosymbiont lineages using both newly obtained and previously sequenced 16S rDNA bacterial sequences and more than 42,000 16S rDNA sequences from other Gammaproteobacteria. We also performed parametric and nonparametric bootstrapping experiments to examine the effects of phylogenetic error and uncertainty on these estimates. Sampling of 16S rDNA sequences affects the estimates of endosymbiont diversity in sucking lice until we reach a threshold of genetic diversity, the size of which depends on the sampling strategy. Sampling by maximizing the diversity of 16S rDNA sequences is more efficient than randomly sampling available 16S rDNA sequences. Although simulation results validate estimates of multiple endosymbiont lineages in sucking lice, the bootstrap results suggest that the precise number of endosymbiont origins is still uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Allen
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States; Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - J Gordon Burleigh
- Department of Biology, University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , United States
| | - Jessica E Light
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , United States
| | - David L Reed
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , United States
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21
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Light JE, Nessner CE, Gustafsson DR, Wise SR, Voelker G. Remarkable levels of avian louse (Insecta: Phthiraptera) diversity in the Congo Basin. ZOOL SCR 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Light
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences; Texas A&M University; 210 Nagle Hall College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Caitlin E. Nessner
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences; Texas A&M University; 210 Nagle Hall College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Daniel R. Gustafsson
- Department of Biology; University of Utah; 257 South 1400 East, Room 201 Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Samantha R. Wise
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences; Texas A&M University; 210 Nagle Hall College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Gary Voelker
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences; Texas A&M University; 210 Nagle Hall College Station TX 77843 USA
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22
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23
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Dallai R, Gottardo M, Beutel RG. Structure and Evolution of Insect Sperm: New Interpretations in the Age of Phylogenomics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 61:1-23. [PMID: 26982436 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This comprehensive review of the structure of sperm in all orders of insects evaluates phylogenetic implications, with the background of a phylogeny based on transcriptomes. Sperm characters strongly support several major branches of the phylogeny of insects-for instance, Cercophora, Dicondylia, and Psocodea-and also different infraordinal groups. Some closely related taxa, such as Trichoptera and Lepidoptera (Amphiesmenoptera), differ greatly in sperm structure. Sperm characters are very conservative in some groups (Heteroptera, Odonata) but highly variable in others, including Zoraptera, a small and morphologically uniform group with a tremendously accelerated rate of sperm evolution. Unusual patterns such as sperm dimorphism, the formation of bundles, or aflagellate and immotile sperm have evolved independently in several groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romano Dallai
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy; ,
| | - Marco Gottardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy; ,
| | - Rolf Georg Beutel
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany;
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24
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Molecular phylogeny reveals genital convergences and reversals in the barklouse genus Trichadenotecnum (Insecta: Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Psocidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 94:358-64. [PMID: 26435003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Trichadenotecnum is one of the most diverse genera among the non-parasitic members of Psocodea (Insecta: "Psocoptera"). The genus shows a world-wide distribution (excluding the Australian Region, where only one introduced species is known) with its center of diversity in southern to eastern Asia. Several species groups had been proposed for this large genus based on morphology, but their validity and phylogenetic relationships are still unclear because of great morphological diversity in the genitalia, systematically the most relevant character. In this study, we estimated the molecular phylogeny of the Old World species of Trichadenotecnum based on extensive taxon sampling. As a result, the monophyly of morphology-based species groups was very strongly supported in most cases. However, two groups were recovered as non-monophyletic, which had been inadequately defined on the basis of plesiomorphies or convergences of genital characters. First, the monophyly of the sexpunctatum group was not supported because the medium group was found to be embedded within this group. The simpler genitalia observed in the medium group were considered to be derived from the more complicated genitalia present in the sexpunctatum group. Second, the monophyly of the majus group was not supported for two reasons: (1) It was divided into two distant clades which initially had been united on the basis of convergent similarities of the male genitalia. (2) Two species groups were revealed to be embedded within the main clade of the majus group; the initial separation of these groups had been based on reversals to the ancestral genital condition.
