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Knoedler L, Knoedler S, Panayi AC, Lee CAA, Sadigh S, Huelsboemer L, Stoegner VA, Schroeter A, Kern B, Mookerjee V, Lian CG, Tullius SG, Murphy GF, Pomahac B, Kauke-Navarro M. Cellular activation pathways and interaction networks in vascularized composite allotransplantation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1179355. [PMID: 37266446 PMCID: PMC10230044 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1179355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is an evolving field of reconstructive surgery that has revolutionized the treatment of patients with devastating injuries, including those with limb losses or facial disfigurement. The transplanted units are typically comprised of different tissue types, including skin, mucosa, blood and lymphatic vasculature, muscle, and bone. It is widely accepted that the antigenicity of some VCA components, such as skin, is particularly potent in eliciting a strong recipient rejection response following transplantation. The fine line between tolerance and rejection of the graft is orchestrated by different cell types, including both donor and recipient-derived lymphocytes, macrophages, and other immune and donor-derived tissue cells (e.g., endothelium). Here, we delineate the role of different cell and tissue types during VCA rejection. Rejection of VCA grafts and the necessity of life-long multidrug immunosuppression remains one of the major challenges in this field. This review sheds light on recent developments in decoding the cellular signature of graft rejection in VCA and how these may, ultimately, influence the clinical management of VCA patients by way of novel therapies that target specific cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Knoedler
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Samuel Knoedler
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Adriana C. Panayi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Microsurgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Catherine A. A. Lee
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sam Sadigh
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lioba Huelsboemer
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Viola A. Stoegner
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Schroeter
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Barbara Kern
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vikram Mookerjee
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Christine G. Lian
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stefan G. Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - George F. Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bohdan Pomahac
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Martin Kauke-Navarro
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Kang YM, Lee M, An HJ. New Potential of Roxatidine Acetate Hydrochloride on Atopic Dermatitis Mouse Model, Human Keratinocytes, and Human Skin Equivalent Model. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:797086. [PMID: 35002730 PMCID: PMC8740129 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.797086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex inflammatory skin disorder, characterized by a complicated pathophysiology and a wide range of clinical phenotypes. Roxatidine acetate chloride (RXA) is a precursor of Roxatidine and a histamine H2 receptor antagonist, used for the treatment of gastric ulcers. In this study, we aimed to examine whether RXA had anti-AD effects and determine the underlying molecular mechanism of RXA. The anti-AD effects were examined in Dermatophagoides farinae body (Dfb)-induced AD mouse model, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/interferon (IFN)-γ-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes, and human skin equivalent model using ELISA, histological analysis, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and immunofluorescence. Results showed that RXA treatment significantly alleviated Dfb-induced AD skin symptoms and clinical severity in mice by decreasing the levels of immunoglobulin E, histamine, and inflammatory cytokines. RXA effectively inhibited the expression of adhesive molecules and recovered the filaggrin expression in Dfb-induced AD skin lesions and TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes. Additionally, RXA significantly upregulated the expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and sirtuin1. The anti-AD effects of RXA were associated with suppressed nuclear factor kappa cascade. Overall, our results suggest that RXA may be a potential anti-AD candidate owing to its inhibitory effect against skin inflammation and protection of the skin barrier function in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Mi Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Minho Lee
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin An
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, South Korea
