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Patidar K, Versypt ANF. Logic-Based Modeling of Inflammatory Macrophage Crosstalk with Glomerular Endothelial Cells in Diabetic Kidney Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.04.535594. [PMID: 37066138 PMCID: PMC10104015 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.04.535594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease is a complication in 1 out of 3 patients with diabetes. Aberrant glucose metabolism in diabetes leads to an immune response causing inflammation and to structural and functional damage in the glomerular cells of the kidney. Complex cellular signaling lies at the core of metabolic and functional derangement. Unfortunately, the mechanism underlying the role of inflammation in glomerular endothelial cell dysfunction during diabetic kidney disease is not fully understood. Computational models in systems biology allow the integration of experimental evidence and cellular signaling networks to understand mechanisms involved in disease progression. We built a logic-based ordinary differential equations model to study macrophage-dependent inflammation in glomerular endothelial cells during diabetic kidney disease progression. We studied the crosstalk between macrophages and glomerular endothelial cells in the kidney using a protein signaling network stimulated with glucose and lipopolysaccharide. The network and model were built using the open-source software package Netflux. This modeling approach overcomes the complexity of studying network models and the need for extensive mechanistic details. The model simulations were fitted and validated against available biochemical data from in vitro experiments. The model identified mechanisms responsible for dysregulated signaling in macrophages and glomerular endothelial cells during diabetic kidney disease. In addition, we investigated the influence of signaling interactions and species that on glomerular endothelial cell morphology through selective knockdown and downregulation. We found that partial knockdown of VEGF receptor 1, PLC-γ, adherens junction proteins, and calcium partially recovered the endothelial cell fenestration size. Our model findings contribute to understanding signaling and molecular perturbations that affect the glomerular endothelial cells in the early stage of diabetic kidney disease.
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Ornoy A, Miller RK. Yolk sac development, function and role in rodent pregnancy. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:1243-1254. [PMID: 36949669 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
During the early phases of embryonic development, the yolk sac serves as an initial placenta in many animal species. While in some, this role subsides around the end of active organogenesis, it continues to have important functions in rodents, alongside the chorio-allantoic placenta. The yolk sac is the initial site of hematopoiesis in many animal species including primates. Cells of epiblastic origin form blood islands that are the forerunners of hematopoietic cells and of the primitive endothelial cells that form the vitelline circulation. The yolk sac is also a major route of embryonic and fetal nutrition apparently as long as it functions. In mammals and especially rodents, macro and micronutrients are absorbed by active pinocytosis into the visceral yolk sac, degraded and the degradation products (i.e., amino acids) are then transferred to the embryo. Interference with the yolk sac function may directly reflect on embryonic growth and development, inducing congenital malformations or in extreme damage, causing embryonic and fetal death. In rodents, many agents were found to damage the yolk sac (i.e., anti-yolk sac antibodies or toxic substances interfering with yolk sac pinocytosis) subsequently affecting the embryo/fetus. Often, the damage to the yolk sac is transient while embryonic damage persists. In humans, decreased yolk sac diameter was associated with diabetic pregnancies and increased diameter was associated with pregnancy loss. In addition, culture of rat yolk sacs in serum obtained from pregnant diabetic women or from women with autoimmune diseases induced severe damage to the visceral yolk sac epithelium and embryonic malformations. It can be concluded that as a result of the crucial role of the yolk sac in the well-being of the early embryo, any damage to its normal function may severely and irreversibly affect further development of the embryo/fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Ornoy
- Department of Morphological Sciences and Teratology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University and Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Richard K Miller
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology, of Pediatrics, of Pathology and of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642, USA
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Zhang M, Salbaum JM, Jones S, Burk D, Kappen C. Aberrant lipid accumulation in the mouse visceral yolk sac resulting from maternal diabetes and obesity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1073807. [PMID: 36936697 PMCID: PMC10014468 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1073807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal diabetes and obesity in pregnancy are well-known risk factors for structural birth defects, including neural tube defects and congenital heart defects. Progeny from affected pregnancies are also predisposed to developing cardiometabolic disease in later life. Based upon in vitro embryo cultures of rat embryos, it was postulated that nutrient uptake by the yolk sac is deficient in diabetic pregnancies. In contrast, using two independent mouse models of maternal diabetes, and a high-fat diet-feeding model of maternal obesity, we observed excessive lipid accumulation at 8.5 days in the yolk sac. The numbers as well as sizes of intracellular lipid droplets were increased in yolk sacs of embryos from diabetic and obese pregnancies. Maternal metabolic disease did not affect expression of lipid transporter proteins, including ApoA1, ApoB and SR-B1, consistent with our earlier report that expression of glucose and fatty acid transporter genes was also unchanged in diabetic pregnancy-derived yolk sacs. Colocalization of lipid droplets with lysosomes was significantly reduced in the yolk sacs from diabetic and obese pregnancies compared to yolk sacs from normal pregnancies. We therefore conclude that processing of lipids is defective in pregnancies affected by maternal metabolic disease, which may lead to reduced availability of lipids to the developing embryo. The possible implications of insufficient supply of lipids -and potentially of other nutrients-to the embryos experiencing adverse pregnancy conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- Developmental Biology, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | | | - Sydney Jones
- Regulation of Gene Expression, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - David Burk
- Cell Biology and Bioimaging Core, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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Fordjour L, Cai C, Bronshtein V, Bronshtein M, Aranda JV, Beharry KD. Growth factors in the fetus and pre-adolescent offspring of hyperglycemic rats. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2021; 18:14791641211011025. [PMID: 33913361 PMCID: PMC8482349 DOI: 10.1177/14791641211011025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal hyperglycemia influences childhood metabolic syndrome, including obesity and hyperglycemia. We tested the hypothesis that the maternal hyperglycemia influences growth factors in the fetal and pre-adolescent offspring. METHODS Hyperglycemia was induced in pregnant rats on embryonic day (E)16 using streptozocin followed by implantation with insulin or placebo pellets at embryonic day 18 (E18). Fetuses at E20 and pre-adolescent pups at postnatal day 14 (P14) were studied: (1) normal untreated controls (CTL) at E20; (2) hyperglycemic placebo-treated (HPT) at E20; (3) hyperglycemic insulin-treated (HIT) at E20; (4) CTL at P14; and (5) HIT at P14. Fetal and pre-adolescent growth factors were determined. RESULTS Biomarkers of hypoxia were elevated in the HPT group at E20. This group did not survive to term. Maternal insulin improved fetal survival despite lower fetal body weight at E20, however, at normal birth (postnatal day 0 (P0)) and at P14, body weights and blood glucose were higher than CTL. These high levels correlated with aberrant growth factors. Maternal hyperglycemia influenced glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucagon, insulin, interleukin-10, and leptin genes. CONCLUSIONS The impact of maternal hyperglycemia on pre-adolescent glucose and body weight was not a consequence of maternal overnutrition. This suggests an independent link which may affect offspring metabolic health in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Fordjour
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal
Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Downstate Medical
Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Charles Cai
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal
Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Downstate Medical
Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Vadim Bronshtein
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal
Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Downstate Medical
Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Mayan Bronshtein
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal
Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Downstate Medical
Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Jacob V Aranda
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal
Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Downstate Medical
Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, State
University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- State University of New York Eye
Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kay D Beharry
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal
Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Downstate Medical
Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, State
University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- State University of New York Eye
Institute, New York, NY, USA
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Rykiel G, Gray M, Rongish B, Rugonyi S. Transient increase in VEGF-A leads to cardiac tube anomalies and increased risk of congenital heart malformations. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:2685-2702. [PMID: 33620155 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a critical role during early heart development. Clinical evidence shows that conditions associated with changes in VEGF signaling in utero are correlated with an increased risk of congenital heart defects (CHD) in newborns. However, how malformations develop after abnormal VEGF exposure is unknown. During embryogenesis, a primitive heart, consisting of an endocardial tube enveloped by a myocardial mantle, is the first organ to function. This tubular heart ultimately transforms into a four-chambered heart. To determine how a transient increase in VEGF prior to heart tube formation affects heart development leading to CHD, we applied exogenous VEGF or a control (vehicle) solution to quail embryos in ovo at Hamburger-Hamilton (HH) stage 8 (28-30 hr of incubation), right before heart tube formation. Light microscopy analysis of embryos re-incubated after treatment for 13 hrs (to approximately HH11/HH12) showed that increased VEGF leads to impaired heart tube elongation accompanied by diameter expansion. Micro-CT analysis of embryos re-incubated for 9 days (to approximately HH38), when the heart is fully formed, showed that VEGF treatment increased the rate of cardiac malformations in surviving embryos. Despite no sex differences in survival, female embryos were more likely to develop cardiac malformations. Our results further suggest that heart tube malformations after a transient increase in VEGF right before heart tube formation may be reversible, leading to normal hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Rykiel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - MacKenzie Gray
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Brenda Rongish
