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Kirchner VA, Badshah JS, Kyun Hong S, Martinez O, Pruett TL, Niedernhofer LJ. Effect of Cellular Senescence in Disease Progression and Transplantation: Immune Cells and Solid Organs. Transplantation 2024; 108:1509-1523. [PMID: 37953486 PMCID: PMC11089077 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Aging of the world population significantly impacts healthcare globally and specifically, the field of transplantation. Together with end-organ dysfunction and prolonged immunosuppression, age increases the frequency of comorbid chronic diseases in transplant candidates and recipients, contributing to inferior outcomes. Although the frequency of death increases with age, limited use of organs from older deceased donors reflects the concerns about organ durability and inadequate function. Cellular senescence (CS) is a hallmark of aging, which occurs in response to a myriad of cellular stressors, leading to activation of signaling cascades that stably arrest cell cycle progression to prevent tumorigenesis. In aging and chronic conditions, senescent cells accumulate as the immune system's ability to clear them wanes, which is causally implicated in the progression of chronic diseases, immune dysfunction, organ damage, decreased regenerative capacity, and aging itself. The intimate interplay between senescent cells, their proinflammatory secretome, and immune cells results in a positive feedback loop, propagating chronic sterile inflammation and the spread of CS. Hence, senescent cells in organs from older donors trigger the recipient's alloimmune response, resulting in the increased risk of graft loss. Eliminating senescent cells or attenuating their inflammatory phenotype is a novel, potential therapeutic target to improve transplant outcomes and expand utilization of organs from older donors. This review focuses on the current knowledge about the impact of CS on circulating immune cells in the context of organ damage and disease progression, discusses the impact of CS on abdominal solid organs that are commonly transplanted, and reviews emerging therapies that target CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara A. Kirchner
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Joshua S. Badshah
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Suk Kyun Hong
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Olivia Martinez
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Timothy L. Pruett
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Laura J. Niedernhofer
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
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Esser H, Kilpatrick AM, Man TY, Aird R, Rodrigo-Torres D, Buch ML, Boulter L, Walmsley S, Oniscu GC, Schneeberger S, Ferreira-Gonzalez S, Forbes SJ. Primary cilia as a targetable node between biliary injury, senescence and regeneration in liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2024:S0168-8278(24)02302-X. [PMID: 38879173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Biliary complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in liver transplantation. Up to 25% of patients that develop biliary complications require additional surgical procedures, re-transplantation or die in the absence of a suitable regraft. Here, we investigate the role of the primary cilium, a highly specialised sensory organelle, in biliary injury leading to post-transplant biliary complications. METHODS Human biopsies were used to study the structure and function of primary cilia in liver transplant recipients that develop biliary complications (n = 7) in comparison with recipients without biliary complications (n = 12). To study the biological effects of the primary cilia during transplantation, we generated murine models that recapitulate liver procurement and cold storage, and assessed the elimination of the primary cilia in biliary epithelial cells in the K19CreERTKif3afl/fl mouse model. To explore the molecular mechanisms responsible for the observed phenotypes we used in vitro models of ischemia, cellular senescence and primary cilia ablation. Finally, we used pharmacological and genetic approaches to target cellular senescence and the primary cilia, both in mouse models and discarded human donor livers. RESULTS Prolonged ischemic periods before transplantation result in ciliary shortening and cellular senescence, an irreversible cell cycle arrest that blocks regeneration. Our results indicate that primary cilia damage results in biliary injury and a loss of regenerative potential. Senescence negatively impacts primary cilia structure and triggers a negative feedback loop that further impairs regeneration. Finally, we explore how targeted interventions for cellular senescence and/or the stabilisation of the primary cilia improve biliary regeneration following ischemic injury. CONCLUSIONS Primary cilia play an essential role in biliary regeneration and we demonstrate that senolytics and cilia-stabilising treatments provide a potential therapeutic opportunity to reduce the rate of biliary complications and improve clinical outcomes in liver transplantation. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Up to 25% of liver transplants result in biliary complications, leading to additional surgery, retransplants, or death. We found that the incidence of biliary complications is increased by damage to the primary cilium, an antenna that protrudes from the cell and is key to regeneration. Here, we show that treatments that preserve the primary cilia during the transplant process provide a potential solution to reduce the rates of biliary complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Esser
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK; Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, OrganLife Laboratory, Centre of Operative Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University. Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alastair Morris Kilpatrick
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Tak Yung Man
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Rhona Aird
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Daniel Rodrigo-Torres
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Madita Lina Buch
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK; Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, OrganLife Laboratory, Centre of Operative Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University. Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Luke Boulter
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Sarah Walmsley
- Centre for Inflammation Research (CIR), University of Edinburgh. The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Gabriel Corneliu Oniscu
- Edinburgh Transplant Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh; 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK; Division of Transplantation, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Schneeberger
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, OrganLife Laboratory, Centre of Operative Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University. Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sofia Ferreira-Gonzalez
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK; Centre for Inflammation Research (CIR), University of Edinburgh. The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Stuart John Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
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Hrncir HR, Hantelys F, Gracz AD. Panic at the Bile Duct: How Intrahepatic Cholangiocytes Respond to Stress and Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1440-1454. [PMID: 36870530 PMCID: PMC10548281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
In the liver, biliary epithelial cells (BECs) line intrahepatic bile ducts (IHBDs) and are primarily responsible for modifying and transporting hepatocyte-produced bile to the digestive tract. BECs comprise only 3% to 5% of the liver by cell number but are critical for maintaining choleresis through homeostasis and disease. To this end, BECs drive an extensive morphologic remodeling of the IHBD network termed ductular reaction (DR) in response to direct injury or injury to the hepatic parenchyma. BECs are also the target of a broad and heterogenous class of diseases termed cholangiopathies, which can present with phenotypes ranging from defective IHBD development in pediatric patients to progressive periductal fibrosis and cancer. DR is observed in many cholangiopathies, highlighting overlapping similarities between cell- and tissue-level responses by BECs across a spectrum of injury and disease. The following core set of cell biological BEC responses to stress and injury may moderate, initiate, or exacerbate liver pathophysiology in a context-dependent manner: cell death, proliferation, transdifferentiation, senescence, and acquisition of neuroendocrine phenotype. By reviewing how IHBDs respond to stress, this review seeks to highlight fundamental processes with potentially adaptive or maladaptive consequences. A deeper understanding of how these common responses contribute to DR and cholangiopathies may identify novel therapeutic targets in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Hrncir
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Fransky Hantelys
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Adam D Gracz
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Odenwald MA, Roth HF, Reticker A, Segovia M, Pillai A. Evolving challenges with long-term care of liver transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2023; 37:e15085. [PMID: 37545440 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.15085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The number of liver transplants (LT) performed worldwide continues to rise, and LT recipients are living longer post-transplant. This has led to an increasing number of LT recipients requiring lifelong care. Optimal care post-LT requires careful attention to both the allograft and systemic issues that are more common after organ transplantation. Common causes of allograft dysfunction include rejection, biliary complications, and primary disease recurrence. While immunosuppression prevents rejection and reduces incidences of some primary disease recurrence, it has detrimental systemic effects. Most commonly, these include increased incidences of metabolic syndrome, various malignancies, and infections. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to optimize immunosuppression regimens to prevent allograft dysfunction while also decreasing the risk of systemic complications. Institutional protocols to screen for systemic disease and heightened clinical suspicion also play an important role in providing optimal long-term post-LT care. In this review, we discuss these common complications of LT as well as unique considerations when caring for LT recipients in the years after transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Odenwald
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Hannah F Roth
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Anesia Reticker
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Maria Segovia
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA
| | - Anjana Pillai
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, USA
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5