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Hong S, Alapure BV, Lu Y, Tian H, Wang Q. Immunohistological localization of endogenous unlabeled stem cells in wounded skin. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 62:276-85. [PMID: 24399040 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414520710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Various types of endogenous stem cells (SCs) participate in wound healing in the skin at different anatomical locations. SCs need to be identified through multiple markers, and this is usually performed using flow cytometry. However, immunohistological identification of endogenous stem cells in the skin at different anatomical locations by co-staining multiple SC markers has been seldom explored. We examined the immunohistological localization of four major types of SCs in wounded skin by co-staining for their multiple markers. Hematopoietic SCs were co-stained for Sca1 and CD45; mesenchymal SCs for Sca1, CD29, and CD106; adipose SCs for CD34, CD90, and CD105; and endothelial progenitor cells and their differentiated counterparts were co-stained for CD34, Tie2, and von Willebrand factor. We found Sca1(+)CD45(+) SCs in the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis of wounded skin. Sca1(+)CD29(+) and Sca1(+)CD106(+) mesenchymal SCs, CD34(+)CD105(+), CD34(+)CD90(+), and CD90(+)CD105(+) adipose SCs, as well as CD34(+)Tie2(+) endothelial progenitor cells were also located in the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using immunohistological staining to determine the location of SCs in wounded skin and the intracellular distribution of their molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hong
- Center of Neuroscience Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Seyedmajidi M, Shafaee S, Bijani A, Bagheri S. VCAM1 and ICAM1 expression in oral lichen planus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2013; 2:34-40. [PMID: 24551788 PMCID: PMC3920522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Oral lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory immune-mediated disease. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are vascular adhesion molecules that their receptors are located on endothelial cells and leukocytes. The aim of this study is the immunohistochemical evaluation of VCAM1 and ICAM1 in oral lichen planus and to compare these two markers with normal mucosa for evaluation of angiogenesis. This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 70 paraffined blocks of oral lichen planus and 30 normal mucosa samples taken from around the lesions. Samples were stained with H & E and then with Immunohistochemistry using monoclonal mouse anti human VCAM1 (CD106), & monoclonal mouse anti human ICAM1(CD54) for confirmation of diagnosis. Slides were evaluated under light microscope and VCAM1 and ICAM1 positive cells (endothelial cells and leukocytes) were counted. Data were analyzed with Mann-Whitney test, Wilcoxon and Chi-Square and p<0.001 was declared significant. VCAM1 and ICAM1 expression significantly increased compared to normal mucosa in oral lichen planus according to the percentage of stained cells (p=0.000& p=0.000, Mann-Whitney test). Thirty cases of oral normal mucosa associated with lichen planus showed that the VCAM1 has increased significantly in comparison to normal mucosa (p<0.001). Also, ICAM1 expression between lichen planus and normal mucosa, showed a significantly difference (p<0.001). A significant difference between VCAM1 and ICAM1 expression and type of lichen planus was not observed (p>0.05). Regarding the results, it seems that high expression of VCAM1 and ICAM1 is related to oral lichen planus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Seyedmajidi
- Dental Materials Research Center, Dental Faculty, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Corresponding author: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Dental Faculty, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
E-mail:.
| | - Shahryar Shafaee
- Cellular & Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Ali Bijani
- Non-communicable Pediatrics Diseases Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Soodabeh Bagheri
- Students Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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Zhan Q, Korngold R, Lezcano C, McKeon F, Murphy GF. Graft-versus-host disease-related cytokine-driven apoptosis depends on p73 in cytokeratin 15-positive target cells. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2012; 18:841-51. [PMID: 22469882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a major complication of allogeneic stem cell transplantation, involves cytotoxic soluble and cellular effectors that selectively induce apoptosis in normally apoptosis-resistant, cytokeratin 15 (K15)-expressing epithelial stem cells residing at the tips of rete ridges of human epidermis and in analogous rete-like prominences (RLPs) of murine dorsal lingual epithelium. The mechanisms whereby epithelial stem cells are rendered vulnerable to apoptosis during allostimulation are unknown. We hypothesized that GVHD-induced target cell injury may be related to pathways involving the p53 family that are constitutively expressed by epithelial stem cells and designed to trigger physiological apoptosis as a result of environmental danger signals. Among the p53 family members, we found that p73 protein and mRNA were preferentially expressed in K15(+) RLPs of murine lingual squamous epithelium. On in vitro