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Sandra Rugonyi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Cao S, Reece EA, Shen WB, Yang P. Restoring BMP4 expression in vascular endothelial progenitors ameliorates maternal diabetes-induced apoptosis and neural tube defects. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:859. [PMID: 33060561 PMCID: PMC7562732 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During mouse embryonic development, vasculogenesis initially occurs in the yolk sac, preceding neurulation. Our previous studies have demonstrated that maternal diabetes induces embryonic vasculopathy at early embryonic developmental stage by suppressing the expression of vascular growth factors including BMP4 (bone morphogenetic protein 4). This study aimed to determine whether restoring diabetes-inhibited BMP4 expression in Flk-1+ progenitors effectively prevented maternal diabetes-induced embryonic vasculopathy and NTDs. Transgenic (Tg) BMP4 expression in the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (Flk-1)-positive (Flk-1+) progenitors was achieved by crossing a Floxed BMP4 Tg mouse line with the Flk-1-Cre mouse line. Non-BMP4 Tg and BMP4 Tg embryos were harvested at E8.5 to assess the expression of BMP4, markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress, and expression of the Id genes, direct targets of BMP4; and the presence of cleaved caspase 3 and 8, apoptosis, and Smad signaling. BMP4 Tg overexpression neutralized its down-regulation by maternal diabetes in E8.5 embryos. Maternal diabetes-induced Flk-1+ progenitor apoptosis, impairment of blood island formation, and reduction of Flk-1+ progenitor number and blood vessel density, which were reversed by BMP4 Tg expression. BMP4 Tg expression in Flk-1+ progenitors blocked maternal diabetes-induced vasculopathy in early stage embryos (E7.5-E8.5) and consequently led to amelioration of maternal diabetes-induced neural tube defects (NTDs) at E10.5. BMP4 Tg expression inhibited maternal diabetes-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and caspase cascade activation in the developing neuroepithelium, and reduced neuroepithelial cell apoptosis. BMP4 Tg expression re-activated Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation and reversed maternal diabetes-suppressed Smad4 expression. BMP4 Tg expression restored Id1 and Smad6 expression inhibited by maternal diabetes. In vitro, recombinant BMP4 protein blocked high glucose-induced Flk-1+ progenitor apoptosis and NTDs. These data demonstrate that BMP4 down-regulation in Flk-1+ progenitors are responsible for diabetes-induced yolk sac vasculopathy, and that restoring BMP4 expression prevents vasculopathy and rescues neuroepithelial cells from cellular organelle stress, leading to NTD reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songying Cao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - E Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Wei-Bin Shen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Erkamp JS, Geurtsen ML, Duijts L, Reiss IKM, Mulders AGMGJ, Steegers EAP, Gaillard R, Jaddoe VWV. Associations of Maternal Early-Pregnancy Glucose Concentrations With Placental Hemodynamics, Blood Pressure, and Gestational Hypertensive Disorders. Am J Hypertens 2020; 33:660-669. [PMID: 32322887 PMCID: PMC10868575 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with increased risks of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. We hypothesized that high maternal glucose concentrations in early pregnancy are associated with adverse placental adaptations and subsequently altered uteroplacental hemodynamics during pregnancy, predisposing to an increased risk of gestational hypertensive disorders. METHODS In a population-based prospective cohort study from early pregnancy onwards, among 6,078 pregnant women, maternal early-pregnancy non-fasting glucose concentrations were measured. Mid and late pregnancy uterine and umbilical artery resistance indices were assessed by Doppler ultrasound. Maternal blood pressure was measured in early, mid, and late pregnancy and the occurrence of gestational hypertensive disorders was assessed using hospital registries. RESULTS Maternal early-pregnancy glucose concentrations were not associated with mid or late pregnancy placental hemodynamic markers. A 1 mmol/l increase in maternal early-pregnancy glucose concentrations was associated with 0.71 mm Hg (95% confidence interval 0.22-1.22) and 0.48 mm Hg (95% confidence interval 0.10-0.86) higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure in early pregnancy, respectively, but not with blood pressure in later pregnancy. Also, maternal glucose concentrations were not associated with the risks of gestational hypertension or preeclampsia. CONCLUSIONS Maternal early-pregnancy non-fasting glucose concentrations within the normal range are associated with blood pressure in early pregnancy, but do not seem to affect placental hemodynamics and the risks of gestational hypertensive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan S Erkamp
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Madelon L Geurtsen
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Duijts
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irwin K M Reiss
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie G M G J Mulders
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric A P Steegers
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Romy Gaillard
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Deng B, Luo Q, Halim A, Liu Q, Zhang B, Song G. The Antiangiogenesis Role of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Their Potential Application to Tumor Therapy and Tissue Repair. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 39:167-176. [PMID: 31808715 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.4877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, a process of new blood vessel formation from existing blood vessels, plays an important role in tumor growth and the tissue repair process. It is generally acknowledged that angiogenesis might contribute two both processes. In tumor growth, angiogenesis often increases oncogenic signaling, and in tissue repair, it decreases the stiffness of wound tissue and potentially exacerbates scar formation, resulting in pain and poor function. These poor outcomes are due to an increase in the expression of important genes involved in angiogenesis, such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and its transcriptional target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Therefore, this adverse effect of angiogenesis should be taken into consideration. Limiting vessel growth instead of boosting growth may be beneficial for favorable long-term healing outcomes. Posttranslational modifications, including acetylation, which is mediated by histone acetyltransferases, and deacetylation, which is mediated by histone deacetylases (HDACs), are critical to HIF-1α function. Most studies have indicated that HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) show great promise as antiangiogenic agents in the early phase of clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the role of the HDACs HIF-1α and VEGF in angiogenesis. Furthermore, we also discuss the molecular and cellular underpinnings of the effects of HDACIs on antiangiogenesis, which creates new avenues for anticancer therapeutics and the repair of wounded tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Alexander Halim
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiuping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bingyu Zhang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, College of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Guanbin Song
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will focus on the long-term outcomes in offspring exposed to in utero hyperglycemia and gestational diabetes (GDM), including obesity, adiposity, glucose metabolism, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and puberty. RECENT FINDINGS There is evidence, mostly from observational studies, that offspring of GDM mothers have increased risk of obesity, increased adiposity, disorders of glucose metabolism (insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes), and hypertension. In contrast, evidence from the two intervention studies of treatment of mild GDM and childhood measures of BMI, adiposity, and glucose tolerance do not demonstrate that GDM treatment significantly reduces adverse childhood metabolic outcomes. Thus, more evidence is needed to understand the impact of maternal GDM on offspring's adiposity, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, risk of fatty liver disease, and pubertal onset. Offspring of GDM mothers may have increased risk for metabolic and cardiovascular complications. Targeting this group for intervention studies to prevent obesity and disorders of glucose metabolism is one potential strategy to prevent adverse metabolic health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica E Bianco
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Avenue, Box 54, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jami L Josefson
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Avenue, Box 54, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Miranda JO, Cerqueira RJ, Barros H, Areias JC. Maternal Diabetes Mellitus as a Risk Factor for High Blood Pressure in Late Childhood. Hypertension 2019; 73:e1-e7. [PMID: 30571550 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine fetal conditions can have lifelong cardiovascular effects. The impact of maternal diabetes mellitus on children's cardiovascular profile is not well established. The goal of this study was to explore the association between maternal diabetes mellitus and offspring's blood pressure (BP) ≤10 years of age. Generation XXI is a prospective birth cohort, which enrolled 8301 mother-offspring pairs, including 586 (7.1%) children of diabetic mothers. The associations between maternal diabetes mellitus and BP at 4, 7, and 10 years of age was modeled using linear regression. A mixed-effects model was built to assess differences in BP variation over time. Path analysis was used to quantify effects of potential mediators. Maternal diabetes mellitus was associated with higher BP in offspring at the age of 10 (systolic: β, 1.48; 95% CI, 0.36-2.59; and diastolic: β, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.05-1.71). This association was independent of maternal perinatal characteristics, and it was mediated by child's body mass index and, to a lesser extent, by gestational age, type of birth, and birth weight (indirect effect proportion, 73%). No significant differences in BP were found at 4 and 7 years of age. Longitudinal analysis showed an accelerated systolic BP increase on maternal diabetes mellitus group (β, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.03-2.28). These finding were especially relevant in males, suggesting sex differences in the mechanisms of BP prenatal programing. Our results provide further evidence that maternal diabetes mellitus is associated with high BP late in childhood, demonstrating a significant role of child's body mass in the pathway of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Oliveira Miranda
- From the Departamento de Cardiologia Pediátrica (J.O.M., J.C.A.), Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia (J.O.M., R.J.C.), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular (J.O.M., R.J.C.), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui João Cerqueira
- Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiotorácica (R.J.C.), Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia (J.O.M., R.J.C.), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular (J.O.M., R.J.C.), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Henrique Barros
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica (H.B.), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública (H.B.), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - José Carlos Areias
- From the Departamento de Cardiologia Pediátrica (J.O.M., J.C.A.), Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ginecologia-Obstetrícia e Pediatria (J.C.A.), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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11
