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Tam PCK, Alexander BD, Lee MJ, Hardie RG, Reynolds JM, Haney JC, Waites KB, Perfect JR, Baker AW. Donor-derived Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma infections in lung transplant recipients: A prospective study of donor and recipient respiratory tract screening and recipient outcomes. Am J Transplant 2024:S1600-6135(24)00436-2. [PMID: 39025302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2024.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma species are urogenital mollicutes that can cause serious donor-derived infections in lung transplant recipients. Best practices for mollicute screening remain unknown. We conducted a single-center prospective study analyzing lung transplants performed from October 5, 2020, to September 25, 2021, whereby donor and recipient bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples obtained at time of transplant underwent mollicute screening via culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of 115 total lung transplants performed, 99 (86%) donors underwent combined mollicute BAL culture and PCR testing. The study cohort included these 99 donors and their matched recipients. In total, 18 (18%) of 99 donors screened positive via culture or PCR. Among recipients, 92 (93%) of 99 had perioperative BAL screening performed, and only 3 (3%) had positive results. After transplant, 9 (9%) recipients developed mollicute infection. Sensitivity of donor screening in predicting recipient mollicute infection was 67% (6/9) via culture and 56% (5/9) via PCR. Positive predictive value for donor culture was 75% (6/8), compared with 33% (5/15) for PCR. Donor screening via culture predicted all serious recipient mollicute infections and had better positive predictive value than PCR; however, neither screening test predicted all mollicute infections. Independent of screening results, clinicians should remain suspicious for posttransplant mollicute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C K Tam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Barbara D Alexander
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke University Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark J Lee
- Duke University Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rochelle G Hardie
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - John M Reynolds
- Department of Medicine, Transplant Pulmonology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - John C Haney
- Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ken B Waites
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - John R Perfect
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Arthur W Baker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Han PY, Xu FH, Tian JW, Zhao JY, Yang Z, Kong W, Wang B, Guo LJ, Zhang YZ. Molecular Prevalence, Genetic Diversity, and Tissue Tropism of Bartonella Species in Small Mammals from Yunnan Province, China. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1320. [PMID: 38731324 PMCID: PMC11083988 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bartonella is an intracellular parasitic zoonotic pathogen that can infect animals and cause a variety of human diseases. This study investigates Bartonella prevalence in small mammals in Yunnan Province, China, focusing on tissue tropism. A total of 333 small mammals were sampled from thirteen species, three orders, four families, and four genera in Heqing and Gongshan Counties. Conventional PCR and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) were utilized for detection and quantification, followed by bioinformatic analysis of obtained DNA sequences. Results show a 31.5% detection rate, varying across species. Notably, Apodemus chevrieri, Eothenomys eleusis, Niviventer fulvescens, Rattus tanezumi, Episoriculus leucops, Anourosorex squamipes, and Ochotona Thibetana exhibited infection rates of 44.4%, 27.7%, 100.0%, 6.3%, 60.0%, 23.5%, and 22.2%, respectively. Genetic analysis identified thirty, ten, and five strains based on ssrA, rpoB, and gltA genes, with nucleotide identities ranging from 92.1% to 100.0%. Bartonella strains were assigned to B. grahamii, B. rochalimae, B. sendai, B. koshimizu, B. phoceensis, B. taylorii, and a new species identified in Episoriculus leucops (GS136). Analysis of the different tissues naturally infected by Bartonella species revealed varied copy numbers across different tissues, with the highest load in spleen tissue. These findings underscore Bartonella's diverse species and host range in Yunnan Province, highlighting the presence of extensive tissue tropism in Bartonella species naturally infecting small mammalian tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Han
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-Pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Disease Cross-Border Prevention and Quarantine, Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China; (P.-Y.H.); (F.-H.X.); (J.-W.T.); (J.-Y.Z.); (Z.Y.); (W.K.)
| | - Fen-Hui Xu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-Pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Disease Cross-Border Prevention and Quarantine, Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China; (P.-Y.H.); (F.-H.X.); (J.-W.T.); (J.-Y.Z.); (Z.Y.); (W.K.)
| | - Jia-Wei Tian
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-Pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Disease Cross-Border Prevention and Quarantine, Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China; (P.-Y.H.); (F.-H.X.); (J.-W.T.); (J.-Y.Z.); (Z.Y.); (W.K.)
| | - Jun-Ying Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-Pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Disease Cross-Border Prevention and Quarantine, Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China; (P.-Y.H.); (F.-H.X.); (J.-W.T.); (J.-Y.Z.); (Z.Y.); (W.K.)
| | - Ze Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-Pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Disease Cross-Border Prevention and Quarantine, Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China; (P.-Y.H.); (F.-H.X.); (J.-W.T.); (J.-Y.Z.); (Z.Y.); (W.K.)
| | - Wei Kong
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-Pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Disease Cross-Border Prevention and Quarantine, Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China; (P.-Y.H.); (F.-H.X.); (J.-W.T.); (J.-Y.Z.); (Z.Y.); (W.K.)
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Li-Jun Guo
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-Pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Disease Cross-Border Prevention and Quarantine, Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China; (P.-Y.H.); (F.-H.X.); (J.-W.T.); (J.-Y.Z.); (Z.Y.); (W.K.)
| | - Yun-Zhi Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-Pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Disease Cross-Border Prevention and Quarantine, Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China; (P.-Y.H.); (F.-H.X.); (J.-W.T.); (J.-Y.Z.); (Z.Y.); (W.K.)
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3
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Wang J, Liu H, Raheem A, Ma Q, Liang X, Guo Y, Lu D. Exploring Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae NXNK2203 infection in sheep: insights from histopathology and whole genome sequencing. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:20. [PMID: 38200549 PMCID: PMC10777581 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (M. ovipneumoniae) is a significant pathogen causing respiratory infections in goats and sheep. This study focuses on investigating vulnerability of Hu sheep to M. ovipneumoniae infection in the context of late spring's cold weather conditions through detailed autopsy of a severely affected Hu sheep and whole genome sequencing of M. ovipneumoniae. RESULTS The autopsy findings of the deceased sheep revealed severe pulmonary damage with concentrated tracheal and lung lesions. Histopathological analysis showed tissue degeneration, mucus accumulation, alveolar septum thickening, and cellular necrosis. Immunohistochemistry analysis indicated that M. ovipneumoniae was more in the bronchi compared to the trachea. Genome analysis of M. ovipneumoniae identified a 1,014,835 bp with 686 coding sequences, 3 rRNAs, 30 tRNAs, 6 CRISPRs, 11 genomic islands, 4 prophages, 73 virulence factors, and 20 secreted proteins. CONCLUSION This study investigates the vulnerability of Hu sheep to M. ovipneumoniae infection during late spring's cold weather conditions. Autopsy findings showed severe pulmonary injury in affected sheep, and whole genome sequencing identified genetic elements associated with pathogenicity and virulence factors of M. ovipneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Wang
- NingXia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- NingXia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Abdul Raheem
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qing Ma
- NingXia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Xiaojun Liang
- NingXia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Yanan Guo
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Doukun Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Ramírez AS, Poveda JB, Dijkman R, Poveda C, Suárez-Pérez A, Rosales RS, Feberwee A, Szostak MP, Ressel L, Viver T, Calabuig P, Catania S, Gobbo F, Timofte D, Spergser J. Mycoplasma bradburyae sp. nov. isolated from the trachea of sea birds. Syst Appl Microbiol 2023; 46:126472. [PMID: 37839385 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2023.126472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
In the search for mollicutes in wild birds, six Mycoplasma strains were isolated from tracheal swabs taken from four different species of seabirds. Four strains originated from three Yellow-legged gulls (Larus michahellis) and a Cory's shearwater (Calonectris borealis) from Spain, one from a South African Kelp gull (Larus dominicanus), and one from an Italian Black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus). These Mycoplasma strains presented 99 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values with Mycoplasma (M.) gallisepticum. Phylogenetic analyses of marker genes (16S rRNA gene and rpoB) confirmed the close relationship of the strains to M. gallisepticum and M. tullyi. The seabirds' strains grew well in modified Hayflick medium, and colonies showed typical fried egg morphology. They produced acid from glucose and mannose but did not hydrolyze arginine or urea. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a cell morphology characteristic of mycoplasmas, presenting spherical to flask-shaped cells with an attachment organelle. Gliding motility was also observed. Furthermore, serological tests, MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry and genomic studies demonstrated that the strains were different to any known Mycoplasma species, for which the name Mycoplasma bradburyae sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is T158T (DSM 110708 = NCTC 14398).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Ramírez
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - José B Poveda
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Remco Dijkman
- GD Animal Health, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Carlos Poveda
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Alejandro Suárez-Pérez
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Rubén S Rosales
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Anneke Feberwee
- GD Animal Health, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Michael P Szostak
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenzo Ressel
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Tomeu Viver
- Marine Microbiology Group, Department of Animal and Microbial Biodiversity, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA, CSIC-UIB), 07190, Esporles, Spain
| | - Pascual Calabuig
- Centro de Recuperación de Fauna Silvestre, Cabildo de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Salvatore Catania
- Mycoplasma Unit - SCT1-Verona, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Avian Mycoplasmosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 37060 Buttapietra (VR), Italy
| | - Federica Gobbo
- Mycoplasma Unit - SCT1-Verona, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Avian Mycoplasmosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 37060 Buttapietra (VR), Italy
| | - Dorina Timofte
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Pavone S, Crotti S, D'Avino N, Gobbi P, Scoccia E, Pesca C, Gobbi M, Cambiotti V, Lepri E, Cruciani D. The role of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Mycoplasma arginini in the respiratory mycoplasmosis of sheep and goats in Italy: Correlation of molecular data with histopathological features. Res Vet Sci 2023; 163:104983. [PMID: 37639802 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma infections are commonly found in the respiratory system of small ruminants; the species most commonly detected are Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Mycoplasma arginini, associated with the so-called "atypical non-progressive pneumonia". The pathogenic role of M. ovipneumoniae in pneumonia has been demonstrated in sheep but still needs to be verified in goats; on the other hand, the role of M. arginini in sheep is not well understood, while in goats seems to be of low pathogenic value. The present study aims to investigate the aetiology of pneumonia in sheep and goats that died from respiratory disease using anatomopathological, histopathological, and molecular investigations and to clarify the role of respiratory mycoplasmas by the association of molecular data with histopathological features. First, to better understand which histological changes are actually suggestive of atypical pneumonia in sheep and goats, the study identified the histological lesions significantly associated with Mycoplasma spp. infection. Then, the histological score of lesions considered suggestive of atypical pneumonia was used to estimate the pathogenicity of each mycoplasma detected. The results showed that M. ovipneumoniae and M. arginini (alone or in mixed infections) are pathogenic both in sheep, as well as in goats with similar histology and severity of lesions. Moreover, young animals were statistically more susceptible to M.ovipneumoniae and M. arginini infection than adults. Animals appeared more at risk to the development of M. ovipneumoniae and M. arginini infection in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pavone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | - Silvia Crotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta D'Avino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | - Paola Gobbi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Scoccia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | - Cristina Pesca
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale 1, Via XIV Settembre 79, Parco S. Margherita, Perugia 06121, Italy.
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | | | - Elvio Lepri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | - Deborah Cruciani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia 06126, Italy.