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25
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Wiens JJ, Lapoint RT, Whiteman NK. Herbivory increases diversification across insect clades. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8370. [PMID: 26399434 PMCID: PMC4598556 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects contain more than half of all living species, but the causes of their remarkable diversity remain poorly understood. Many authors have suggested that herbivory has accelerated diversification in many insect clades. However, others have questioned the role of herbivory in insect diversification. Here, we test the relationships between herbivory and insect diversification across multiple scales. We find a strong, positive relationship between herbivory and diversification among insect orders. However, herbivory explains less variation in diversification within some orders (Diptera, Hemiptera) or shows no significant relationship with diversification in others (Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera). Thus, we support the overall importance of herbivory for insect diversification, but also show that its impacts can vary across scales and clades. In summary, our results illuminate the causes of species richness patterns in a group containing most living species, and show the importance of ecological impacts on diversification in explaining the diversity of life. Insects include most living species, yet the causes of this remarkable diversity remain unclear. Here, the authors show a positive relationship between herbivory and diversification among insect orders, which suggests that herbivory helps explain insect diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 1041 E. Lowell Street, BioSciences West 310, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Richard T Lapoint
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 1041 E. Lowell Street, BioSciences West 310, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Noah K Whiteman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 1041 E. Lowell Street, BioSciences West 310, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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26
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Rivera-Parra JL, Levin II, Johnson KP, Parker PG. Lineage sorting in multihost parasites: Eidmanniella albescens and Fregatiella aurifasciata on seabirds from the Galapagos Islands. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:3264-71. [PMID: 26380662 PMCID: PMC4569024 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites comprise a significant percentage of the biodiversity of the planet and are useful systems to test evolutionary and ecological hypotheses. In this study, we analyze the effect of host species identity and the immediate local species assemblage within mixed species colonies of nesting seabirds on patterns of genetic clustering within two species of multihost ectoparasitic lice. We use three genetic markers (one mitochondrial, COI, and two nuclear, EF1-α and wingless) and maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees to test whether (1) parasites show lineage sorting based on their host species; and (2) switching of lineages to the alternate host species depends on the immediate local species assemblage of individual hosts within a colony. Specifically, we examine the genetic structure of two louse species: Eidmanniella albescens, infecting both Nazca (Sula granti) and blue-footed boobies (Sula nebouxii), and Fregatiella aurifasciata, infecting both great (Fregata minor) and magnificent frigatebirds (Fregata magnificens). We found that host species identity was the only factor explaining the patterns of genetic structure in both parasites. In both cases, there is evident genetic differentiation depending on the host species. Thus, a revision of the taxonomy of these louse species is needed. One possible explanation of this pattern is extremely low louse migration rates between host species, perhaps influenced by fine-scale spatial separation of host species within mixed colonies, and low parasite infrapopulation numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Rivera-Parra
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri - St Louis St Louis, Missouri, 63110 ; Facultad de Geología y Petróleos, Departamento de Petróleos, Escuela Politécnica Nacional del Ecuador Quito, Ecuador
| | - Iris I Levin
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri - St Louis St Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - Kevin P Johnson
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois Champaign, Illinois, 61820
| | - Patricia G Parker
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri - St Louis St Louis, Missouri, 63110 ; Saint Louis Zoo WildCare Institute, One Government Drive Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110
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27
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Morphological and molecular characterization of a sexually reproducing colony of the booklouse Liposcelis bostrychophila (Psocodea: Liposcelididae) found in Arizona. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10429. [PMID: 26013922 PMCID: PMC4444836 DOI: 10.1038/srep10429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The booklouse, Liposcelis bostrychophila, is a worldwide pest of stored products. For decades, only thelytokous parthenogenetic reproduction was documented in L. bostrychophila. Male L. bostrychophila were first found in Hawaii in 2002. In 2009, a sexual strain was found in Arizona. We examined the morphology of both males and females of the Arizona strain and compared the Arizona sexual strain with the Hawaii sexual strain and the parthenogenetic strains of L. bostrychophila. The sexual and parthenogenetic strains show some differences in eye morphology. To examine the relationship between sexual and asexual lineages, we sequenced the mitochondrial 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes of males and females from the Arizona strain. Phylogenetic analyses of L. bostrychophila individuals revealed that: 1) the sexually reproducing colony found in Arizona contains two closely related mitochondrial DNA haplotypes--one present in only females and the other in both males and females; and 2) the Arizona sexual strain was most closely related to a parthenogenetic strain in Illinois. We detected Rickettsia in all of the parthenogenetic individuals we checked but not in any Arizona sexual individuals. Further evidence is required to establish whether the presence of Rickettsia is linked to asexual reproduction in Liposcelis.