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Cohen S, Liu Q, Wright M, Garvin J, Rarick K, Harder D. High glucose conditioned neonatal astrocytes results in impaired mitogenic activity in cerebral microvessel endothelial cells in co-culture. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01795. [PMID: 31193586 PMCID: PMC6536426 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a highly complex and coordinated process in the brain. Under normal conditions, it is a vital process in growth and development, but under adverse conditions such as diabetes mellitus, it can lead to severe pathology. Astrocytes are a key constituent of the neurovascular unit and contribute to cerebral function, not only bridging the gap between metabolic supplies from blood vessels to neurons, but also regulating angiogenesis. Astrocytes affect angiogenesis by secreting angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) into its microenvironment and regulating mitogenic activity in cerebral microvessel endothelial cells (CMEC). We hypothesized that astrocytes conditioned in high glucose media would produce and secrete decreased VEGF which would lead to impaired proliferation, migration, and tube formation of CMEC in vitro. Using neonatal rat astrocytes, we used normal glucose (NG, 5.5mM) vs. high glucose (HG, 25mM) feeding media and measured VEGF message and protein levels as well as secreted VEGF. We co-cultured conditioned astrocytes with isolated rat CMEC and measured mitogenic activity of endothelial cells using BrdU assay, scratch recovery assay, and tube formation assay. HG astrocytes produced and secreted decreased VEGF protein and resulted in impaired mitogenic activity when co-cultured with CMEC as demonstrated by decreased BrdU uptake, decreased scratch recovery, and slower tube formation. Our study provides insight into gliovascular adaptations to increased glucose levels resulting in impaired cellular cross-talk between astrocytes and CMEC which could be one explanation for cerebral microangiopathy seen in diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Qiuli Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Jodi Garvin
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kevin Rarick
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - David Harder
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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12
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Kallem VR, Pandita A, Pillai A. Infant of diabetic mother: what one needs to know? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 33:482-492. [PMID: 29947269 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1494710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The global incidence of diabetes mellitus, including diabetes in pregnant women, is on the rise. Diabetes mellitus in a pregnant woman jeopardizes not only maternal health but can also have significant implications on the child to be born. Therefore, timely diagnosis and strict glycemic control are of utmost importance in achieving a safe outcome for both the mother and fetus. The treating physician should be aware of the complications that can arise due to poor glycemic control during pregnancy. The objective of this article is to discuss the key concerns in a neonate born to diabetic mother, the underlying pathogenesis, and the screening schedule during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aakash Pandita
- Department of Neonatology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Anish Pillai
- Division of Neonatology, BC Women's and Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
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Dong D, Reece EA, Lin X, Wu Y, AriasVillela N, Yang P. New development of the yolk sac theory in diabetic embryopathy: molecular mechanism and link to structural birth defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214:192-202. [PMID: 26432466 PMCID: PMC4744545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maternal diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for structural birth defects, including congenital heart defects and neural tube defects. With the rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity in women of childbearing age, diabetes mellitus-induced birth defects have become an increasingly significant public health problem. Maternal diabetes mellitus in vivo and high glucose in vitro induce yolk sac injuries by damaging the morphologic condition of cells and altering the dynamics of organelles. The yolk sac vascular system is the first system to develop during embryogenesis; therefore, it is the most sensitive to hyperglycemia. The consequences of yolk sac injuries include impairment of nutrient transportation because of vasculopathy. Although the functional relationship between yolk sac vasculopathy and structural birth defects has not yet been established, a recent study reveals that the quality of yolk sac vasculature is related inversely to embryonic malformation rates. Studies in animal models have uncovered key molecular intermediates of diabetic yolk sac vasculopathy, which include hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1, and its inhibitor thioredoxin-1, c-Jun-N-terminal kinases, nitric oxide, and nitric oxide synthase. Yolk sac vasculopathy is also associated with abnormalities in arachidonic acid and myo-inositol. Dietary supplementation with fatty acids that restore lipid levels in the yolk sac lead to a reduction in diabetes mellitus-induced malformations. Although the role of the human yolk in embryogenesis is less extensive than in rodents, nevertheless, human embryonic vasculogenesis is affected negatively by maternal diabetes mellitus. Mechanistic studies have identified potential therapeutic targets for future intervention against yolk sac vasculopathy, birth defects, and other complications associated with diabetic pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyin Dong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - E Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Xue Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Natalia AriasVillela
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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Gene expression profiling of changes induced by maternal diabetes in the embryonic heart. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 57:147-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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The interplay between glucose and fatty acids on tube formation and fatty acid uptake in the first trimester trophoblast cells, HTR8/SVneo. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 401:11-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lee CH, Shieh YS, Hsiao FC, Kuo FC, Lin CY, Hsieh CH, Hung YJ. High glucose induces human endothelial dysfunction through an Axl-dependent mechanism. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:53. [PMID: 24572151 PMCID: PMC3941696 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-13-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The receptor tyrosine kinase Axl and its ligand growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) are involved in the diabetic vascular disease. The aim of this study was to explore the role of Gas6/Axl system in high glucose (HG)-induced endothelial dysfunction. METHODS We investigated the effect of various glucose concentrations on Axl signaling in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1 s). RESULTS Human plasma Gas6 value inversely correlated with glucose status, endothelial markers. HG decreased Gas6/Axl expression and increased intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression in HMEC-1 s. HG significantly decreased HMEC-1 s cell viability and tube formation and promoted monocyte-EC adhesion. Down-regulation of Akt phosphorylation was found in HG culture. Axl transfection significantly reversed HG-induced Akt phosphorylation, VCAM-1 expression and endothelial dysfunction. We also found additive changes in Axl-shRNA-infected HMEC-1 cells in HG culture. Furthermore, Axl overexpression in HMEC-1 s significantly reversed HG-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) expression. In addition, significantly lower Axl and VEGFR2 expression in arteries were found in diabetic patients as compared with non-diabetic patients. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that HG can alter Gas6/Axl signaling and may through Akt and VEGF/VEGFR2 downstream molecules and suggests that Gas6/Axl may involve in HG-induced EC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsing Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, #325, Section 2, Cheng-Gong Rd., Nei-Hu, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shing Shieh
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Oral Diagnosis and Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fone-Ching Hsiao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, #325, Section 2, Cheng-Gong Rd., Nei-Hu, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Chih Kuo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, #325, Section 2, Cheng-Gong Rd., Nei-Hu, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Lin
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hsun Hsieh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, #325, Section 2, Cheng-Gong Rd., Nei-Hu, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Hung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, #325, Section 2, Cheng-Gong Rd., Nei-Hu, Taipei, Taiwan
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Koskinen A, Lukkarinen H, Laine J, Ahotupa M, Kääpä P, Soukka H. Delay in rat lung alveolarization after the combined exposure of maternal hyperglycemia and postnatal hyperoxia. Pediatr Pulmonol 2014; 49:179-88. [PMID: 23836626 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.22837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal diabetes interferes with fetal lung development and postnatal treatments may further disturb pulmonary growth. Therefore, we investigated the effect of postnatal oxygen exposure on alveolar development in neonatal rat lungs pre-exposed to intrauterine hyperglycemia. METHODS Diabetes was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats with streptozotocin injection before pregnancy. Hyperglycemia-exposed and control litters were randomized to breath room air or 85% oxygen for 7 days after birth. Lungs were analyzed on postnatal d7 for weight, morphology, apoptosis, proliferation, and biomarkers of oxidative stress. RESULTS Maternal hyperglycemia accelerated lung development as demonstrated by thinner alveolar walls and slightly increased secondary septation when compared to room air bred rats. Hyperoxia alone caused thin-walled and enlarged alveoli with few secondary septa. Interestingly, the dual exposure inhibited the thinning of alveolar walls and the disappearance of mesenchymal cells from the alveolar walls together with the delay in the formation of alveoli and secondary crests. While the lungs' oxidative stress was similar in all groups, pulmonary apoptosis and proliferation were altered. CONCLUSION Our results thus indicate that the hyperglycemic priming of the fetal lung modifies the deleterious effect of hyperoxia on alveolarization in neonatal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koskinen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (CAPC), University Hospital of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Bohuslavova R, Skvorova L, Sedmera D, Semenza GL, Pavlinkova G. Increased susceptibility of HIF-1α heterozygous-null mice to cardiovascular malformations associated with maternal diabetes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 60:129-41. [PMID: 23619295 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular malformations are the most common manifestation of diabetic embryopathy. The molecular mechanisms underlying the teratogenic effect of maternal diabetes have not been fully elucidated. Using genome-wide expression profiling, we previously demonstrated that exposure to maternal diabetes resulted in dysregulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) pathway in the developing embryo. We thus considered a possible link between HIF-1-regulated pathways and the development of congenital malformations. HIF-1α heterozygous-null (Hif1a(+/-)) and wild type (Wt) littermate embryos were exposed to the intrauterine environment of a diabetic mother to analyze the frequency and morphology of congenital defects, and assess gene expression changes in Wt and Hif1a(+/-) embryos. We observed a decreased number of embryos per litter and an increased incidence of heart malformations, including atrioventricular septal defects and reduced myocardial mass, in diabetes-exposed Hif1a(+/-) embryos as compared to Wt embryos. We also detected significant differences in the expression of key cardiac transcription factors, including Nkx2.5, Tbx5, and Mef2C, in diabetes-exposed Hif1a(+/-) embryonic hearts compared to Wt littermates. Thus, partial global HIF-1α deficiency alters gene expression in the developing heart and increases susceptibility to congenital defects in a mouse model of diabetic pregnancy.