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Ferreira-Gonzalez S, Man TY, Esser H, Aird R, Kilpatrick AM, Rodrigo-Torres D, Younger N, Campana L, Gadd VL, Dwyer B, Aleksieva N, Boulter L, Macmillan MT, Wang Y, Mylonas KJ, Ferenbach DA, Kendall TJ, Lu WY, Acosta JC, Kurian D, O'Neill S, Oniscu GC, Banales JM, Krimpenfort PJ, Forbes SJ. Senolytic treatment preserves biliary regenerative capacity lost through cellular senescence during cold storage. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabj4375. [PMID: 36475903 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj4375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the only curative option for patients with end-stage liver disease. Despite improvements in surgical techniques, nonanastomotic strictures (characterized by the progressive loss of biliary tract architecture) continue to occur after liver transplantation, negatively affecting liver function and frequently leading to graft loss and retransplantation. To study the biological effects of organ preservation before liver transplantation, we generated murine models that recapitulate liver procurement and static cold storage. In these models, we explored the response of cholangiocytes and hepatocytes to cold storage, focusing on responses that affect liver regeneration, including DNA damage, apoptosis, and cellular senescence. We show that biliary senescence was induced during organ retrieval and exacerbated during static cold storage, resulting in impaired biliary regeneration. We identified decoy receptor 2 (DCR2)-dependent responses in cholangiocytes and hepatocytes, which differentially affected the outcome of those populations during cold storage. Moreover, CRISPR-mediated DCR2 knockdown in vitro increased cholangiocyte proliferation and decreased cellular senescence but had the opposite effect in hepatocytes. Using the p21KO model to inhibit senescence onset, we showed that biliary tract architecture was better preserved during cold storage. Similar results were achieved by administering senolytic ABT737 to mice before procurement. Last, we perfused senolytics into discarded human donor livers and showed that biliary architecture and regenerative capacities were better preserved. Our results indicate that cholangiocytes are susceptible to senescence and identify the use of senolytics and the combination of senotherapies and machine-perfusion preservation to prevent this phenotype and reduce the incidence of biliary injury after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ferreira-Gonzalez
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Tak Yung Man
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Hannah Esser
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Centre of Operative Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Rhona Aird
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Alastair M Kilpatrick
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Daniel Rodrigo-Torres
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Nicholas Younger
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Lara Campana
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Victoria L Gadd
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Benjamin Dwyer
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Niya Aleksieva
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Luke Boulter
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Mark T Macmillan
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Yinmiao Wang
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Katie J Mylonas
- Centre for Inflammation Research (CIR), University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - David A Ferenbach
- Centre for Inflammation Research (CIR), University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Timothy J Kendall
- Centre for Inflammation Research (CIR), University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Wei-Yu Lu
- Centre for Inflammation Research (CIR), University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Juan Carlos Acosta
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-SODERCAN, C/ Albert Einstein 22, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Dominic Kurian
- Proteomic and Metabolomics Unit, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Stephen O'Neill
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Belfast City Hospital, 51 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AB, UK
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Science, Block A, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
| | - Gabriel C Oniscu
- Edinburgh Transplant Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
- Department of Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), CIBERehd, Ikerbasque, San Sebastian 20014, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
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6
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Rastogi A, Nigam N, Gayatri R, Bihari C, Pamecha V. Biliary Epithelial Senescence in Cellular Rejection Following Live Donor Liver Transplantation. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:1420-1427. [PMID: 36340312 PMCID: PMC9630016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As with the hepatocytes, cholangiocyte senescence can also easily be detected in damaged small bile ducts and bile ductules during liver disease affecting the biliary system and cholangiocytes. Despite cellular senescence being a feature of chronic progressive cholangiopathies in adults, only a few studies have investigated its role in liver transplant rejection. Method Transplant biopsies displaying features of rejection were reviewed and classified based on the type of rejection and the time since transplantation. An immunohistochemistry panel has been applied for 3 senescent cell markers (p53, p21, p16). Results Immunohistochemical expression analysis for the biliary senescence markers (53 biopsies) was done in the post-transplantation periods (Group 1-4) for the cases with the histologically proven diagnosis of rejection. In post-transplant group 1 (<3 months), group 2 (3-6 months), group 3 (6-12 months) and group 4 (>12 months), any 2 senescent markers' positivity was noted in 5/14 (35.7%), 8/13 (61.5%), 16/17 (94.1%) and 9/9 (100%) biopsies respectively and were comparable in all four groups (P = 0.001). A comparison of early biopsies (Group1; 3 months) and late biopsies (Group 2,3&4; >3 months) revealed significantly higher expression in late biopsies (>3 months) (P = 0.001 for any two markers). In ACR, LAR, ECR, and CR/DR any two senescent markers were positive in 14/28 (50%), 12/13 (92.3%) cases, 9/9 (100%), and 3/3cases (100%). Senescent markers (any two) were comparable in all four histological groups (P < 0.001).LAR group had increased expression (P = 0.009 for any two markers and 0.001 for all three markers) and has increased progression to CR (P = 0.019) as compared to ACR. Conclusion This study on a large number of LDLT allograft biopsies demonstrates the role of biliary senescence in rejection and suggests a pathobiological role for senescence in the poor prognosis seen in late acute cellular rejection and chronic rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Rastogi
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neha Nigam
- Department of Pathology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ramakrishna Gayatri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Chhagan Bihari
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Viniyendra Pamecha
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Esmail MM, Saeed NM, Michel HE, El-Naga RN. The ameliorative effect of niclosamide on bile duct ligation induced liver fibrosis via suppression of NOTCH and Wnt pathways. Toxicol Lett 2021; 347:23-35. [PMID: 33961984 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the conjoint consequence of almost all chronic liver diseases. Cholestatic liver injury is a significant stimulus for fibrotic liver. This study was conducted to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of niclosamide as a NOTCH inhibitor and on the Wnt pathway against cholestatic liver fibrosis (CLF) which was experimentally induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). Rats were randomly divided into five main groups (6 per group): sham, BDL, BDL/niclosamide 5, BDL/niclosamide 10 and niclosamide 10 only group. Niclosamide was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 4 weeks starting at the same day of surgery at doses 5 and 10 mg/kg. Liver function, cholestasis, oxidative stress, inflammation, liver fibrosis, NOTCH signaling pathway and Wnt pathway markers were assessed. Niclosamide (5 and 10 mg/kg) significantly reduced liver enzymes levels, oxidative stress, inflammation and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription3 (p-STAT3). Niclosamide (5 and 10 mg/kg) also significantly reduced NOTCH pathway (Jagged1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, HES1, SOX9), Wnt pathway (Wnt5B, and Wnt10A), and fibrosis (transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen deposition with more prominent effect of the higher dose 10 mg/kg. So, this study presents nicloamide as a promising antifibrotic agent in CLF through inhibition of NOTCH and Wnt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar M Esmail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha M Saeed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Haidy E Michel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reem N El-Naga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Wu H, Chen C, Ziani S, Nelson LJ, Ávila MA, Nevzorova YA, Cubero FJ. Fibrotic Events in the Progression of Cholestatic Liver Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051107. [PMID: 34062960 PMCID: PMC8147992 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic liver diseases including primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are associated with active hepatic fibrogenesis, which can ultimately lead to the development of cirrhosis. However, the exact relationship between the development of liver fibrosis and the progression of cholestatic liver disease remains elusive. Periductular fibroblasts located around the bile ducts seem biologically different from hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The fibrotic events in these clinical conditions appear to be related to complex crosstalk between immune/inflammatory mechanisms, cytokine signalling, and perturbed homeostasis between cholangiocytes and mesenchymal cells. Several animal models including bile duct ligation (BDL) and the Mdr2-knockout mice have improved our understanding of mechanisms underlying chronic cholestasis. In the present review, we aim to elucidate the mechanisms of fibrosis in order to help to identify potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanghang Wu
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (H.W.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.A.N.)
| | - Chaobo Chen
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (H.W.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.A.N.)
- Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Xishan People’s Hospital, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Siham Ziani
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (H.W.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.A.N.)
| | - Leonard J. Nelson
- Institute for Bioengineering (IBioE), School of Engineering, Faraday Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3 JL, Scotland, UK;
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering (IB3), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences (EPS), Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Matías A. Ávila
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red, Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Yulia A. Nevzorova
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (H.W.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.A.N.)
- Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red, Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (H.W.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.A.N.)
- Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red, Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-394-1385; Fax: +34-91-394-1641
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Ferreira-Gonzalez S, Rodrigo-Torres D, Gadd VL, Forbes SJ. Cellular Senescence in Liver Disease and Regeneration. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:50-66. [PMID: 33764485 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1722262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is an irreversible cell cycle arrest implemented by the cell as a result of stressful insults. Characterized by phenotypic alterations, including secretome changes and genomic instability, senescence is capable of exerting both detrimental and beneficial processes. Accumulating evidence has shown that cellular senescence plays a relevant role in the occurrence and development of liver disease, as a mechanism to contain damage and promote regeneration, but also characterizing the onset and correlating with the extent of damage. The evidence of senescent mechanisms acting on the cell populations of the liver will be described including the role of markers to detect cellular senescence. Overall, this review intends to summarize the role of senescence in liver homeostasis, injury, disease, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Rodrigo-Torres
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria L Gadd
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Kyritsi K, Francis H, Zhou T, Ceci L, Wu N, Yang Z, Meng F, Chen L, Baiocchi L, Kundu D, Kennedy L, Liangpunsakul S, Wu C, Glaser S, Alpini G. Downregulation of p16 Decreases Biliary Damage and Liver Fibrosis in the Mdr2 / Mouse Model of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Gene Expr 2020; 20:89-103. [PMID: 32393417 PMCID: PMC7650011 DOI: 10.3727/105221620x15889714507961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biliary senescence and hepatic fibrosis are hallmarks of cholangiopathies including primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Senescent cholangiocytes display senescence-associated secretory phenotypes [SASPs, e.g., transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-1)] that further increase biliary senescence (by an autocrine loop) and trigger liver fibrosis by paracrine mechanisms. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of p16 inhibition and role of the TGF-1/microRNA (miR)-34a/sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) axis in biliary damage and liver fibrosis in the Mdr2/ mouse model of PSC. We treated (i) in vivo male wild-type (WT) and Mdr2/ mice with p16 Vivo-Morpholino or controls before measuring biliary mass [intrahepatic bile duct mass (IBDM)] and senescence, biliary SASP levels, and liver fibrosis, and (ii) in vitro intrahepatic murine cholangiocyte lines (IMCLs) with small interfering RNA against p16 before measuring the mRNA expression of proliferation, senescence, and fibrosis markers. p16 and miR-34a increased but SIRT1 decreased in Mdr2/ mice and PSC human liver samples compared to controls. p16 immunoreactivity and biliary senescence and SASP levels increased in Mdr2/ mice but decreased in Mdr2/ mice treated with p16 Vivo-Morpholino. The increase in IBDM and hepatic fibrosis (observed in Mdr2/ mice) returned to normal values in Mdr2/ mice treated with p16 Vivo-Morpholino. TGF-1 immunoreactivity and biliary SASPs levels were higher in Mdr2/ compared to those of WT mice but returned to normal values in Mdr2/ mice treated with p16 Vivo-Morpholino. The expression of fibrosis/senescence markers decreased in cholangiocytes from Mdr2/ mice treated with p16 Vivo-Morpholino (compared to Mdr2/ mice) and in IMCLs (after p16 silencing) compared to controls. Modulation of the TGF-1/miR-34a/SIRT1 axis may be important in the management of PSC phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather Francis
- *Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- †Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- ‡Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Ludovica Ceci
- *Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nan Wu
- *Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zhihong Yang
- †Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- *Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- †Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lixian Chen
- *Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Leonardo Baiocchi
- §Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,”Rome, Italy
| | - Debjyoti Kundu
- †Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- †Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- *Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- †Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chaodong Wu
- ¶Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- ‡Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- *Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- †Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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11
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Li Z, Liu T, Ma J, Guo Q, Ma L, Lv Q, Jiang Y, Wei C, Zhang J. TGF-β induces corneal endothelial senescence via increase of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in chronic corneal allograft failure. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:3474-3485. [PMID: 30482886 PMCID: PMC6286827 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The corneal endothelium (CE) dysfunction impairs optical transparency and leads to corneal allograft failure. Morphologically, CE cells are characterized by premature senescence at the late stage of corneal graft. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here we found that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is elevated in the CE of late graft failure. In addition, senescence-associated gene p21 and p16 are increased as well, which is consistent with their elevation upon TGF-β treatment in human corneal endothelial cell B4G12. Furthermore, TGF-β treatment leads to high positive ratio of SA-β-gal, indicating B4G12 cells undergo cellular senescence. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that TGF-β could induce mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production and mtROS scavenger could rescue CE cell senescence upon TGF-β treatment. Our study provides new evidence that elevated TGF-β plays a crucial role in the CE cell senescence and loss in chronic corneal graft failure, which could be potential targets for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Junwei Ma
- Key Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qie Guo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Child Health Care, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiulan Lv
- Key Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Key Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chao Wei
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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12
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Wu N, Meng F, Zhou T, Venter J, Giang TK, Kyritsi K, Wu C, Alvaro D, Onori P, Mancinelli R, Gaudio E, Francis H, Alpini G, Glaser S, Franchitto A. The Secretin/Secretin Receptor Axis Modulates Ductular Reaction and Liver Fibrosis through Changes in Transforming Growth Factor-β1-Mediated Biliary Senescence. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2264-2280. [PMID: 30036520 PMCID: PMC6168967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the secretin (Sct)/secretin receptor (SR) axis stimulates ductular reaction and liver fibrosis, which are hallmarks of cholangiopathies. Our aim was to define the role of Sct-regulated cellular senescence, and we demonstrated that both ductular reaction and liver fibrosis are significantly reduced in Sct-/-, SR-/-, and Sct-/-/SR-/- bile duct ligated (BDL) mice compared with BDL wild-type mice. The reduction in hepatic fibrosis in Sct-/-, SR-/-, and Sct-/-/SR-/- BDL mice was accompanied by reduced transforming growth factor-β1 levels in serum and cholangiocyte supernatant, as well as decreased expression of markers of cellular senescence in cholangiocytes in contrast to enhanced cellular senescence in hepatic stellate cells compared with BDL wild-type mice. Secretin directly stimulated the senescence of cholangiocytes and regulated, by a paracrine mechanism, the senescence of hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrosis via modulation of transforming growth factor-β1 biliary secretion. Targeting senescent cholangiocytes may represent a novel therapeutic approach for ameliorating hepatic fibrosis during cholestatic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health Care, Temple, Texas
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Julie Venter
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Thao K Giang
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Konstantina Kyritsi
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | | | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Heather Francis
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health Care, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health Care, Temple, Texas.
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health Care, Temple, Texas
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine, Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
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Sasaki M, Kuo FY, Huang CC, Swanson PE, Chen CL, Chuang JH, Yeh MM. Increased expression of senescence-associated cell cycle regulators in the progression of biliary atresia: an immunohistochemical study. Histopathology 2018; 72:1164-1171. [PMID: 29392752 DOI: 10.1111/his.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cellular senescence plays a role in tumour suppression and in the pathogenesis of various non-neoplastic diseases, including primary biliary cholangitis and other adult cholangiopathies. Less is known about the role of cellular senescence in cholangiopathies in children. With that in mind, we examined the expression of senescence-associated cell cycle regulators in biliary atresia, the most common form of paediatric obliterative cholangiopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS The expression of senescence-associated cell cycle regulators (p16Ink4a and p21WAF1/Cip1 ) and a ductular reaction related marker (neural cell adhesion molecule: NCAM) was examined in bile ducts and bile ductules in liver samples taken from the patients with biliary atresia [n = 80; including 23 samples at the time of the Kasai procedure (KP) and 63 obtained from the explanted liver (LT) (six cases with samples at both surgical stages of disease)] and from appropriate controls (n = 17). The degree of ductular reaction and cholestasis was significantly more extensive in LT than KP (P < 0.01). The expression of p16INK4a and NCAM was significantly more extensive in bile ducts and bile ductules in ductular reaction in both KP and LT compared to controls and in LT compared to KP (P < 0.05). The expression of p21WAF1/Cip1 was significantly more extensive in bile ducts and bile ductules in KP compared to both LT and controls (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Cellular senescence may play a role in the progression of bile duct loss in biliary atresia in a manner similar to that of adult cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Sasaki
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Fang-Ying Kuo
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Paul E Swanson
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chao-Long Chen
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Haur Chuang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Matthew M Yeh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Abstract
Senescence is a durable cell cycle arrest that can be induced in response to various stress factors, such as telomere erosion, DNA damage or the aberrant activation of oncogenes. In addition to its well-established role as a stress response programme, research has revealed important physiological roles of senescence in nondisease settings, such as embryonic development, wound healing, tissue repair and ageing. Senescent cells secrete various cytokines, chemokines, matrix remodelling proteases and growth factors, a phenotype collectively referred to as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. These factors evoke immune responses that, depending on the pathophysiological context, can either prevent or even fuel disease and tumorigenesis. Remarkably, even the gut microbiota can influence senescence in various organs. In this Review, we provide an introduction to cellular senescence, addressed particularly to gastroenterologists and hepatologists, and discuss the implications of senescence for the pathogenesis of malignant and nonmalignant gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary diseases. We conclude with an outlook on how modulation of cellular senescence might be used for therapeutic purposes.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Senescent cells have the capacity to both effect and limit fibrosis. Senotherapeutics target senescent cells to improve aging conditions. Here, we review the contexts in which senescent cells mediate wound healing and fibrotic pathology and the potential utility of senotherapeutic drugs for treatment of fibrotic disease. RECENT FINDINGS Multi-action and temporal considerations influence deleterious versus beneficial actions of senescent cells. Acutely generated senescent cells can limit proliferation, and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) contains factors that can facilitate tissue repair. Long-lived senescent cells that evade clearance or are generated outside of programmed remodeling can deplete the progenitor pool to exhaust regenerative capacity and through the SASP, stimulate continual activation, leading to disorganized tissue architecture, fibrotic damage, sterile inflammation, and induction of bystander senescence. Senescent cells contribute to fibrotic pathogenesis in multiple tissues, including the liver, kidney, and lung. Senotherapeutics may be a viable strategy for treatment of a range of fibrotic conditions.