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Volokhov DV, Zagorodnyaya TA, Furtak VA, Nattanmai G, Randall L, Jose S, Gao Y, Eisenberg T, Delmonte P, Blom J, Mitchell KK. Streptococcus sciuri sp. nov., Staphylococcus marylandisciuri sp. nov. and Staphylococcus americanisciuri sp. nov., isolated from faeces of eastern grey squirrel ( Sciurus carolinensis). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73. [PMID: 37578899 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
One novel Streptococcus strain (SQ9-PEAT) and two novel Staphylococcus strains (SQ8-PEAT and GRT3T) were isolated from faeces of a wild eastern grey squirrel. The strains were non-spore-forming, non-motile Gram-positive cocci, facultative anaerobes. The genomes for these strains were sequenced. The 16S rRNA gene and core-genome-based phylogenetic analyses showed that strain SQ9-PEAT was closely related to Streptococcus hyointestinalis, strain SQ8-PEAT to Staphylococcus pettenkoferi and Staphylococcus argensis, and strain GRT3T to Staphylococcus rostri, Staphylococcus muscae and Staphylococcus microti. Average nucleotide identity and pairwise digital DNA-DNA hybridization values calculated for these novel strains compared to type strain genomes of phylogenetically related species within the genera Streptococcus and Staphylococcus clearly revealed that strain SQ9-PEAT represents a novel species of the genus Streptococcus and strains SQ8-PEAT and GRT3T represent two novel species of the genus Staphylococcus. Phenotypical features of these novel type strains differed from the features of the type strains of other phylogenetically related species. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry supported identification of these novel species. Based on these data, we propose one novel species of the genus Streptococcus, for which the name Streptococcus sciuri sp. nov. with the type strain SQ9-PEAT (=DSM 114656T=CCUG 76426T=NCTC 14727T) is proposed, and two novel species of the genus Staphylococcus, for which the names Staphylococcus marylandisciuri sp. nov. with the type strain SQ8-PEAT (=DSM 114685T=CCUG 76423T=NCTC 14723T) and Staphylococcus americanisciuri sp. nov. with the type strain GRT3T (=DSM 114696T=CCUG 76427T=NCTC 14722T) are proposed. The genome G+C contents are 38.29, 36.49 and 37.26 mol% and complete draft genome sizes are 1 692 266, 2 371 088 and 2 237 001 bp for strains SQ9-PEAT, SQ8-PEAT and GRT3T, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy V Volokhov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Tatiana A Zagorodnyaya
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Vyacheslav A Furtak
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Geetha Nattanmai
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, the New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Linnell Randall
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, the New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Sherly Jose
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, the New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Yamei Gao
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Hessian State Laboratory (LHL), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Schubertstrasse 60, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Pierluigi Delmonte
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Kara K Mitchell
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, the New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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7
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Volokhov DV, Zagorodnyaya TA, Furtak VA, Nattanmai G, Randall L, Jose S, Gao Y, Gulland FM, Eisenberg T, Delmonte P, Blom J, Mitchell KK. Neisseria montereyensis sp. nov., Isolated from Oropharynx of California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus): Genomic, Phylogenetic, and Phenotypic Study. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:253. [PMID: 37354372 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
A novel Neisseria strain, designated CSL10203-ORH2T, was isolated from the oropharynx of a wild California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) that was admitted to The Marine Mammal Center in California, USA. The strain was originally cultured from an oropharyngeal swab on BD Phenylethyl Alcohol (PEA) agar with 5% sheep blood under aerobic conditions. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA, rplF, and rpoB gene sequences and the core genome sequences indicated that the strain was most closely related to only N. zalophi CSL 7565T. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain CSL10203-ORH2T and the closely related species N. zalophi CSL 7565T were 89.84 and 39.70%, respectively, which were significantly lower than the accepted species-defined thresholds for describing novel prokaryotic species at the genomic level. Both type strains were phenotypically similar but can be easily and unambiguously distinguished between each other by the analysis of their housekeeping genes, e.g., rpoB, gyrB, or argF. The major fatty acids in both type strains were C12:0, C16:0, C16:1-c9, and C18:1-c11. Based on the genomic, phenotypic, and phylogenetic properties, the novel strain represents a novel species of the genus Neisseria, for which the name Neisseria montereyensis sp. nov. with the type strain CSL10203-ORH2T (= DSM 114706T = CCUG 76428T = NCTC 14721T) is proposed. The genome G + C content is 45.84% and the complete draft genome size is 2,310,535 bp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy V Volokhov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Laboratory of Method Development, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52, Room 1120, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA.
| | - Tatiana A Zagorodnyaya
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Laboratory of Method Development, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52, Room 1120, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA
| | - Vyacheslav A Furtak
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Laboratory of Method Development, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52, Room 1120, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA
| | - Geetha Nattanmai
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave., Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Linnell Randall
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave., Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Sherly Jose
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave., Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Yamei Gao
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Laboratory of Method Development, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52, Room 1120, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA
| | - Frances M Gulland
- Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Hessian State Laboratory (LHL), Schubertstrasse 60, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 89-91, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Pierluigi Delmonte
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Campus Drive, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 58, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kara K Mitchell
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave., Albany, NY, 12208, USA
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Chandra R, Bansal C, Kang M, Blau T, Agarwal V, Singh P, Wilson LOW, Vasan S. Unsupervised machine learning framework for discriminating major variants of concern during COVID-19. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285719. [PMID: 37200352 PMCID: PMC10194860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the high mutation rate of the virus, the COVID-19 pandemic evolved rapidly. Certain variants of the virus, such as Delta and Omicron emerged with altered viral properties leading to severe transmission and death rates. These variants burdened the medical systems worldwide with a major impact to travel, productivity, and the world economy. Unsupervised machine learning methods have the ability to compress, characterize, and visualize unlabelled data. This paper presents a framework that utilizes unsupervised machine learning methods to discriminate and visualize the associations between major COVID-19 variants based on their genome sequences. These methods comprise a combination of selected dimensionality reduction and clustering techniques. The framework processes the RNA sequences by performing a k-mer analysis on the data and further visualises and compares the results using selected dimensionality reduction methods that include principal component analysis (PCA), t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE), and uniform manifold approximation projection (UMAP). Our framework also employs agglomerative hierarchical clustering to visualize the mutational differences among major variants of concern and country-wise mutational differences for selected variants (Delta and Omicron) using dendrograms. We also provide country-wise mutational differences for selected variants via dendrograms. We find that the proposed framework can effectively distinguish between the major variants and has the potential to identify emerging variants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohitash Chandra
- Transitional Artificial Intelligence Research Group, School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chaarvi Bansal
- Transitional Artificial Intelligence Research Group, School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mingyue Kang
- Transitional Artificial Intelligence Research Group, School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tom Blau
- Data 61, CSIRO, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vinti Agarwal
- Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pranjal Singh
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwathi, Assam, India
| | - Laurence O. W. Wilson
- Australian e-Health Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Seshadri Vasan
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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9
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Klostermann TS, Lierz M. The detection of Mycoplasma sturni and Mycoplasma moatsii from the choana of a barn swallow (Hirundo rustica): a case report. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:36. [PMID: 36739410 PMCID: PMC9898965 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03589-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasmas are found in many different species. Until now 26 avian mycoplasma species have been described, but in the most free ranging bird species the prevalence and significance of Mycoplasma spp. is still unclear. CASE PRESENTATION In May 2021 a barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) was brought to a veterinary clinic after it hit a window. As part of the routine exam a choanal swab was taken for mycoplasma culture and for the detection of mycoplasmas using a Mycoplasma-genus-specific Polymerase chain reaction. Six single colony subcultures were obtained by the cultivation. Obtained subcultures were investigated by sequencing the 16S rRNA and the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer region sequence. The 16S rRNA gene sequence from one subculture had a homology of 99.03% and the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer region sequence of 100% with the sequence of Mycoplasma sturni. The 16S rRNA gene sequence from the other five subcultures shared a homology of 99.89% and the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer region sequence of 99.81% with the sequence of Mycoplasma moatsii. CONCLUSIONS According to the available literature this is the first report about the detection of M. moatsii, in the respiratory tract of a barn swallow. M. moatsii was previously only found in grivit monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and a mute swan (Cygnus olor). The role of mycoplasmas in barn swallows is still unknown, especially as in the present case both mycoplasma species do not seem to cause clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Sophie Klostermann
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 114, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Michael Lierz
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 114, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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10
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Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae: A Most Variable Pathogen. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121477. [PMID: 36558811 PMCID: PMC9781387 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, a well-established respiratory pathogen of sheep and goats, has gained increased importance recently because of its detection in wild ruminants including members of the Cervidae family. Despite its frequent isolation from apparently healthy animals, it is responsible for outbreaks of severe respiratory disease which are often linked to infections with multiple heterologous strains. Furthermore, M. ovipneumoniae is characterized by an unusually wide host range, a high degree of phenotypic, biochemical, and genomic heterogeneity, and variable and limited growth in mycoplasma media. A number of mechanisms have been proposed for its pathogenicity, including the production of hydrogen peroxide, reactive oxygen species production, and toxins. It shows wide metabolic activity in vitro, being able to utilize substrates such as glucose, pyruvate, and isopropanol; these patterns can be used to differentiate strains. Treatment of infections in the field is complicated by large variations in the susceptibility of strains to antimicrobials, with many showing high minimum inhibitory concentrations. The lack of commercially available vaccines is probably due to the high cost of developing vaccines for diseases in small ruminants not presently seen as high priority. Multiple strains found in affected sheep and goats may also hamper the development of effective vaccines. This review summarizes the current knowledge and identifies gaps in research on M. ovipneumoniae, including its epidemiology in sheep and goats, pathology and clinical presentation, infection in wild ruminants, virulence factors, metabolism, comparative genomics, genotypic variability, phenotypic variability, evolutionary mechanisms, isolation and culture, detection and identification, antimicrobial susceptibility, variations in antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, vaccines, and control.