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Impact of maternal diabetes on epigenetic modifications leading to diseases in the offspring. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:538474. [PMID: 23227034 PMCID: PMC3512252 DOI: 10.1155/2012/538474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes, occurring during the hyperglycemic period of pregnancy in maternal life, is a pathologic state that increases the incidence of complications in both mother and fetus. Offspring thus exposed to an adverse fetal and early postnatal environment may manifest increased susceptibility to a number of chronic diseases later in life. Compelling evidence for the role of epigenetic transmission in these complications has come from comparison of siblings born before and after the development of maternal diabetes, exposure to this intrauterine diabetic environment being shown to cause alterations in fetal growth patterns which predispose these infants to developing overweight and obesity later in life. Diabetes of the offspring is also mainly the consequence of exposure to the diabetic intrauterine environment, in addition to genetic susceptibility. Since obesity and diabetes are known to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular sequelae in the offspring of diabetic mothers are virtually inevitable. Research data also suggest that exposure to a diabetic intrauterine environment during pregnancy is associated with an increase in dyslipidemia, subclinical vascular inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction processes in the offspring, all of which are linked with development of cardiovascular disease later in life. The main underlying mechanisms involve persistent hyperglycemia hyperinsulinemia and leptin resistance.
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Aceti A, Santhakumaran S, Logan KM, Philipps LH, Prior E, Gale C, Hyde MJ, Modi N. The diabetic pregnancy and offspring blood pressure in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2012; 55:3114-27. [PMID: 22948491 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2689-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Offspring of diabetic mothers have increased risk of the metabolic syndrome in adulthood. Studies examining BP in offspring of diabetic mothers have conflicting conclusions. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting offspring BP in children born to diabetic mothers. METHODS Citations were identified in PubMed. Authors were contacted for additional data. Systolic and diastolic BP in offspring of diabetic mothers and controls were compared. Subgroup analysis of type of maternal diabetes and offspring sex were performed. Fixed-effects models were used, and random-effects models where significant heterogeneity was present. Meta-regression was used to test the relationship between offspring systolic BP and prepregnancy BMI. RESULTS Fifteen studies were included in the review and 13 in the meta-analysis. Systolic BP was higher in offspring of diabetic mothers (mean difference 1.88 mmHg [95% CI 0.47, 3.28]; p = 0.009). Offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes had similar diastolic BP to controls, but higher systolic BP (1.39 mmHg [95% CI 0.00, 2.77]; p = 0.05); results for type 1 diabetes were inconclusive and there were no separate data available on offspring of type 2 diabetic mothers. Male offspring of diabetic mothers had higher systolic BP (2.01 mmHg [95% CI 0.93, 3.10]; p = 0.0003) and diastolic BP (1.12 mmHg [95% CI 0.36, 1.88]; p = 0.004) than controls; in female offspring there was no difference (systolic: 0.54 mmHg [95% CI -1.83, 2.90], p = 0.66; diastolic: 0.51 mmHg [95% CI -1.07, 2.09], p = 0.52). The correlation between offspring systolic BP and maternal prepregnancy BMI was not significant (p = 0.37). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Offspring of diabetic mothers have higher systolic BP than controls. Differences related to sex and type of maternal diabetes require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aceti
- Section of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Campus, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK
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Xu L, Kanasaki K, Kitada M, Koya D. Diabetic angiopathy and angiogenic defects. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2012; 5:13. [PMID: 22853690 PMCID: PMC3465576 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-5-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems in the world. A major complication of diabetes is blood vessel disease, termed angiopathy, which is characterized by abnormal angiogenesis. In this review, we focus on angiogenesis abnormalities in diabetic complications and discuss its benefits and drawbacks as a therapeutic target for diabetic vascular complications. Additionally, we discuss glucose metabolism defects that are associated with abnormal angiogenesis in atypical diabetic complications such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xu
- Division of Diabetology & Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
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22
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Leach L. Placental vascular dysfunction in diabetic pregnancies: intimations of fetal cardiovascular disease? Microcirculation 2011; 18:263-9. [PMID: 21418381 DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2011.00091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the human placenta, the angioarchitecture of fetal vessels lying in maternal blood is useful for nutrient uptake, but it makes the synthesis, maturation and functioning of placental vessels vulnerable to any alterations in the fetal and maternal environment. This review discusses how the maternal diabetic milieu, and the resultant fetal hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, may act together to produce an altered placental vascular phenotype, which includes increased angiogenesis, altered junctional maturity, increased vascular endothelial-like growth factor (VEGF), altered VEGF and insulin receptor profiles, and upregulation of genes involved in signal transduction, transcription and mitosis in placental endothelial cells. The placental vascular dysfunction does extend to other fetal vascular beds including endothelial cells from umbilical vessels, where there are reports of elevated basal iNOS activity and altered sensitivity to insulin. There is emerging evidence of epigenetic modulation of fetal endothelial genes in diabetes and long-term vascular consequences of this. Thus, placental vascular dysfunction in diabetes may be contributing to and describing disturbances in the fetal vasculature, which may produce an overt pathological response in later life if challenged with additional cardiovascular stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lopa Leach
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Randhawa PK, Rylova S, Heinz JY, Kiser S, Fried JH, Dunworth WP, Anderson AL, Barber AT, Chappell JC, Roberts DM, Bautch VL. The Ras activator RasGRP3 mediates diabetes-induced embryonic defects and affects endothelial cell migration. Circ Res 2011; 108:1199-208. [PMID: 21474816 PMCID: PMC3709466 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.230888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fetuses that develop in diabetic mothers have a higher incidence of birth defects that include cardiovascular defects, but the signaling pathways that mediate these developmental effects are poorly understood. It is reasonable to hypothesize that diabetic maternal effects are mediated by 1 or more pathways activated downstream of aberrant glucose metabolism, because poorly controlled maternal glucose levels correlate with the frequency and severity of the defects. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether RasGRP3 (Ras guanyl-releasing protein 3), a Ras activator expressed in developing blood vessels, mediates diabetes-induced vascular developmental defects. RasGRP3 is activated by diacylglycerol, and diacylglycerol is overproduced by aberrant glucose metabolism in diabetic individuals. We also investigated the effects of overactivation and loss of function for RasGRP3 in primary endothelial cells and developing vessels. METHODS AND RESULTS Analysis of mouse embryos from diabetic mothers showed that diabetes-induced developmental defects were dramatically attenuated in embryos that lacked Rasgrp3 function. Endothelial cells that expressed activated RasGRP3 had elevated Ras-ERK signaling and perturbed migration, whereas endothelial cells that lacked Rasgrp3 function had attenuated Ras-ERK signaling and did not migrate in response to endothelin-1. Developing blood vessels exhibited endothelin-stimulated vessel dysmorphogenesis that required Rasgrp3 function. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide the first evidence that RasGRP3 contributes to developmental defects found in embryos that develop in a diabetic environment. The results also elucidate RasGRP3-mediated signaling in endothelial cells and identify endothelin-1 as an upstream input and Ras/MEK/ERK as a downstream effector pathway. RasGRP3 may be a novel therapeutic target for the fetal complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Svetlana Rylova
- Dept. of Biology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jessica Y Heinz
- Dept. of Biology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Stephanie Kiser
- Dept. of Biology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Joanna H Fried
- Dept. of Biology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - William P Dunworth
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Amanda L Anderson
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Andrew T Barber
- Dept. of Biology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - John C Chappell
- Dept. of Biology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - David M Roberts
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Victoria L Bautch
- Dept. of Biology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- McAllister Heart Institute, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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Yang P, Reece EA. Role of HIF-1α in maternal hyperglycemia-induced embryonic vasculopathy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204:332.e1-7. [PMID: 21345401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal diabetes adversely impacts embryonic vasculogenesis, which results in embryonic vasculopathy. The purpose of our study is to determine whether hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α plays a role in diabetic embryonic vasculopathy. STUDY DESIGN Levels of HIF-1α were determined in mouse conceptuses. Conceptuses on day 7 of pregnancy were cultured under euglycemic (150 mg/dL glucose) and hyperglycemic (300 mg/dL) conditions with or without AdCA5, or in the presence or absence of 2.0 μg/mL human recombinant thioredoxin, an endogenous antioxidant protein. AdCA5 is an adenovirus encoding a constitutively active form of HIF-1α. RESULTS Maternal diabetes significantly reduced HIF-1α protein expression. The administration of 1 μL (1 × 10(7) infectious units/mL) per 1 mL culture medium AdCA5 completely reversed hyperglycemia-reduced vasculature morphological scores and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Thioredoxin treatment reversed hyperglycemia-reduced HIF-1α levels. CONCLUSION We conclude that reduced HIF-1α plays a critical role in the induction of diabetic embryonic vasculopathy, and that oxidative stress is implicated in hyperglycemia-induced HIF-1α reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Corrigan N, Brazil DP, McAuliffe F. Fetal cardiac effects of maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 85:523-30. [PMID: 19180650 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal diabetes mellitus is associated with increased teratogenesis, which can occur in pregestational type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Cardiac defects and with neural tube defects are the most common malformations observed in fetuses of pregestational diabetic mothers. The exact mechanism by which diabetes exerts its teratogenic effects and induces embryonic malformations is unclear. Whereas the sequelae of maternal pregestational diabetes, such as modulating insulin levels, altered fat levels, and increased reactive oxygen species, may play a role in fetal damage during diabetic pregnancy, hyperglycemia is thought to be the primary teratogen, causing particularly adverse effects on cardiovascular development. Fetal cardiac defects are associated with raised maternal glycosylated hemoglobin levels and are up to five times more likely in infants of mothers with pregestational diabetes compared with those without diabetes. The resulting anomalies are varied and include transposition of the great arteries, mitral and pulmonary atresia, double outlet of the right ventricle, tetralogy of Fallot, and fetal cardiomyopathy.A wide variety of rodent models have been used to study diabetic teratogenesis. Both genetic and chemically induced models of type 1 and 2 diabetes have been used to examine the effects of hyperglycemia on fetal development. Factors such as genetic background as well as confounding variables such as obesity appear to influence the severity of fetal abnormalities in mice. In this review, we will summarize recent data on fetal cardiac effects from human pregestational diabetic mothers, as well as the most relevant findings in rodent models of diabetic cardiac teratogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Corrigan
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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VEGF-A and Semaphorin3A: modulators of vascular sympathetic innervation. Dev Biol 2009; 334:119-32. [PMID: 19631637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sympathetic nerve activity regulates blood pressure by altering peripheral vascular resistance. Variations in vascular sympathetic innervation suggest that vascular-derived cues promote selective innervation of particular vessels during development. As axons extend towards peripheral targets, they migrate along arterial networks following gradients of guidance cues. Collective ratios of these gradients may determine whether axons grow towards and innervate vessels or continue past non-innervated vessels towards peripheral targets. Utilizing directed neurite outgrowth in a three-dimensional (3D) co-culture, we observed increased axon growth from superior cervical ganglion explants (SCG) towards innervated compared to non-innervated vessels, mediated in part by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) and Semaphorin3A (Sema3A) which both signal via neuropilin-1 (Nrp1). Exogenous VEGF-A, delivered by high-expressing VEGF-A-LacZ vessels or by rhVEGF-A/alginate spheres, increased sympathetic neurite outgrowth while exogenous rhSema3A/Fc decreased neurite outgrowth. VEGF-A expression is similar between the innervated and non-innervated vessels examined. Sema3A expression is higher in non-innervated vessels. Spatial gradients of Sema3A and VEGF-A may promote differential Nrp1 binding. Vessels expressing high levels of Sema3A favor Nrp1-PlexinA1 signaling, producing chemorepulsive cues limiting sympathetic neurite outgrowth and vascular innervation; while low Sema3A expressing vessels favor Nrp1-VEGFR2 signaling providing chemoattractive cues for sympathetic neurite outgrowth and vascular innervation.
