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Burns MP, Schaeffer PJ, Berg DJ. Metabolic rate and osmoregulation in desert spring amphipods. CAN J ZOOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2021-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Desert springs contain many endemic taxa and are of conservation concern due to anthropogenic activities that are expected to increase environmental salinity. Understanding the nature of osmoregulation is necessary to predict how non-vagile aquatic organisms will respond to changes. In the Chihuahuan Desert, the amphipod genus Gammarus Fabricius, 1775 is composed of two lineages. These lineages have species that currently inhabit springs ranging from 0.4 to 7.8 parts per thousand (ppt). All Gammarus in this region are of conservation concern because each is endemic to a single spring system. We exposed individuals of Gammarus colei Walters, Cannizzaro, and Berg in Walters, Cannizzaro, Trujillo and Berg, 2020 and Gammarus seideli Cannizzaro, Walters and Berg, 2018 species occupying low-salinity springs, to the range of salinities found in the Chihuahuan Desert. We measured metabolic rates as [Formula: see text] to examine the energetic cost of osmoregulation. We also measured the hemolymph osmolality of G. colei and compared that with the isosmotic line to determine the degree of osmoregulation. Neither species increased its metabolic rate across increasing salinities. However, G. colei showed an increase in hemolymph osmolality. Despite the divergence (∼66 million years ago) between the two lineages, it appears their physiological tolerances have converged, suggesting that both lineages may be able to persist when exposed to moderate salinity changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David J. Berg
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Hamilton, OH 45011, USA
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Park E, Poulin R. Extremely divergent COI sequences within an amphipod species complex: A possible role for endosymbionts? Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9448. [PMID: 36311398 PMCID: PMC9609454 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Some heritable endosymbionts can affect host mtDNA evolution in various ways. Amphipods host diverse endosymbionts, but whether their mtDNA has been influenced by these endosymbionts has yet to be considered. Here, we investigated the role of endosymbionts (microsporidians and Rickettsia) in explaining highly divergent COI sequences in Paracalliope fluviatilis species complex, the most common freshwater amphipods in New Zealand. We first contrasted phylogeographic patterns using COI, ITS, and 28S sequences. While molecular species delimitation methods based on 28S sequences supported 3-4 potential species (N, C, SA, and SB) among freshwater lineages, COI sequences supported 17-27 putative species reflecting high inter-population divergence. The deep divergence between NC and S lineages (~20%; 28S) and the substitution saturation on the 3rd codon position of COI detected even within one lineage (SA) indicate a very high level of morphological stasis. Interestingly, individuals infected and uninfected by Rickettsia comprised divergent COI lineages in one of four populations tested, suggesting a potential influence of endosymbionts in mtDNA patterns. We propose several plausible explanations for divergent COI lineages, although they would need further testing with multiple lines of evidence. Lastly, due to common morphological stasis and the presence of endosymbionts, phylogeographic patterns of amphipods based on mtDNA should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Park
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand,Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
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Hou Z, Jin P, Liu H, Qiao H, Sket B, Cannizzaro AG, Berg DJ, Li S. Past climate cooling promoted global dispersal of amphipods from Tian Shan montane lakes to circumboreal lakes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:3830-3845. [PMID: 35263496 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate changes have substantial impacts on the geographic distribution of montane lakes and evolutionary dynamics of cold-adapted species. Past climate cooling is hypothesized to have promoted the dispersal of cold-adapted species via montane lakes, while future climate warming is thought to constrain their distributions. We test this hypothesis by using phylogeographic analysis and niche modeling of the Holarctic crustacean Gammarus lacustris with global sampling comprised of 567 sequenced individuals and 3180 occurrence records. We found that the species arose in Tian Shan in Central Asia and dispersed into montane lakes along the Alps, Himalayas, Tibet, East Asia, and the North American Rocky Mountain ranges, with accelerated diversification rates outside Tian Shan. Climatically suitable regions for geographic lineages of G. lacustris were larger during cooling periods (LGM), but smaller during warming periods (Mid-Holocene). In the future (2070) scenario, potential distributions in the Himalayas, North Tibet, South Tibet and North America are predicted to expand, whereas ranges in East Asia, Europe and Tian Shan will decline. Our results suggest that Mid-Miocene-to-Pleistocene continuous cooling promoted multiple independent dispersal events out of Tian Shan due to increased availability of montane lakes via "budding" of lineages. Montane lakes are conduits through which cold-adapted amphipods globally dispersed, dominating circumboreal lakes. However, future climate warming is likely to force organisms to shift upward in altitude and northward in latitude, leading to a future change in local populations. These findings highlight the importance of conservation of montane lakes, especially in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonge Hou
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengyu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huijie Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Boris Sket
- Oddelek za biologijo, Biotehniška fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - David J Berg
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Hamilton, Ohio, USA
| | - Shuqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Walters AD, Trujillo DA, Berg DJ. Micro-endemic species of snails and amphipods show population genetic structure across very small geographic ranges. Heredity (Edinb) 2022; 128:325-337. [PMID: 35318433 PMCID: PMC9076663 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00521-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding variation in population genetic structure, even across small distances and for species with extremely limited ranges, is critical for conservation planning and the development of effective management strategies for imperiled species. Organisms that occupy the same geographic extent can maintain different population structures, ranging from highly diverged to panmictic. Such differences can result from differences in biological characteristics such as dispersal ability or demographic history. We used microsatellite loci to evaluate population genetic structure and variation of four desert spring invertebrates having high to low dispersal ability: the lung snail Physa acuta, two species of gilled snails (Juturnia kosteri and Pyrgulopsis roswellensis; family Hydrobiidae) and the amphipod Gammarus desperatus. The study location represents entire species ranges for the micro-endemic hydrobiids and G. desperatus, while P. acuta is ubiquitous throughout much of North America. We found little evidence of significant population genetic structure for P. acuta and J. kosteri, but much more for P. roswellensis and G. desperatus. Our results demonstrate differences in habitat preference and/or dispersal ability between the species. This information provides insight into how gene flow shapes varying population genetic structure between species across small spatial scales (<100 km2). Most importantly, our results suggest that conservation agencies should not consider these micro-endemic species to be composed of single populations, but rather, that management plans for such species should account for population genetic variation across the species' ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David J Berg