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11
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Swanson MT, Henson MW, Handika H, Achmadi AS, Anita S, Rowe KC, Esselstyn JA. Mycoplasmataceae dominate microbial community differences between gut regions in mammals with a simple gut architecture. J Mammal 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyac098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Faunivorous mammals with simple guts are thought to rely primarily on endogenously produced enzymes to digest food, in part because they lack fermentation chambers for facilitating mutualistic interactions with microbes. However, variation in microbial community composition along the length of the gastrointestinal tract has yet to be assessed in faunivorous species with simple guts. We tested for differences in bacterial taxon abundances and community compositions between the small intestines and colons of 26 individuals representing four species of shrew in the genus Crocidura. We sampled these hosts from a single locality on Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, to control for potential geographic and temporal variation. Bacterial community composition differed significantly between the two gut regions and members of the family Mycoplasmataceae contributed substantially to these differences. Three operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of an unclassified genus in this family were more abundant in the small intestine, whereas 1 OTU of genus Ureaplasma was more abundant in the colon. Species of Ureaplasma encode an enzyme that degrades urea, a metabolic byproduct of protein catabolism. Additionally, a Hafnia–Obesumbacterium OTU, a genus known to produce chitinase in bat gastrointestinal tracts, was also more abundant in the colon compared to the small intestine. The presence of putative chitinase- and urease-producing bacteria in shrew guts suggests mutualisms with microorganisms play a role in facilitating the protein-rich, faunivorous diets of simple gut mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Swanson
- Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Sciences, 119 Foster Hall, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 , USA
| | - Michael W Henson
- Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago , Illinois 60616 , USA
| | - Heru Handika
- Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Sciences, 119 Foster Hall, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 , USA
| | - Anang S Achmadi
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, Research Organization for Life Sciences and Environment, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) , Cibinong 16912 , Indonesia
| | - Syahfitri Anita
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, Research Organization for Life Sciences and Environment, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) , Cibinong 16912 , Indonesia
| | - Kevin C Rowe
- Sciences Department, Museums Victoria Research Institute , G.P.O. Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001 , Australia
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne , Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052 , Australia
| | - Jacob A Esselstyn
- Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Sciences, 119 Foster Hall, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 , USA
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12
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Thongmeesee K, Kamkong P, Thanee S, Wattanapansak S, Kaewthamasorn M, Tiawsirisup S. Molecular detection and genetic analysis of porcine hemoplasmas in commercial pig farms from Thailand reveal a putative novel species. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2028-e2040. [PMID: 35338759 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hemoplasma is a trivial name for hemotropic Mycoplasma spp., which can attach to the surface of red blood cells leading to deformity and anemia in a wide range of mammalian animals, including pigs. In Thailand, there is only one study that reported the occurrence of Mycoplasma suis without other hemoplasma species. In this study, we examined the molecular occurrence and genetic diversity of porcine hemoplasmas in Thai domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) from commercial farms using a PCR assay targeting the 16S rRNA gene, DNA sequencing, nucleotide sequence type (ntST) analysis, and phylogenetic analysis. A total of 665 blood samples were collected from pigs at thirteen farms located in eight provinces of Thailand during 2019-2020. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples and tested by PCR. The frequency of hemoplasma infection was 37.1% (247/665, 95% CI: 33.5%-40.9%) in all pigs. Among 247 PCR positive samples, 194 were sequenced and analyzed by nucleotide BLAST, ntST diversity, phylogenetic trees, and ntST networks. The results of this genetic analysis indicated that at least four species with 27 nucleotide sequence types (Mycoplasma suis, Mycoplasma parvum, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemosuis, and a putative novel species) of porcine hemoplasmas were identified. Thus, it appears that hemoplasmas show a high genetic diversity in the Thai pig population. In addition, a putative novel species was genetically characterized by other markers, namely the 23S rRNA and RNase P RNA (rnpB) genes. For phylogenetic analysis, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemosuis was placed into the Mycoplasma haemofelis group, and the three remaining species were placed into the Mycoplasma suis group in all trees containing the 16S rRNA, 23S rRNA, and rnpB genes. Further studies, such as pathobiology and epidemiology, should be conducted to better characterize this putative novel species. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritsada Thongmeesee
- Animal Vector-Borne Disease Research Unit, Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Veterinary Pathobiology Graduate Program, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patchana Kamkong
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchansa Thanee
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suphot Wattanapansak
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Morakot Kaewthamasorn
- Veterinary Parasitology Research Unit, Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sonthaya Tiawsirisup
- Animal Vector-Borne Disease Research Unit, Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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13
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Volokhov DV, Furtak VA, Blom J, Zagorodnyaya TA, Gao Y, Gulland FM. Mycoplasma miroungirhinis sp. nov. and Mycoplasma miroungigenitalium sp. nov., isolated from northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris), Mycoplasma phocoenae sp. nov., isolated from harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), and Mycoplasma phocoeninasale sp. nov., isolated from harbour porpoise and California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven novel independent strains of
Mycoplasma
species were isolated from northern elephant seals (ES2806-NAST, ES2806-GENT, ES3157-GEN-MYC and ES3225-GEN-MYC), a harbour porpoise (C264-GENT and C264-NAST), and a California sea lion (CSL7498). These strains were phenotypically and genetically characterized and compared to the known
Mycoplasma
species. Four strains (C264-GENT, C264-NAST, CSL7498 and ES2806-NAST) hydrolysed arginine but not urea and did not produce acid from carbohydrates. Strains ES2806-GENT, ES3157-GEN-MYC and ES3225-GEN-MYC did not produced acid from carbohydrates and did not hydrolyse arginine or urea; hence, it is assumed that organic acids are used as the energy source for them. All were isolated and propagated in ambient air supplemented with 5±1 % CO2 at +35–37 °C using either SP4 or PPLO medium. Colonies on solid medium showed a typical fried-egg appearance and transmission electron microscopy revealed a typical mycoplasma cellular morphology. The complete genomes were sequenced for all type strains. Average nucleotide and amino acid identity analyses showed that these novel strains were distant from the phylogenetically closely related
Mycoplasma
species. Based on these data, we propose four novel species of the genus
Mycoplasma
, for which the name Mycoplasma miroungirhinis sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain ES2806-NAST (=NCTC 14430T=DSM 110945T), Mycoplasma miroungigenitalium sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain ES2806-GENT (=NCTC 14429T=DSM 110944T) and representative strains ES3157-GEN-MYC and ES3225-GEN-MYC, Mycoplasma phocoenae sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain C264-GENT (=NCTC 14344T=DSM 110687T) and Mycoplasma phocoeninasale sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain C264-NAST (=NCTC 14343T=DSM 110688T) and representative strain CSL7498. The genome G+C contents are 24.06, 30.09, 28.49 and 29.05% and the complete genome sizes are 779 550, 815 486, 693 115, and 776 009 bp for strains ES2806-NAST, ES2806-GENT, C264-GENT and C264-NAST, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy V. Volokhov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Vyacheslav A. Furtak
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 58, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tatiana A. Zagorodnyaya
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Yamei Gao
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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14
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Spergser J, DeSoye P, Ruppitsch W, Cabal Rosel A, Dinhopl N, Szostak MP, Loncaric I, Chopra-Dewasthaly R, Busse HJ. Mycoplasma tauri sp. nov. isolated from the bovine genital tract. Syst Appl Microbiol 2021; 45:126292. [PMID: 34990977 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2021.126292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Since 2006, a Mycoplasma species unidentifiable to the species level has been regularly isolated from the semen and prepuce of apparently healthy bulls, and occasionally from cattle displaying inflammatory disease of the genital tract. Seven of these Mycoplasma isolates were subjected to a comprehensive taxonomic study. The strains investigated grew well in modified Hayflick's medium and colonies on agar exhibited typical fried egg morphology and produced 'film and spots'. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a cell morphology characteristic of mycoplasmas with spherically shaped cells bounded by a bi-layered cell membrane. The strains studied neither produced acid from sugar carbon sources nor did hydrolyse arginine or urea, and genome annotation indicated that organic acids (pyruvate, lactate) are used as energy sources. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences, the 16S-23S intergenic spacer region, and partial rpoB gene and protein sequences placed the strains within the Mycoplasma (M.) bovis cluster of the Hominis group with M. primatum, M. agalactiae, and M. bovis being their closest relatives. Genomic information including whole-genome similarity metrics (ANIb, ANIm, TETRA, dDDH, AAI) and phylogenomics, proteomic features revealed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-ToF) mass spectrometry as well as serological reactions and polar lipid profiling strongly indicated that the strains examined were representatives of a hitherto unclassified species of genus Mycoplasma, for which the name Mycoplasma tauri sp. nov. with type strain Zaradi2T (=ATCC BAA-1891T = DSM 22451T) is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Philippe DeSoye
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adriana Cabal Rosel
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nora Dinhopl
- Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael P Szostak
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Hans-Jürgen Busse
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Sawicka-Durkalec A, Kursa O, Bednarz Ł, Tomczyk G. Occurrence of Mycoplasma spp. in wild birds: phylogenetic analysis and potential factors affecting distribution. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17065. [PMID: 34426624 PMCID: PMC8382738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Different Mycoplasma species have been reported in avian hosts. However, the majority of studies focus on one particular species of Mycoplasma or one host. In our research, we screened a total of 1141 wild birds representing 55 species, 26 families, and 15 orders for the presence of mycoplasmas by conventional PCR based on the 16S rRNA gene. Selected PCR products were sequenced to perform the phylogenetic analysis. All mycoplasma-positive samples were tested for M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae, which are considered the major pathogens of commercial poultry. We also verified the influence of ecological characteristics of the tested bird species including feeding habits, habitat types, and movement patterns. The presence of Mycoplasma spp. was confirmed in 498 birds of 29 species, but none of the tested birds were positive for M. gallisepticum or M. synoviae. We found possible associations between the presence of Mycoplasma spp. and all investigated ecological factors. The phylogenetic analysis showed a high variability of Mycoplasma spp.; however, some clustering of sequences was observed regarding particular bird species. We found that wild migratory waterfowl, particularly the white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons) and mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) could be reservoirs and vectors of mycoplasmas pathogenic to commercial waterfowl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sawicka-Durkalec
- grid.419811.4Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Aleja Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Olimpia Kursa
- grid.419811.4Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Aleja Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Łukasz Bednarz
- Bird Horizons Foundation, Spółdzielcza 34, 24-220 Niedrzwica Duża, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Tomczyk
- grid.419811.4Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Aleja Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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16
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Tamiozzo PJ. Mycoplasma maculosum and Mycoplasma spumans associated with fertility disorders in dogs from a Bernese Mountain dog kennel. Rev Argent Microbiol 2021; 54:39-42. [PMID: 34059367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this short communication is to describe a case of subfertility and other anomalies associated with the presence of Mycoplasma spumans and Mycoplasma maculosum in a Bernese Mountain Dog kennel. After the arrival of two dogs from abroad, some fertility disorders, such as unsuccessful mating, pregnancy losses and abnormal sperm analysis results, were observed. Two consecutive samplings (vaginal swabs) of three and two bitches with problems, respectively, were performed and M. spumans and M. maculosum were identified by PCR and sequencing. After treatment for 15 days with doxycycline and 9 days with azithromycin, successful pregnancies were achieved and the results of the sperm analyses were reversed. Considering that no other infectious agents causing subfertility problems were detected and that no management measures or other medication apart from these antibiotics were applied, it was concluded that fertility problems were due to the presence of these two Mycoplasma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Jesús Tamiozzo
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Laboratorio ACERCA, Jorge Newbery 268, Las Higueras, Córdoba, Argentina.