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16
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Abbadie C, Pluquet O, Pourtier A. Epithelial cell senescence: an adaptive response to pre-carcinogenic stresses? Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4471-4509. [PMID: 28707011 PMCID: PMC11107641 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is a cell state occurring in vitro and in vivo after successive replication cycles and/or upon exposition to various stressors. It is characterized by a strong cell cycle arrest associated with several molecular, metabolic and morphologic changes. The accumulation of senescent cells in tissues and organs with time plays a role in organismal aging and in several age-associated disorders and pathologies. Moreover, several therapeutic interventions are able to prematurely induce senescence. It is, therefore, tremendously important to characterize in-depth, the mechanisms by which senescence is induced, as well as the precise properties of senescent cells. For historical reasons, senescence is often studied with fibroblast models. Other cell types, however, much more relevant regarding the structure and function of vital organs and/or regarding pathologies, are regrettably often neglected. In this article, we will clarify what is known on senescence of epithelial cells and highlight what distinguishes it from, and what makes it like, replicative senescence of fibroblasts taken as a standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Abbadie
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161-M3T-Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, 59000, Lille, France.
| | - Olivier Pluquet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161-M3T-Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Albin Pourtier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161-M3T-Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, 59000, Lille, France
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17
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Abstract
Liver regeneration is a fascinating and complex process with many medical implications. An important component of this regenerative process is the hepatic progenitor cell (HPC). These appealing cells are able to participate in the renewal of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes when the normal homeostatic regeneration is exhausted. Moreover, the HPC niche is of vital importance toward the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of the HPC. This niche provides a rich microenvironment for the regulation of the HPC, thanks to the intercellular secretion of molecules. New findings indicate that the regenerative possibilities in the liver could provide a diverse basis for therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Van Haele
- Liver Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Minderbroederstraat 12, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Roskams
- Liver Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Minderbroederstraat 12, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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18
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Sasaki M, Nakanuma Y. Stress-induced cellular responses and cell death mechanisms during inflammatory cholangiopathies. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2017; 41:129-138. [PMID: 27618480 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Various cellular responses including apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy and cellular senescence are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory cholangiopathies, such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and biliary atresia (BA). For example, dysregulated autophagy may play a role in abnormal expression of mitochondrial antigens and following autoimmune pathogenesis in bile duct lesions in PBC. Recently, new types of regulated cell death including necroptosis, parthanatos, pyroptosis, immunogenic cell death are the subject of numerous reports and they may play roles in pathogenesis of liver diseases, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Although there have been few studies on these new types of regulated cell death in inflammatory cholangiopathies, so far, they may play important roles in the pathophysiology of inflammatory cholangiopathies. Further studies on new types of regulated cell death are mandatory, since they could be targets of new therapeutic approaches for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Sasaki
- Department of human pathology, Kanazawa university graduate school of medicine, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Yasuni Nakanuma
- Department of human pathology, Kanazawa university graduate school of medicine, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan; Division of pathology, Shizuoka cancer center, Shizuoka, Japan
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Zhang X, Xu Y, Chen JM, Liu C, Du GL, Zhang H, Chen GF, Jiang SL, Liu CH, Mu YP, Liu P. Huang Qi Decoction Prevents BDL-Induced Liver Fibrosis Through Inhibition of Notch Signaling Activation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:85-104. [PMID: 28081630 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling has been demonstrated to be involved in ductular reactions and fibrosis. Previous studies have shown that Huang Qi Decoction (HQD) can prevent the progression of cholestatic liver fibrosis (CLF). However, whether HQD affects the Notch signaling pathway is unclear. In this study, CLF was established by common bile duct ligation (BDL) in rats. At the end of the first week, the rats were randomly divided into a model group (i.e., BDL), an HQD group, and a sorafenib positive control group (SORA) and were treated for 3 weeks. Bile duct proliferation and liver fibrosis were determined by tissue staining. Activation of the Notch signaling pathway was evaluated by analyzing expressions of Notch-1, -2, -3, and -4, Jagged (JAG) 1, and Delta like (DLL)-1, -3, and -4. The results showed that HQD significantly reduced the deposition of collagen and the Hyp content of liver tissue and inhibited the activation of HSCs compared with the BDL group. In addition, HQD significantly decreased the protein and mRNA expressions of TGF-[Formula: see text]1 and [Formula: see text]-SMA. In contrast, HQD significantly enhanced expression of the Smad 7 protein. HQD also reduced biliary epithelial cell proliferation, and reduced the mRNA levels of CK7, CK8, CK18, SRY-related high mobility group-box gene (SOX) 9, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and the positive areas of CK19 and OV6. In addition, the mRNA and protein expressions of Notch-3, -4, JAG1, and DLL-1, -3 were significantly reduced in the HQD compared to the BDL group. These results demonstrated that HQD may prevent biliary liver fibrosis through inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway, and it may be a potential treatment for cholestatic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Institute of Liver Diseases, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of TCM, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ying Xu
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Institute of Liver Diseases, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of TCM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Mei Chen
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Institute of Liver Diseases, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of TCM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Institute of Liver Diseases, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of TCM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Li Du
- E-institute of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Institute of Liver Diseases, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of TCM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Gao-Feng Chen
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Institute of Liver Diseases, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of TCM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Li Jiang
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Institute of Liver Diseases, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of TCM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Hai Liu
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Institute of Liver Diseases, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of TCM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Ping Mu
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Institute of Liver Diseases, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of TCM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Institute of Liver Diseases, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, China
- E-institute of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of TCM, Shanghai, P.R. China
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20
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Zhang X, Du G, Xu Y, Li X, Fan W, Chen J, Liu C, Chen G, Liu C, Zern MA, Mu Y, Liu P. Inhibition of notch signaling pathway prevents cholestatic liver fibrosis by decreasing the differentiation of hepatic progenitor cells into cholangiocytes. J Transl Med 2016; 96:350-60. [PMID: 26692291 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) are known to contribute to cholestatic liver fibrosis (CLF), how Notch signaling modulates the differentiation of HPCs to cholangiocytes in CLF is unknown. Thus, using a rat model of CLF that is induced by bile duct ligation, we inhibited Notch signaling with DAPT. In vivo, CK19, OV6, Sox9, and EpCAM expression was increased significantly. Notch signaling increased after bile duct ligation, and DAPT treatment reduced the expression of CK19, OV6, Sox9, and EpCAM and blocked cholangiocyte proliferation and CLF. In vitro, treatment of a WB-F344 cell line with sodium butyrate resulted in increased mRNA and protein expression of CK19, Sox9, and EpCAM, but Notch signaling was activated. Both of these processes were inhibited by DAPT. This study reveals that Notch signaling activation is required for HPC differentiation into cholangiocytes in CLF, and inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway may offer a therapeutic approach for treating CLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangli Du
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Fan
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiamei Chen
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaofeng Chen
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenghai Liu
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mark A Zern
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yongping Mu
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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21
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Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. PATHOLOGY OF TRANSPLANTATION 2016. [PMCID: PMC7124099 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-29683-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Ozeki M, Salah A, Aini W, Tamaki K, Haga H, Miyagawa-Hayashino A. Abnormal Localization of STK17A in Bile Canaliculi in Liver Allografts: An Early Sign of Chronic Rejection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136381. [PMID: 26305096 PMCID: PMC4549187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological significance of STK17A, a serine/threonine kinase, in the liver is not known. We analyzed STK17A expression in HepG2 cells and human liver tissue. Accordingly, we investigated whether STK17A could help in identifying earlier changes during the evolution of chronic rejection (CR) after liver transplantation. RT-PCR and immunofluorescence were used to analyze STK17A expression in HepG2 cells. Antibody microarray was performed using human liver samples from CR and healthy donors. Immunohistochemistry was used to verify the clinical utility of STK17A on sequential biopsies for the subsequent development of CR. A novel short isoform of STK17A was found in HepG2 cells. STK17A was localized in the nuclei and bile canaliculi in HepG2 cells and human livers. Microarray of STK17A revealed its decrease in failed liver allografts by CR. During the evolution of CR, the staining pattern of bile canalicular STK17A gradually changed from diffuse linear to focal intermittent. The focal intermittent staining pattern was observed before the definite diagnosis of CR. In conclusion, the present study was the first to find localization of STK17A in normal bile canaliculi. Abnormal expression and localization of STK17A were associated with CR of liver allografts since the early stage of the rejection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munetaka Ozeki
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate school of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Adeeb Salah