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Roest PA, Molin DG, Schalkwijk CG, van Iperen L, Wentzel P, Eriksson UJ, Gittenberger-de Groot AC. Specific local cardiovascular changes of Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine, vascular endothelial growth factor, and Smad2 in the developing embryos coincide with maternal diabetes-induced congenital heart defects. Diabetes 2009; 58:1222-8. [PMID: 19188426 PMCID: PMC2671058 DOI: 10.2337/db07-1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Embryos exposed to a diabetic environment in utero have an increased risk to develop congenital heart malformations. The mechanism behind the teratogenicity of diabetes still remains enigmatic. Detrimental effects of glycation products in diabetic patients have been well documented. We therefore studied a possible link between glycation products and the development of congenital cardiovascular malformations. Furthermore, we investigated other possible mechanisms involved in this pathogenesis: alterations in the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or phosphorylated Smad2 (the latter can be induced by both glycation products and VEGF). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We examined the temporal spatial patterning of the glycation products Nepsilon(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and methylglyoxal (MG) adducts, VEGF expression, and phosphorylated Smad2 during cardiovascular development in embryos from normal and diabetic rats. RESULTS Maternal diabetes increased the CML accumulation in the areas susceptible to diabetes-induced congenital heart disease, including the outflow tract of the heart and the aortic arch. No MG adducts could be detected, suggesting that CML is more likely to be indicative for increased oxidative stress than for glycation. An increase of CML in the outflow tract of the heart was accompanied by an increase in phosphorylated Smad2, unrelated to VEGF. VEGF showed a time-specific decrease in the outflow tract of embryos from diabetic dams. CONCLUSIONS From our results, we can conclude that maternal diabetes results in transient and localized alterations in CML, VEGF expression, and Smad2 phosphorylation overlapping with those regions of the developing heart that are most sensitive to diabetes-induced congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline A.M. Roest
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Daniël G.M. Molin
- Department of Vascular Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Casper G. Schalkwijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Liesbeth van Iperen
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Parri Wentzel
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University Biomedical Centre, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf J. Eriksson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University Biomedical Centre, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adriana C. Gittenberger-de Groot
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author: Adriana C. Gittenberger-de Groot,
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Abstract
Diabetes in pregnancy has been shown to induce long-term effects in offspring. While considerable attention is focused on the increased incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adult offspring from diabetic mothers, cardiovascular alterations, including hypertension, are also part of lifelong consequences of in-utero exposure to increased glucose concentrations. This review examines the epidemiologic and mechanistic issues involved in the developmental programming of long-term consequences in offspring of diabetic mothers, with a particular emphasis on the renal and vascular mechanisms of hypertension. The factors of increased incidence of T2DM and of obesity in adults born after exposure to diabetes during pregnancy are also discussed, as evidence is accumulating that a vicious circle involving lifelong consequences of diabetes in pregnancy in offspring contributes to the current worldwide epidemic of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Simeoni
- INSERM UMR608, Université de la Méditerranée, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, France; Division of Neonatology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, France.
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Huang G, Chen L. Tumor vasculature and microenvironment normalization: a possible mechanism of antiangiogenesis therapy. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2009; 23:661-7. [PMID: 18986217 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2008.0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor antiangiogenesis therapy has been in application for more than 30 years; however, its mechanism remains obscure. An intriguing hypothesis, which has recently gained acceptance, explores the possibility that antiangiogenesis therapy may transiently normalize tumor vasculature and its microenvironment, thus enhancing chemoradiotherapy efficacy. As the equilibrium between proangiogenesis and antiangiogenesis factors is perturbed in the tumor and tips to the former, tumor vasculature tends to exhibit abnormal structure and function. Abnormal vasculature is tightly associated with an uncharacteristic microenvironment, including uneven perfusion, hypoxia, and increased interstitial fluid pressure: This malignant microenvironment hinders the delivery of chemotherapeutics to tumor cells and desensitizes the malignant cells to radiation. Antiangiogenesis therapy can reverse the imbalance and transiently normalize this microenvironment and gives a new perspective for combining antiangiogenesis therapy and traditional chemoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guichun Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Nath AK, Krauthammer M, Li P, Davidov E, Butler LC, Copel J, Katajamaa M, Oresic M, Buhimschi I, Buhimschi C, Snyder M, Madri JA. Proteomic-based detection of a protein cluster dysregulated during cardiovascular development identifies biomarkers of congenital heart defects. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4221. [PMID: 19156209 PMCID: PMC2626248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular development is vital for embryonic survival and growth. Early gestation embryo loss or malformation has been linked to yolk sac vasculopathy and congenital heart defects (CHDs). However, the molecular pathways that underlie these structural defects in humans remain largely unknown hindering the development of molecular-based diagnostic tools and novel therapies. Methodology/Principal Findings Murine embryos were exposed to high glucose, a condition known to induce cardiovascular defects in both animal models and humans. We further employed a mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach to identify proteins differentially expressed in embryos with defects from those with normal cardiovascular development. The proteins detected by mass spectrometry (WNT16, ST14, Pcsk1, Jumonji, Morca2a, TRPC5, and others) were validated by Western blotting and immunoflorescent staining of the yolk sac and heart. The proteins within the proteomic dataset clustered to adhesion/migration, differentiation, transport, and insulin signaling pathways. A functional role for several proteins (WNT16, ADAM15 and NOGO-A/B) was demonstrated in an ex vivo model of heart development. Additionally, a successful application of a cluster of protein biomarkers (WNT16, ST14 and Pcsk1) as a prenatal screen for CHDs was confirmed in a study of human amniotic fluid (AF) samples from women carrying normal fetuses and those with CHDs. Conclusions/Significance The novel finding that WNT16, ST14 and Pcsk1 protein levels increase in fetuses with CHDs suggests that these proteins may play a role in the etiology of human CHDs. The information gained through this bed-side to bench translational approach contributes to a more complete understanding of the protein pathways dysregulated during cardiovascular development and provides novel avenues for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, beneficial to fetuses at risk for CHDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali K Nath
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.
