1
|
Castle ME, Flanigan ME. The role of brain serotonin signaling in excessive alcohol consumption and withdrawal: A call for more research in females. Neurobiol Stress 2024; 30:100618. [PMID: 38433994 PMCID: PMC10907856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, but current treatments are insufficient in fully addressing the symptoms that often lead to relapses in alcohol consumption. The brain's serotonin system has been implicated in AUD for decades and is a major regulator of stress-related behaviors associated with increased alcohol consumption. This review will discuss the current literature on the association between neurobiological adaptations in serotonin systems and AUD in humans as well as the effectiveness of serotonin receptor manipulations on alcohol-related behaviors like consumption and withdrawal. We will further discuss how these findings in humans relate to findings in animal models, including a comparison of systemic pharmacological manipulations modulating alcohol consumption. We next provide a detailed overview of brain region-specific roles for serotonin and serotonin receptor signaling in alcohol-related behaviors in preclinical animal models, highlighting the complexity of forming a cohesive model of serotonin function in AUD and providing possible avenues for more effective therapeutic intervention. Throughout the review, we discuss what is known about sex differences in the sequelae of AUD and the role of serotonin in these sequelae. We stress a critical need for additional studies in women and female animals so that we may build a clearer path to elucidating sex-specific serotonergic mechanisms and develop better treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Castle
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Meghan E. Flanigan
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao H, Zhou M, Liu Y, Jiang J, Wang Y. Recent advances in anxiety disorders: Focus on animal models and pathological mechanisms. Animal Model Exp Med 2023; 6:559-572. [PMID: 38013621 PMCID: PMC10757213 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders have become one of the most severe psychiatric disorders, and the incidence is increasing every year. They impose an extraordinary personal and socioeconomic burden. Anxiety disorders are influenced by multiple complex and interacting genetic, psychological, social, and environmental factors, which contribute to disruption or imbalance in homeostasis and eventually cause pathologic anxiety. The selection of a suitable animal model is important for the exploration of disease etiology and pathophysiology, and the development of new drugs. Therefore, a more comprehensive understanding of the advantages and limitations of existing animal models of anxiety disorders is helpful to further study the underlying pathological mechanisms of the disease. This review summarizes animal models and the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders, and discusses the current research status to provide insights for further study of anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongqing Zhao
- Science & technology innovation centerHunan University of Chinese MedicineChangshaChina
| | - Mi Zhou
- Science & technology innovation centerHunan University of Chinese MedicineChangshaChina
| | - Yang Liu
- Science & technology innovation centerHunan University of Chinese MedicineChangshaChina
| | - Jiaqi Jiang
- Science & technology innovation centerHunan University of Chinese MedicineChangshaChina
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Science & technology innovation centerHunan University of Chinese MedicineChangshaChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McElroy BD, Li C, McCloskey NS, Kirby LG. Sex differences in ethanol consumption and drinking despite negative consequences following adolescent social isolation stress in male and female rats. Physiol Behav 2023; 271:114322. [PMID: 37573960 PMCID: PMC10592127 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a debilitating psychiatric disorder characterized by drinking despite negative social and biological consequences. AUDs make up 71% of substance use disorders, with relapse rates as high as 80%. Current treatments stem from data conducted largely in males and fail to target the psychological distress motivating drinking in stress-vulnerable and at-risk populations. Here we employed a rat model and hypothesized that early life stress would reveal sex differences in ethanol intake and drinking despite negative consequences in adulthood. Rats were group housed or isolated postweaning to evaluate sex and stress effects on ethanol consumption in homecage drinking, self-administration (SA), and punished SA (drinking despite negative consequences) in adulthood. Stressed rats showed elevated homecage ethanol intake, an effect more pronounced in females. During SA, males were more sensitive to stress-induced elevations of drinking over time, but females drank more overall. Stressed rats, regardless of sex, responded more for ethanol than their non-stressed counterparts. Stressed females showed greater resistance to punishment-suppressed SA than stressed males, indicating a more stress-resistant drinking phenotype. Results support our hypothesis that adolescent social isolation stress enhances adult ethanol intake in a sex- and model-dependent manner with females being especially sensitive to early life stress-induced elevations in ethanol intake and punished SA in adulthood. Our findings echo the clinical literature which indicates that stress-vulnerable populations are more likely to 'self-medicate' with substances. Elucidating a potential mechanism that underlies why vulnerable populations 'self-medicate' with alcohol can lead towards developing catered pharmacotherapeutics that could reduce punishment-resistant drinking and relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D McElroy
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University Philadelphia, PA, 19140, United States of America.