exposure to recombinant TNF-α and IL-1 in an organ culture model previously shown to replicate early GVHD-like target cell injury, apoptosis was selectively induced in K15(+) stem cell regions and was associated with induction of phosphorylated p73, a marker for p73 activation, and apoptosis was abrogated in target tissue obtained from p73-deficient (p73(-/-)) mice. Evaluation of early in vivo lesions in experimental murine GVHD disclosed identical patterns of phosphorylated p73 expression that coincided with the onset of effector T cell infiltration and target cell apoptosis within K15(+) RLPs. This study is the first to suggest that paradoxical apoptosis in GVHD of physiologically protected K15(+) epithelial stem cells is explainable, at least in part, by cytokine-induced activation of suicide pathways designed to eliminate stem cells after exposure to deleterious factors perceived to be harmful to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhan
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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6
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Zhan Q, Signoretti S, Whitaker-Menezes D, Friedman TM, Korngold R, Murphy GF. Cytokeratin15-positive basal epithelial cells targeted in graft-versus-host disease express a constitutive antiapoptotic phenotype. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 127:106-15. [PMID: 17039241 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The normal gene expression profile of rete-tip keratinocytes targeted in human graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains unexplored. Murine lingual epithelium, unlike murine skin, consists of a basal layer that resembles human cutaneous rete ridges and harbors rete tip-associated cells that express cytokeratin 15 (K15), a marker for epithelial stem cells. Target cell apoptosis in murine GVHD preferentially involves subpopulations of basal cells that (1) reside at tips of lingual rete ridge-like prominences (RLPs), (2) constitutively express K15 protein, (3) express the proapoptotic protein Bax early in disease progression, and (4) coincide spatially with putative epithelial stem cells. Here, we show by real-time reverse transcription-PCR that immunohistochemistry-guided laser-captured K15-positive (K15+) murine basal cells constitutively express quantitatively higher mRNA levels for K15 but lower mRNA levels of Bax than do K15- basal cells, consistent with the presumed stem cell nature of K15+ basal cells. Moreover, apoptosis gene array screening of K15+ microdissected basal cells demonstrated a dominant trend toward the preferential expression of genes associated with protection from apoptosis. Accordingly, genes that regulate apoptotic vulnerability are differentially expressed in basal layer subpopulations distinguishable by K15 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhan
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Chaturvedi V, Bodner B, Qin JZ, Nickoloff BJ. Knock down of p53 levels in human keratinocytes increases susceptibility to type I and type II interferon-induced apoptosis mediated by a TRAIL dependent pathway. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 41:31-41. [PMID: 16289694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Revised: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratinocytes (KCs) in healthy skin only undergo death following differentiation to produce stratum corneum. By contrast, in inflammatory pathological conditions featuring type I (IFN-alpha) and type II (IFN-gamma) interferons KCs undergo premature apoptosis. OBJECTIVE To define apoptotic susceptibility of KCs, response to interferons was examined. Since molecular cross-talk occurs between interferons and p53, potential mechanistic roles for p53 in KC apoptosis were investigated. METHODS Knock down of p53 was performed, and apoptotic response to addition of interferons was assessed using FACS and by staining for activated caspase 3 and TUNEL. Elucidation of death pathway was accomplished by using a dominant negative death receptor construct and a neutralizing TRAIL antibody. RESULTS Reduction in p53 levels in KCs by siRNA treatment enhanced, rather than reduced, apoptotic responses to IFN-alpha plus IFN-gamma. In an immortalized human KC cell line (HaCaT cells with both p53 alleles mutated) enhanced apoptotic susceptibility to interferon exposure was also observed. The mechanism for this enhanced apoptosis involved induction of TRAIL and its interaction with death receptors, as blocking the death receptor pathway using dominant negative FADD, or by addition of neutralizing antibody against TRAIL, reduced the apoptotic response to IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma. CONCLUSION These results indicate IFN-alpha plus IFN-gamma triggers apoptosis independent of p53 in HaCaT cells, and also demonstrate an unexpected survival role for p53 in human KCs as regards apoptotic responsiveness to cytokines such as IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma involving activation of TRAIL-related death receptors. Strategies enhancing p53 regulated survival proteins in KCs may be of therapeutic benefit in skin disorders characterized by activated immunocytes triggering premature KC apoptosis.