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Hamilton, OH, USA
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Cannizzaro AG, Berg DJ. Gone with Gondwana: amphipod diversification in freshwaters followed the breakup of the supercontinent. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 171:107464. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cannizzaro AG, Daniels JD, Berg DJ. Phylogenetic analyses of a new freshwater amphipod reveal polyphyly within the Holarctic family Crangonyctidae, with revision of the genus Synurella. Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A new genus and species of crangonyctid amphipod, Sicifera cahawba gen. & sp. nov., is described from Dallas County, AL, USA, based on both morphological and molecular comparison with similar crangonyctids. These data, with the application of four species delimitation models, identify the taxon as distinct when compared with related species. Nearctic members of the crangonyctid genus Synurella form a separate, well-supported monophyletic lineage when compared with Palaearctic members, which differ considerably in both molecular and morphological markers. Nearctic members, with the exception of the enigmatic Synurella (Eosynurella) johanseni, are placed in the newly erected Sicifera. The separation of these two genera implies that Palaearctic and Nearctic crangonyctid lineages might not be as closely related as once thought, and their evolutionary and biogeographical history requires further review. In addition, a key to Nearctic members of the genera Eosynurella/Sicifera is presented to aid in future identification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James D Daniels
- Department of Biology and Cell Biology, Huntingdon College, Montgomery, AL, Alabama, USA
| | - David J Berg
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Hamilton, OH, Ohio, USA
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Blattner L, Lucek K, Beck N, Berner D, Fumetti S. Intra‐Alpine Islands: Population genomic inference reveals high degree of isolation between freshwater spring habitats. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Blattner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Geoecology University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Kay Lucek
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Plant Ecology and Evolution University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Nathanael Beck
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Geoecology University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Daniel Berner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Animal Diversity and Evolution University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Fumetti
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Geoecology University of Basel Basel Switzerland
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Walters AD, Cannizzaro AG, Trujillo DA, Berg DJ. Addressing the Linnean shortfall in a cryptic species complex. Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Biodiversity is being lost at an alarming rate, but the rate of this loss is likely to be underestimated as a result of a deficit in taxonomic knowledge (i.e. the Linnean shortfall). This knowledge gap is more extensive for morphologically indistinct taxa. The advancement of molecular techniques and delimitation methods has facilitated the identification of such cryptic species, but a majority of these taxa remain undescribed. To investigate the effects of taxonomic uncertainty on understanding of biodiversity, we applied the general lineage concept of species to an amphipod species complex, the Gammaruslacustris lineage that occupies springs of the northern Chihuahuan Desert, which is emerging in contemporary times. We investigated species boundaries using a validation-based approach and examined genetic structure of the lineage using a suite of microsatellite markers to identify independently evolving metapopulations. Our results show that each spring contains a genetically distinct population that is geographically isolated from other springs, suggesting evolutionary independence and status as separate species. Additionally, we observed subtle interspecific morphological variation among the putative species. We used multiple lines of evidence to formally describe four new species (Gammarus langi sp. nov., G. percalacustris sp. nov., G. colei sp. nov. and G. malpaisensis sp. nov.) endemic to the northern Chihuahuan Desert. Cryptic speciation is likely to be high in other aquatic taxa within these ecosystems, and across arid landscapes throughout North America and elsewhere, suggesting that the magnitude of the Linnean shortfall is currently underestimated in desert springs worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David J Berg
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Hamilton, OH USA
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Abstract
Desert aquatic systems are widely separated, lack hydrologic connections, and are subject to drought. However, they provide unique settings to investigate distributional patterns of micrometazoans, including rotifers. Thus, to understand rotifer biodiversity we sampled 236 sites across an array of habitats including rock pools, springs, tanks, flowing waters, playas, lakes, and reservoirs in the Chihuahuan Desert of the USA (n = 202) and Mexico (n = 34) over a period of >20 years. This allowed us to calculate diversity indices and examine geographic patterns in rotifer community composition. Of ~1850 recognized rotifer species, we recorded 246 taxa (~13%), with greatest diversity in springs (n = 175), lakes (n = 112), and rock pools (n = 72). Sampling effort was positively related to observed richness in springs, lakes, rivers, and tanks. Nestedness analyses indicated that rotifers in these sites, and most subsets thereof, were highly nested (support from 4 null models). Distance was positively correlated with species composition dissimilarity on small spatial scales. We predicted species richness for unsampled locations using empirical Bayesian kriging. These findings provide a better understanding of regional rotifer diversity in aridlands and provide information on potential biodiversity hotspots for aquatic scientists and resource managers.