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28
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Li H, Shao R, Song N, Song F, Jiang P, Li Z, Cai W. Higher-level phylogeny of paraneopteran insects inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8527. [PMID: 25704094 PMCID: PMC4336943 DOI: 10.1038/srep08527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial (mt) genome data have been proven to be informative for animal phylogenetic studies but may also suffer from systematic errors, due to the effects of accelerated substitution rate and compositional heterogeneity. We analyzed the mt genomes of 25 insect species from the four paraneopteran orders, aiming to better understand how accelerated substitution rate and compositional heterogeneity affect the inferences of the higher-level phylogeny of this diverse group of hemimetabolous insects. We found substantial heterogeneity in base composition and contrasting rates in nucleotide substitution among these paraneopteran insects, which complicate the inference of higher-level phylogeny. The phylogenies inferred with concatenated sequences of mt genes using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods and homogeneous models failed to recover Psocodea and Hemiptera as monophyletic groups but grouped, instead, the taxa that had accelerated substitution rates together, including Sternorrhyncha (a suborder of Hemiptera), Thysanoptera, Phthiraptera and Liposcelididae (a family of Psocoptera). Bayesian inference with nucleotide sequences and heterogeneous models (CAT and CAT + GTR), however, recovered Psocodea, Thysanoptera and Hemiptera each as a monophyletic group. Within Psocodea, Liposcelididae is more closely related to Phthiraptera than to other species of Psocoptera. Furthermore, Thysanoptera was recovered as the sister group to Hemiptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Li
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing. 100193, China
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing. 100193, China
| | - Renfu Shao
- GeneCology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nan Song
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing. 100193, China
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan. 450002, China
| | - Fan Song
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing. 100193, China
| | - Pei Jiang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing. 100193, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing. 100193, China
| | - Wanzhi Cai
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing. 100193, China
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Nagler C, Haug JT. From Fossil Parasitoids to Vectors: Insects as Parasites and Hosts. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 90:137-200. [PMID: 26597067 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Within Metazoa, it has been proposed that as many as two-thirds of all species are parasitic. This propensity towards parasitism is also reflected within insects, where several lineages independently evolved a parasitic lifestyle. Parasitic behaviour ranges from parasitic habits in the strict sense, but also includes parasitoid, phoretic or kleptoparasitic behaviour. Numerous insects are also the host for other parasitic insects or metazoans. Insects can also serve as vectors for numerous metazoan, protistan, bacterial and viral diseases. The fossil record can report this behaviour with direct (parasite associated with its host) or indirect evidence (insect with parasitic larva, isolated parasitic insect, pathological changes of host). The high abundance of parasitism in the fossil record of insects can reveal important aspects of parasitic lifestyles in various evolutionary lineages. For a comprehensive view on fossil parasitic insects, we discuss here different aspects, including phylogenetic systematics, functional morphology and a direct comparison of fossil and extant species.
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Rainford JL, Hofreiter M, Nicholson DB, Mayhew PJ. Phylogenetic distribution of extant richness suggests metamorphosis is a key innovation driving diversification in insects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109085. [PMID: 25275450 PMCID: PMC4183542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects and their six-legged relatives (Hexapoda) comprise more than half of all described species and dominate terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Understanding the macroevolutionary processes generating this richness requires a historical perspective, but the fossil record of hexapods is patchy and incomplete. Dated molecular phylogenies provide an alternative perspective on divergence times and have been combined with birth-death models to infer patterns of diversification across a range of taxonomic groups. Here we generate a dated phylogeny of hexapod families, based on previously published sequence data and literature derived constraints, in order to identify the broad pattern of macroevolutionary changes responsible for the composition of the extant hexapod fauna. The most prominent increase in diversification identified is associated with the origin of complete metamorphosis, confirming this as a key innovation in promoting insect diversity. Subsequent reductions are recovered for several groups previously identified as having a higher fossil diversity during the Mesozoic. In addition, a number of recently derived taxa are found to have radiated following the development of flowering plant (angiosperm) floras during the mid-Cretaceous. These results reveal that the composition of the modern hexapod fauna is a product of a key developmental innovation, combined with multiple and varied evolutionary responses to environmental changes from the mid Cretaceous floral transition onward.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Rainford