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17
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Volokhov DV, Zagorodnyaya TA, Shen Z, Blom J, Furtak VA, Eisenberg T, Fan P, Jeong KC, Gao Y, Zhang S, Amselle M. Streptococcus vicugnae sp. nov., isolated from faeces of alpacas ( Vicugna pacos) and cattle ( Bos taurus), Streptococcus zalophi sp. nov., and Streptococcus pacificus sp. nov., isolated from respiratory tract of California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71. [PMID: 33999792 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Four novel independent strains of Streptococcus spp. were isolated from faeces of alpaca (SL1232T), cattle (KCJ4950), and from respiratory tract of wild California sea lions (CSL7508T, CSL7591T). The strains were indole-, oxidase- and catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, non-motile Gram-positive cocci in short and long chains, facultative anaerobes. The 16S rRNA gene of SL1232T and KCJ4950 shared 99.40-99.60% nucleotide similarity to strains of S. equinus, S. lutetiensis, S. infantarius, and the 16S rRNA gene of CSL7508T and CSL7591T demonstrated 98.72 and 98.92% similarity, respectively, to S. marimammalium. All other known Streptococcus species had the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of ≤95%. The genomes were sequenced for the novel strains. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis for strains SL1232T and KCJ4950, showed the highest similarity to S. equinus, S. lutetiensis, and S. infantarius with 85.21, 87.17, 88.47, 85.54, 87.47 and 88.89%, respectively, and strains CSL7508T and CSL7591T to S. marimammalium with 87.16 and 83.97%, respectively. Results of ANI were confirmed by pairwise digital DNA-DNA hybridization and phylogeny, which also revealed that the strains belong to three novel species of the genus Streptococcus. Phenotypical features of the novel species were in congruence with closely related members of the genus Streptococcus and gave negative reactions with the tested Lancefield serological groups (A-D, F and G). MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry supported identification of the species. Based on these data, we propose three novel species of the genus Streptococcus, for which the name Streptococcus vicugnae sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain SL1232T (=NCTC 14341T=DSM 110741T=CCUG 74371T), Streptococcus zalophi sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain CSL7508T (=NCTC 14410T=DSM 110742T=CCUG 74374T) and Streptococcus pacificus sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain CSL7591T (=NCTC 14455T=DSM 111148T=CCUG 74655T). The genome G+C content is 36.89, 34.85, and 35.34 % and draft genome sizes are 1906993, 1581094 and 1656080 bp for strains SL1232T, CSL7508T, and CSL7591T, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy V Volokhov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Tatiana A Zagorodnyaya
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Zhenyu Shen
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 901 East Campus Loop, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 58, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Vyacheslav A Furtak
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 89-91, 35392 Giessen, Germany.,Hessian State Laboratory (LHL), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Schubertstrasse 60, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peixin Fan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kwangcheol Casey Jeong
- Department of Animal Sciences, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Yamei Gao
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 901 East Campus Loop, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Megan Amselle
- American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, VA 20110, USA
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18
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Krzysztoń-Russjan J, Chudziak J, Bednarek M, Anuszewska EL. Development of New PCR Assay with SYBR Green I for Detection of Mycoplasma, Acholeplasma, and Ureaplasma sp. in Cell Cultures. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11050876. [PMID: 34068904 PMCID: PMC8156504 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma, Acholeplasma, and Ureaplasma sp. are atypical bacteria responsible for in vitro cell culture contaminations that can warp the results. These bacteria also cause human and animal infections and may lead to chronic diseases. In developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in this study a quantitative PCR with SYBR Green I fluorochrome was applied to facilitate the Mycoplasma, Acholeplasma, and Ureaplasma sp. DNA detection and identification. Screening Test-1 v.1 (triplex qPCR) allowed for the detection of 11 species. Test-1 v.2 (three single qPCRs) pre-identified three subgroups, allowing for the reduction of using single qPCRs in Test-2 for species identification. The range of both tests was consistent with pharmacopeial requirements for microbial quality control of mammal cells and included detection of M. arginini, M. orale, M. hyorhinis, M. fermentans, M. genitalium, M. hominis, M. pneumoniae, M. salivarium, M. pirum, A. laidlawii, and U. urealyticum. Limit of detection values varied between 125–300 and 50–100 number of copies per milliliter in Test-1 and Test-2, respectively. Test-1 and Test-2 showed fully concordant results, allowed for time-saving detection and/or identification of selected species from Mycoplasma, Acholeplasma, and Ureaplasma in tested cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Krzysztoń-Russjan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biopharmaceuticals, National Medicines Institute (NMI), 00-725 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jakub Chudziak
- Internship at the Department of Biochemistry and Biopharmaceuticals, NMI Chelmska 30/34 Str., 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; (J.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Małgorzata Bednarek
- Internship at the Department of Biochemistry and Biopharmaceuticals, NMI Chelmska 30/34 Str., 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; (J.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Elżbieta Lidia Anuszewska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biopharmaceuticals, National Medicines Institute (NMI), 00-725 Warsaw, Poland;
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19
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CHARACTERIZING THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HISTORIC AND NOVEL PATHOGENS IN BLANDING'S TURTLES ( EMYDOIDEA BLANDINGII). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 51:606-617. [PMID: 33480536 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens such as herpesviruses, Mycoplasma spp., and frog virus 3-like ranavirus have contributed to morbidity and mortality in many species of free-living and zoo-maintained chelonians. However, their prevalence is understudied in Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii) across North America. To assess the presence of these pathogens, Blanding's turtles were sampled in Lake County, Illinois, in 2017 (N = 213) and 2018 (N = 160). DNA from cloacal-oral swabs was assayed for four ranaviruses, three Mycoplasma spp., two Salmonella spp., Emydoidea herpesvirus 1 (EBHV1), and tortoise intranuclear coccidiosis (TINC) using a multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Pathogens were most frequently detected in adult turtles (n = 25) and rarely in subadults (n = 2) or juveniles (n = 1). EBHV1 was detected in 22 individuals with no clinical signs of illness, most (n = 20) occurring in the month of May (P < 0.0001). EBHV1 cases at one study site significantly clustered within the same 0.64-km area from 17 to 22 May 2017 (P < 0.0001) and 14 to 15 May 2018 (P = 0.0006). Individuals were rarely positive for Salmonella typhimurium (n = 6). A novel Mycoplasma sp. sharing high homology with other emydid Mycoplasma spp. was detected in one turtle with nasal discharge. Neither TINC nor any ranaviruses were detected. Continued monitoring of this population and habitat may facilitate identification of risk factors for pathogen occurrence and clarify the impact of infectious diseases on Blanding's turtle conservation outcomes.
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20
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Hennig-Pauka I, Sudendey C, Kleinschmidt S, Ruppitsch W, Loncaric I, Spergser J. Swine Conjunctivitis Associated with a Novel Mycoplasma Species Closely Related to Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Pathogens 2020; 10:pathogens10010013. [PMID: 33375690 PMCID: PMC7824142 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjunctivitis in swine is a common finding, usually considered to be a secondary symptom of respiratory or viral systemic disease, or a result of irritation by dust or ammonia, or of local infections with Mycoplasma (M.) hyorhinis or chlamydia. In three unrelated swine farms in Germany with a high prevalence of conjunctivitis, a novel mycoplasma species, tentatively named Mycoplasma sp. 1654_15, was isolated from conjunctival swabs taken from affected pigs. Although 16S rRNA gene sequences shared highest nucleotide similarities with M. hyorhinis, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, partial rpoB sequencing, and comparative whole genome analyses indicated the identification of a novel species within genus Mycoplasma. Noticeable differences between Mycoplasma sp. 1654_15 and M. hyorhinis were the lack of a vlp locus and the presence of a myo-inositol pathway in the genome of strain 1654_15. Since myo-inositol might be used as an alternative energy source by this pathogen on the conjunctival surface, robust colonization by outcompeting other bacteria could be the consequence. In summary, abundant isolation of Mycoplasma sp. 1654_15 from the conjunctiva of affected pigs, its close relationship to M. hyorhinis, and identification of a panel of coding sequences (CDSs) potentially associated with virulence and pathogenicity suggested a local eye disease caused by a so far unknown, highly specialized mycoplasma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology in Bakum, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 49456 Bakum, Germany;
| | | | - Sven Kleinschmidt
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1096 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence:
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21
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Millán J, Di Cataldo S, Volokhov DV, Becker DJ. Worldwide occurrence of haemoplasmas in wildlife: Insights into the patterns of infection, transmission, pathology and zoonotic potential. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:3236-3256. [PMID: 33210822 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Haemotropic mycoplasmas (haemoplasmas) have increasingly attracted the attention of wildlife disease researchers due to a combination of wide host range, high prevalence and genetic diversity. A systematic review identified 75 articles that investigated haemoplasma infection in wildlife by molecular methods (chiefly targeting partial 16S rRNA gene sequences), which included 131 host genera across six orders. Studies were less common in the Eastern Hemisphere (especially Africa and Asia) and more frequent in the Artiodactyla and Carnivora. Meta-analysis showed that infection prevalence did not vary by geographic region nor host order, but wild hosts showed significantly higher prevalence than captive hosts. Using a taxonomically flexible machine learning algorithm, we also found vampire bats and cervids to have greater prevalence, whereas mink, a subclade of vesper bats, and true foxes all had lower prevalence compared to the remaining sampled mammal phylogeny. Haemoplasma genotype and nucleotide diversity varied little among wild mammals but were marginally lower in primates and bats. Coinfection with more than one haemoplasma species or genotype was always confirmed when assessed. Risk factors of infection identified were sociality, age, males and high trophic levels, and both prevalence and diversity were often higher in undisturbed environments. Haemoplasmas likely use different and concurrent transmission routes and typically display enzootic dynamics when wild populations are studied longitudinally. Haemoplasma pathology is poorly known in wildlife but appears subclinical. Candidatus Mycoplasma haematohominis, which causes disease in humans, probably has it natural host in bats. Haemoplasmas can serve as a model system in ecological and evolutionary studies, and future research on these pathogens in wildlife must focus on increasing the geographic range and taxa of studies and elucidating pathology, transmission and zoonotic potential. To facilitate such work, we recommend using universal PCR primers or NGS protocols to detect novel haemoplasmas and other genetic markers to differentiate among species and infer cross-species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Millán
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Fundación ARAID, Zaragoza, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sophia Di Cataldo
- Programa de Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dmitriy V Volokhov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel J Becker
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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22
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Sonalio K, Perles L, Gatto IRH, do Amaral RB, Almeida HMS, Galdeano JVB, Vieira RFC, André MR, de Oliveira LG. Genetic diversity of emerging hemotropic mycoplasmas in domestic pigs from Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1162-1174. [PMID: 32748550 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma suis and Mycoplasma parvum bind strongly to erythrocytes and may cause clinical hemoplasmosis in swine, affecting several age groups. Mycoplasma spp. infected animals may be asymptomatic carriers and/or show nonspecific clinical signs. In Brazil, information on genetic diversity associated with porcine hemoplasmas (PH) has not been described yet. Therefore, this study has aimed to detect, quantify and characterize the genetic diversity of PH in finishing pigs from technified farms in the state of Goiás, central-western Brazil. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-blood samples from 450 swine belonging to 30 different farms from Goiás state were collected at the slaughterhouse. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays were performed for the molecular detection and quantification of PH 16S rRNA gene fragments. Cloning and sequencing of 16S and 23S rRNA amplicons were performed to evaluate the genetic diversity. Moreover, a questionnaire was applied to each farm manager to obtain epidemiological information about the herd. The results on qPCR showed herd occurrence of 68.89% for PH. Quantification values (starting quantity [SQ]) ranged from 8.43 × 10-1 to 4.69 × 106 copies/µl, and 52.71% of the samples presented SQ values equal or lower than 1 × 103 copies/µl. Risk factors were not evaluated once all farms had at least one positive animal. However, Spearman's coefficient test revealed that the occurrence of PH was inversely associated with the number of farrows per week, weaned piglets per week, and weight at slaughter. Phylogenetic analysis based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods showed that the 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA gene sequences obtained from five samples formed a single cluster closely related to M. parvum. Genotype analysis using DNASP software confirmed seven and four different 16S and 23S rRNA genotypes among the cloned amplicons, indicating that there are several genotypes of M. parvum circulating in individual pigs and among pig farms in central-western Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Sonalio
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Lívia Perles
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | - Renan B do Amaral
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Henrique M S Almeida
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael F C Vieira
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Departament of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil.,Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Marcos R André
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Luis Guilherme de Oliveira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
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23