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Jourdan J, Piro K, Weigand A, Plath M. Small-scale phenotypic differentiation along complex stream gradients in a non-native amphipod. Front Zool 2019; 16:29. [PMID: 31338113 PMCID: PMC6624920 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-019-0327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Selective landscapes in rivers are made up by an array of selective forces that vary from source to downstream regions or between seasons, and local/temporal variation in fitness maxima can result in gradual spatio-temporal variation of phenotypic traits. This study aimed at establishing freshwater amphipods as future model organisms to study adaptive phenotypic diversification (evolutionary divergence and/or adaptive plasticity) along stream gradients. Methods We collected Gammarus roeselii from 16 sampling sites in the Rhine catchment during two consecutive seasons (summer and winter). Altogether, we dissected n = 1648 individuals and quantified key parameters related to morphological and life-history diversification, including naturally selected (e.g., gill surface areas) as well as primarily sexually selected traits (e.g., male antennae). Acknowledging the complexity of selective regimes in streams and the interrelated nature of selection factors, we assessed several abiotic (e.g., temperature, flow velocity) and biotic ecological parameters (e.g., conspecific densities, sex ratios) and condensed them into four principal components (PCs). Results Generalized least squares models revealed pronounced phenotypic differentiation in most of the traits investigated herein, and components of the stream gradient (PCs) explained parts of the observed differences. Depending on the trait under investigation, phenotypic differentiation could be ascribed to variation in abiotic conditions, anthropogenic disturbance (influx of thermally polluted water), or population parameters. For example, female fecundity showed altitudinal variation and decreased with increasing conspecific densities, while sexual dimorphism in the length of male antennae—used for mate finding and assessment—increased with increasing population densities and towards female-biased sex ratios. Conclusions We provide a comprehensive protocol for comparative analyses of intraspecific variation in life history traits in amphipods. Whether the observed phenotypic differentiation over small geographical distances reflects evolutionary divergence or plasticity (or both) remains to be investigated in future studies. Independent of the mechanisms involved, variation in several traits is likely to have consequences for ecosystem functions. For example, leaf-shredding in G. roeselii strongly depends on body size, which varied in dependence of several ecological parameters. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12983-019-0327-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Jourdan
- 1Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Gelnhausen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Piro
- Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Gelnhausen, Germany
| | - Alexander Weigand
- National Museum of Natural History Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Martin Plath
- 4College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China.,5Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
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Discovery of Novaculina myanmarensis sp. nov. (Bivalvia: Pharidae: Pharellinae) closes the freshwater razor clams range disjunction in Southeast Asia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16325. [PMID: 30397264 PMCID: PMC6218526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The razor clam genus Novaculina represents an example of a marine-derived, secondary freshwater group. It was thought to comprise three species: N. gangetica (Ganges and smaller basins in Bangladesh and northwestern Myanmar), N. siamensis (Bang Pakong and Pasak rivers in Thailand and Mekong River in Vietnam), and N. chinensis (lower Yangtze River, China). Here we describe Novaculina myanmarensis sp. nov., an additional species from the Ayeyarwady and Salween basins representing a divergent lineage that appears to be sister to N. gangetica. This new record closes a Novaculina range disjunction between northwestern Myanmar and Thailand. The populations of this novel species share a shallow molecular divergence from each other indicating potential dispersal events between the two distant freshwater basins during the Late Pleistocene. Our ancestral area modeling suggests that the MRCA of Novaculina crown group was a salt-tolerant freshwater species. The recent Novaculina species most likely originated via allopatric speciation. Our findings highlight that generalist estuarine species could have played the role as a source for bivalve expansions into freshwater and that western Indochina is a separate biogeographic subregion, which is clearly distinct from India. A new synonymy is proposed as follows: Pharellinae Stoliczka, 1870 = Novaculininae Ghosh, 1920 syn. nov.
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