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael Hofreiter
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David B. Nicholson
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Mayhew
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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31
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Yoshizawa K, Johnson KP. Phylogeny of the suborder Psocomorpha: congruence and incongruence between morphology and molecular data (Insecta: Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’). Zool J Linn Soc 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Yoshizawa
- Systematic Entomology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-8589 Japan
| | - Kevin P. Johnson
- Illinois Natural History Survey; University of Illinois; Champaign IL 61820 USA
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Yoshizawa K, Johnson KP. Changes in base composition bias of nuclear and mitochondrial genes in lice (Insecta: Psocodea). Genetica 2014; 141:491-9. [PMID: 24233690 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-013-9748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While it is well known that changes in the general processes of molecular evolution have occurred on a variety of timescales, the mechanisms underlying these changes are less well understood. Parasitic lice ("Phthiraptera") and their close relatives (infraorder Nanopsocetae of the insect order Psocodea) are a group of insects well known for their unusual features of molecular evolution. We examined changes in base composition across parasitic lice and bark lice. We identified substantial differences in percent GC content between the clade comprising parasitic lice plus closely related bark lice (=Nanopsocetae) versus all other bark lice. These changes occurred for both nuclear and mitochondrial protein coding and ribosomal RNA genes, often in the same direction. To evaluate whether correlations in base composition change also occurred within lineages, we used phylogenetically controlled comparisons, and in this case few significant correlations were identified. Examining more constrained sites (first/second codon positions and rRNA) revealed that, in comparison to the other bark lice, the GC content of parasitic lice and close relatives tended towards 50 % either up from less than 50 % GC or down from greater than 50 % GC. In contrast, less constrained sites (third codon positions) in both nuclear and mitochondrial genes showed less of a consistent change of base composition in parasitic lice and very close relatives. We conclude that relaxed selection on this group of insects is a potential explanation of the change in base composition for both mitochondrial and nuclear genes, which could lead to nucleotide frequencies closer to random expectation (i.e., 50 % GC) in the absence of any mutation bias. Evidence suggests this relaxed selection arose once in the non-parasitic common ancestor of Phthiraptera + Nanopsocetae and is not directly related to the evolution of the parasitism in lice.
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Boutellis A, Abi-Rached L, Raoult D. The origin and distribution of human lice in the world. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 23:209-17. [PMID: 24524985 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two genera of lice parasitize humans: Pthirus and Pediculus. The latter is of significant public health importance and comprises two ecotypes: the body louse and the head louse. These ecotypes are morphologically and genetically notably similar; the body louse is responsible for three infectious diseases: Louse-borne epidemic typhus, relapsing fever, and trench fever. Mitochondrial DNA studies have shown that there are three obviously divergent clades of head lice (A, B and C), and only one clade of body lice is shared with head lice (clade A). Each clade has a unique geographic distribution. Lice have been parasitizing humans for millions of years and likely dispersed throughout the World with the human migrations out of Africa, so they can be good markers for studying human evolution. Here, we present an overview of the origin of human lice and their role in vector pathogenic bacteria that caused epidemics, and we review the association between lice clades and human migrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Boutellis
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes: URMITE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Abi-Rached
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire d'Analyse, Topologie, Probabilités - Unité Mixte de Recherche 7353, Equipe ATIP, Aix-Marseille Université, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes: URMITE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France.