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Eyrich M, Burger G, Marquardt K, Budach W, Schilbach K, Niethammer D, Schlegel PG. Sequential expression of adhesion and costimulatory molecules in graft-versus-host disease target organs after murine bone marrow transplantation across minor histocompatibility antigen barriers. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2005; 11:371-82. [PMID: 15846291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2005.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a potentially fatal complication after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. However, few data exist thus far on the molecular signals governing leukocyte trafficking during the disease. We therefore investigated the sequential pattern of distinct adhesion, costimulatory, and apoptosis-related molecules in GVHD organs (ileum, colon, skin, and liver) after transplantation across minor histocompatibility barriers (B10.D2 --> BALB/c, both H-2d). To distinguish changes induced by the conditioning regimen from effects achieved by allogeneic cell transfer, syngeneic transplant recipients (BALB/c --> BALB/c) and irradiated nontransplanted mice were added as controls. Irradiation upregulated the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-l, and B7-2 in ileum, as well as VCAM-1 and B7-2 in colon, on day 3 in all animals. Whereas in syngeneic mice these effects were reversed from day 9 on, allogeneic recipients showed further upregulation of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, B7-1, and B7-2 in these organs on day 22, when GVHD became clinically evident. Infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ donor T cells was noted on day 9 in skin and liver and on day 22 in ileum and colon. Surprisingly, the expression of several other adhesion molecules, such as ICAM-2, platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1, E-selectin, and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1, did not change. Proapoptotic and antiapoptotic markers were balanced in GVHD organs with the exception of spleen, in which a preferential expression of the proapoptotic Bax could be noted. Our results indicate that irradiation-induced upregulation of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and B7-2 provides early costimulatory signals to incoming donor T cells in the intestine, followed by a cascade of proinflammatory signals in other organs once the alloresponse is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eyrich
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, University Medical Center, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Hofmeister CC, Quinn A, Cooke KR, Stiff P, Nickoloff B, Ferrara JLM. Graft-versus-host disease of the skin: life and death on the epidermal edge. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2005; 10:366-72. [PMID: 15148490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite impressive advances in the field of allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation, graft versus host disease (GVHD) remains a significant obstacle to be overcome; it would enhance the safety and efficacy of this life-saving therapy. This review provides a framework for understanding the molecular and cellular basis underlying GVHD. We propose a 3-phase model of GVHD that highlights the importance of the conditioning regimen on the recipient tissues administered prior to infusion of donor bone marrow inoculum. A novel skin explant model, designed to take into consideration the immunobiological consequences of conditioning regimens on resident host cells, is proposed to advance our understanding of GVHD and serve as a potential prognostic tool when allogeneic recipient/donor combinations are being contemplated in the clinic. Within this review, specific emphasis is placed on the importance of defining the apoptotic machinery engaged in epidermal keratinocytes triggered by both conditioning regimens, and by host resident and recruited immunocytes and soluble mediators produced at sites of injury. The review is completed with a working model for cutaneous GVHD. Although the skin is highlighted because of its accessibility for clinical observations and serial sampling opportunities, lessons learned from studies of cutaneous GVHD are likely to provide valuable insights into GVHD occurring in the gastrointestinal tract, lung, and liver. With new insights designed to better predict and prevent GVHD and novel agents designed to treat GVHD, overcoming this current impediment to successful bone marrow transplantation should become increasingly feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig C Hofmeister
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Loyola University Medical Center/Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
