WITHDRAWN: lncRNA Linc00173 modulates glucose metabolism and multidrug chemoresistance in SCLC: Potential molecular panel for targeted therapy

Emerging roles of long noncoding RNAs in enzymes related intracellular metabolic pathways in cancer biology

Metabolic reprogramming plays critical roles in the development and progression of tumor by providing cancer cells with a sufficient supply of nutrients and other factors needed for fast-proliferating. Emerging evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the initiation of metastasis via regulating the metabolic reprogramming in various cancers. In this paper, we aim to summarize that lncRNAs could participate in intracellular nutrient metabolism including glucose, amino acid, lipid, and nucleotide, regardless of whether lncRNAs have tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressor function. Meanwhile, modulation of lncRNAs in glucose metabolic enzymes in glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) in cancer is reviewed. We also discuss therapeutic strategies targeted at interfering with enzyme activity to decrease the utilization of glucoses, amino acid, nucleotide acid and lipid in tumor cells. This review focuses on our current understanding of lncRNAs participating in cancer cell metabolic reprogramming, paving the way for further investigation into the combination of such approaches with existing anti-cancer therapies.

Non-coding genome in small cell lung cancer between theoretical view and clinical applications

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive cancer of the neuroendocrine system, characterized by poor differentiation, rapid growth, and poor overall survival (OS) of patients. Despite the recent advances in the treatment of SCLC recently, the 2-year survival rate of patients with the cancer is only 14-15%, occasioned by the acquired resistance to drugs and serious off-target effects. In humans, the coding region is only 2% of the total genome, and 20% of that is associated with human diseases. Beyond the coding genome are RNAs, promoters, enhancers, and other intricate elements. The non-coding regulatory regions, mainly the non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), regulate numerous biological activities including cell proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. As such, they are potential diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers, and also potential therapeutic targets for SCLC. Therefore, understanding how non-coding elements regulate SCLC development and progression holds significant clinical implications. Herein, we summarized the recent discoveries on the relationship between the non-coding elements including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA), microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNA (circRNA), enhancers as well as promotors, and the pathogenesis of SCLC and their potential clinical applications.

NXPH4 Promotes Gemcitabine Resistance in Bladder Cancer by Enhancing Reactive Oxygen Species and Glycolysis Activation through Modulating NDUFA4L2

Bladder cancer is one of the most prevalent kinds of cancer worldwide, and resistance to gemcitabine is a major problem for patients. The pathogenesis of bladder cancer and mechanism of resistance to chemotherapy remain to be explored. Through bioinformatics analysis, we first found that NXPH4 was independently related to the prognosis of patients with bladder cancer. Through wound healing assays, transwell invasion assays, and plate clone formation assays, we found that NXPH4 promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of bladder cancer cells. The induced gemcitabine resistance cell line also showed a higher expression of NXPH4. A glycolytic activity assay demonstrated that the expression of NXPH4 was positively related to glycolysis. A higher level of reactive oxygen species caused by enhanced levels of NXPH4 was found in gemcitabine-resistant cell lines. NDUFA4L2, glycolysis, and reactive oxygen species were shown to be essential for NXPH4-regulated functions through rescue assays in cell lines. The roles of NXPH4-regulated glycolysis, gemcitabine resistance, and NDUFA4L2 were validated in vivo as well. Our results imply that NXPH4 contributes to the proliferation, migration, and invasion of bladder cancer by maintaining the stability of NDUFA4L2 and consequently activating reactive oxygen species and glycolysis.

LncRNA SNHG1 promotes renal cell carcinoma progression through regulation of HMGA2 via sponging miR-103a

BACKGROUND

Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) plays a vital role in tumorigenesis and development. The molecular mechanism of SNHG1 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has not been illustrated. The aim of this research was to explore the expression and function of LncRNA SNHG1 in RCC.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The expression of SNHG1 in clinical tissues and RCC cell lines was detected. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to verify the correlation between SNHG1, miR-103a, and HMGA2. CCK-8 assay was performed to examine cell viability. Cell apoptosis was analyzed using flow cytometry. Cell invasion capacity was determined by Transwell assays. The protein level of HMGA2 was analyzed by Western blotting.

RESULTS

The expression of SNHG1 markedly increased in RCC tissues and cell lines. Subsequent studies identified SNHG1 as a miRNA sponge for miR-103a. In addition, SNHG1 knockdown and miR-103a overexpression significantly inhibited progression of RCC. miR-103a also regulated HMGA2 levels.

CONCLUSION

Our findings showed that SNHG1 was upregulated in RCC cells and tissues. SNHG1 promoted the malignant characteristics of RCC cells. Its regulatory effect may be regulation of HMGA2 by sponging miR-103a. Therefore, Our study facilitates the understanding of SNHG1 function in RCC.

Targeted treatments of AL and ATTR amyloidosis

The therapeutic landscape for cardiac amyloidosis is rapidly evolving. In the last decade, our focus has shifted from dealing with the inevitable complications of continued extracellular infiltration of amyloid fibrils to earlier identification of these patients with prompt initiation of targeted therapy to prevent further deposition. Although much of the focus on novel targeted therapies is within the realm of transthyretin amyloidosis, light chain amyloidosis has benefited due to an overlap particularly in the final common pathway of fibrillogenesis and extraction of amyloid fibrils from the heart. Here, we review the targeted therapeutics for transthyretin and light chain amyloidosis. For transthyretin amyloidosis, the list of current and future therapeutics continues to evolve; and therefore, it is crucial to become familiar with the underlying mechanistic pathways of the disease. Although targeted therapeutic choices in AL amyloidosis are largely driven by the hematology team, the cardiac adverse effect profiles of these therapies, particularly in those with advanced amyloidosis, provide an opportunity for early recognition to prevent decompensation and can help inform recommendations regarding therapy changes when required.