| | - Chen Li
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University Philadelphia, PA, 19140, United States of America
| | - Nicholas S McCloskey
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University Philadelphia, PA, 19140, United States of America
| | - Lynn G Kirby
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University Philadelphia, PA, 19140, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zheng Y, Pan L, He J, Yan J, Xia Y, Lin C, Chen X, Zhao Q, Zeng Q, Julikezi M, Lin X, Li K, Bu Y, Fan Y, Yao L, Zhang M, Chen Y. Electroacupuncture-modulated extracellular ATP levels in prefrontal cortex ameliorated depressive-like behavior of maternal separation rats. Behav Brain Res 2023; 452:114548. [PMID: 37355234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Maternal separation (MS) is a type of early-life stress that has been linked to neuropsychiatric disorders, especially depression. Increasing evidence indicates that the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in the pathophysiology of depression. To investigate the potential relationship between ATP in PFC and antidepressant effects of electroacupuncture (EA) treatment, we assessed genes involved in ATP biosynthesis as well as the extracellular ATP levels in a rat model exposed to neonatal MS. Our results demonstrated that reduced expression of ABCG2 (an ATP-binding cassette protein) and ATP levels in the PFC of depressive-like rats exposed to MS can be attenuated by EA stimulus at the Baihui (GV20) and Yintang (GV29) acupoints. Moreover, the antidepressant effect of EA treatment was blocked by administration of suramin, a broad purinergic P2 receptor antagonist. Together, these results suggested that electroacupuncture may be able to modulate extracellular ATP levels in the PFC of depressive-like MS rats, potentially contributing to its antidepressant effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjia Zheng
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lingyun Pan
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiang He
- Acupuncture and moxibustion and tuina college, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinglan Yan
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yucen Xia
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chuqi Lin
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuyun Chen
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianyi Zhao
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuxiang Zeng
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maidinaimu Julikezi
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Lin
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaixin Li
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Bu
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yujing Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Yao
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yongjun Chen
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mantsch JR. Corticotropin releasing factor and drug seeking in substance use disorders: Preclinical evidence and translational limitations. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 4:100038. [PMID: 36531188 PMCID: PMC9757758 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), has been an enigmatic target for the development of medications aimed at treating stress-related disorders. Despite a large body of evidence from preclinical studies in rodents demonstrating that CRF receptor antagonists prevent stressor-induced drug seeking, medications targeting the CRF-R1 have failed in clinical trials. Here, we provide an overview of the abundant findings from preclinical rodent studies suggesting that CRF signaling is involved in stressor-induced relapse. The scientific literature that has defined the receptors, mechanisms and neurocircuits through which CRF contributes to stressor-induced reinstatement of drug seeking following self-administration and conditioned place preference in rodents is reviewed. Evidence that CRF signaling is recruited with repeated drug use in a manner that heightens susceptibility to stressor-induced drug seeking in rodents is presented. Factors that may determine the influence of CRF signaling in substance use disorders, including developmental windows, biological sex, and genetics are examined. Finally, we discuss the translational failure of medications targeting CRF signaling as interventions for substance use disorders and other stress-related conditions. We conclude that new perspectives and research directions are needed to unravel the mysterious role of CRF in substance use disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Mantsch
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Harris EP, Villalobos-Manriquez F, Melo TG, Clarke G, O'Leary OF. Stress during puberty exerts sex-specific effects on depressive-like behavior and monoamine neurotransmitters in adolescence and adulthood. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 21:100494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
7
|
Mukherjee D, Bhopal S, Bhavnani S, Sharma KK, Roy R, Divan G, Mandal S, Soremekun S, Kirkwood B, Patel V. The effect of cumulative early life adversities, and their differential mediation through hair cortisol levels, on childhood growth and cognition: Three-year follow-up of a birth cohort in rural India. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:74. [PMID: 35592545 PMCID: PMC9096148 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17712.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Early adversities negatively impact children's growth and development, putatively mediated by chronic physiological stress resulting from these adverse experiences. We aimed to estimate the associations between prospectively measured cumulative early adversities with growth and cognition outcomes in rural Indian preschool children and to explore if hair cortisol concentration (HCC), a measure of chronic physiological stress, mediated the above association. Methods: Participants were recruited from the SPRING cRCT in rural Haryana, India. Adversities experienced through pregnancy and the first year of life were measured in 1304 children at 12-months. HCC was measured at 12-months in 845 of them. Outcome measures were height-for-age-z-score (HAZ), weight-for-age-z-score (WAZ) and cognition, measured in 1124 children followed up at 3-years. Cognition was measured using a validated tablet-based gamified tool named DEEP. Results: Cumulative adversities at 12-months were inversely associated with all outcomes measures at 3-years. Each unit increase in adversity score led to a decrease of 0·08 units [95% confidence interval (CI):-0·11,-0·06] in DEEP-z-score; 0·12 units [-0·14,-0·09] in HAZ and 0·11 units [-0·13,-0·09] in WAZ. 12-month HCC was inversely associated with DEEP-z-score (-0·09 [-0·16,-0·01]) and HAZ (-0·12 [-0·20,-0·04]), but the association with WAZ was not significant (p = 0·142). HCC marginally mediated the association between cumulative adversities and HAZ (proportion mediated = 0·06, p = 0·014). No evidence of mediation was found for the cognition outcome. Conclusions: Cumulative early adversities and HCC measured at 12-months have persistent negative effects on child growth and cognition at 3-years. The association between adversities and these two child outcomes were differentially mediated by HCC, with no evidence of mediation observed for the cognitive outcome. Future studies should focus on other stress biomarkers, and alternate pathways such as the immune, inflammation and cellular ageing pathways, to unpack key mechanisms underlying the established relationship between early adversities and poor child outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Mukherjee