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Volokhov DV, Blom J, Amselle M, Delmonte P, Gao Y, Shen Z, Zhang S, Gulland FM, Chizhikov VE, Eisenberg T. Oceanivirga miroungae sp. nov., isolated from oral cavity of northern elephant seal ( Mirounga angustirostris). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:3037-3048. [PMID: 32223835 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Two independent strains of a Leptotrichia species (ES3154-GLUT and ES2714_GLU) were isolated from the oral cavity of northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) that were admitted to The Marine Mammal Centre facilities in California, USA. The strains were isolated from oral swabs by cultivation in PPLO broth supplemented with serum, penicillin and colistin in anaerobic conditions. The strains were Gram-negative, pleomorphic, indole-, oxidase- and catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, non-motile rods/coccobacilli in short chains. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of these strains shared 94.42 % nucleotide similarity with Oceanivirga salmonicida AVG 2115T but demonstrated ≤86.00-92.50 % nucleotide similarity to the 16S rRNA genes of other species of the family Leptotrichiaceae. The genome was sequenced for strain ES3154-GLUT. Average nucleotide identity values between strain ES3154-GLUT and 15 type strain genomes from the family Leptotrichiaceae ranged from 66.74 % vs. Sebaldella termitidis to 73.35 % vs. O. salmonicida. The whole genome phylogeny revealed that the novel species was most closely related to O. salmonicida AVG 2115T. This relationship was also confirmed by nucleotide similarity and multilocus phylogenetic analyses employing various housekeeping genes (partial 23S rRNA, rpoB, rpoC, rpoD, polC, adh, gyrA and gyrB genes). Chemotaxonomic and phenotypical features of strain ES3154-GLUT were in congruence with closely related members of the family Leptotrichiaceae, represented by similar enzyme profiles and fatty acid patterns. MALDI-TOF MS analysis was capable to clearly discriminate strain ES3154-GLUT from all currently described taxa of the family Leptotrichiaceae. Based on these data, we propose a novel species of the genus Oceanivirga, for which the name Oceanivirga miroungae sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain ES3154-GLUT (=DSM 109740T=CCUG 73653T=ATCC TSD-189T=NCTC 14411T) and one representative strain ES2714_GLU. The G+C content is 26.82 %, genome size is 1 356 983 bp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy V Volokhov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 58, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Megan Amselle
- American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Pierluigi Delmonte
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Dr., College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Yamei Gao
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Zhenyu Shen
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 901 East Campus Loop, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 901 East Campus Loop, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Frances M Gulland
- Wildlife Health Center, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Vladimir E Chizhikov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Hessian State Laboratory (LHL), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Schubertstrasse 60, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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24
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Fischer L, Möller Palau-Ribes F, Enderlein D, Fischer D, Herbst W, Baudler L, Hafez HM, Lierz M. Description, occurrence and significance of Mycoplasma seminis sp. nov. isolated from semen of a gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus). Vet Microbiol 2020; 247:108789. [PMID: 32768233 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Mycoplasma strain ARNO was isolated from the semen of a clinically healthy gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus). Colonies of strain ARNO grew in fried-egg shape on Mycoplasma agar plates (SP4). The organism did not ferment glucose or hydrolyze arginine or urea; hence, organic acids are assumed as energy source. Growth was sterol-dependent and optimal growth temperature 42 °C, with a temperature range from 20 to 44 °C. Strain ARNO was not identified as a representative of any of the currently described Mycoplasma species by alignment of the 16S rRNA gene sequence and 16 S-23 S intergenic transcribed spacer region, or immunobinding assay. Hence, strain ARNO represents a novel Mycoplasma species for which the name Mycoplasma seminis sp. nov. is proposed (DSM 27653, NCTC 13927). After developing a species-specific PCR, the prevalence of M. seminis sp. nov. was determined in adult and juvenile falcons in a commercial breeding center for falcons. Semen samples (n = 171) were obtained from 113 male adults, due to repeated sampling of 39 birds. Female adults (n = 26) were sampled once, while 105 of the 152 juvenile birds were sampled twice via choanal swabs. Mycoplasma seminis sp. nov. was found in the semen of clinically healthy adult males (3.5 %) as well as in the respiratory tract of female (34.6 %) and juvenile birds (59.2 %). After comparison of semen samples with (2.9 %) and without M. seminis sp. nov. identification, no indications for a potential influence on the semen quality were demonstrated. Hence, M. seminis sp. nov. seems likely to be of commensal character in falcons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Fischer
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | | | - Dirk Enderlein
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Dominik Fischer
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Werner Herbst
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Liane Baudler
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Hafez Mohamed Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine at the Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
| | - Michael Lierz
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
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25
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Gyuranecz M, Mitter A, Kovács ÁB, Grózner D, Kreizinger Z, Bali K, Bányai K, Morrow CJ. Isolation of Mycoplasma anserisalpingitidis from swan goose (Anser cygnoides) in China. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:178. [PMID: 32503521 PMCID: PMC7275505 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma anserisalpingitidis causes significant economic losses in the domestic goose (Anser anser) industry in Europe. As 95% of the global goose production is in China where the primary species is the swan goose (Anser cygnoides), it is crucial to know whether the agent is present in this region of the world. Results Purulent cloaca and purulent or necrotic phallus inflammation were observed in affected animals which represented 1–2% of a swan goose breeding flock (75,000 animals) near Guanghzou, China, in September 2019. From twelve sampled animals the cloaca swabs of five birds (three male, two female) were demonstrated to be M. anserisalpingitidis positive by PCR and the agent was successfully isolated from the samples of three female geese. Based on whole genome sequence analysis, the examined isolate showed high genetic similarity (84.67%) with the European isolates. The antibiotic susceptibility profiles of two swan goose isolates, determined by microbroth dilution method against 12 antibiotics and an antibiotic combination were also similar to the European domestic goose ones with tylvalosin and tiamulin being the most effective drugs. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge this is the first description of M. anserisalpingitidis infection in swan goose, thus the study highlights the importance of mycoplasmosis in the goose industry on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Gyuranecz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungária körút 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary. .,Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária körút 23-25, Budapest, 1143, Hungary.
| | - Alexa Mitter
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungária körút 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Áron B Kovács
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungária körút 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Dénes Grózner
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungária körút 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Kreizinger
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungária körút 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Bali
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungária körút 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungária körút 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Christopher J Morrow
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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26
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Becker DJ, Speer KA, Brown AM, Fenton MB, Washburne AD, Altizer S, Streicker DG, Plowright RK, Chizhikov VE, Simmons NB, Volokhov DV. Ecological and evolutionary drivers of haemoplasma infection and bacterial genotype sharing in a Neotropical bat community. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:1534-1549. [PMID: 32243630 PMCID: PMC8299350 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Most emerging pathogens can infect multiple species, underlining the importance of understanding the ecological and evolutionary factors that allow some hosts to harbour greater infection prevalence and share pathogens with other species. However, our understanding of pathogen jumps is based primarily around viruses, despite bacteria accounting for the greatest proportion of zoonoses. Because bacterial pathogens in bats (order Chiroptera) can have conservation and human health consequences, studies that examine the ecological and evolutionary drivers of bacterial prevalence and barriers to pathogen sharing are crucially needed. Here were studied haemotropic Mycoplasma spp. (i.e., haemoplasmas) across a species-rich bat community in Belize over two years. Across 469 bats spanning 33 species, half of individuals and two-thirds of species were haemoplasma positive. Infection prevalence was higher for males and for species with larger body mass and colony sizes. Haemoplasmas displayed high genetic diversity (21 novel genotypes) and strong host specificity. Evolutionary patterns supported codivergence of bats and bacterial genotypes alongside phylogenetically constrained host shifts. Bat species centrality to the network of shared haemoplasma genotypes was phylogenetically clustered and unrelated to prevalence, further suggesting rare-but detectable-bacterial sharing between species. Our study highlights the importance of using fine phylogenetic scales when assessing host specificity and suggests phylogenetic similarity may play a key role in host shifts not only for viruses but also for bacteria. Such work more broadly contributes to increasing efforts to understand cross-species transmission and the epidemiological consequences of bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Becker
- Department of BiologyIndiana UniversityBloomingtonINUSA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious DiseaseUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Kelly A. Speer
- Richard Gilder Graduate SchoolAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Invertebrate ZoologyNational Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashingtonDCUSA
- Center for Conservation GenomicsSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological ParkWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Alexis M. Brown
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNYUSA
| | | | - Alex D. Washburne
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Sonia Altizer
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious DiseaseUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
- Odum School of EcologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Daniel G. Streicker
- Odum School of EcologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Vladimir E. Chizhikov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMDUSA
| | - Nancy B. Simmons
- Richard Gilder Graduate SchoolAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of MammalogyDivision of Vertebrate ZoologyAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Dmitriy V. Volokhov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMDUSA
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27
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Volokhov DV, Grózner D, Gyuranecz M, Ferguson-Noel N, Gao Y, Bradbury JM, Whittaker P, Chizhikov VE, Szathmary S, Stipkovits L. Mycoplasma anserisalpingitidis sp. nov., isolated from European domestic geese ( Anser anser domesticus) with reproductive pathology. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:2369-2381. [PMID: 32068526 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1983, Mycoplasma sp. strain 1220 was isolated in Hungary from the phallus lymph of a gander with phallus inflammation. Between 1983 and 2017, Mycoplasma sp. 1220 was also identified and isolated from the respiratory tract, liver, ovary, testis, peritoneum and cloaca of diseased geese in several countries. Seventeen studied strains produced acid from glucose and fructose but did not hydrolyse arginine or urea, and all grew under aerobic, microaerophilic and anaerobic conditions at 35 to 37 ˚C in either SP4 or pleuropneumonia-like organism medium supplemented with glucose and serum. Colonies on agar showed a typical fried-egg appearance and transmission electron microscopy revealed a typical mycoplasma cellular morphology. Molecular characterization included analysis of the following genetic loci: 16S rRNA, 23S rRNA, 16S-23S rRNA ITS, rpoB, rpoC, rpoD, uvrA, parC, topA, dnaE, fusA and pyk. The genome was sequenced for type strain 1220T. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of studied strains of Mycoplasma sp. 1220 shared 99.02-99.19 % nucleotide similarity with M. anatis strains but demonstrated ≤95.00-96.70 % nucleotide similarity to the 16S rRNA genes of other species of the genus Mycoplasma. Phylogenetic, average nucleotide and amino acid identity analyses revealed that the novel species was most closely related to Mycoplasma anatis. Based on the genetic data, we propose a novel species of the genus Mycoplasma, for which the name Mycoplasma anserisalpingitidis sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain 1220T (=ATCC BAA-2147T=NCTC 13513T=DSM 23982T). The G+C content is 26.70 mol%, genome size is 959110 bp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy V Volokhov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Dénes Grózner
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary.,Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária krt. 23-25, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Miklós Gyuranecz
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária krt. 23-25, Budapest, 1143, Hungary.,Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Naola Ferguson-Noel
- Poultry Diagnostic & Research Center, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yamei Gao
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Janet M Bradbury
- University of Liverpool, School of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Paul Whittaker
- Present address: Currently retired from the US FDA, Maryland, USA.,Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Dr., College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Vladimir E Chizhikov
- Present address: Currently retired from the US FDA, Maryland, USA.,Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Susan Szathmary
- RT-Europe Research Center, 9200 Var 2, Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary.,Galen Bio, Inc. Carlsbad, 5922 Farnsworth Ct Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
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Volokhov DV, Gulland FM, Gao Y, Chizhikov VE. Ureaplasma miroungigenitalium sp. nov. isolated from northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) and Ureaplasma zalophigenitalium sp. nov. isolated from California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:153-164. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy V. Volokhov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | | | - Yamei Gao
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Vladimir E. Chizhikov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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29
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Volokhov DV, Gao Y, Davidson MK, Chizhikov VE. Acholeplasma equirhinis sp. nov. isolated from respiratory tract of horse (Equus caballus) and Mycoplasma procyoni sp. nov. isolated from oral cavity of raccoon (Procyon lotor). Arch Microbiol 2019; 202:411-420. [PMID: 31828363 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe two novel species of Acholeplasma sp. strain N93 and Mycoplasma sp. strain LR5794 which were isolated from the nasopharynx of a horse from the United Kingdom and from the oral cavity of a North American raccoon from Canada, respectively. These strains were phenotypically and genetically characterized and compared to other established Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species. Both strains are facultative anaerobes, resistant to penicillin, and produce acid from glucose but do not hydrolyze arginine and urea. Both strains grew well in microaerophilic and anaerobic atmospheric conditions at 35-37 °C using PPLO (pleuropneumonia-like organisms) medium. Acholeplasma sp. N93 does not require serum for growth. Colonies of both strains showed a typical fried-egg appearance and transmission electron microscopy of bacterial cells revealed a typical mycoplasma cellular morphology. Molecular characterization included assessment of several genetic loci. The genetic analysis indicated that Acholeplasma sp. N93 and Mycoplasma sp. LR5794 were most closely related to A. hippikon and A. equifetale, and M. molare and M. lagogenitalium, respectively. However, both novel strains were genetically unique in comparison to other well-known Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species. Based on the isolation source history, phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenetic characteristics of these novel strains, we propose the name Acholeplasma equirhinis sp. nov. for Acholeplasma sp. isolated from the nasopharynx of a horse [the type strain is N93T (= DSM 106692T = ATCC TSD-139T = NCTC 14351T)], and the name Mycoplasma procyoni sp. nov. for the Mycoplasma sp. isolated from the oral cavity of a North American raccoon [the type strain is LR5794T (= DSM 106703T = ATCC TSD-141T = NCTC 14309T)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy V Volokhov
- Laboratory of Method Development, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA.