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Broad polyphyly and historical biogeography of the neotropical wasp genus Notiospathius (Braconidae: Doryctinae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 69:142-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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Friedemann K, Spangenberg R, Yoshizawa K, Beutel RG. Evolution of attachment structures in the highly diverse Acercaria (Hexapoda). Cladistics 2013; 30:170-201. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Friedemann
- Entomology Group; Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum; FSU Jena 07743 Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Rico Spangenberg
- Entomology Group; Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum; FSU Jena 07743 Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Kazunori Yoshizawa
- Laboratory of Systematic Entomology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-8589 Japan
| | - Rolf G. Beutel
- Entomology Group; Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum; FSU Jena 07743 Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; 07745 Jena Germany
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36
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Li H, Shao R, Song F, Zhou X, Yang Q, Li Z, Cai W. Mitochondrial genomes of two Barklice, Psococerastis albimaculata and Longivalvus hyalospilus (Psocoptera: Psocomorpha): contrasting rates in mitochondrial gene rearrangement between major lineages of Psocodea. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61685. [PMID: 23630609 PMCID: PMC3632521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The superorder Psocodea has ∼10,000 described species in two orders: Psocoptera (barklice and booklice) and Phthiraptera (parasitic lice). One booklouse, Liposcelis bostrychophila and six species of parasitic lice have been sequenced for complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes; these seven species have the most rearranged mt genomes seen in insects. The mt genome of a barklouse, lepidopsocid sp., has also been sequenced and is much less rearranged than those of the booklouse and the parasitic lice. To further understand mt gene rearrangements in the Psocodea, we sequenced the mt genomes of two barklice, Psococerastis albimaculata and Longivalvus hyalospilus, the first representatives from the suborder Psocomorpha, which is the most species-rich suborder of the Psocodea. We found that these two barklice have the least rearranged mt genomes seen in the Psocodea to date: a protein-coding gene (nad3) and five tRNAs (trnN, trnS1, trnE, trnM and trnC) have translocated. Rearrangements of mt genes in these two barklice can be accounted for by two events of tandem duplication followed by random deletions. Phylogenetic analyses of the mt genome sequences support the view that Psocoptera is paraphyletic whereas Phthiraptera is monophyletic. The booklouse, L. bostrychophila (suborder Troctomorpha) is most closely related to the parasitic lice. The barklice (suborders Trogiomorpha and Psocomorpha) are closely related and form a monophyletic group. We conclude that mt gene rearrangement has been substantially faster in the lineage leading to the booklice and the parasitic lice than in the lineage leading to the barklice. Lifestyle change appears to be associated with the contrasting rates in mt gene rearrangements between the two lineages of the Psocodea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Li
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Renfu Shao
- GeneCology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fan Song
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanzhi Cai
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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37
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Johnson KP, Walden KK, Robertson HM. Next-generation phylogenomics using a Target Restricted Assembly Method. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 66:417-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Co-phylogeography and morphological evolution of sika deer lice (Damalinia sika) with their hosts (Cervus nippon). Parasitology 2012; 139:1614-29. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012000996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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39
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Boyd B, Reed D. Taxonomy of lice and their endosymbiotic bacteria in the post-genomic era. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:324-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Wei DD, Shao R, Yuan ML, Dou W, Barker SC, Wang JJ. The multipartite mitochondrial genome of Liposcelis bostrychophila: insights into the evolution of mitochondrial genomes in bilateral animals. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33973. [PMID: 22479490 PMCID: PMC3316519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Booklice (order Psocoptera) in the genus Liposcelis are major pests to stored grains worldwide and are closely related to parasitic lice (order Phthiraptera). We sequenced the mitochondrial (mt) genome of Liposcelis bostrychophila and found that the typical single mt chromosome of bilateral animals has fragmented into and been replaced by two medium-sized chromosomes in this booklouse; each of these chromosomes has about half of the genes of the typical mt chromosome of bilateral animals. These mt chromosomes are 8,530 bp (mt chromosome I) and 7,933 bp (mt chromosome II) in size. Intriguingly, mt chromosome I is twice as abundant as chromosome II. It appears that the selection pressure for compact mt genomes in bilateral animals favors small mt chromosomes when small mt chromosomes co-exist with the typical large mt chromosomes. Thus, small mt chromosomes may have selective advantages over large mt chromosomes in bilateral animals. Phylogenetic analyses of mt genome sequences of Psocodea (i.e. Psocoptera plus Phthiraptera) indicate that: 1) the order Psocoptera (booklice and barklice) is paraphyletic; and 2) the order Phthiraptera (the parasitic lice) is monophyletic. Within parasitic lice, however, the suborder Ischnocera is paraphyletic; this differs from the traditional view that each suborder of parasitic lice is monophyletic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Renfu Shao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Science, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (RS) (RS); (JW) (JW)
| | - Ming-Long Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Stephen C. Barker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (RS) (RS); (JW) (JW)