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Wentzel P, Gäreskog M, Eriksson UJ. Decreased cardiac glutathione peroxidase levels and enhanced mandibular apoptosis in malformed embryos of diabetic rats. Diabetes 2008; 57:3344-52. [PMID: 18728230 PMCID: PMC2584142 DOI: 10.2337/db08-0830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize normal and malformed embryos within the same litters from control and diabetic rats for expression of genes related to metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or glucose as well as developmental genes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Embryos from nondiabetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were collected on gestational day 11 and evaluated for gene expression (PCR) and distribution of activated caspase-3 and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx)-1 by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Maternal diabetes (MD group) caused growth retardation and an increased malformation rate in the embryos of MD group rats compared with those of controls (N group). We found decreased gene expression of Gpx-1 and increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (Vegf-A) in malformed embryos of diabetic rats (MDm group) compared with nonmalformed littermates (MDn group). Alterations of messenger RNA levels of other genes were similar in MDm and MDn embryos. Thus, expression of copper zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), and sonic hedgehog homolog (Shh) were decreased, and bone morphogenetic protein-4 (Bmp-4) was increased, in the MD embryos compared with the N embryos. In MDm embryos, we detected increased activated caspase-3 immunostaining in the first visceral arch and cardiac area and decreased Gpx-1 immunostaining in the cardiac tissue; both findings differed from the caspase/Gpx-1 immunostaining of the MDn and N embryos. CONCLUSIONS Maternal diabetes causes growth retardation, congenital malformations, and decreased general antioxidative gene expression in the embryo. In particular, enhanced apoptosis of the first visceral arch and heart, together with decreased cardiac Gpx-1 levels, may compromise the mandible and heart and thus cause an increased risk of developing congenital malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parri Wentzel
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Yang Z, Mo X, Gong Q, Pan Q, Yang X, Cai W, Li C, Ma JX, He Y, Gao G. Critical effect of VEGF in the process of endothelial cell apoptosis induced by high glucose. Apoptosis 2008; 13:1331-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0257-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Zabihi S, Wentzel P, Eriksson U. Altered Uterine Perfusion is Involved in Fetal Outcome of Diabetic Rats. Placenta 2008; 29:413-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Yang P, Zhao Z, Reece EA. Blockade of c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation abrogates hyperglycemia-induced yolk sac vasculopathy in vitro. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198:321.e1-7. [PMID: 18177823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal hyperglycemia has an impact on both the function and morphology of the rodent visceral yolk sac; the objective of the present study was to determine whether hyperglycemia in vitro affects yolk sac vasculogenesis. Because maternal hyperglycemia triggers c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1 and 2 activation in the yolk sac, we tested whether the inhibition of JNK activation would ameliorate hyperglycemia-induced yolk sac vasculopathy. In rodents, the yolk sac serves as the primitive placenta after implantation and before the formation of the chorioallantoic placenta. Furthermore, during this early stage, the nutrition from mother to embryo is considered to be facilitated by a tissue-to-tissue form of nutrition, referred to as histiotropic nutrition, and subsequently via yolk sac facilitation (hemotropic nutrition). In addition, during embryopathy, teratogen such as hyperglycemia is associated with concomitant injury to the yolk sac and embryo. STUDY DESIGN Rat embryos at embryonic day 9 were cultured under euglycemic (150 mg/dL glucose) and hyperglycemic (500 mg /dL glucose) conditions. JNK activation was inhibited using a JNK1/2-specific inhibitor SP60025 at concentrations of 40, 400, and 800 nM. After 48 hours, the development of yolk sac vasculatures was evaluated by assigning to arbitrative scores on the basis of yolk sac vasculature morphology. The correlation between yolk sac vasculature and embryonic malformation rates was assessed. Levels of phosphorylated JNK1/2 and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) in the yolk sacs from conceptuses of the euglycemic and hyperglycemic groups were determined by Western blotting with densitometric quantification. RESULTS Under hyperglycemic conditions, yolk sac development was morphologically impaired. The yolk sac vasculature score of the hyperglycemic group was significantly lower than that of the euglycemic group. Yolk sac vasculature morphologic scores were inversely correlated with embryonic malformation rates. Levels of phosphorylated JNK1/2 and Bax in yolk sacs of the hyperglycemic group were significantly higher than those in yolk sacs of the euglycemic group. JNK1/2-specific inhibitor, SP600125, ameliorated the adverse effect of hyperglycemia on yolk sac vasculature development. Whereas the vasculature morphologic score of yolk sacs in the hyperglycemic group was 54% lower than that of euglycemic group, the vasculature morphologic score of yolk sacs in hyperglycemic plus 800 nM SP600125 group was as same as that in the euglycemic group. Thus, SP600125 at 800 nM completely reversed hyperglycemia-induced vasculopathy as well as embryopathy. CONCLUSION Hyperglycemia in vitro induces yolk sac vasculopathy. Embryonic malformation is inversely correlated with the yolk sac vasculature development, suggesting that hyperglycemia-induced yolk sac vasculopathy may be one of the causative factors in hyperglycemia-induced embryonic malformation. Blockade of JNK1/2 activation restores hyperglycemia-induced vasculopathy and reduces the malformation rates. These findings indicate that JNK1/2 activation mediates the deleterious effect of hyperglycemia on yolk sac vasculature and embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Lucitti JL, Jones EAV, Huang C, Chen J, Fraser SE, Dickinson ME. Vascular remodeling of the mouse yolk sac requires hemodynamic force. Development 2007; 134:3317-26. [PMID: 17720695 PMCID: PMC4260474 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The embryonic heart and vessels are dynamic and form and remodel while functional. Much has been learned about the genetic mechanisms underlying the development of the cardiovascular system, but we are just beginning to understand how changes in heart and vessel structure are influenced by hemodynamic forces such as shear stress. Recent work has shown that vessel remodeling in the mouse yolk sac is secondarily effected when cardiac function is reduced or absent. These findings indicate that proper circulation is required for vessel remodeling, but have not defined whether the role of circulation is to provide mechanical cues, to deliver oxygen or to circulate signaling molecules. Here, we used time-lapse confocal microscopy to determine the role of fluid-derived forces in vessel remodeling in the developing murine yolk sac. Novel methods were used to characterize flows in normal embryos and in embryos with impaired contractility (Mlc2a(-/-)). We found abnormal plasma and erythroblast circulation in these embryos, which led us to hypothesize that the entry of erythroblasts into circulation is a key event in triggering vessel remodeling. We tested this by sequestering erythroblasts in the blood islands, thereby lowering the hematocrit and reducing shear stress, and found that vessel remodeling and the expression of eNOS (Nos3) depends on erythroblast flow. Further, we rescued remodeling defects and eNOS expression in low-hematocrit embryos by restoring the viscosity of the blood. These data show that hemodynamic force is necessary and sufficient to induce vessel remodeling in the mammalian yolk sac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Lucitti
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. V. Jones
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Chengqun Huang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0641, USA
| | - Ju Chen
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0641, USA
| | - Scott E. Fraser
- Biological Imaging Center, Department of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Mary E. Dickinson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Biological Imaging Center, Department of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Author for correspondence ()
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Kumar SD, Dheen ST, Tay SSW. Maternal diabetes induces congenital heart defects in mice by altering the expression of genes involved in cardiovascular development. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2007; 6:34. [PMID: 17967198 PMCID: PMC2176054 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-6-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Congenital heart defects are frequently observed in infants of diabetic mothers, but the molecular basis of the defects remains obscure. Thus, the present study was performed to gain some insights into the molecular pathogenesis of maternal diabetes-induced congenital heart defects in mice. Methods and results We analyzed the morphological changes, the expression pattern of some genes, the proliferation index and apoptosis in developing heart of embryos at E13.5 from streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Morphological analysis has shown the persistent truncus arteriosus combined with a ventricular septal defect in embryos of diabetic mice. Several other defects including defective endocardial cushion (EC) and aberrant myofibrillogenesis have also been found. Cardiac neural crest defects in experimental embryos were analyzed and validated by the protein expression of NCAM and PGP 9.5. In addition, the protein expression of Bmp4, Msx1 and Pax3 involved in the development of cardiac neural crest was found to be reduced in the defective hearts. The mRNA expression of Bmp4, Msx1 and Pax3 was significantly down-regulated (p < 0.001) in the hearts of experimental embryos. Further, the proliferation index was significantly decreased (p < 0.05), whereas the apoptotic cells were significantly increased (p < 0.001) in the EC and the ventricular myocardium of the experimental embryos. Conclusion It is suggested that the down-regulation of genes involved in development of cardiac neural crest could contribute to the pathogenesis of maternal diabetes-induced congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore - 117597.
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Sakallioğlu EE, Aliyev E, Lütfioğlu M, Yavuz U, Açikgöz G. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels of gingiva and gingival crevicular fluid in diabetic and systemically healthy periodontitis patients. Clin Oral Investig 2007; 11:115-20. [PMID: 17279364 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-006-0097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 12/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that diabetes mellitus (DM) may have an inductive effect on the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels of periodontium during periodontal disease. The aim of this study is to confirm this phenomenon, investigating whether it is also valid for diabetic periodontitis patients under good metabolic control. Sixteen type II DM patients, all with a glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) value less than 7 (test), and 15 systemically healthy (control) chronic periodontitis patients were included in the study. The VEGF concentrations in the gingival supernatants and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples of the study groups were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data were analyzed by Student's t test in statistical means. The VEGF levels were significantly higher in the gingival supernatants of the test group (55.89 +/- 8.11 pg/ml) than that of the control group (24.81 +/- 2.04 pg/ml; p < 0.01). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the VEGF levels of GCF between the study groups (38.96 +/- 4.89 pg/ml in the test and 32.20 +/- 4.02 pg/ml in the control group; p > 0.05). Our study confirms that DM affects the VEGF levels of periodontal soft tissues in periodontal disease, and our results also suggest that this effect may not be influenced by the metabolic control of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Eser Sakallioğlu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, Kurupelit, Samsun 55139, Turkey.