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wulamujiang Aini
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Diabetes and Research Laboratory, Kocaeli University, Izmit, Turkey
| | - Keiji Tamaki
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate school of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hironori Haga
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aya Miyagawa-Hayashino
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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23
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Sasaki M, Hsu M, Yeh MM, Nakanuma Y. In recurrent primary biliary cirrhosis after liver transplantation, biliary epithelial cells show increased expression of mitochondrial proteins. Virchows Arch 2015; 467:417-25. [PMID: 26259963 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In biliary epithelial lesions in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), mitochondrial proteins associated with deregulated autophagy are abnormally expressed. We examined whether this could be used as a diagnostic marker for end-stage PBC and recurrent PBC after liver transplantation. We examined the expression of the mitochondrial protein pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-E2 component and cytochrome c oxidase, subunit I (CCO), the autophagy-related marker microtubule-associated protein-light chain 3 (LC3), and p62/sequestosome-1 and the senescence markers p16(Ink4a) and p21(WAF1/Cip1) in small bile ducts and bile ductules in explanted livers from patients with PBC (n = 20) in comparison with liver tissue from control patients (n = 21) and post-transplant samples including recurrent PBC and cellular rejection (n = 28). Intense granular expression of mitochondrial proteins was significantly more frequent in small bile ducts in explanted livers with PBC than in control livers (p < 0.05). Post-transplant samples comprised of three groups: group A (positive for mitochondrial proteins, n = 7), group B (positive for either autophagy-related or senescence markers but negative for mitochondrial proteins, n = 7), and group C (all negative, n = 14). All but one case of group A were clinically and histologically diagnosed as recurrent PBC. In contrast, all cases of group B were diagnosed as cellular rejection. This study suggests that the expression of mitochondrial proteins in small bile ducts may be a useful diagnostic marker for end-stage PBC and recurrent PBC after liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Sasaki
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Maylee Hsu
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Matthew M Yeh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Yasuni Nakanuma
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
- Division of Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
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24
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Yongping M, Zhang X, Xuewei L, Fan W, Chen J, Zhang H, Chen G, Liu C, Liu P. Astragaloside prevents BDL-induced liver fibrosis through inhibition of notch signaling activation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 169:200-209. [PMID: 25917841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Huangqi decoction was first described in Prescriptions of the Bureau of Taiping People׳s Welfare Pharmacy in the Song Dynasty (AD1078). It consists of Radix Astragali (Astragalus membranceus (Fisch.) Bge. Root, Huangqi) and Radix Glycyrrhizae (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., root and rhizome, Gancao), and it is an effective recipe that is usually used to treat consumptive disease and chronic liver diseases. Astragaloside (AS) is a main component of Radix Astragali had an effect similar to the Huangqi decoction on hepatic fibrosis. AIM OF THE STUDY Cholestasis is associated with a number of chronic liver diseases and Notch signaling has been demonstrated to be involved in ductular reaction. Previous studies have shown that AS can prevent the progression of cholestatic liver fibrosis, however, whether AS affects the Notch signaling pathway is unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cholestatic liver fibrosis was established by common bile duct ligation (BDL) in rats. At first weekend, the rats were randomly divided into a model group (BDL), an AS group, and a Sorafenib positive control group (SORA) and treated for 3 weeks. Bile duct proliferation and liver fibrosis were determined by tissue staining. Activation of the Notch signaling pathway was evaluated by analyzing expressions of Notch-1, -2, -3, -4, Jagged 1 (JAG1), Delta-like (DLL)-1, -3, -4, Hes1, Numb and RBP-Jκ. Activation of the Wnt signaling pathway was evaluated by analyzing expressions of Wnt-4, -5a, -5b, Frizzled (Fzd)-2, -3, -6 and β-catenin. RESULTS (1) Compared with the BDL group, AS significantly reduced the deposition of collagen and the Hyp content of liver tissue and inhibited the activation of HSCs. In addition, AS significantly decreased the protein and mRNA expressions of TGF-β1 and α-SMA. In contrast, AS significantly enhanced expression of the Smad 7 protein. AS also reduced biliary epithelial cell proliferation, and reduced the mRNA and protein expressions of CK7, CK8, CK18, CK19, OV6, Sox9 and EpCAM. (2) The mRNA and protein expressions of Notch-2, -3, -4 and JAG1 were significantly reduced in the AS compared to the BDL group. In contrast, the mRNA and protein level of Numb was clearly enhanced after AS treatment. CONCLUSION AS may prevent biliary liver fibrosis via inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the abnormal proliferation of biliary epithelial cells. Results indicate that AS may be a potential therapeutic drug for cholestatic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Yongping
- Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Xuewei
- Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Fan
- Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiamei Chen
- Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaofeng Chen
- Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenghai Liu
- Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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25
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Adams DH, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Samuel D. From immunosuppression to tolerance. J Hepatol 2015; 62:S170-85. [PMID: 25920086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The past three decades have seen liver transplantation becoming a major therapeutic approach in the management of end-stage liver diseases. This is due to the dramatic improvement in survival after liver transplantation as a consequence of the improvement of surgical and anaesthetic techniques, of post-transplant medico-surgical management and of prevention of disease recurrence and other post-transplant complications. Improved use of post-transplant immunosuppression to prevent acute and chronic rejection is a major factor in these improved results. The liver has been shown to be more tolerogenic than other organs, and matching of donor and recipients is mainly limited to ABO blood group compatibility. However, long-term immunosuppression is required to avoid severe acute and chronic rejection and graft loss. With the current immunosuppression protocols, the risk of acute rejection requiring additional therapy is 10-40% and the risk of chronic rejection is below 5%. However, the development of histological lesions in the graft in long-term survivors suggest atypical forms of graft rejection may develop as a consequence of under-immunosuppression. The backbone of immunosuppression remains calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) mostly in association with steroids in the short-term and mycophenolate mofetil or mTOR inhibitors (everolimus). The occurrence of post-transplant complications related to the immunosuppressive therapy has led to the development of new protocols aimed at protecting renal function and preventing the development of de novo cancer and of dysmetabolic syndrome. However, there is no new class of immunosuppressive drugs in the pipeline able to replace current protocols in the near future. The aim of a full immune tolerance of the graft is rarely achieved since only 20% of selected patients can be weaned successfully off immunosuppression. In the future, immunosuppression will probably be more case oriented aiming to protect the graft from rejection and at reducing the risk of disease recurrence and complications related to immunosuppressive therapy. Such approaches will include strategies aiming to promote stable long-term immunological tolerance of the liver graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Adams
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Liver Disease, University of Birmingham and Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston Birmingham B152TT, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Sanchez-Fueyo
- Institute of Liver Studies, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - Didier Samuel
- AP-HP Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Centre Hépato-Biliaire; Inserm, Research Unit 1193; Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif F-94800, France.
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26
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Nakanuma Y, Sasaki M, Harada K. Autophagy and senescence in fibrosing cholangiopathies. J Hepatol 2015; 62:934-45. [PMID: 25435435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosing cholangiopathy such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and biliary atresia (BA) is characterized by biliary epithelial injuries and concentric fibrous obliteration of the biliary tree together with inflammatory cell infiltration. In these diseases, inappropriate innate immunity is reported to contribute more to bile duct pathology as compared with various aspects of "classical" autoimmune diseases. Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is characterized by chronic cholangitis with bile duct loss and classical autoimmune features. Cellular senescence of cholangiocytes and a senescence-associated secretory phenotype lead to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that may modify the milieu of the bile duct and then trigger fibroinflammatory responses in PSC and PBC. Furthermore, deregulated autophagy might be involved in cholangiocyte senescence and possibly in the autoimmune process in PBC, and the deregulated innate immunity against enteric microbes or their products that is associated with cholangiocyte senescence might result in the fibrosing cholangitis that develops in PBC and PSC. In BA, innate immunity against double-stranded RNA viruses might be involved in cholangiocyte apoptosis and also in the development of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cholangiocytes that results in fibrous obliteration of bile ducts. These recent advances in the understanding of immune-mediated biliary diseases represent a paradigm shift: the cholangiocyte is no longer viewed merely as a passive victim of injury; it is now also considered to function as a potential effector in bile duct pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuni Nakanuma
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan; Department of Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan.
| | - Motoko Sasaki
- Department of Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Department of Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan
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27
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Primary biliary cirrhosis is a generalized autoimmune epithelitis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:6432-46. [PMID: 25803105 PMCID: PMC4394541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16036432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic progressive autoimmune cholestatic liver disease characterized by highly specific antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) and the specific immune-mediated injury of small intrahepatic bile ducts. Unique apoptotic feature of biliary epithelial cells (BECs) may contribute to apotope presentation to the immune system, causing unique tissue damage in PBC. Perpetuation of inflammation may result in senescence of BECs, contributing to irreversible loss of bile duct. In addition to the classic liver manifestations, focal inflammation and tissue damage are also seen in salivary glands and urinary tract in a significant proportion of PBC patients. These findings provide potent support to the idea that molecular mimicry may be involved in the breakdown of autoimmune tolerance and mucosal immunity may lead to a systematic epithelitis in PBC patients. Thus, PBC is considered a generalized epithelitis in clinical practice.