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41
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Yeates DK, Cameron SL, Trautwein M. A view from the edge of the forest: recent progress in understanding the relationships of the insect orders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-6055.2012.00857.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Trautwein MD, Wiegmann BM, Beutel R, Kjer KM, Yeates DK. Advances in insect phylogeny at the dawn of the postgenomic era. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 57:449-468. [PMID: 22149269 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Most species on Earth are insects and thus, understanding their evolutionary relationships is key to understanding the evolution of life. Insect relationships are increasingly well supported, due largely to technological advances in molecular sequencing and phylogenetic computational analysis. In this postgenomic era, insect systematics will be furthered best by integrative methods aimed at hypothesis corroboration from molecular, morphological, and paleontological evidence. This review of the current consensus of insect relationships provides a foundation for comparative study and offers a framework to evaluate incoming genomic evidence. Notable recent phylogenetic successes include the resolution of Holometabola, including the identification of the enigmatic Strepsiptera as a beetle relative and the early divergence of Hymenoptera; the recognition of hexapods as a crustacean lineage within Pancrustacea; and the elucidation of Dictyoptera orders, with termites placed as social cockroaches. Regions of the tree that require further investigation include the earliest winged insects (Palaeoptera) and Polyneoptera (orthopteroid lineages).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Trautwein
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
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43
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Rix MG, Harvey MS. Phylogeny and historical biogeography of ancient assassin spiders (Araneae: Archaeidae) in the Australian mesic zone: Evidence for Miocene speciation within Tertiary refugia. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 62:375-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Stevens L, Dorn PL, Schmidt JO, Klotz JH, Lucero D, Klotz SA. Kissing bugs. The vectors of Chagas. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2011; 75:169-92. [PMID: 21820556 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385863-4.00008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A complete picture of Chagas disease requires an appreciation of the many species of kissing bugs and their role in transmitting this disease to humans and other mammals. This chapter provides an overview of the taxonomy of the major species of kissing bugs and their evolution. Knowledge of systematics and biological kinship of these insects may contribute to novel and useful measures to control the bugs. The biology of kissing bugs, their life cycle, method of feeding and other behaviours contributing to the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi are explained. We close with a discussion of vector control measures and the allergic complications of kissing bug bites, a feature of particular importance in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Stevens
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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45
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Wei DD, Yuan ML, Wang ZY, Wang D, Wang BJ, Dou W, Wang JJ. Sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers region in psocids (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) for phylogenetic inference and species discrimination. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 104:1720-1729. [PMID: 22066203 DOI: 10.1603/ec11177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Psocids (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae: Liposcelis spp.) are major pests of stored grain and commonly occur on a wide range of stored products. Increasingly, the genus of Liposcelis has gained recognition of their importance due to their feeding on stored grains, contaminating food, and agricultural commodities as well as transmitting harmful microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria. Psocids have close morphological similarities and often commix occur at the same ecosystems. Therefore, a first step necessary to further implement population studies is the accurate identification of species, based on molecular methods. In this study, we determined nucleotide sequences of the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1-5.8S-ITS2 region in 100 individuals of six Liposcelis species (including Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein), Liposcelis decolor (Pearman), Liposcelis tricolor Badonnel, Liposcelis paeta Pearman, and Liposcelis yunnaniensis Li & Li) from 16 locations of China. We evaluated the suitability of this marker for phylogenetic inference study in the Liposcelis species. We also developed a molecular identification method for six Liposcelis species based on ITS2 sequence. Results demonstrate that ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences are a useful tool for the population genetic study and phylogeny estimation of Liposcelis species. The results of this study indicate that the ITS2 sequences can be a reliable tool for species discrimination of the six species of psocids tested here. In addition, the multiplex method described proved reliable when tested across different geographical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, People's Republic of China