- Life course Epidemiology, Indian Institute of Public Health-Bengaluru, Public Health Foundation of India, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560023, India
| | - Sunil Bhopal
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
- Maternal & Child Health Intervention Research Group, Department of Population Health, Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Supriya Bhavnani
- Child Development Group, Sangath, 451 Bhatkar Waddo, Succor, Bardez, Goa, 403501, India
| | - Kamal Kant Sharma
- Child Development Group, Sangath, 451 Bhatkar Waddo, Succor, Bardez, Goa, 403501, India
| | - Reetabrata Roy
- Maternal & Child Health Intervention Research Group, Department of Population Health, Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Child Development Group, Sangath, 451 Bhatkar Waddo, Succor, Bardez, Goa, 403501, India
| | - Gauri Divan
- Child Development Group, Sangath, 451 Bhatkar Waddo, Succor, Bardez, Goa, 403501, India
| | - Siddhartha Mandal
- Center for Chronic Disease Control, C-1/52, 2ND FL, Safdarjung Development Area, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Seyi Soremekun
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Betty Kirkwood
- Maternal & Child Health Intervention Research Group, Department of Population Health, Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Vikram Patel
- Child Development Group, Sangath, 451 Bhatkar Waddo, Succor, Bardez, Goa, 403501, India
- Department of Global Health & Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 41 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mukherjee D, Bhopal S, Bhavnani S, Sharma KK, Roy R, Divan G, Mandal S, Soremekun S, Kirkwood B, Patel V. The effect of cumulative early life adversities, and their differential mediation through hair cortisol levels, on childhood growth and cognition: Three-year follow-up of a birth cohort in rural India. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:74. [PMID: 35592545 PMCID: PMC9096148 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17712.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Early adversities negatively impact children’s growth and development, putatively mediated by chronic physiological stress resulting from these adverse experiences. We aimed to estimate the associations between prospectively measured cumulative early adversities with growth and cognition outcomes in rural Indian preschool children and to explore if hair cortisol concentration (HCC), a measure of chronic physiological stress, mediated the above association. Methods: Participants were recruited from the SPRING cRCT in rural Haryana, India. Adversities experienced through pregnancy and the first year of life were measured in 1304 children at 12-months. HCC was measured at 12-months in 845 of them. Outcome measures were height-for-age-z-score (HAZ), weight-for-age-z-score (WAZ) and cognition, measured in 1124 children followed up at 3-years. Cognition was measured using a validated tablet-based gamified tool named DEEP. Results: Cumulative adversities at 12-months were inversely associated with all outcomes measures at 3-years. Each unit increase in adversity score led to a decrease of 0·08 units [95% confidence interval (CI):-0·11,-0·06] in DEEP-z-score; 0·12 units [-0·14,-0·09] in HAZ and 0·11 units [-0·13,-0·09] in WAZ. 12-month HCC was inversely associated with DEEP-z-score (-0·09 [-0·16,-0·01]) and HAZ (-0·12 [-0·20,-0·04]), but the association with WAZ was not significant (p = 0·142). HCC marginally mediated the association between cumulative adversities and HAZ (proportion mediated = 0·06, p = 0·014). No evidence of mediation was found for the cognition outcome. Conclusions: Cumulative early adversities and HCC measured at 12-months have persistent negative effects on child growth and cognition at 3-years. The association between adversities and these two child outcomes were differentially mediated by HCC, with no evidence of mediation observed for the cognitive outcome. Future studies should focus on other stress biomarkers, and alternate pathways such as the immune, inflammation and cellular ageing pathways, to unpack key mechanisms underlying the established relationship between early adversities and poor child outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Mukherjee
- Life course Epidemiology, Indian Institute of Public Health-Bengaluru, Public Health Foundation of India, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560023, India
| | - Sunil Bhopal
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
- Maternal & Child Health Intervention Research Group, Department of Population Health, Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Supriya Bhavnani
- Child Development Group, Sangath, 451 Bhatkar Waddo, Succor, Bardez, Goa, 403501, India
| | - Kamal Kant Sharma
- Child Development Group, Sangath, 451 Bhatkar Waddo, Succor, Bardez, Goa, 403501, India
| | - Reetabrata Roy
- Maternal & Child Health Intervention Research Group, Department of Population Health, Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Child Development Group, Sangath, 451 Bhatkar Waddo, Succor, Bardez, Goa, 403501, India
| | - Gauri Divan
- Child Development Group, Sangath, 451 Bhatkar Waddo, Succor, Bardez, Goa, 403501, India
| | - Siddhartha Mandal
- Center for Chronic Disease Control, C-1/52, 2ND FL, Safdarjung Development Area, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Seyi Soremekun
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Betty Kirkwood
- Maternal & Child Health Intervention Research Group, Department of Population Health, Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Vikram Patel
- Child Development Group, Sangath, 451 Bhatkar Waddo, Succor, Bardez, Goa, 403501, India