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28
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Dyson JK, Hirschfield GM, Adams DH, Beuers U, Mann DA, Lindor KD, Jones DEJ. Novel therapeutic targets in primary biliary cirrhosis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 12:147-58. [PMID: 25645973 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2015.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic immune-mediated liver disease characterized by progressive cholestasis, biliary fibrosis and eventually cirrhosis. It results in characteristic symptoms with marked effects on life quality. The advent of large patient cohorts has challenged the view of PBC as a benign condition treated effectively by the single licensed therapy-ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). UDCA nonresponse or under-response has a major bearing on outcome, substantially increasing the likelihood that liver transplantation will be required or that patients will die of the disease. In patients with high-risk, treatment-unresponsive or highly symptomatic disease the need for new treatment approaches is clear. Evolution in our understanding of disease mechanisms is rapidly leading to the advent of new and re-purposed therapeutic agents targeting key processes. Notable opportunities are offered by targeting what could be considered as the 'upstream' immune response, 'midstream' biliary injury and 'downstream' fibrotic processes. Combination therapy targeting several pathways or the development of novel agents addressing multiple components of the disease pathway might be required. Ultimately, PBC therapeutics will require a stratified approach to be adopted in practice. This Review provides a current perspective on potential approaches to PBC treatment, and highlights the challenges faced in evaluating and implementing those treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Dyson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, 3rd Floor William Leech Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Gideon M Hirschfield
- Centre for Liver Research, NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Wolfson Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - David H Adams
- Centre for Liver Research, NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Wolfson Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology &Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, G4-216, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22600, NL-1100 DD, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Derek A Mann
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, 3rd Floor William Leech Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Keith D Lindor
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 550 North 3rd Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - David E J Jones
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, 3rd Floor William Leech Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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29
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Shulman HM, Cardona DM, Greenson JK, Hingorani S, Horn T, Huber E, Kreft A, Longerich T, Morton T, Myerson D, Prieto VG, Rosenberg A, Treister N, Washington K, Ziemer M, Pavletic SZ, Lee SJ, Flowers MED, Schultz KR, Jagasia M, Martin PJ, Vogelsang GB, Kleiner DE. NIH Consensus development project on criteria for clinical trials in chronic graft-versus-host disease: II. The 2014 Pathology Working Group Report. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2015; 21:589-603. [PMID: 25639770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The 2005 National Institute of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference outlined histopathological diagnostic criteria for the major organ systems affected by both acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The 2014 Consensus Conference led to this updated document with new information from histopathological studies of GVHD in the gut, liver, skin, and oral mucosa and an expanded discussion of GVHD in the lungs and kidneys. The recommendations for final histological diagnostic categories have been simplified from 4 categories to 3: no GVHD, possible GVHD, and likely GVHD, based on better reproducibility achieved by combining the previous categories of "consistent with GVHD" and "definite GVHD" into the single category of "likely GVHD." Issues remain in the histopathological characterization of GVHD, particularly with respect to the threshold of histological changes required for diagnostic certainty. Guidance is provided for the incorporation of biopsy information into prospective clinical studies of GVHD, particularly with respect to biomarker validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard M Shulman
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Diana M Cardona
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joel K Greenson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sangeeta Hingorani
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Departments of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Thomas Horn
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elisabeth Huber
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Kreft
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Longerich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Morton
- Departments of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - David Myerson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Victor G Prieto
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Avi Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nathaniel Treister
- Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mirjana Ziemer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steven Z Pavletic
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephanie J Lee
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary E D Flowers
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kirk R Schultz
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital/University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Madan Jagasia
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Paul J Martin
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Georgia B Vogelsang
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David E Kleiner
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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30
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Meng L, Quezada M, Levine P, Han Y, McDaniel K, Zhou T, Lin E, Glaser S, Meng F, Francis H, Alpini G. Functional role of cellular senescence in biliary injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:602-9. [PMID: 25619959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest that has been involved in many gastrointestinal diseases, including human cholestatic liver disorders. Senescence may play a role in biliary atresia, primary sclerosing cholangitis, cellular rejection, and primary biliary cirrhosis, four liver diseases affecting cholangiocytes and the biliary system. In this review, we examine proposed mechanisms of senescence-related biliary diseases, including hypotheses associated with the senescence-associated phenotype, induction of senescence in nearby cells, and the depletion of stem cell subpopulations. Current evidence for the molecular mechanisms of senescence in the previously mentioned diseases is discussed in detail, with attention to recent advances on the role of pathways associated with senescence-associated phenotype, stress-induced senescence, telomere dysfunction, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Meng
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas; Doctor of Medicine Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Morgan Quezada
- Department of Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Phillip Levine
- Department of Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas; Academic Operations, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Yuyan Han
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Kelly McDaniel
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas; Academic Operations, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Emily Lin
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas; Academic Operations, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Heather Francis
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas; Academic Operations, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas.
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31
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Mechanisms of tissue injury in autoimmune liver diseases. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:553-68. [PMID: 25082647 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0439-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases affecting the liver are mainly represented by autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The characteristic morphologic patterns of injury are a chronic hepatitis pattern of damage in AIH, destruction of small intrahepatic bile ducts in PBC and periductal fibrosis and inflammation involving larger bile ducts in PSC. The factors responsible for initiation and perpetuation of the injury in all the three autoimmune liver diseases are not understood completely but are likely to be environmental triggers on the background of genetic variation in immune regulation. In this review, we summarise the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the breakdown of self-tolerance in autoimmune liver diseases.
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32
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Sasaki M, Miyakoshi M, Sato Y, Nakanuma Y. Chemokine-chemokine receptor CCL2-CCR2 and CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis may play a role in the aggravated inflammation in primary biliary cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:358-64. [PMID: 24185682 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Senescent cells can alter local tissue environments by secretion of various senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASP), such as cytokines and chemokines. Given senescent biliary epithelial cells (BECs) in damaged small bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) show increased expression of chemokines CCL2 and CX3CL1 as SASP, we further examined an involvement of CCL2/CCR2 and CX3CL1/CX3CR1 systems in the pathogenesis of PBC. METHODS We examined immunohistochemically the expression of CCR2, CX3CR1, CCL2 and CX3CL1 in livers taken from the patients with PBC (n = 45) and control livers (n = 78), such as chronic viral hepatitis (CVH; n = 39). CCR2 or CX3CR1-expressing cells were characterized by double immunofluorescence with CD3, CD4, CD8, CD56 or CD68. RESULTS CCR2 is expressed in round cells, epithelioid cells and dendritic cells and most CCR2-positive cells were CD68-positive. Infiltration of CCR2-positive cells in the intraepithelial layer or around small bile ducts was significantly more extensive in PBC than CVH and normal liver (p < 0.05) and was significantly correlated with the expression of CCL2 in BECs (p < 0.01). Most CX3CR1-expressing inflammatory cells were CD3-positive T cells (CD8 > CD4). Infiltration of CX3CR1-positive cells in the intraepithelial layer and around small bile ducts was significantly more extensive in PBC than control livers (p < 0.05) and was significantly correlated with the expression of CX3CL1 in BECs (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION CCL2 and CX3CL1 produced by senescent BECs may promote infiltration of corresponding CCR2 and CX3CR1-expressing cells and further aggravate inflammation in bile duct lesion in PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Sasaki
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
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Shetty S, Adams DH, Hubscher SG. Post-transplant liver biopsy and the immune response: lessons for the clinician. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 8:645-61. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Brain JG, Robertson H, Thompson E, Humphreys EH, Gardner A, Booth TA, Jones DEJ, Afford SC, von Zglinicki T, Burt AD, Kirby JA. Biliary epithelial senescence and plasticity in acute cellular rejection. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:1688-702. [PMID: 23750746 PMCID: PMC3746108 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Biliary epithelial cells (BEC) are important targets in some liver diseases, including acute allograft rejection. Although some injured BEC die, many can survive in function compromised states of senescence or phenotypic de-differentiation. This study was performed to examine changes in the phenotype of BEC during acute liver allograft rejection and the mechanism driving these changes. Liver allograft sections showed a positive correlation (p < 0.0013) between increasing T cell mediated acute rejection and the number of BEC expressing the senescence marker p21(WAF1/Cip) or the mesenchymal marker S100A4. This was modeled in vitro by examination of primary or immortalized BEC after acute oxidative stress. During the first 48 h, the expression of p21(WAF1/Cip) was increased transiently before returning to baseline. After this time BEC showed increased expression of mesenchymal proteins with a decrease in epithelial markers. Analysis of TGF-β expression at mRNA and protein levels also showed a rapid increase in TGF-β2 (p < 0.006) following oxidative stress. The epithelial de-differentiation observed in vitro was abrogated by pharmacological blockade of the ALK-5 component of the TGF-β receptor. These data suggest that stress induced production of TGF-β2 by BEC can modify liver allograft function by enhancing the de-differentiation of local epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Brain
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - H Robertson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - E Thompson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - E H Humphreys
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Infection and Immunity University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK,NIHR BRU Queen Elizabeth Hospital BirminghamUK
| | - A Gardner
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - T A Booth
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - D E J Jones
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - S C Afford
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Infection and Immunity University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK,NIHR BRU Queen Elizabeth Hospital BirminghamUK
| | - T von Zglinicki
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A D Burt
- Clinical Deanery, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J A Kirby
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK,*Corresponding author: John A. Kirby,
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Abstract
Long-term transplant outcome is importantly influenced by the age of the organ donor. The mechanisms how age carries out its pathophysiological impact on graft survival are still not understood. One major contributing factor for the observed poor performance of old donor kidneys seems in particular the age-related loss in renal regenerative capacity. In this review, we will summarize recent findings about the molecular basis of renal aging with specific focus on the potential role of somatic cellular senescence and mitochondrial aging in renal transplant outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schmitt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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Abstract
Substantial advancements in the field of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) research have broadened our understanding of this enigmatic disease. Genome-wide studies have identified several new candidate genes involved in the immunoregulatory process, particularly those responsible for antigen presentation and lymphocyte signaling. Examples include the HLA class-II region and genes implicated in IL12-JAK/STAT signaling, and the NF-κB and TNF signaling pathways. Environmental triggers appear to disrupt the pre-existing, unstable immune tolerance in genetically susceptible individuals, and molecular mimics of the PBC-specific autoantigen (PDC) may be derived from microbes or xenobiotic compounds, which modify native proteins, making them immunogenic. Although the vast majority of patients with PBC are AMA-positive, a variety of disease-specific antinuclear antibodies have been recognized in conferring a worse clinical outcome. There has also been a revived interest in the role of antibody-secreting B cells in murine models suggesting that depletion of these cells paradoxically exacerbates cholangiopathy. Biliary specificity in PBC is most likely driven by the uniqueness of cholangiocyte apoptosis in which the PDC-E2 autoantigen undergoes differential glutathiolation. Cholangiocytes also possess the ability to phagocytose neighboring apoptotic cells, present intact immunoreactive antigen, and undergo attack from autoantibodies, the innate immune system, and autoreactive lymphocytes. Cellular senescence and a lack of functioning T-regulatory cells are proposed mechanisms by which this multi-lineage process is thought to be enhanced. This review summarizes these key advances as the true complexities of the disease process begin to be unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak J Trivedi
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, 5th Floor, Institute for Biomedical Research, Wolfson Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Sue Cullen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wycombe General Hospital, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, UK
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Novel approach to bile duct damage in primary biliary cirrhosis: participation of cellular senescence and autophagy. Int J Hepatol 2012; 2012:452143. [PMID: 21994884 PMCID: PMC3169336 DOI: 10.1155/2012/452143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is characterized by antimitochondrial autoantibodies (AMAs) in patients' sera and histologically by chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis in small bile ducts, eventually followed by extensive bile duct loss and biliary cirrhosis. The autoimmune-mediated pathogenesis of bile duct lesions, including the significance of AMAs, triggers of the autoimmune process, and so on remain unclear. We have reported that cellular senescence in biliary epithelial cells (BECs) may be involved in bile duct lesions and that autophagy may precede the process of biliary epithelial senescence in PBC. Interestingly, BECs in damaged bile ducts show characteristicsof cellular senescence and autophagy in PBC. A suspected causative factor of biliary epithelial senescence is oxidative stress. Furthermore, senescent BECs may modulate the microenvironment around bile ducts by expressing various chemokines and cytokines called senescence-associated secretory phenotypes and contribute to the pathogenesis in PBC.