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Nickoloff BJ, Bonish BK, Nestle FO. Viewpoint 2. Exp Dermatol 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.290c.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita C Gilliam
- Department of Dermatology Case/University Hopsitals of Cleveland Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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12
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Sugerman PB, Faber SB, Willis LM, Petrovic A, Murphy GF, Pappo J, Silberstein D, van den Brink MRM. Kinetics of gene expression in murine cutaneous graft-versus-host disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 164:2189-202. [PMID: 15161652 PMCID: PMC1615752 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63776-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of gene expression associated with the development of cutaneous graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) were examined in a mouse model of MHC-matched allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Ear skin was obtained from recipient mice with or without GVHD between 7 and 40 days after transplantation for histopathological analysis and gene expression profiling. Gene expression patterns were consistent with early infiltration and activation of CD8(+) T and mast cells, followed by CD4(+) T, natural killer, and myeloid cells. The sequential infiltration and activation of effector cells correlated with the histopathological development of cutaneous GVHD and was accompanied by up-regulated expression of many chemokines and their receptors (CXCL-1, -2, -9, and -10; CCL-2, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -11, and -19; CCR-1 and CCR-5), adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, CD18, Ly69, PSGL-1, VCAM-1), molecules involved in antigen processing and presentation (TAP1 and TAP2, MHC class I and II, CD80), regulators of apoptosis (granzyme B, caspase 7, Bak1, Bax, and BclII), interferon-inducible genes (STAT1, IRF-1, IIGP, GTPI, IGTP, Ifi202A), stimulators of fibroblast proliferation and matrix synthesis (interleukin-1beta, transforming growth factor-beta1), and markers of keratinocyte proliferation (keratins 5 and 6), and differentiation (small proline-rich proteins 2E and 1B). Many acute-phase proteins were up-regulated early in murine cutaneous GVHD including serum amyloid A2 (SAA2), SAA3, serpins a3g and a3n, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, and metallothioneins 1 and 2. The kinetics of gene expression were consistent with the evolution of cutaneous pathology as well as with current models of disease progression during cutaneous GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip B Sugerman
- straZeneca Research and Development Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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Whitaker-Menezes D, Jones SC, Friedman TM, Korngold R, Murphy GF. An epithelial target site in experimental graft-versus-host disease and cytokine-mediated cytotoxicity is defined by cytokeratin 15 expression. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2004; 9:559-70. [PMID: 14506658 DOI: 10.1016/s1083-8791(03)00288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The identity of cells within squamous epithelia that represent primary targets in acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) has been an enigma. Murine effector T cells implicated in the alloresponse by Vbeta complementarity-determining region-3 spectratype analysis were detected with a Vbeta-specific monoclonal antibody within discrete microdomains of tongue (lingual) squamous epithelium. These microdomains, termed rete-like prominences (RLPs), are similar to the rete ridges of human skin. Cells forming the basal layer of RLPs and of human skin rete ridges were shown to express a distinctive pattern of keratin expression defined by antibodies to cytokeratin 15 (K15). In experimental murine GVHD elicited across minor histocompatibility antigen barriers (miHA), early lesions involved selective apoptosis and loss of K15(+) staining within lingual RLPs. An in vitro organ culture model designed to investigate target cell injury by short-term exposure to tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta, mediators relevant to GVHD, showed a similar pattern of apoptosis and loss of K15(+) reactivity within RLPs. In aggregate, these findings establish a novel cytoskeletal marker for target epithelial subpopulations that should facilitate evaluation of mechanisms of host cell injury in GVHD. These data may also enable the development of therapeutic approaches to abrogate disease at the level of target cell blockade.