- Department of Global Health & Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 41 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Levis SC, Baram TZ, Mahler SV. Neurodevelopmental origins of substance use disorders: Evidence from animal models of early-life adversity and addiction. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:2170-2195. [PMID: 33825217 PMCID: PMC8494863 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder with devastating personal, societal, and economic consequences. In humans, early-life adversity (ELA) such as trauma, neglect, and resource scarcity are linked with increased risk of later-life addiction, but the brain mechanisms underlying this link are still poorly understood. Here, we focus on data from rodent models of ELA and addiction, in which causal effects of ELA on later-life responses to drugs and the neurodevelopmental mechanisms by which ELA increases vulnerability to addiction can be determined. We first summarize evidence for a link between ELA and addiction in humans, then describe how ELA is commonly modeled in rodents. Since addiction is a heterogeneous disease with many individually varying behavioral aspects that may be impacted by ELA, we next discuss common rodent assays of addiction-like behaviors. We then summarize the specific addiction-relevant behavioral phenotypes caused by ELA in male and female rodents and discuss some of the underlying changes in brain reward and stress circuits that are likely responsible. By better understanding the behavioral and neural mechanisms by which ELA promotes addiction vulnerability, we hope to facilitate development of new approaches for preventing or treating addiction in those with a history of ELA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia C. Levis
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Tallie Z. Baram
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Stephen V. Mahler
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Meulewaeter F, De Schauwer E, De Pauw SSW, Vanderplasschen W. "I Grew Up Amidst Alcohol and Drugs:" a Qualitative Study on the Lived Experiences of Parental Substance Use Among Adults Who Developed Substance Use Disorders Themselves. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:768802. [PMID: 35185647 PMCID: PMC8847438 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.768802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiencing parental substance use (PSU) has been associated with a heightened risk of developing substance use disorders (SUDs) in offspring. The primary goal of this study was to explore perspectives of adult children with lived experience of PSU who also developed SUDs themselves through first-hand experience. This study was conducted in Flanders (Belgium). A qualitative exploratory research design was applied. Seventeen semi-structured interviews were conducted with adult children of parents with SUDs (range: 29-48 years) who themselves had developed SUDs. All interviews were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. Three overarching themes emerged through thematic analysis: 1) loneliness and neglect in childhood; 2) stigma and the self; and 3) the role of social connection in substance use and recovery. The narratives highlighted the central role of feelings of loneliness, isolation and belonging among children of parents with SUDs in childhood and adulthood. Increasing public awareness on the impact of PSU on children and accessible support is needed to overcome stigma and remove barriers to social inclusion for children of parents with SUDs. Findings may prove valuable in informing policy, program and treatment development aimed at breaking maladaptive intergenerational cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florien Meulewaeter
- Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gugula A, Trenk A, Celary A, Cizio K, Tylko G, Blasiak A, Hess G. Early-life stress modifies the reactivity of neurons in the ventral tegmental area and lateral hypothalamus to acute stress in female rats. Neuroscience 2022; 490:49-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
12
|
Tschetter KE, Callahan LB, Flynn SA, Rahman S, Beresford TP, Ronan PJ. Early life stress and susceptibility to addiction in adolescence. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 161:277-302. [PMID: 34801172 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) is a risk factor for developing a host of psychiatric disorders. Adolescence is a particularly vulnerable period for the onset of these disorders and substance use disorders (SUDs). Here we discuss ELS and its effects in adolescence, especially SUDs, and their correlates with molecular changes to signaling systems in reward and stress neurocircuits. Using a maternal separation (MS) model of neonatal ELS, we studied a range of behaviors that comprise a "drug-seeking" phenotype. We then investigated potential mechanisms underlying the development of this phenotype. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and serotonin (5-HT) are widely believed to be involved in "stress-induced" disorders, including addiction. Here, we show that ELS leads to the development of a drug-seeking phenotype indicative of increased susceptibility to addiction and concomitant sex-dependent upregulation of CRF and 5-HT system components throughout extended brain reward/stress neurocircuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Tschetter
- Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Healthcare System, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - L B Callahan
- Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Healthcare System, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - S A Flynn
- Department of Psychiatry and Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - S Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - T P Beresford
- Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Research in Psychiatry, Rocky Mountain Regional, VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - P J Ronan
- Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Healthcare System, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Research in Psychiatry, Rocky Mountain Regional, VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bardo MT, Hammerslag LR, Malone SG. Effect of early life social adversity on drug abuse vulnerability: Focus on corticotropin-releasing factor and oxytocin. Neuropharmacology 2021; 191:108567. [PMID: 33862030 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early life adversity can set the trajectory for later psychiatric disorders, including substance use disorders. There are a host of neurobiological factors that may play a role in the negative trajectory. The current review examines preclinical evidence suggesting that early life adversity specifically involving social factors (maternal separation, adolescent social isolation and adolescent social defeat) may influence drug abuse vulnerability by strengthening corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems and weakening oxytocin (OT) systems. In adulthood, pharmacological and genetic evidence indicates that both CRF and OT systems are directly involved in drug reward processes. With early life adversity, numerous studies show an increase in drug abuse vulnerability measured in adulthood, along a concomitant strengthening of CRF systems and a weakening of OT systems. Mechanistic studies, while relatively few in number, are generally consistent with the theme that strengthened CRF systems and weakened OT systems mediate, at least in part, the link between early life adversity and drug abuse vulnerability. Establishing a direct role of CRF and OT in mediating the relation between early life social stressors and drug abuse vulnerability will inform clinical researchers and practitioners toward the development of intervention strategies to reduce risk among those suffering from early life adversities. This article is part of the special issue on 'Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Bardo
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA.
| | - Lindsey R Hammerslag
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| | - Samantha G Malone
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Henderson HJM, Etem G, Bjorni M, Belnap MA, Rosellini B, Halladay LR. Sex-dependent and ontogenetic effects of low dose ethanol on social behavioral deficits induced by mouse maternal separation. Behav Brain Res 2021; 406:113241. [PMID: 33727047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress can induce lifelong emotional and social behavioral deficits that may in some cases be alleviated by drugs or alcohol. A model for early life stress, rodent maternal separation, recapitulates these behavioral sequelae, which are not limited to potentiated anxiety-like behavior, attenuated social motivation, and altered reward-seeking. Here we employed mouse maternal separation with early weaning (MSEW), consisting of pup-dam separation lasting 4-8 hours on postnatal days (PD) 2-16, with early weaning on PD 17. Prior MSEW studies have limited subjects by age or sex, so we more comprehensively investigated MSEW effects in both sexes, during adolescence and adulthood. We found universal effects of MSEW to include lifelong enhancement of anxiety-like and despair behavior, as well as deficits in social motivation. We also observed some sex-dependent effects of MSEW, namely that female MSEW mice exhibited social habituation to a greater degree than their male counterparts. Low dose ethanol administration had no major effects on the social behavior of non-stressed mice. But interestingly, MSEW-induced social habituation was counteracted by low dose ethanol in adolescent female mice, and potentiated in adolescent male mice. These effects were absent in adult animals, suggesting that ethanol may exert differential effects on the developing brain in such a manner to produce age-, sex-, and stress-dependent effects upon social behavior. Together, results indicate that MSEW reliably produces long-lasting impairments in emotional and social behaviors in both sexes and across the lifespan, but may exert more salient social behavioral effects on female animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J M Henderson
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Gabrielle Etem
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Max Bjorni
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Malia A Belnap
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Bryce Rosellini
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Lindsay R Halladay
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Levis SC, Mahler SV, Baram TZ. The Developmental Origins of Opioid Use Disorder and Its Comorbidities. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:601905. [PMID: 33643011 PMCID: PMC7904686 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.601905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) rarely presents as a unitary psychiatric condition, and the comorbid symptoms likely depend upon the diverse risk factors and mechanisms by which OUD can arise. These factors are heterogeneous and include genetic predisposition, exposure to prescription opioids, and environmental risks. Crucially, one key environmental risk factor for OUD is early life adversity (ELA). OUD and other substance use disorders are widely considered to derive in part from abnormal reward circuit function, which is likely also implicated in comorbid mental illnesses such as depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. ELA may disrupt reward circuit development and function in a manner predisposing to these disorders. Here, we describe new findings addressing the effects of ELA on reward circuitry that lead to OUD and comorbid disorders, potentially via shared neural mechanisms. We discuss some of these OUD-related problems in both humans and animals. We also highlight the increasingly apparent, crucial contribution of biological sex in mediating the range of ELA-induced disruptions of reward circuitry which may confer risk for the development of OUD and comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia C. Levis
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Stephen V. Mahler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Tallie Z. Baram
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wiss DA, Avena N, Gold M. Food Addiction and Psychosocial Adversity: Biological Embedding, Contextual Factors, and Public Health Implications. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3521. [PMID: 33207612 PMCID: PMC7698089 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of stress, trauma, and adversity particularly early in life has been identified as a contributing factor in both drug and food addictions. While links between traumatic stress and substance use disorders are well documented, the pathways to food addiction and obesity are less established. This review focuses on psychosocial and neurobiological factors that may increase risk for addiction-like behaviors and ultimately increase BMI over the lifespan. Early childhood and adolescent adversity can induce long-lasting alterations in the glucocorticoid and dopamine systems that lead to increased addiction vulnerability later in life. Allostatic load, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and emerging data on epigenetics in the context of biological embedding are highlighted. A conceptual model for food addiction is proposed, which integrates data on the biological embedding of adversity as well as upstream psychological, social, and environmental factors. Dietary restraint as a feature of disordered eating is discussed as an important contextual factor related to food addiction. Discussion of various public health and policy considerations are based on the concept that improved knowledge of biopsychosocial mechanisms contributing to food addiction may decrease stigma associated with obesity and disordered eating behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Wiss