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What is the long-term outcome of the liver allograft? J Hepatol 2011; 55:702-717. [PMID: 21426919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With improved long-term survival following liver transplantation (LT), issues relating to the assessment of the liver allograft in long-term survivors are becoming increasingly relevant. Histological abnormalities are commonly present in late post-transplant biopsies, including protocol biopsies from patients who appear to be well with good graft function. Recurrent disease is the commonest recognised cause of abnormal graft histology, but may be modified by the effects of immunosuppression or interactions with other graft complications, resulting in complex or atypical changes. Other abnormalities seen in late post-transplant biopsies include rejection (which often has different appearances to those seen in the post-transplant period), de novo disease, "idiopathic" post-transplant hepatitis (IPTH) and nodular regenerative hyperplasia. In many cases graft dysfunction has more than one cause and liver biopsy may help to identify the predominant cause of graft damage. Problems exist with the terminology used to describe less well understood patterns of graft injury, but there is emerging evidence to suggest that late rejection, de novo autoimmune hepatitis and IPTH may all be part of an overlapping spectrum of immune-mediated injury occurring in the late post-transplant liver allograft. Careful clinico-pathological correlation is very important and the wording of the biopsy report should take into account therapeutic implications, particularly whether changes in immunosuppression may be indicated. This article will provide an overview of the main histological changes occurring in long-term survivors post-LT, focusing on areas where the assessment of late post-transplant biopsies is most relevant clinically.
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Liver transplantation in PBC and PSC: indications and disease recurrence. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2011; 35:446-54. [PMID: 21459072 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) represent major indications for liver transplantation (LT). Despite the steady increase in the incidence and prevalence of PBC, the number of liver transplants for PBC has fallen in recent years, whereas the number of transplants for PSC has remained stable. Indications for LT for PBC and PSC are no different from those of other causes of chronic liver disease, apart from some disease-specific indications. PBC and PSC have more favourable outcomes after LT, compared to viral hepatitis and alcohol-associated liver disease. Numerous studies have clearly demonstrated that PBC and PSC recur after LT. The diagnosis of recurrent disease should be made on agreed criteria. The impact of recurrent disease on survival is unclear. Study of recurrent PBC and PSC may provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of these diseases in the native liver.
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Abstract
Histological assessments continue to play an important role in the diagnosis and management of liver allograft rejection. The changes occurring in acute and chronic rejection are well recognized and liver biopsy remains the 'gold standard' for diagnosing these two conditions. Recent interest has focused on the diagnosis of late cellular rejection, which may have different histological appearances to early acute rejection and instead has features that overlap with so-called 'de novo autoimmune hepatitis' and 'idiopathic post-transplant chronic hepatitis'. There is increasing evidence to suggest that 'central perivenulitis' may be an important manifestation of late rejection, although other causes of centrilobular necro-inflammation need to be considered in the differential diagnosis. There are also important areas of overlap between rejection and recurrent hepatitis C infection and the distinction between these two conditions continues to be a problem in the assessment of liver allograft biopsies. Studies using immunohistochemical staining for C4d as a marker for antibody-mediated damage have found evidence of C4d deposition in liver allograft rejection, but the functional significance of these observations is currently uncertain. This review will focus on these difficult and controversial areas in the pathology of rejection, documenting what is currently known and identifying areas where further clarification is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desley A H Neil
- Department of Pathology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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41
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Biliary epithelial apoptosis, autophagy, and senescence in primary biliary cirrhosis. HEPATITIS RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2010; 2010:205128. [PMID: 21152179 PMCID: PMC2989862 DOI: 10.1155/2010/205128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterized serologically by the high prevalence of anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies (AMAs) and histologically by the cholangitis of small bile ducts, eventually followed by extensive loss of the small bile duct. An autoimmune pathogenesis is suggested by clinical and experimental studies, but there remain issues regarding the etiology, the significance of AMAs in the pathogenesis of bile duct lesions, and so on. The unique properties of apoptosis in biliary epithelial cells (BECs), in which there is exposure of autoantigen to the effectors of the immune system, are proposed to be a cause of bile duct lesions in PBC. Recent progress disclosed that cellular senescence and autophagy are involved in bile duct lesions in PBC. Senescent BECs may modulate the periductal microenvironment by expressing senescence-associated secretory phenotypes, including various chemokines, and contribute to the pathogenesis of bile duct lesions in PBC.
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Sasaki M, Miyakoshi M, Sato Y, Nakanuma Y. Modulation of the microenvironment by senescent biliary epithelial cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2010; 53:318-25. [PMID: 20570384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Biliary epithelial cells (BECs) in damaged small bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) show senescent features. Given that senescent cells modulate the microenvironment by expressing senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASP), including inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, we investigated the possible involvement of SASP in the pathogenesis of PBC. METHODS We examined the chemokine profiles and the induced migration of RAW264.7 cells in senescent BECs induced by oxidative stress, DNA damage, and serum deprivation. We also immunohistochemically examined the expression of CCL2 and CX3CX1 in livers taken from patients with PBC (n=37) and control livers (n=75). RESULTS Senescent BECs induced by oxidative stress, DNA damage, or serum deprivation expressed a significantly higher level of chemokines to various degrees, when compared with control BECs. Senescent BECs significantly facilitated the migration of RAW264.7 cells (p<0.01), and neutralizing antibodies against CCL2 and CX3CX1 partially blocked the migration induced by senescent BECs (p<0.01). The expression of CCL2 and CX3CL1 was significantly higher in BECs in inflamed and damaged small bile ducts in PBC, when compared with non-inflamed bile ducts and control livers (p<0.01). The expression of CCL2 and CX3CL1 was co-localized with the expression of senescent markers. CONCLUSIONS Senescent BECs displayed an upregulated expression of various chemokines and chemotactic activities. The expression of CCL2 and CX3CL1 was increased in senescent BECs in PBC. These findings suggest that the senescent BECs may modulate the microenvironment around bile ducts by expressing SASP and contribute to the pathogenesis of bile duct lesions in PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Sasaki
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
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44
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Rygiel KA, Robertson H, Willet JDP, Brain JG, Burt AD, Jones DEJ, Kirby JA. T cell-mediated biliary epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in liver allograft rejection. Liver Transpl 2010; 16:567-76. [PMID: 20440766 DOI: 10.1002/lt.22029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Loss of bile duct epithelium is characteristic of early chronic rejection following liver transplantation. Recent studies have suggested that intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells can transform into myofibroblasts. This study examines the induction and molecular regulation of this transition during allograft rejection. Immortalized human cholangiocytes were stimulated with either transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) or a T cell line, and they were examined for morphological, proteomic, and functional features. Posttransplant liver biopsy sections were also examined. Treatment of cholangiocytes with TGFbeta1 or TGFbeta-presenting T cells induced a bipolar morphology, reduced expression of E-cadherin and zona occludens 1 (ZO-1), and increased vimentin, fibronectin, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, and S100 calcium binding protein A4 (S100A4); treated cells invaded a model basement membrane. Chemokines induced T cell penetration of 3-dimensional, cultured bile duct-like structures and bile ducts in liver biopsy sections. A spatial association was observed between duct-infiltrating T cells and cholangiocyte expression of mesenchymal markers, including S100A4. Inhibition of S100A4 expression in vitro blocked TGFbeta1-mediated loss of E-cadherin and ZO-1 but did not reduce induction of fibronectin, MMP-2, or MMP-9. This study demonstrates the potential for T cells to induce an intrahepatic biliary epithelial-to-mesenchymal cell transition during chronic rejection. Furthermore, S100A4 expression by cholangiocytes was identified as a crucial regulator of this transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina A Rygiel
- Applied Immunobiology and Transplantation Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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45
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Sasaki M, Ikeda H, Yamaguchi J, Miyakoshi M, Sato Y, Nakanuma Y. Bile ductular cells undergoing cellular senescence increase in chronic liver diseases along with fibrous progression. Am J Clin Pathol 2010; 133:212-23. [PMID: 20093230 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpwmx47treywzg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the pathologic significance of ductular reactions in chronic liver diseases with respect to cellular senescence. The expression of senescence-associated markers (p16(INK4a) and p21(WAF1/Cip1)), cell proliferation, cell cycle markers (cyclin D and cyclin A), and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) was examined immunohistochemically in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC, n = 37), chronic viral hepatitis (n = 39), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (n = 25), and control normal livers (n = 12). The expression of p16(INK4a) and p21(WAF1/Cip1) was frequently found in ductular cells in the advanced stage of chronic liver diseases, especially in PBC (P < .05). Double immunostaining disclosed that most senescent cells expressed cyclin D (G(1)-phase marker). NCAM was frequently coexpressed in ductular cells showing senescence-associated markers. Some ductular cells in ductular reactions in chronic liver diseases were at G(1) arrest and undergoing cellular senescence. Such senescent cells may be involved in the progression of fibrosis of these diseases, particularly in PBC.