| | - Yamei Gao
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viral Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA
| | - Maureen K Davidson
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Rd, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Vladimir E Chizhikov
- Laboratory of Method Development, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA
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30
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Spergser J, Botes A, Nel T, Ruppitsch W, Lepuschitz S, Langer S, Ries S, Dinhopl N, Szostak M, Loncaric I, Busse HJ. Mycoplasma nasistruthionis sp. nov. and Mycoplasma struthionis sp. nov. isolated from ostriches with respiratory disease. Syst Appl Microbiol 2019; 43:126047. [PMID: 31859015 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2019.126047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Twelve Mycoplasma (M.) strains isolated from the nose, the trachea, and the lung of ostriches (Struthio camelus) displaying respiratory disease were investigated. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences placed five of these strains within the M. synoviae cluster, and seven strains within the M. hominis cluster of genus Mycoplasma, which was further confirmed by analyses of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region, and partial rpoB gene and amino acid sequences. Genomic information as well as phenotypic features obtained by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-ToF) mass spectrometry analysis and serological reactions indicated that the strains examined are representatives of two hitherto unclassified species of genus Mycoplasma, for which the names Mycoplasma nasistruthionis sp. nov., with type strain 2F1AT (= ATCC BAA-1893T = DSM 22456T), and Mycoplasma struthionis sp. nov., with type strain 237IAT (= ATCC BAA-1890T = DSM 22453T), are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Annelise Botes
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Tyron Nel
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Lepuschitz
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Langer
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sally Ries
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nora Dinhopl
- Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Szostak
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Jürgen Busse
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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31
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Gasparich GE, Kuo CH. Genome analysis-based union of the genus Mesoplasma with the genus Entomoplasma. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 69:2735-2738. [PMID: 31483242 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early characterization of strains designated into the genera Entomoplasma and Mesoplasma was based upon biological and chemical characteristics. With the advent of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as an added taxonomic character, it became clear that the two genera did not form distinct and separate monophyletic clusters. A genome-level analysis of all 17 validly published species within the family Entomoplasmataceae has recently been performed. Phylogenetic analyses, comparisons of gene content, and the lack of genus-specific genes supported that species from the two genera are intermixed and should not be taxonomically separated. This level of analysis clearly reveals the necessity to revise the taxonomy of this family by merging the two genera into one, Entomoplasma. Additionally, it was definitively determined that the strain originally designated as Acholeplasma multilocale resides in this cluster and should be formally renamed as Entomoplasma multilocale. Merging Mesoplasma and Entomoplasma yields a paraphyletic genus, but is supported by cell morphology and ecology to be distinguished from the genera Spiroplasma and Mycoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail E Gasparich
- Department of Biology, Salem State University, Salem, MA 01970, USA
| | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, ROC
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32
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Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Is a Superior Diagnostic Tool for the Identification and Differentiation of Mycoplasmas Isolated from Animals. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.00316-19. [PMID: 31217275 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00316-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In veterinary diagnostic laboratories, identification of mycoplasmas is achieved by demanding, cost-intensive, and time-consuming methods that rely on antigenic or genetic identification. Since matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) seems to represent a promising alternative to the currently practiced cumbersome diagnostics, we assessed its applicability for the identification of almost all mycoplasma species isolated from vertebrate animals so far. For generating main spectrum profiles (MSPs), the type strains of 98 Mycoplasma, 11 Acholeplasma, and 5 Ureaplasma species and, in the case of 69 species, 1 to 7 clinical isolates were used. To complete the database, 3 to 7 representatives of 23 undescribed Mycoplasma species isolated from livestock, companion animals, and wildlife were also analyzed. A large in-house library containing 530 MSPs was generated, and the diversity of spectra within a species was assessed by constructing dendrograms based on a similarity matrix. All strains of a given species formed cohesive clusters clearly distinct from all other species. In addition, phylogenetically closely related species also clustered closely but were separated accurately, indicating that the established database was highly robust, reproducible, and reliable. Further validation of the in-house mycoplasma library using 335 independent clinical isolates of 32 mycoplasma species confirmed the robustness of the established database by achieving reliable species identification with log scores of ≥1.80. In summary, MALDI-TOF MS proved to be an excellent method for the identification and differentiation of animal mycoplasmas, combining convenience, ease, speed, precision, and low running costs. Furthermore, this method is a powerful and supportive tool for the taxonomic resolution of animal mycoplasmas.
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33
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Li X, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. Molecular characterisation of emerging pathogens of unexplained infectious disease syndromes. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2019; 19:839-848. [PMID: 31385539 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2019.1651200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The discoveries of HIV and Helicobacter pylori in the 1980s were landmarks in identification of novel pathogens causing unexplained infectious syndromes using conventional microbiological technologies. In the last few decades, advancement of molecular technologies has provided us with more robust tools to expand our armamentarium in this microbial hunting process. Areas covered: In this article, we give a brief overview of the most important molecular technologies we use for identification of emerging microbes associated with unexplained infectious syndromes, including 16S rRNA and other conserved targets sequencing for bacteria, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and other target gene sequencing for fungi, polymerase and other gene sequencing for viruses, as well as deep sequencing. Then, we use several representative examples to illustrate how these techniques have been used for the discoveries of a few notable bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens associated with unexplained infectious syndromes in the last 20-30 years. Expert opinion: In the past and present, characterization of emerging pathogens of unexplained infectious disease syndromes has relied on a combination of conventional culture- and phenotype-based technologies and nucleic acid amplification and sequencing. In the next era, we envisage more widespread adoption of next generation technologies that can detect both known and previously undescribed pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
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34
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Detection of Mycoplasma anatis, M. anseris, M. cloacale and Mycoplasma sp. 1220 in waterfowl using species-specific PCR assays. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219071. [PMID: 31295269 PMCID: PMC6622482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma anatis, M. anseris, M. cloacale and M. sp. 1220 colonise geese and ducks, and could be associated with infections of avian respiratory and nervous systems, cause mild to severe inflammation of cloaca and genital tracts, and embryo lethality. Co-occurrence of these Mycoplasma species in waterfowl is frequently detected and the identification of these mycoplasmas to the species level at a regular microbiology laboratory is difficult due to their similar morphological, cultural and biochemical properties. Moreover, species differentiation is only possible based on the sequence analysis of the product of a genus-specific PCR assay. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to develop an effective and robust method for the identification of these species in avian clinical specimens. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays using species-specific primers, which target housekeeping genes in order to identify these species, were designed in the present study. The developed PCR assays can precisely identify these four mycoplasmas to the species level directly from DNA samples extracted from clinical specimens, and no cross-amplification was observed among these species and with other well-known avian mycoplasmas. The average sensitivity of the assays was 101−102 genomic equivalents per reaction. These conventional PCR assays can be run simultaneously at the same PCR cycling program, and the species can be differentiated directly (without sequence analysis) by gel electrophoresis due to the specific sizes of the amplicons. In conclusion, the presented species-specific assays were found to be suitable for routine use at regular veterinary diagnostic laboratories and promote the rapid, simple and cost-effective differentiation of these waterfowl Mycoplasma species.
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35
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Ramírez AS, Vega-Orellana OM, Viver T, Poveda JB, Rosales RS, Poveda CG, Spergser J, Szostak MP, Caballero MJ, Ressel L, Bradbury JM, Mar Tavío M, Karthikeyan S, Amann R, Konstantinidis KT, Rossello-Mora R. First description of two moderately halophilic and psychrotolerant Mycoplasma species isolated from cephalopods and proposal of Mycoplasma marinum sp. nov. and Mycoplasma todarodis sp. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 2019; 42:457-467. [PMID: 31072660 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two moderately halophilic and psychrotolerant new Mycoplasma species were isolated from common cephalopods. Three strains were isolated in pure culture from two individual European flying squid (Todarodes sagittatus), and two individual octopuses (Octopus vulgaris). The strains showed optimal growth at 25 °C and a salinity of 3% (w/v) NaCl. Molecular analyses revealed that the isolates belonged to two new, but phylogenetically related species, divergent from all previously described Mollicutes, representing the first marine isolates of the class, and also the first Mycoplasma strains for which NaCl requirement has been demonstrated. A genome search against all available marine metagenomes and 16S rRNA gene databases indicated that these two species represent a novel non-free-living marine lineage of Mollicutes, specifically associated with marine animals. Morphology and physiology were compatible with other members of this group, and genomic and phenotypic analyses demonstrated that these organisms represent two novel species of the genus Mycoplasma, for which the names Mycoplasma marinum sp. nov. and Mycoplasma todarodis sp. nov. are proposed; the type strains are PET (DSM 105487T, CIP 111404T) and 5HT (DSM 105,488T, CIP 111405T), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Ramírez
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Orestes M Vega-Orellana
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Tomeu Viver
- Marine Microbiology Group, Department of Animal and Microbial Biodiversity, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA, CSIC-UIB), 07190, Esporles, Spain
| | - José B Poveda
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Rubén S Rosales
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Carlos G Poveda
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael P Szostak
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mª José Caballero
- Unidad de Histología y Patología Animal, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Ressel
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Janet M Bradbury
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Mª Mar Tavío
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Smruthi Karthikeyan
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rudolf Amann
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institut für Marine Mikrobiologie, Bremen D-28359, Germany
| | - Konstantinos T Konstantinidis
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ramon Rossello-Mora
- Marine Microbiology Group, Department of Animal and Microbial Biodiversity, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA, CSIC-UIB), 07190, Esporles, Spain
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36
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Sakmanoglu A, Sayin Z, Pinarkara Y, Uslu A, Ucan US, Erganis O. Evaluation of random amplified polymorphic DNA and multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analyses for Mycoplasma cynos. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 161:1-7. [PMID: 30981711 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma spp. can cause diseases of the respiratory system as well as urogenital infections, infertility, and anemia. The members of this genus have a low G + C content compared to other bacteria. Because primers used in the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique are only 10 bp long and have high GC content, this method can be inadequate for genotyping Mycoplasma spp. isolates. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and two-primer RAPD (TP-RAPD) procedures for subtyping Mycoplasma cynos isolates. A total of 55 M. cynos isolates obtained from 162 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from shelter and pet dogs were used in this study. Seventy-four tandem repeat regions were detected in the M. cynos genome, and two of these loci were determined to be suitable and used for development of the MLVA scheme. The results of variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis and TP-RAPD-PCR were compared with RAPD-PCR. The discriminatory power of TP-RAPD-PCR (Hunter-Gaston diversity index [HGDI] = 0.84) was higher than those of RAPD-PCR (HGDI = 0.727), VNTR1 (HGDI = 0.8), and VNTR3 (HGDI = 0.757). We observed that the TP-RAPD-PCR and MLVA methods provide clearer data and are more successful in determining genetic diversity, in contrast to the RAPD-PCR method for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Sakmanoglu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Zafer Sayin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Yasemin Pinarkara
- Department of Food Technology, Sarayonu Vocational School, Selcuk University, 42430, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Ali Uslu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Uckun Sait Ucan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Osman Erganis
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
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37
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Bekő K, Kreizinger Z, Sulyok KM, Kovács ÁB, Grózner D, Catania S, Bradbury J, Lysnyansky I, Olaogun OM, Czanik B, Ellakany H, Gyuranecz M. Genotyping Mycoplasma gallisepticum by multilocus sequence typing. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:191-196. [PMID: 30955809 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes chronic respiratory disease and reproductive disorders in many bird species, resulting in considerable economic losses to the poultry industry. Maintenance of M. gallisepticum-free flocks is the most adequate method to control infection. To this end, monitoring systems and vaccination programs with live vaccine strains are applied worldwide. There is strong demand for efficient epidemiological investigation tools to distinguish M. gallisepticum strains in order to control disease. Up to now, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has been regarded as gold standard for genotyping bacteria due to its good reproducibility and high discriminatory power. The aim of this study was to develop an MLST assay which can determine phylogenetic distances between M. gallisepticum strains. After analysing more than 30 housekeeping genes, six loci (atpG, dnaA, fusA, rpoB, ruvB, uvrA) were selected for the MLST assay due to their genomic location and high diversity. Examination of 130 M. gallisepticum strains with this MLST method yielded 57 unique sequence types (STs) with a 0.96 Simpson's index of diversity. Considering the large number of STs and high diversity index, this MLST method was found to be appropriate to discriminate M. gallisepticum strains. In addition, the developed method was shown to be suitable for epidemiological investigations, as it confirmed linkage between related strains from outbreaks in different farms. Besides, MLST also suggested high impact of extensive international trade on the spread of different M. gallisepticum strains. Furthermore this method can be used for differentiation among vaccine and field strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katinka Bekő
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsa Kreizinger
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
| | - Kinga M Sulyok
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
| | - Áron B Kovács
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
| | - Dénes Grózner
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
| | - Salvatore Catania
- Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Via San Giacomo 5, Verona 37000, Italy.