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Murphy GF, Korngold R. Significance of selectively targeted apoptotic rete cells in graft-versus-host disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2004; 10:357-65. [PMID: 15148489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2004.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Considerable data exist regarding the mechanisms of allostimulation and homing (the effector phases) in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Current dogma suggests that target specificity involves preferential injury to epithelial surfaces of the skin and squamous mucosae, liver, and gut. Little attention has been devoted, however, to mechanisms of cellular targeting or to whether heterogeneity exists in target tissues with regard to a threshold for cellular injury. A recent breakthrough in understanding the target stage of GVHD indicates that the predominant pathway of injury to squamous epithelial cells involves apoptosis. Moreover, apoptotic injury may be associated or unassociated with local T-cell infiltration and involves phenotypically and antigenically distinctive epithelial cells within the basal layer of the skin and squamous mucosa. These cells are confined to rete ridges in the skin and retelike prominences in the dorsal tongue and are designated as selectively targeted apoptotic rete (STAR) cells. The discovery of STAR cells in GVHD paves the way for speculation and experimentation to determine why these subpopulations are selectively vulnerable and how soluble and cellular effectors of apoptosis contribute to their ultimate demise. Novel approaches to GVHD treatment derived from understanding mechanisms of selective epithelial injury are likely to use strategies to render target cells less susceptible to the apoptosis that is ultimately responsible for organ dysfunction and failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- George F Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Friedman TM, Jones SC, Statton D, Murphy GF, Korngold R. Evolution of responding CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell repertoires during the development of graft-versus-host disease directed to minor histocompatibility antigens. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2004; 10:224-35. [PMID: 15077221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2003.12.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) can be induced in lethally irradiated mice after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation between major histocompatibility complex-matched strains expressing multiple minor histocompatibility antigen differences. In the B6 --> BALB.B irradiation model, both CD4(+) and CD8(+) donor T cells have the capacity to mediate lethal GVHD. Previously, CDR3-size spectratyping was used to analyze these T-cell responses at a single early time point (day 5) after transplantation and revealed clonal or oligoclonal expansions of the V beta 2, 4, and 6 to 14 families for the CD4(+) response and of the V beta 4, 6, 8 to 11, and 14 families for the B6 CD8(+) response. Appropriate positive selection of these T-cell receptor V beta-skewed CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets and their subsequent transfer into lethally irradiated BALB.B recipients resulted in fatal GVHD induction. In contrast, BALB.B mice transplanted with nonskewed V beta CD4(+) T cells survived, with minimal symptoms of GVHD. This study was undertaken to investigate the evolution of the donor/antihost minor histocompatibility antigen T-cell repertoire responses throughout the course of GVHD development. The results indicated that a number of V beta families were consistently involved throughout the course of GVHD, whereas some V beta families exhibited skewed expansions only in either the early or late stages of disease. In addition, sequence analysis of relevant representative skewed CDR3 bands from the CD4(+) V beta 11(+) and the CD8(+) V beta 14(+) families, both of which exhibited strong consistent responses, demonstrated increased use of the J beta 2.5 and J beta 2.4 segments, respectively, thus identifying the T-cell receptor specificities involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea M Friedman
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Deguchi M, Whitaker-Menezes D, Jones SC, Aiba S, Nakagawa S, Tagami H, Korngold R, Murphy GF. 12E2: a cloned murine dermal cell with features of dermal dendrocytes and capacity to produce pathologic changes resembling early Kaposi's sarcoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:1817-25. [PMID: 14578182 PMCID: PMC1892424 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2003] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Factor XIIIa-positive dendrocytes are abundant within the dermis and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various disorders, including AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Purified cultures of factor XIIIa-positive normal dermal dendrocytes have not as yet been achieved. 12E2 is a cloned cell line derived from superficial murine dermis where factor XIIIa-positive dendrocytes are abundant. Subconfluent cultures of 12E2 demonstrate polydendritic cell contours with thin, elongated membranous projections. These cells express Factor XIIIa and VCAM-1 by immunohistochemistry and by Western blot analysis of 12E2 cell lysates. 12E2 cells also constitutively express the Langerhans-cell-related epitope DEC-205, detected by NLDC-145 antibody and the CD80 co-stimulatory molecule, as well as Ia antigen on exposure to interferon-gamma. Cells so treated exhibit significant ability to present alloantigens in vitro. 12E2 cells are shown to express mRNA for numerous cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction followed by Southern blot hybridization. Microinjection of 12E2 cells, but not 3T3control fibroblasts, into footpads of syngeneic and SCID mice results in lesions that mimic the histology and immunohistochemistry of human Kaposi's sarcoma. In aggregate, these data indicate that 12E2 cells 1) share lineage characteristics with factor XIIIa-positive dermal dendrocytes, 2) produce mRNA for numerous cytokines and are cytokine responsive to interferon-gamma, and 3) behave in vivo in a manner that resembles Kaposi's sarcoma, a condition known to involve proliferation of human dermal dendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Deguchi
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107-6799, USA
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