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Reece EA, Ji I, Wu YK, Zhao Z. Characterization of differential gene expression profiles in diabetic embryopathy using DNA microarray analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195:1075-80. [PMID: 17000240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Revised: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The molecular mechanisms by which maternal diabetes impairs embryogenesis are not established. This study aimed to determine the developmental genes and molecular pathways that are involved in diabetic embryopathy, by comparing gene expression profiles in the yolk sacs between the embryos of diabetic and control rats by using DNA microarray analysis. STUDY DESIGN Diabetes was induced in female rats by injecting streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) intravenously. Glucose levels were controlled by subcutaneously implanting insulin pellets. The female rats were mated with normal male rats. At gestation day 4, the insulin pellets were removed from a group of animals, making them hyperglycemic. The animals with insulin pellets served as controls. At gestational day 12, embryos were explanted, and yolk sacs were collected. Total RNA, free of DNA contamination, was extracted from the yolk sacs. Complementary DNA probes were synthesized, labeled with Cy3 and Cy5 fluorescent dyes, and used to hybridize rat oligo-array containing 10,000 genes. Data were analyzed by using 1-sample t test on log2 ratios, with P < .05 representing a significant difference. The changes in expression levels of important genes were verified with the use of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Five microarray experiments produced consistent results. A total of 101 genes were found to be differentially expressed between the embryos of diabetic and control rats. Analyses that used PathwayAssist (Ariadne Genomics, Rockville, MD) revealed a number of potential signaling pathways and genes involved in insulin signaling and stress response (insulin 2, insulin-binding protein 1, GST pi1), cell growth (GAP43, CSF1R, HGF), calcium signaling (calbindin 3, CBP A6), and PKC signaling (PKCBP beta15, FABP5), in concert with prior biochemical and molecular findings. CONCLUSION These observations show significant alterations in expression of developmental and stress response genes in diabetic embryopathy, and demonstrate, for the first time, that the yolk sac cells express insulin during early development. In addition, these data also demonstrate that hyperglycemia induces altered gene expression, resulting in aberrant cell signaling, morphogenesis, and embryopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Arkansas Center for Birth defects Research and Prevention, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Fetita LS, Sobngwi E, Serradas P, Calvo F, Gautier JF. Consequences of fetal exposure to maternal diabetes in offspring. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:3718-24. [PMID: 16849402 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Type 2 diabetes is the result of both genetic and environmental factors. Fetal exposure to maternal diabetes is associated with a higher risk of abnormal glucose homeostasis in offspring beyond that attributable to genetic factors, and therefore, may participate in the excess of maternal transmission of type 2 diabetes. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A MEDLINE search covered the period from 1960-2005. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Human studies performed in children and adolescents suggest that offspring who had been exposed to maternal diabetes during fetal life exhibit higher prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and markers of insulin resistance. Recent studies that directly measured insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion have shown an insulin secretory defect even in the absence of impaired glucose tolerance in adult offspring. In animal models, exposure to a hyperglycemic intrauterine environment also led to the impairment of glucose tolerance in the adult offspring. These metabolic abnormalities were transmitted to the next generations, suggesting that in utero exposure to maternal diabetes has an epigenetic impact. At the cellular level, some findings suggest an impaired pancreatic beta-cell mass and function. Several mechanisms such as defects in pancreatic angiogenesis and innervation, or modification of parental imprinting, may be implicated, acting either independently or in combination. CONCLUSION Thus, fetal exposure to maternal diabetes may contribute to the worldwide diabetes epidemic. Public health interventions targeting high-risk populations should focus on long-term follow-up of subjects who have been exposed in utero to a diabetic environment and on a better glycemic control during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila-Sabrina Fetita
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Saint-Louis Hospital, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
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Katavetin P, Miyata T, Inagi R, Tanaka T, Sassa R, Ingelfinger JR, Fujita T, Nangaku M. High Glucose Blunts Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Response to Hypoxiaviathe Oxidative Stress-Regulated Hypoxia-Inducible Factor/Hypoxia-Responsible Element Pathway. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:1405-13. [PMID: 16597689 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2005090918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important survival factor for endothelial cells in hypoxic environments. High glucose regulates certain aspects of VEGF expression in various cell types, including proximal tubular cells. Thus, ambient glucose levels may modulate the progression of chronic kidney disease, especially diabetic nephropathy. Immortalized rat proximal tubular cells (IRPTC) were cultured for 24 h under hypoxic conditions (1% O(2)), with or without high d-glucose (25 mM), or with or without high l-glucose (25 mM). Controls included culture in normoxic conditions and normal d-glucose (5.5 mM). VEGF mRNA expression was assessed by real-time quantitative PCR, and VEGF protein in the supernatant was assessed by ELISA. Hypoxia increased VEGF expression. This response was significantly blunted by high d-glucose (1.98 +/- 0.11- versus 2.65 +/- 0.27-fold increase for VEGF mRNA expression, 252.8 +/- 14.7 versus 324.0 +/- 11.5 pg/10(5) cells for VEGF protein; P < 0.05 both) but not by high l-glucose. It is interesting that hydrogen peroxide also blunted this response, whereas alpha-tocopherol restored the VEGF response to hypoxia in the presence of high d-glucose. For determination of involvement of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)/hypoxia-responsible element (HRE) pathway, IRPTC that were stably transfected with HRE-luciferase were cultured under the previous conditions. High d-glucose also reduced luciferase activity under hypoxia, whereas alpha-tocopherol restored activity. In vivo experiments using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats confirmed that hyperglycemia blunted HIF-HRE pathway activation. Insulin treatment restored activation of the HIF-HRE pathway in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In conclusion, high glucose blunts VEGF response to hypoxia in IRPTC. This effect is mediated by the oxidative stress-regulated HIF-HRE pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pisut Katavetin
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Nath AK, Madri JA. The roles of nitric oxide in murine cardiovascular development. Dev Biol 2006; 292:25-33. [PMID: 16442519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) participates in a diverse array of biological functions in mammalian organ systems. Depending on the biochemical environment, the production of NO may result in cytoprotection or cytotoxicity. The paradoxical actions of NO arise from the complexities generated by the redox milieu, NO concentration/bioavailability, and tissue/cell context, which ultimately result in the wide range of regulatory roles observed. Additionally, in physiological versus pathological states, NO often displays diametrically opposing affects in several organ systems. Here, we will discuss the roles of NO during reproduction, organ system development, in particular, the cardiovascular system, and its potential implications in diabetes-induced fetal defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali K Nath
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Molin DGM, Roest PAM, Nordstrand H, Wisse LJ, Poelmann RE, Eriksson UJ, Gittenberger-De Groot AC. Disturbed morphogenesis of cardiac outflow tract and increased rate of aortic arch anomalies in the offspring of diabetic rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 70:927-38. [PMID: 15578651 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal diabetes (MD) is a risk factor for offspring to develop cardiovascular anomalies; this is of growing clinical concern since the number of women in childbearing age with compromised glucose homeostasis is increasing. Hyperglycemia abrogates cardiovascular development in vitro; however, a link to cardiovascular defects in diabetic offspring remains to be investigated. METHODS We have studied cardiovascular development in offspring of MD rats by examining serial histological sections of GD 12.0-18.0 offspring. Development of pharyngeal arch artery malformations was analyzed and related to intracardiac anomalies. RESULTS Pharyngeal arch artery and intracardiac defects were present in 27 of 37 MD GD 13.0-18.0 offspring. Early sixth arch arteries showed abrogated arteriogenesis, whereas fourth arch artery defects developed as a result of abnormal remodeling. Morphometrical analysis showed increased apoptosis in regressing artery segments and reduced apoptosis in persisting artery segments. Double outlet right ventricle with infundibular stenosis (tetralogy of Fallot) was predominantly found in combination with sixth artery defects and pulmonary atresia. As confirmed by morphometric analysis and three-dimensional (3D)-reconstructions, outflow tract defects coincided with endocardial cushion hypoplasia. Cases with teratology of Fallot additionally showed a shorter outflow tract. No relation with apoptosis or disturbed neural crest cell migration was found. CONCLUSIONS Our data uniquely demonstrate mechanistic differences involved in the development of sixth and fourth artery anomalies. Whereas increased apoptosis induces fourth artery anomalies, pulmonary outflow obstruction abrogates sixth artery differentiation independent of apoptosis. The model presented allows analysis of diabetic conditions on cardiovascular development in vivo, essential for elucidating this teratology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniël G M Molin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
During the past decade, single gene disruption in mice and large-scale mutagenesis screens in zebrafish have elucidated many fundamental genetic pathways that govern early heart patterning and differentiation. Specifically, a number of genes have been revealed serendipitously to play important and selective roles in cardiac valve development. These initially surprising results have now converged on a finite number of signaling pathways that regulate endothelial proliferation and differentiation in developing and postnatal heart valves. This review highlights the roles of the most well-established ligands and signaling pathways, including VEGF, NFATc1, Notch, Wnt/beta-catenin, BMP/TGF-beta, ErbB, and NF1/Ras. Based on the interactions among and relative timing of these pathways, a signaling network model for heart valve development is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehrin J Armstrong
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, MA 02115, USA