| | - Janet Bradbury
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Inna Lysnyansky
- Department of Avian and Fish Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, POB 12, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Olusola Martins Olaogun
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Béla Czanik
- NAGISZ Ltd, Fő u. 19, Nádudvar 4181, Hungary.
| | - Hany Ellakany
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Elgomhoria st. 63, Damanhour, Elbehira 22511, Egypt.
| | - Miklós Gyuranecz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária körút 23-25, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
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Besser TE, Levy J, Ackerman M, Nelson D, Manlove K, Potter KA, Busboom J, Benson M. A pilot study of the effects of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae exposure on domestic lamb growth and performance. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0207420. [PMID: 30730893 PMCID: PMC6366759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae is a globally distributed pathogen that has been associated with pneumonia in both domestic and wild Caprinae. It is closely related to M. hyopneumoniae, a respiratory pathogen of swine that is associated with decreased growth rates of pigs as well as clinical respiratory disease. In order to assess the effects of M. ovipneumoniae on lamb performance, we generated a cohort of lambs free of M. ovipneumoniae by segregation of test negative ewes after lambing, then compared the growth and carcass quality traits of M. ovipneumoniae-free and -colonized lambs from weaning to harvest. Some signs of respiratory disease were observed during the feeding trial in both lamb groups, but the M. ovipneumoniae-exposed group included more affected lambs and higher average disease scores. At harvest, lungs of lambs in both groups showed few grossly visible lesions, although the M. ovipneumoniae-exposed group did exhibit increased microscopic lung lesions (P<0.05). In addition, M. ovipneumoniae exposed lambs produced lower average daily gains (P<0.05), and lower yield grade carcasses (P<0.05) compared to those of non-exposed lambs. The results demonstrated the feasibility of test and segregation for elimination of M. ovipneumoniae from groups of sheep and suggested that this pathogen may impair lamb growth and productivity even in the absence of overt respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Besser
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica Levy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman WA, United States of America
| | - Melissa Ackerman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman WA, United States of America
| | - Danielle Nelson
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman WA, United States of America
| | - Kezia Manlove
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University College of Natural Resources, Logan UT, United States of America
| | - Kathleen A. Potter
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman WA, United States of America
| | - Jan Busboom
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences, Pullman WA, United States of America
| | - Margaret Benson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences, Pullman WA, United States of America
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Ziegler L, Möller Palau-Ribes F, Enderlein D, Herbst W, Schmidt L, Lierz M. Mycoplasma hafezii sp. nov., isolated from the trachea of a peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 69:773-777. [PMID: 30707094 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma species are well known pathogens in avian medicine, especially in poultry. However, several Mycoplasma species have been regularly found in the respiratory tract of birds of prey which seem to be commensals in these bird species. In previous studies, an unknown Mycoplasma species which caused false positive results in a Mycoplasma meleagridis-specific PCR, was isolated from a tracheal swab of a clinically healthy, captive, adult peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus). The isolate appeared in typical fried-egg-shaped colonies on SP4 agar plates and was dependent on sterol for growth. Acid was produced from glucose, but no arginine or urea was hydrolysed. The temperature range for growth was 28-44 °C, with an optimum at 37 °C. Strain M26T was serologically distinct from all species of the genus Mycoplasma with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity ≥94 %. Biochemical, serological and molecular biological properties demonstrate that this organism represents a novel species of the genus Mycoplasma, for which the name Mycoplasma hafezii sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is M26T (NCTC 13928, DSM 27652).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ziegler
- 1Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - F Möller Palau-Ribes
- 1Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - D Enderlein
- 1Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - W Herbst
- 2Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - L Schmidt
- 1Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - M Lierz
- 1Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Volokhov DV, Batac F, Gao Y, Miller M, Chizhikov VE. Mycoplasma enhydrae sp. nov. isolated from southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 69:363-370. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy V. Volokhov
- 1Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Francesca Batac
- 2California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, 151 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Yamei Gao
- 1Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Melissa Miller
- 2California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, 151 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Vladimir E. Chizhikov
- 1Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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A phylogenomic and molecular markers based taxonomic framework for members of the order Entomoplasmatales: proposal for an emended order Mycoplasmatales containing the family Spiroplasmataceae and emended family Mycoplasmataceae comprised of six genera. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 112:561-588. [PMID: 30392177 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The "Spiroplasma cluster" is a taxonomically heterogeneous assemblage within the phylum Tenericutes encompassing different Entomoplasmatales species as well as the genus Mycoplasma, type genus of the order Mycoplasmatales. Within this cluster, the family Entomoplasmataceae contains two non-cohesive genera Entomoplasma and Mesoplasma with their members exhibiting extensive polyphyletic branching; additionally, the genus Mycoplasma is also embedded within this family. Genome sequences are now available for all 19 Entomoplasmataceae species with validly published names, as well as 6 of the 7 species from the genus Mycoplasma. With the aim of developing a reliable phylogenetic and taxonomic framework for the family Entomoplasmataceae, exhaustive phylogenetic and comparative genomic studies were carried out on these genome sequences. Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on concatenated sequences of 121 core proteins for this cluster, 67 conserved proteins shared with the phylum Firmicutes, 40 ribosomal proteins, three major subunits of RNA polymerase (RpoA, B and C) by different means and also for the 16S rRNA gene sequences. The interspecies relationships as well as different species groups observed in these trees were identical and robustly resolved. In all of these trees, members of the genera Mesoplasma and Entomoplasma formed three and two distinct clades, respectively, which were interspersed among the members of the other genus. The observed species groupings in the phylogenetic trees are independently strongly supported by our identification of 103 novel molecular markers or synapomorphies in the forms of conserved signature indels and conserved signature proteins, which are uniquely shared by the members of different observed species clades. To account for the different observed species clades, we are proposing a division of the genus Mesoplasma into an emended genus Mesoplasma and two new genera Tullyiplasma gen. nov. and Edwardiiplasma gen. nov. Likewise, to recognize the distinct species groupings of Entomoplasma, we are proposing its division into an emended genus Entomoplasma and a new genus Williamsoniiplasma gen. nov. Lastly, to rectify the long-existing taxonomic anomaly caused by the presence of genus Mycoplasma (order Mycoplasmatales) within the Entomoplasmatales, we are proposing an emendation of the family Mycoplasmataceae to include both Entomoplasmataceae plus Mycoplasma species and an emendation of the order Mycoplasmatales, which now comprises of the emended family Mycoplasmataceae and the family Spiroplasmataceae. The taxonomic reclassifications proposed here accurately reflect the species relationships within this group of Tenericutes and they should lead to a better understanding of their biological and pathogenic characteristics.
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Lo WS, Gasparich GE, Kuo CH. Convergent Evolution among Ruminant-Pathogenic Mycoplasma Involved Extensive Gene Content Changes. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:2130-2139. [PMID: 30102350 PMCID: PMC6117150 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Convergent evolution, a process by which organisms evolved independently to have similar traits, provides opportunities to understand adaptation. The bacterial genus Mycoplasma contains multiple species that evolved independently to become ruminant pathogens, which represents an interesting study system for investigating the process. In this work, we determined the genome sequences of 11 Entomoplasma/Mesoplasma species. This new data set, together with the other available Mollicutes genomes, provided comprehensive taxon sampling for inferring the gene content evolution that led to the emergence of Mycoplasma Mycoides cluster. Our results indicated that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of the Mycoides-Entomoplasmataceae clade lost ∼15% of the core genes when it diverged from the Spiroplasma Apis clade. After this initial wave of genome reduction, relatively few gene gains or losses were inferred until the emergence of the Mycoides cluster. Compared with those Entomoplasmataceae lineages that maintained the association with insects, the MRCA of the Mycoides cluster experienced a second wave of gene losses, as well as acquiring >100 novel genes through horizontal gene transfer. These gene acquisitions involved many with the Mycoplasma Hominis/Pneumoniae lineages as the putative donors, suggesting that gene exchanges among these vertebrate symbionts with distinct phylogenetic affiliations may be important in the emergence of the Mycoides cluster. These findings demonstrated that the gene content of bacterial genomes could be exceedingly dynamic, even for those symbionts with highly reduced genomes. Moreover, the emergence of novel pathogens may involve extensive remodeling of gene content, rather than acquisition of few virulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sui Lo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department for Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Alvarez-Ponce D, Weitzman CL, Tillett RL, Sandmeier FC, Tracy CR. High quality draft genome sequences of Mycoplasma agassizii strains PS6 T and 723 isolated from Gopherus tortoises with upper respiratory tract disease. Stand Genomic Sci 2018; 13:12. [PMID: 29725499 PMCID: PMC5921776 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-018-0315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma agassizii is one of the known causative agents of upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) in Mojave desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) and in gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus). We sequenced the genomes of M. agassizii strains PS6T (ATCC 700616) and 723 (ATCC 700617) isolated from the upper respiratory tract of a Mojave desert tortoise and a gopher tortoise, respectively, both with signs of URTD. The PS6T genome assembly was organized in eight scaffolds, had a total length of 1,274,972 bp, a G + C content of 28.43%, and contained 979 protein-coding genes, 13 pseudogenes and 35 RNA genes. The 723 genome assembly was organized in 40 scaffolds, had a total length of 1,211,209 bp, a G + C content of 28.34%, and contained 955 protein-coding genes, seven pseudogenes, and 35 RNA genes. Both genomes exhibit a very similar organization and very similar numbers of genes in each functional category. Pairs of orthologous genes encode proteins that are 93.57% identical on average. Homology searches identified a putative cytadhesin. These genomes will enable studies that will help understand the molecular bases of pathogenicity of this and other Mycoplasma species.