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Nicole Avena
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Mark Gold
- School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hu P, Maita I, Phan ML, Gu E, Kwok C, Dieterich A, Gergues MM, Yohn CN, Wang Y, Zhou JN, Qi XR, Swaab DF, Pang ZP, Lucassen PJ, Roepke TA, Samuels BA. Early-life stress alters affective behaviors in adult mice through persistent activation of CRH-BDNF signaling in the oval bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:396. [PMID: 33177511 PMCID: PMC7658214 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-life stress (ELS) leads to stress-related psychopathology in adulthood. Although dysfunction of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) signaling in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) mediates chronic stress-induced maladaptive affective behaviors that are historically associated with mood disorders such as anxiety and depression, it remains unknown whether ELS affects CRH function in the adult BNST. Here we applied a well-established ELS paradigm (24 h maternal separation (MS) at postnatal day 3) and assessed the effects on CRH signaling and electrophysiology in the oval nucleus of BNST (ovBNST) of adult male mouse offspring. ELS increased maladaptive affective behaviors, and amplified mEPSCs and decreased M-currents (a voltage-gated K+ current critical for stabilizing membrane potential) in ovBNST CRH neurons, suggesting enhanced cellular excitability. Furthermore, ELS increased the numbers of CRH+ and PACAP+ (the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, an upstream CRH regulator) cells and decreased STEP+ (striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase, a CRH inhibitor) cells in BNST. Interestingly, ELS also increased BNST brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, indicating enhanced neuronal plasticity. These electrophysiological and behavioral effects of ELS were reversed by chronic application of the CRHR1-selective antagonist R121919 into ovBNST, but not when BDNF was co-administered. In addition, the neurophysiological effects of BDNF on M-currents and mEPSCs in BNST CRH neurons mimic effects and were abolished by PKC antagonism. Together, our findings indicate that ELS results in a long-lasting activation of CRH signaling in the mouse ovBNST. These data highlight a regulatory role of CRHR1 in the BNST and for BDNF signaling in mediating ELS-induced long-term behavioral changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pu Hu
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Isabella Maita
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Mimi L. Phan
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Edward Gu
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Christopher Kwok
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Andrew Dieterich
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Mark M. Gergues
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA ,grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Present Address: Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Christine N. Yohn
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Yu Wang
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Life Science School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027 China
| | - Jiang-Ning Zhou
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Life Science School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027 China
| | - Xin-Rui Qi
- grid.412538.90000 0004 0527 0050Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Dick F. Swaab
- grid.418101.d0000 0001 2153 6865Department of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam 1105 BA The Netherlands
| | - Zhiping P. Pang
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Paul J. Lucassen
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Troy A. Roepke
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Benjamin A. Samuels
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kolla NJ, Bortolato M. The role of monoamine oxidase A in the neurobiology of aggressive, antisocial, and violent behavior: A tale of mice and men. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 194:101875. [PMID: 32574581 PMCID: PMC7609507 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, research has revealed that genetic factors shape the propensity for aggressive, antisocial, and violent behavior. The best-documented gene implicated in aggression is MAOA (Monoamine oxidase A), which encodes the key enzyme for the degradation of serotonin and catecholamines. Congenital MAOA deficiency, as well as low-activity MAOA variants, has been associated with a higher risk for antisocial behavior (ASB) and violence, particularly in males with a history of child maltreatment. Indeed, the interplay between low MAOA genetic variants and early-life adversity is the best-documented gene × environment (G × E) interaction in the pathophysiology of aggression and ASB. Additional evidence indicates that low MAOA activity in the brain is strongly associated with a higher propensity for aggression; furthermore, MAOA inhibition may be one of the primary mechanisms whereby prenatal smoke exposure increases the risk of ASB. Complementary to these lines of evidence, mouse models of Maoa deficiency and G × E interactions exhibit striking similarities with clinical phenotypes, proving to be valuable tools to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying antisocial and aggressive behavior. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the knowledge on the involvement of MAOA in aggression, as defined by preclinical and clinical evidence. In particular, we show how the convergence of human and animal research is proving helpful to our understanding of how MAOA influences antisocial and violent behavior and how it may assist in the development of preventative and therapeutic strategies for aggressive manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Kolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) Research Imaging Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Violence Prevention Neurobiological Research Unit, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada; Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, ON, Canada; Translational Initiative on Antisocial Personality Disorder (TrIAD); Program of Research on Violence Etiology, Neurobiology, and Treatment (PReVENT).