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Cameron SL, Yoshizawa K, Mizukoshi A, Whiting MF, Johnson KP. Mitochondrial genome deletions and minicircles are common in lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). BMC Genomics 2011; 12:394. [PMID: 21813020 PMCID: PMC3199782 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The gene composition, gene order and structure of the mitochondrial genome are remarkably stable across bilaterian animals. Lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) are a major exception to this genomic stability in that the canonical single chromosome with 37 genes found in almost all other bilaterians has been lost in multiple lineages in favour of multiple, minicircular chromosomes with less than 37 genes on each chromosome. Results Minicircular mt genomes are found in six of the ten louse species examined to date and three types of minicircles were identified: heteroplasmic minicircles which coexist with full sized mt genomes (type 1); multigene chromosomes with short, simple control regions, we infer that the genome consists of several such chromosomes (type 2); and multiple, single to three gene chromosomes with large, complex control regions (type 3). Mapping minicircle types onto a phylogenetic tree of lice fails to show a pattern of their occurrence consistent with an evolutionary series of minicircle types. Analysis of the nuclear-encoded, mitochondrially-targetted genes inferred from the body louse, Pediculus, suggests that the loss of mitochondrial single-stranded binding protein (mtSSB) may be responsible for the presence of minicircles in at least species with the most derived type 3 minicircles (Pediculus, Damalinia). Conclusions Minicircular mt genomes are common in lice and appear to have arisen multiple times within the group. Life history adaptive explanations which attribute minicircular mt genomes in lice to the adoption of blood-feeding in the Anoplura are not supported by this expanded data set as minicircles are found in multiple non-blood feeding louse groups but are not found in the blood-feeding genus Heterodoxus. In contrast, a mechanist explanation based on the loss of mtSSB suggests that minicircles may be selectively favoured due to the incapacity of the mt replisome to synthesize long replicative products without mtSSB and thus the loss of this gene lead to the formation of minicircles in lice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Cameron
- Discipline of Biogeosciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
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47
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Smith VS, Ford T, Johnson KP, Johnson PCD, Yoshizawa K, Light JE. Multiple lineages of lice pass through the K-Pg boundary. Biol Lett 2011; 7:782-5. [PMID: 21471047 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For modern lineages of birds and mammals, few fossils have been found that predate the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) boundary. However, molecular studies using fossil calibrations have shown that many of these lineages existed at that time. Both birds and mammals are parasitized by obligate ectoparasitic lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera), which have shared a long coevolutionary history with their hosts. Evaluating whether many lineages of lice passed through the K-Pg boundary would provide insight into the radiation of their hosts. Using molecular dating techniques, we demonstrate that the major louse suborders began to radiate before the K-Pg boundary. These data lend support to a Cretaceous diversification of many modern bird and mammal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent S Smith
- The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
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48
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Yoshizawa K, Bess E, Johnson KP. Kaindipsocinae is a sister taxon to the rest of Psocidae (Insecta:Psocodea:'Psocoptera'. INVERTEBR SYST 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/is11004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The systematic status of Kaindipsocinae (formerly Kaindipsocini) is revised based on morphology of the male terminalia and on molecular data. The genera Clematostigma, Lasiopsocus and Tanystigma are newly assigned to this subfamily. The ‘Blaste’ lunulata species-group is also placed within Kaindipsocinae and is probably closest to Kaindipsocus. Both morphological and molecular data provide strong support for monophyly of Kaindipsocinae and molecular data support a sister relationship between this subfamily and the rest of Psocidae.
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Light JE, Smith VS, Allen JM, Durden LA, Reed DL. Evolutionary history of mammalian sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura). BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:292. [PMID: 20860811 PMCID: PMC2949877 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) are obligate, permanent ectoparasites of eutherian mammals, parasitizing members of 12 of the 29 recognized mammalian orders and approximately 20% of all mammalian species. These host specific, blood-sucking insects are morphologically adapted for life on mammals: they are wingless, dorso-ventrally flattened, possess tibio-tarsal claws for clinging to host hair, and have piercing mouthparts for feeding. Although there are more than 540 described species of Anoplura and despite the potential economical and medical implications of sucking louse infestations, this study represents the first attempt to examine higher-level anopluran relationships using molecular data. In this study, we use molecular data to reconstruct the evolutionary history of 65 sucking louse taxa with phylogenetic analyses and compare the results to findings based on morphological data. We also estimate divergence times among anopluran taxa and compare our results to host (mammal) relationships. Results This study represents the first phylogenetic hypothesis of sucking louse relationships using molecular data and we find significant conflict between phylogenies constructed using molecular and morphological data. We also find that multiple families and genera of sucking lice are not monophyletic and that extensive taxonomic revision will be necessary for this group. Based on our divergence dating analyses, sucking lice diversified in the late Cretaceous, approximately 77 Ma, and soon after the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (ca. 65 Ma) these lice proliferated rapidly to parasitize multiple mammalian orders and families. Conclusions The diversification time of sucking lice approximately 77 Ma is in agreement with mammalian evolutionary history: all modern mammal orders are hypothesized to have diverged by 75 Ma thus providing suitable habitat for the colonization and radiation of sucking lice. Despite the concordant timing of diversification events early in the association between anoplurans and mammals, there is substantial conflict between the host and parasite phylogenies. This conflict is likely the result of a complex history of host switching and extinction events that occurred throughout the evolutionary association between sucking lice and their mammalian hosts. It is unlikely that there are any ectoparasite groups (including lice) that tracked the early and rapid radiation of eutherian mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Light
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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