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46
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Chuang YH, Lan RY, Gershwin ME. The immunopathology of human biliary cell epithelium. Semin Immunopathol 2009; 31:323-31. [PMID: 19533127 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-009-0172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bile ducts lined with biliary epithelial cells, or cholangiocytes, are the main components of the biliary system in liver. Cholangiocytes participate in the production and transport of bile substances, as well as participate in immune responses. Cholangiocytes protect against pathogens by expressing toll-like receptors and anti-microbial peptides; act as antigen-presenting cells by expressing human leukocyte antigen molecules and costimulatory molecules; recruit leukocytes to the target site by expressing adhesion molecules, cytokines, and chemokines; and induce apoptosis of leukocytes to limit the immune responses. Several cholangiopathies result from dysfunctions of the biliary system. They can broadly be divided into autoimmune, genetic, infectious, drug, and ischemic-injury-induced categories. The pathogenesis of many of these cholangiopathies is unclear and treatment is limited. Further understanding of the complexity of the biliary system is critical for medical advancements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Chuang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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47
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Sasaki M, Ikeda H, Yamaguchi J, Nakada S, Nakanuma Y. Telomere shortening in the damaged small bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis reflects ongoing cellular senescence. Hepatology 2008; 48:186-95. [PMID: 18536059 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Telomere shortening is a trigger of cellular senescence. Biliary epithelial cells in damaged small bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) show senescent features such as the expression of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase and the increased expression of p16(INK4a) and p21(WAF1/Cip1). We investigated whether the telomere shortening is involved in the pathogenesis of biliary cellular senescence in PBC. We analyzed the telomere length of biliary epithelial cells using quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization in livers taken from the patients with PBC (n = 13) and control livers (n = 13). We also assessed immunohistochemically the prevalence of DNA damage and the expression of p16(INK4a) and p21(WAF1/Cip1). The study showed a significant decrease in telomere length in biliary epithelial cells in the damaged small bile ducts and bile ductules in PBC compared with normal-looking bile ducts and bile ductules in PBC, chronic viral hepatitis, and normal livers (P < 0.01). gammaH2AX-DNA-damage-foci were detected in biliary epithelial cells in damaged small bile ducts and bile ductules in PBC but were absent in biliary epithelial cells in chronic viral hepatitis and normal livers. The expression of p16(INK4a) and p21(WAF1/Cip1) was increased corresponding to telomere shortening and gammaH2AX-DNA-damage-foci in the damaged small bile ducts in PBC. CONCLUSION Telomere shortening and an accumulation of DNA damage coincide with increased expression of p16(INK4a) and p21(WAF1/Cip1) in the damaged bile ducts, characterize biliary cellular senescence, and may play a role in the following progressive bile duct loss in PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Sasaki
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
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48
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Parker SM, Goriwiec MR, Borthwick LA, Johnson G, Ward C, Lordan JL, Corris PA, Saretzki GC, Fisher AJ. Airway epithelial cell senescence in the lung allograft. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:1544-9. [PMID: 18557742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lung allograft dysfunction, manifesting as bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), is characterized by airway epithelial injury, impaired epithelial regeneration and subsequent airway remodeling. Increased cellular senescence has been reported in renal and liver allografts affected by chronic allograft dysfunction but the significance of cellular senescence in the airway epithelium of the transplanted lung is unknown. Thirty-four lung transplant recipients, 20 with stable graft function and 14 with BOS, underwent transbronchial lung biopsy and histochemical studies for senescence markers in small airways. Compared to nontransplant control lung tissue (n = 9), lung allografts demonstrate significantly increased airway epithelial staining for senescence-associated beta galactosidase (SA beta-gal) (p = 0.0215), p16(ink4a) (p = 0.0002) and p21(waf1/cip) (p = 0.0138) but there was no difference in expression of these markers between stable and BOS affected recipients (p > 0.05). This preliminary cross-sectional study demonstrates that cellular senescence occurs with increased frequency in the airway epithelium of the lung allograft but does not establish any association between airway epithelial senescence and BOS. A prospective longitudinal study is required to better address any potential causal association between airway epithelial senescence in stable allograft recipients and the subsequent development of BOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Parker
- Applied Immunobiology and Transplantation Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, UK
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49
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Sasaki M, Ikeda H, Sato Y, Nakanuma Y. Proinflammatory cytokine-induced cellular senescence of biliary epithelial cells is mediated via oxidative stress and activation of ATM pathway: a culture study. Free Radic Res 2008; 42:625-32. [PMID: 18608517 DOI: 10.1080/10715760802244768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is reportedly involved in cholangiopathy in primary biliary cirrhosis and oxidative stress is proposed as a pathogenetic factor in biliary epithelial cells (BECs). This study investigated the involvement of proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-beta, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha) and ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM)/p53/ p21(WAF1/Cip1) pathway with respect to oxidative stress in cellular senescence of BECs. H(2)O(2) treatment (oxidative stress) induced phosphorylation (activation) of ATM and p53 and also p21(WAF1/Cip1) expression in BECs. Treatment with inflammatory cytokines generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cultured BECs followed by activation of the ATM/p53/p21(WAF1/Cip1) pathway and the induction of cellular senescence. Pre-treatment with ATM inhibitor (2-aminopurine) and antioxidant (N-acetylcysteine) significantly blocked the cellular senescence of BECs induced by oxidative stress or inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, proinflammatory cytokines induce ROS generation and activate the ATM/p53/p21(WAF1/Cip1) pathway, followed by biliary epithelial senescence. This senescent process may be involved in the development of destructive cholangiopathy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Sasaki
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
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50
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Sato Y, Harada K, Ozaki S, Furubo S, Kizawa K, Sanzen T, Yasoshima M, Ikeda H, Sasaki M, Nakanuma Y. Cholangiocytes with mesenchymal features contribute to progressive hepatic fibrosis of the polycystic kidney rat. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:1859-71. [PMID: 18055542 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The polycystic kidney (PCK) rat is an animal model of Caroli's disease with congenital hepatic fibrosis, in which the mechanism of progressive hepatic fibrosis remains unknown. This study aimed to clarify the mechanism of hepatic fibrosis of the PCK rat from the viewpoint of the contribution of pathological cholangiocytes. In liver sections of the PCK rats, intrahepatic bile ducts were constituted by two different phenotypes: bile ducts lined by cuboidal-shaped and flat-shaped cholangiocytes. The flat-shaped cholangiocytes showed reduced immunohistochemical expression of the biliary epithelial marker cytokeratin 19 and positive immunoreactivity for vimentin and fibronectin. When cultured cholangiocytes of the PCK rat were treated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, a potent inducer of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, induction of vimentin, fibronectin, and collagen expression occurred in the PCK cholangiocytes. Although the TGF-beta1 treatment reduced cytokeratin 19 expression, the epithelial cell features characterized by the expression of E-cadherin and zonula occludens-1 was maintained, and alpha-smooth muscle actin expression was not induced in the cholangiocytes. Cholangiocytes of the PCK rat may acquire mesenchymal features in response to TGF-beta1 and participate in progressive hepatic fibrosis by producing extracellular matrix molecules, which seems to be a different event from epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Sato
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
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