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Translational Initiative on Antisocial Personality Disorder (TrIAD); Program of Research on Violence Etiology, Neurobiology, and Treatment (PReVENT).
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gupta A, Osadchiy V, Mayer EA. Brain-gut-microbiome interactions in obesity and food addiction. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:655-672. [PMID: 32855515 PMCID: PMC7841622 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0341-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Normal eating behaviour is coordinated by the tightly regulated balance between intestinal and extra-intestinal homeostatic and hedonic mechanisms. By contrast, food addiction is a complex, maladaptive eating behaviour that reflects alterations in brain-gut-microbiome (BGM) interactions and a shift of this balance towards hedonic mechanisms. Each component of the BGM axis has been implicated in the development of food addiction, with both brain to gut and gut to brain signalling playing a role. Early-life influences can prime the infant gut microbiome and brain for food addiction, which might be further reinforced by increased antibiotic usage and dietary patterns throughout adulthood. The ubiquitous availability and marketing of inexpensive, highly palatable and calorie-dense food can further shift this balance towards hedonic eating through both central (disruptions in dopaminergic signalling) and intestinal (vagal afferent function, metabolic endotoxaemia, systemic immune activation, changes to gut microbiome and metabolome) mechanisms. In this Review, we propose a systems biology model of BGM interactions, which incorporates published reports on food addiction, and provides novel insights into treatment targets aimed at each level of the BGM axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Gupta
- G. Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vadim Osadchiy
- G. Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emeran A Mayer
- G. Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center at University of California Los Angeles, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Spyrka J, Gugula A, Rak A, Tylko G, Hess G, Blasiak A. Early life stress-induced alterations in the activity and morphology of ventral tegmental area neurons in female rats. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 13:100250. [PMID: 33344705 PMCID: PMC7739067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment, which can take the form of physical or psychological abuse, is experienced by more than a quarter of all children. Early life stress has substantial and long-term consequences, including an increased risk of drug abuse and psychiatric disorders in adolescence and adulthood, and this risk is higher in women than in men. The neuronal mechanisms underlying the influence of early life adversities on brain functioning remain poorly understood; therefore, in the current study, we used maternal separation (MS), a rodent model of early-life neglect, to verify its influence on the properties of neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a brain area critically involved in reward and motivation processing. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices from adolescent female Sprague-Dawley rats, we found an MS-induced increase in the excitability of putative dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons selectively in the medial part of the VTA. We also showed an enhancement of excitatory synaptic transmission in VTA putative DAergic neurons. MS-induced alterations in electrophysiology were accompanied by an increase in the diameter of dendritic spine heads on lateral VTA DAergic neurons, although the overall dendritic spine density remained unchanged. Finally, we reported MS-related increases in basal plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels. These results show the long-term consequences of early life stress and indicate the possible neuronal mechanisms of behavioral disturbances in individuals who experience early life neglect. Adversity in early life is a predisposing factor for psychiatric disorders. Maternal separation (MS) increases excitability of dopaminergic VTA neurons. Early life stress enhances excitatory synaptic transmission in the VTA. MS changes morphology of dendritic spine heads on VTA dopaminergic neurons. Early life stress increases basal ACTH and corticosterone levels in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Spyrka
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Gugula
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Tylko
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Hess
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Blasiak
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Emmons R, Sadok T, Rovero NG, Belnap MA, Henderson HJM, Quan AJ, Del Toro NJ, Halladay LR. Chemogenetic manipulation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis counteracts social behavioral deficits induced by early life stress in C57BL/6J mice. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:90-109. [PMID: 32476178 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Trauma during critical periods of development can induce long-lasting adverse effects. To study neural aberrations resulting from early life stress (ELS), many studies utilize rodent maternal separation, whereby pups are intermittently deprived of maternal care necessary for proper development. This can produce adulthood behavioral deficits related to anxiety, reward, and social behavior. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) encodes aspects of anxiety-like and social behaviors, and also undergoes developmental maturation during the early postnatal period, rendering it vulnerable to effects of ELS. Mice underwent maternal separation (separation 4 hr/day during postnatal day (PD)2-5 and 8 hr/day on PD6-16) with early weaning on PD17, which induced behavioral deficits in adulthood performance on two-part social interaction task designed to test social motivation (choice between a same-sex novel conspecific or an empty cup) and social novelty preference (choice between the original-novel conspecific vs. a new-novel conspecific). We used chemogenetics to non-selectively silence or activate neurons in the BNST to examine its role in social motivation and social novelty preference, in mice with or without the history of ELS. Manipulation of BNST produced differing social behavior effects in non-stressed versus ELS mice; social motivation was decreased in non-stressed mice following BNST activation, but unchanged following BNST silencing, while ELS mice showed no change in social behavior after BNST activation, but exhibited enhancement of social motivation-for which they were deficient prior-following BNST silencing. Findings emphasize the BNST as a potential therapeutic target for social anxiety disorders instigated by childhood trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randi Emmons
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Tasneem Sadok
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Natalie G Rovero
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Malia A Belnap
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | | | - Alex J Quan
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Noël J Del Toro
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pajser A, Limoges A, Long C, Pickens CL. Individual differences in voluntary alcohol consumption are associated with conditioned fear in the fear incubation model. Behav Brain Res 2019; 362:299-310. [PMID: 30664887 PMCID: PMC6415663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Previous research in male Long Evans rats has shown a relationship between low voluntary alcohol consumption and high conditioned fear after a single training session. Here, we determined whether chronic intermittent access (CIA) to alcohol during adolescence/early adulthood or during adulthood would alter or be associated with auditory-cued conditioned fear levels using an extended training fear incubation procedure. This training procedure leads to low fear soon after training that grows over one month. Rats received 6 weeks of CIA to 20% alcohol or water from PND 26-66. Ten or eleven days later, the rats began behavioral testing that included 10 sessions of tone-shock pairings. Rats then received 4 weeks of CIA exposure during the 1-month fear incubation period and were tested for conditioned fear 6 days after the end of alcohol access. We found no evidence that voluntary alcohol consumption during adolescence/early adulthood or adulthood altered fear expression. However, we found that rats that consumed more alcohol during early adulthood (PND 54-66) had lower fear than low-consumption rats on day 1 of conditioned fear training and in the day 2 and 1-month tests. This extends associations we previously found between individual differences in alcohol consumption and conditioned fear to a different fear conditioning procedure. Combined with our previous data that show that the rate of instrumental extinction is associated with both alcohol consumption and conditioned fear, these data provide further support for the generality and reliability of a pair of phenotypes that encompass a wide variety of learning traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Pajser
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Aaron Limoges
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Charday Long
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Charles L Pickens
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Reglodi D, Toth D, Vicena V, Manavalan S, Brown D, Getachew B, Tizabi Y. Therapeutic potential of PACAP in alcohol toxicity. Neurochem Int 2019; 124:238-244. [PMID: 30682380 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol addiction is a worldwide concern as its detrimental effects go far beyond the addicted individual and can affect the entire family as well as the community. Considerable effort is being expended in understanding the neurobiological basis of such addiction in hope of developing effective prevention and/or intervention strategies. In addition, organ damage and neurotoxicological effects of alcohol are intensely investigated. Pharmacological approaches, so far, have only provided partial success in prevention or treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD) including the neurotoxicological consequences of heavy drinking. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an endogenous 38 amino-acid neuropeptide with demonstrated protection against neuronal injury, trauma as well as various endogenous and exogenous toxic agents including alcohol. In this mini-review, following a brief presentation of alcohol addiction and its neurotoxicity, the potential of PACAP as a therapeutic intervention in toxicological consequences of this devastating disorder is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs Medical School, Hungary.
| | - Denes Toth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Pecs Medical School, Hungary
| | - Viktoria Vicena
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs Medical School, Hungary
| | - Sridharan Manavalan
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs Medical School, Hungary; Department of Basic Sciences, National University of Health Sciences, Florida, USA
| | - Dwayne Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bruk Getachew
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|