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Weitzman CL, Tillett RL, Sandmeier FC, Tracy CR, Alvarez-Ponce D. High quality draft genome sequence of Mycoplasma testudineum strain BH29 T, isolated from the respiratory tract of a desert tortoise. Stand Genomic Sci 2018; 13:9. [PMID: 29682170 PMCID: PMC5896096 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-018-0309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma testudineum is one of the pathogens that can cause upper respiratory tract disease in desert tortoises, Gopherus agassizii. We sequenced the genome of M. testudineum BH29T (ATCC 700618T = MCCM 03231T), isolated from the upper respiratory tract of a Mojave desert tortoise with upper respiratory tract disease. The sequenced draft genome, organized in 25 scaffolds, has a length of 960,895 bp and a G + C content of 27.54%. A total of 788 protein-coding sequences, six pseudogenes and 35 RNA genes were identified. The potential presence of cytadhesin-encoding genes is investigated. This genome will enable comparative genomic studies to help understand the molecular bases of the pathogenicity of this and other Mycoplasma species.
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45
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Gupta RS, Sawnani S, Adeolu M, Alnajar S, Oren A. Phylogenetic framework for the phylum Tenericutes based on genome sequence data: proposal for the creation of a new order Mycoplasmoidales ord. nov., containing two new families Mycoplasmoidaceae fam. nov. and Metamycoplasmataceae fam. nov. harbouring Eperythrozoon, Ureaplasma and five novel genera. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 111:1583-1630. [PMID: 29556819 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The genus Mycoplasma, including species earlier classified in the genera Eperythrozoon and Haemobartonella, contains ~ 120 species and constitutes an extensively polyphyletic assemblage of bacteria within the phylum Tenericutes. Due to their small genome sizes and lack of unique characteristics, the relationships among the mycoplasmas/Tenericutes are not reliably discerned. Using genome sequences for 140 Tenericutes, their evolutionary relationships were examined using multiple independent approaches. Phylogenomic trees were constructed for 63 conserved proteins, 45 ribosomal proteins, three main subunits of RNA polymerase and 16S rRNA gene sequences. In all of these trees, Tenericutes species reliably grouped into four main clades designated as the "Acholeplasma", "Spiroplasma", "Pneumoniae" and "Hominis" clusters. These clades are also distinguished based on a similarity matrix constructed based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Mycoplasma species were dispersed across 3 of these 4 clades highlighting their extensive polyphyly. In parallel, our comparative genomic analyses have identified > 100 conserved signature indels (CSIs) and 14 conserved signature proteins (CSPs), which are uniquely shared by the members of four identified clades, strongly supporting their monophyly and identifying them in molecular terms. Mycoplasma mycoides, the type species of the genus Mycoplasma, and a small number of other Mycoplasma species, formed a strongly supported clade within the "Spiroplasma" cluster. Nine CSIs and 14 CSPs reliably distinguish this clade from all other Mycoplasmatales species. The remainder of the Mycoplasmatales species are part of the "Pneumoniae" and "Hominis" clusters, which group together in phylogenetic trees. Here we are proposing that the order Mycoplasmatales should be emended to encompass only the Mycoplasma species within the "Spiroplasma" cluster and that a new order, Mycoplasmoidales ord. nov., should be created to encompass the other Mycoplasma species. The "Pneumoniae" and the "Hominis" clusters are proposed as two new families, Mycoplasmoidaceae fam. nov., which includes the genera Eperythrozoon, Ureaplasma, and the newly proposed genera Malacoplasma and Mycoplasmoides, and Metamycoplasmataceae fam. nov. to contain the newly proposed genera Metamycoplasma, Mycoplasmopsis, and Mesomycoplasma. The results presented here allow reliable discernment, both in phylogenetic and molecular terms, of the members of the two proposed families as well as different described genera within these families including members of the genus Eperythrozoon, which is comprised of uncultivable organisms. The taxonomic reclassifications proposed here, which more accurately portray the genetic diversity among the Tenericutes/Mycoplasma species, provide a new framework for understanding the biological and clinical aspects of these important microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhey S Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
| | - Sahil Sawnani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Mobolaji Adeolu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Seema Alnajar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Aharon Oren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
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46
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Volokhov DV, Amselle M, Bodeis-Jones S, Delmonte P, Zhang S, Davidson MK, Gulland FM, Chizhikov VE. Neisseria zalophi sp. nov., isolated from oral cavity of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Arch Microbiol 2018; 200:819-828. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-018-1499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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47
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Novel hemotropic mycoplasmas are widespread and genetically diverse in vampire bats. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:3154-3167. [PMID: 29061202 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881700231x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats (Order: Chiroptera) have been widely studied as reservoir hosts for viruses of concern for human and animal health. However, whether bats are equally competent hosts of non-viral pathogens such as bacteria remains an important open question. Here, we surveyed blood and saliva samples of vampire bats from Peru and Belize for hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. (hemoplasmas), bacteria that can cause inapparent infection or anemia in hosts. 16S rRNA gene amplification of blood showed 67% (150/223) of common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) were infected by hemoplasmas. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene amplicons revealed three novel genotypes that were phylogenetically related but not identical to hemoplasmas described from other (non-vampire) bat species, rodents, humans, and non-human primates. Hemoplasma prevalence in vampire bats was highest in non-reproductive and young individuals, did not differ by country, and was relatively stable over time (i.e., endemic). Metagenomics from pooled D. rotundus saliva from Peru detected non-hemotropic Mycoplasma species and hemoplasma genotypes phylogenetically similar to those identified in blood, providing indirect evidence for potential direct transmission of hemoplasmas through biting or social contacts. This study demonstrates vampire bats host several novel hemoplasmas and sheds light on risk factors for infection and basic transmission routes. Given the high frequency of direct contacts that arise when vampire bats feed on humans, domestic animals, and wildlife, the potential of these bacteria to be transmitted between species should be investigated in future work.
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48
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Carnaccini S, Ferguson-Noel NM, Chin RP, Santoro T, Black P, Bland M, Bickford AA, Sentíes-Cué CG. A Novel Mycoplasma sp. Associated with Phallus Disease in Goose Breeders: Pathological and Bacteriological Findings. Avian Dis 2017; 60:437-43. [PMID: 27309284 DOI: 10.1637/11309-102315-regr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In April 2014, poor fertility in a major commercial goose breeder operation in California triggered the submission of six live affected Toulouse ganders ( Anser anser ) to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, Turlock branch (University of California-Davis). Toulouse were principally affected among all breeds, and their egg fertility dropped from 65.7% to less than 33.9% in the first 40 days of the 2014 breeding season. The flock consisted of 410 adult birds, 90 males and 320 females, between 2 and 5 yr of age. Inspection of the flock revealed that 44.4% of the Toulouse ganders had severe phallic deformities that prevented them from mating. At postmortem examination, severe yellowish fibrocaseous exudate disrupted the architecture of the phallus and occasionally produced fistulating tracts through the wall of the organ. Microscopically, multifocal lymphoid nodules were noted in the mucosa and submucosa of the phallus and were associated with extensive granulomatous reaction, intralesional bacteria, and spermatozoa. Mycoplasma spp. were isolated from the phallus of affected and nonaffected birds, and PCR protocols targeting the 16S-23S ribosomal RNA intergenic spacer regions and the RNA polymerase beta subunit gene were performed to identify the isolates. Three distinct species were identified on sequencing and analysis using the National Center for Biotechnology Information basic local alignment search tool: Mycoplasma cloacale , Mycoplasma anseris , and an unknown novel Mycoplasma sp. Additionally, Pasteurella multocida , in combination with other bacteria, was also isolated from the phallic lesions and identified as serotype 3 with a DNA profile of 1511 (National Veterinary Service Laboratory). This is the first report of these Mycoplasma spp. and other bacteria associated with reproductive disease in ganders in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Carnaccini
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Turlock branch, 1550 N Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - N M Ferguson-Noel
- B Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602
| | - R P Chin
- C California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Tulare branch, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - T Santoro
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Turlock branch, 1550 N Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - P Black
- B Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602
| | - M Bland
- D Cutler Associates International, 3562 Jomar Drive, Napa, CA 94558
| | - A A Bickford
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Turlock branch, 1550 N Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - C G Sentíes-Cué
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Turlock branch, 1550 N Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
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49
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Volokhov DV, Hwang J, Chizhikov VE, Danaceau H, Gottdenker NL. Prevalence, Genotype Richness, and Coinfection Patterns of Hemotropic Mycoplasmas in Raccoons (Procyon lotor) on Environmentally Protected and Urbanized Barrier Islands. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e00211-17. [PMID: 28258139 PMCID: PMC5394313 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00211-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are successful urban adapters and hosts to a number of zoonotic and nonzoonotic pathogens, yet little is known about their hemoplasma infections and how prevalence varies across habitat types. This study identifies hemotropic Mycoplasma species infection in raccoons from urban and undisturbed habitats and compares hemoplasma infection in sympatric urban cats (Felis catus) from the same geographic region. We collected blood from raccoons (n = 95) on an urban coastal island (n = 37) and an undisturbed coastal island (n = 58) and from sympatric urban cats (n = 39) in Georgia, USA. Based on 16S rRNA gene amplification, 62.1% (59/95) of raccoons and 17.9% (7/39) of feral cats were positive for hemoplasma. There was a greater percentage of hemoplasma-infected raccoons on the undisturbed island (79.3% [46/58]) than on the urban island (35.1% [13/37]; χ2 = 16.9, df = 1, P = 0.00004). Sequencing of the full-length 16S rRNA gene amplicons revealed six hemoplasma genotypes in raccoons, including five novel genotypes that were distinct from three known hemoplasma species identified in the sympatric cats. In addition, the hemoplasma genotypes detected in raccoons were not identified in sympatric cats or vice versa. Although all six hemoplasma genotypes were found in raccoons from urban and undisturbed islands, coinfection patterns differed between sites and among individuals, with the proportion of coinfected raccoons being greater in the undisturbed site. This study shows that raccoons are hosts for several novel hemoplasmas and that habitat type influences infection patterns.IMPORTANCE This study provides information about novel hemoplasmas identified in raccoons (Procyon lotor), which can be used for assessments of the prevalence of these hemoplasmas in raccoon populations and for future studies on the potential pathogenic impacts of these hemoplasmas on raccoon health. Raccoons from the undisturbed habitat had a higher prevalence of hemoplasma infection than urban raccoons. There does not appear to be cross-species transmission of hemotropic mycoplasmas between urban raccoons and feral cats. Raccoons appear to be hosts for several novel hemoplasmas, and habitat type influences infection patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy V Volokhov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jusun Hwang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Vladimir E Chizhikov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Heather Danaceau
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicole L Gottdenker
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION AND SEQUENCE CHARACTERIZATION OF MYCOPLASMAS IN FREE-LIVING BIRDS OF PREY. J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:917-922. [PMID: 27691956 DOI: 10.1638/2015-0259.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma spp. have been detected in birds of prey, but their prevalence in free living raptors and their significance to birds' health need further investigation. Molecular techniques have been increasingly used to identify mycoplasmas in various avian species, due to the fastidious nature of these pathogens hampering traditional bacteriologic tests. This study reports the identification of 23 novel mycoplasma sequences during the monitoring of 62 birds of prey on admission to wildlife centers in Sardinia, Italy. Molecular investigation performed on pharyngeal swabs revealed 26 birds positive to Mycoplasma (42%). Sequence analysis based on 16S rRNA, 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer, and RNA polymerase β subunit (rpoB) gene highlighted cluster assignment and phylogenetic relationships among the identified types, classified within the hominis group. Additionally, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale , associated with respiratory disease in poultry, was identified in 17 birds (27%). Potential coinfection and mycoplasma opportunistic nature present implications for raptor species conservation.
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