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Hsu CC, Yin MC, Tian R. Ascorbic acid and uric acid suppress glucose-induced fibronectin and vascular endothelial growth factor production in human endothelial cells. J Diabetes Complications 2005; 19:96-100. [PMID: 15745839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2004.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2004] [Revised: 06/02/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to investigate the individual effect of ascorbic (0.01 and 0.05 mM) and uric acid (3, 5, and 7 mg/dl), as well as the combined effect of these two agents on glucose-induced overexpression of fibronectin (Fn), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, H2O2 level and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein levels. Under 30 mM glucose stress, GPx activity significantly decreased, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, H2O2 level, and Fn and VEGF production significantly increased in HUVECs (P<.05). The addition of ascorbic acid at 0.05 mM or uric acid at 5 and 7 mg/dl significantly reduced LDH release, recovered GPx activity, suppressed H2O2 production, and decreased Fn and VEGF production (P<.05). The combination of 0.05 mM ascorbic acid and 3, 5, or 7 mg/dl provided significantly greater effect in enhancing GPx activity and lowering H2O2 level than ascorbic acid or uric acid treatment alone did (P<.05). These data suggest that ascorbic acid alone or combined with uric acid in these concentrations may be beneficial to ameliorate glucose-induced diabetic deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chin Hsu
- Department of Nutritional Science, Chungshan Medical University, Number 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo North Road, Taichung City, Taiwan, ROC
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Person AD, Klewer SE, Runyan RB. Cell Biology of Cardiac Cushion Development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2005; 243:287-335. [PMID: 15797462 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(05)43005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The valves of the heart develop in the embryo from precursor structures called endocardial cushions. After cardiac looping, endocardial cushion swellings form and become populated by valve precursor cells formed by an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Endocardial cushions subsequently undergo directed growth and remodeling to form the valvular structures and the membranous septa of the mature heart. The developmental processes that mediate cushion formation include many prototypic cellular actions including adhesion, signaling, migration, secretion, replication, differentiation, and apoptosis. Cushion morphogenesis is unique in that these cellular possesses occur in a functioning organ where the cushions act as valves even while developing into definitive valvular structures. Cardiovascular defects are the most common congenital defects, and one of the most common causes of death during infancy. Thus, there is significant interest in understanding the mechanisms that underlie this complex developmental process. In this regard, substantial progress has been made by incorporating an understanding of cardiac morphology and cell biology with the rapidly expanding repertoire of molecular mechanisms gained through human genetics and research using animal models. This article reviews cardiac morphogenesis as it relates to heart valve formation and highlights selected growth factors, intracellular signaling mediators, and extracellular matrix components involved in the creation and remodeling of endocardial cushions into mature cardiac structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Person
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Arizona School of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
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Kutcher ME, Klagsbrun M, Mamluk R. VEGF is required for the maintenance of dorsal root ganglia blood vessels but not neurons during development. FASEB J 2004; 18:1952-4. [PMID: 15479766 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-2320fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent regulator of vascular function through its control of multiple endothelial cell functions. In addition to its key role in vascularization, VEGF has recently been shown to have neurotrophic activity during hypoxic stress. In the central and peripheral motor nervous system, VEGF treatment increased neuronal vascularization and perfusion, as well as having direct trophic effects on neurons and Schwann cells. However, the role of VEGF in the sensory nervous system remains unclear. To characterize the differential effects of VEGF on endothelial cells and neurons in sensory ganglia, we used explanted mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG), a culture system containing neurons and endothelial cells in close apposition. We show that VEGF is expressed by neurons and satellite cells, but not by endothelial cells or pericytes. On the other hand, the tyrosine kinase VEGF receptor VEGFR-2 was robustly expressed by endothelial cells throughout the extensive DRG capillary network, but not found at either the transcript or protein level in sensory neurons or other nonendothelial cells of the DRG. Both soluble receptor sequestration of VEGF and small molecule kinase inhibition of VEGFR-2 signaling rapidly disrupted the connectivity, branching, and structural integrity of the capillary network of embryonic DRG; this effect was no longer evident postnatally. However, VEGF inhibition showed no detectable effect on neuronal health at any stage analyzed. These data suggest that endogenous VEGF is a strict requirement for vascular, but not neuronal, maintenance in developing sensory ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Kutcher
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Celec P, Yonemitsu Y. Vascular endothelial growth factor - basic science and its clinical implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 11:69-75. [PMID: 15364116 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2003] [Revised: 01/19/2004] [Accepted: 03/12/2004] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the most important signaling molecule involved in the regulation of the formation of new vessels. Results of recent studies have provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms of the VEGF signaling pathways. VEGF local or systemic application represents a new approach in the therapy of ischemic diseases, especially of the coronary artery disease. Inhibition of the VEGF action on various levels is, on the other hand, assumed to be a promising therapeutic concept against cancer. Moreover, VEGF has been recently shown to be associated with some other physiological and pathophysiological processes. In this article we summarize the latest results of VEGF related studies and present the concluding theoretical resource for further research on the role of VEGF in understanding of pathophysiology of diseases and in therapeutic interventions in clinical biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Celec
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Abstract
The maintenance of vascular function is of paramount importance to an organism's existence. PECAM-1 (CD31), first thought of as a marker for endothelia, has been shown to be an important scaffolding molecule involved in several signaling pathways. Recent studies have demonstrated an even wider range of functions for this versatile molecule including participation in maintenance of adherens junction integrity and permeability, organization of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton, regulation of catenin localization and transcriptional activities, participation in STAT isoform signaling, control of apoptotic events, and modulation of cardiac cushion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Ilan
- Department of Vascular Biology, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Haifa, Israel
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Larger E, Marre M, Corvol P, Gasc JM. Hyperglycemia-induced defects in angiogenesis in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane model. Diabetes 2004; 53:752-61. [PMID: 14988261 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.3.752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with abnormal angiogenesis. Increased angiogenesis contributes to severe forms of diabetic retinopathy, but angiogenesis is decreased in response to myocardial ischemia in diabetic patients. We evaluated the direct effect of hyperglycemia on angiogenesis in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay, a model of active neoangiogenesis. Hyperglycemia, lasting up to 7 days, was induced in 7-day-old chick embryos by a single intravitellus glucose injection. Control embryos received either water (volumic control) or mannitol (osmotic control). Hyperglycemia decreased angiogenesis in this model from the 5th day on. The pattern and expression level of the main vascular growth factors' genes were not altered by hyperglycemia, as assessed by in situ hybridization and semiquantitative RT-PCR. As early as 2 days after hyperglycemia was induced, an increased apoptosis of endothelial cells and pericytes was detected by transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling assay and electron microscopy. In the meantime, endothelial cell proliferation was decreased, as assessed by incorporation of bromo-deoxyuridine. Hyperglycemia can therefore impair angiogenesis without altering the expression level of vascular growth factors through induction of apoptosis and decreased proliferation of endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Larger
- INSERM U36, Chaire de Médecine Expérimentale, Collège de France, Paris, France.
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Güneri P, Unlü F, Yeşilbek B, Bayraktar F, Kokuludağ A, Hekimgil M, Boyacioğlu H. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Gingival Tissues and Crevicular Fluids of Diabetic and Healthy Periodontal Patients. J Periodontol 2004; 75:91-7. [PMID: 15025220 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.1.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal disease is one of the major oral problems encountered in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Vascular changes, neutrophil dysfunction, altered collagen synthesis, and genetic predisposition observed in DM may contribute to periodontitis; and the vascular alterations observed in such patients may depend on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) actions. Few reports are available about the mechanism of neovascularization and the angiogenic factors that contribute to the periodontal pathology and the role of VEGF in periodontal diseases. The aim of this study is to compare VEGF expression in healthy and periodontally diseased tissues with gingival crevice fluid (GCF) of healthy persons and diabetic patients. METHODS Gingival tissue and GCF samples were collected from sites of periodontitis in 10 healthy subjects and in 10 type 2 diabetic patients, and from the sites of healthy gingiva within the same groups. Therefore, each patient became his/her own control. Additionally, 10 people without any systemic or periodontal diseases were enrolled, forming a negative control group. Thus, a total of 50 tissue and 50 GCF samples were provided. RESULTS No VEGF staining was observed in the negative control group or in the systemically healthy people's healthy tissue samples, whereas four samples of diabetic patients showed positive staining (P < 0.05). However, VEGF was revealed in two tissue samples of periodontal sites of systemically healthy people and in six samples of the diabetic patients (P > 0.05). In all test groups, GCF VEGF levels were higher in periodontal sites (P < 0.05) than in healthy sites. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that VEGF is increased in all periodontal tissues of both groups and in the healthy sites of diabetic patients. Additionally, GCF VEGF values increased in periodontal sites of all test groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Güneri
- Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, Ege University School of Dentistry, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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