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Zhong J, Wang Y, Chen Z, Yalikun Y, He L, Liu T, Ma G. Engineering cyanobacteria as a new platform for producing taxol precursors directly from carbon dioxide. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:99. [PMID: 39014505 PMCID: PMC11253407 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Taxol serves as an efficient natural anticancer agent with extensive applications in the treatment of diverse malignancies. Although advances in synthetic biology have enabled the de novo synthesis of taxol precursors in various microbial chassis, the total biosynthesis of taxol remains challengable owing to the restricted oxidation efficiency in heterotrophic microbes. Here, we engineered Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 with modular metabolic pathways consisting of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway enzymes and taxol biosynthetic enzymes for production of taxadiene-5α-ol (T5α-ol), the key oxygenated intermediate of taxol. The best strain DIGT-P560 produced up to 17.43 mg/L of oxygenated taxanes and 4.32 mg/L of T5α-ol. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis of DIGT-P560 revealed that establishing a oxygenated taxane flux may enhance photosynthetic electron transfer efficiency and central metabolism in the engineered strain to ameliorate the metabolic disturbances triggered by the incorporation of exogenous genes. This is the first demonstration of photosynthetic production of taxadiene-5α-ol from CO2 in cyanobacteria, highlighting the broad prospects of engineered cyanobacteria as bio-solar cell factories for valuable terpenoids production and expanding the ideas for further rational engineering and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Zhong
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yushu Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoyang Chen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaliqin Yalikun
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiangang Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Ma
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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Current knowledge and recent advances in understanding metabolism of the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:222317. [PMID: 32149336 PMCID: PMC7133116 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are key organisms in the global ecosystem, useful models for studying metabolic and physiological processes conserved in photosynthetic organisms, and potential renewable platforms for production of chemicals. Characterizing cyanobacterial metabolism and physiology is key to understanding their role in the environment and unlocking their potential for biotechnology applications. Many aspects of cyanobacterial biology differ from heterotrophic bacteria. For example, most cyanobacteria incorporate a series of internal thylakoid membranes where both oxygenic photosynthesis and respiration occur, while CO2 fixation takes place in specialized compartments termed carboxysomes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of our knowledge on cyanobacterial physiology and the pathways in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (Synechocystis) involved in biosynthesis of sugar-based metabolites, amino acids, nucleotides, lipids, cofactors, vitamins, isoprenoids, pigments and cell wall components, in addition to the proteins involved in metabolite transport. While some pathways are conserved between model cyanobacteria, such as Synechocystis, and model heterotrophic bacteria like Escherichia coli, many enzymes and/or pathways involved in the biosynthesis of key metabolites in cyanobacteria have not been completely characterized. These include pathways required for biosynthesis of chorismate and membrane lipids, nucleotides, several amino acids, vitamins and cofactors, and isoprenoids such as plastoquinone, carotenoids, and tocopherols. Moreover, our understanding of photorespiration, lipopolysaccharide assembly and transport, and degradation of lipids, sucrose, most vitamins and amino acids, and haem, is incomplete. We discuss tools that may aid our understanding of cyanobacterial metabolism, notably CyanoSource, a barcoded library of targeted Synechocystis mutants, which will significantly accelerate characterization of individual proteins.
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Chen GE, Hitchcock A, Mareš J, Gong Y, Tichý M, Pilný J, Kovářová L, Zdvihalová B, Xu J, Hunter CN, Sobotka R. Evolution of Ycf54-independent chlorophyll biosynthesis in cyanobacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2024633118. [PMID: 33649240 PMCID: PMC7958208 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024633118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorophylls (Chls) are essential cofactors for photosynthesis. One of the least understood steps of Chl biosynthesis is formation of the fifth (E) ring, where the red substrate, magnesium protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester, is converted to the green product, 3,8-divinyl protochlorophyllide a In oxygenic phototrophs, this reaction is catalyzed by an oxygen-dependent cyclase, consisting of a catalytic subunit (AcsF/CycI) and an auxiliary protein, Ycf54. Deletion of Ycf54 impairs cyclase activity and results in severe Chl deficiency, but its exact role is not clear. Here, we used a Δycf54 mutant of the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 to generate suppressor mutations that restore normal levels of Chl. Sequencing Δycf54 revertants identified a single D219G amino acid substitution in CycI and frameshifts in slr1916, which encodes a putative esterase. Introduction of these mutations to the original Δycf54 mutant validated the suppressor effect, especially in combination. However, comprehensive analysis of the Δycf54 suppressor strains revealed that the D219G-substituted CycI is only partially active and its accumulation is misregulated, suggesting that Ycf54 controls both the level and activity of CycI. We also show that Slr1916 has Chl dephytylase activity in vitro and its inactivation up-regulates the entire Chl biosynthetic pathway, resulting in improved cyclase activity. Finally, large-scale bioinformatic analysis indicates that our laboratory evolution of Ycf54-independent CycI mimics natural evolution of AcsF in low-light-adapted ecotypes of the oceanic cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus, which lack Ycf54, providing insight into the evolutionary history of the cyclase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu E Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hitchcock
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Mareš
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Yanhai Gong
- Single-Cell Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Martin Tichý
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pilný
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kovářová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Zdvihalová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Jian Xu
- Single-Cell Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - C Neil Hunter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Sobotka
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic;
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Tarento TD, McClure DD, Vasiljevski E, Schindeler A, Dehghani F, Kavanagh JM. Microalgae as a source of vitamin K1. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Emonds‐Alt B, Coosemans N, Gerards T, Remacle C, Cardol P. Isolation and characterization of mutants corresponding to the MENA, MENB, MENC and MENE enzymatic steps of 5'-monohydroxyphylloquinone biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:141-154. [PMID: 27612091 PMCID: PMC5299476 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phylloquinone (PhQ), or vitamin K1 , is an essential electron carrier (A1 ) in photosystem I (PSI). In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which is a model organism for the study of photosynthesis, a detailed characterization of the pathway is missing with only one mutant deficient for MEND having been analyzed. We took advantage of the fact that a double reduction of plastoquinone occurs in anoxia in the A1 site in the mend mutant, interrupting photosynthetic electron transfer, to isolate four new phylloquinone-deficient mutants impaired in MENA, MENB, MENC (PHYLLO) and MENE. Compared with the wild type and complemented strains for MENB and MENE, the four men mutants grow slowly in low light and are sensitive to high light. When grown in low light they show a reduced photosynthetic electron transfer due to a specific decrease of PSI. Upon exposure to high light for a few hours, PSI becomes almost completely inactive, which leads in turn to lack of phototrophic growth. Loss of PhQ also fully prevents reactivation of photosynthesis after dark anoxia acclimation. In silico analyses allowed us to propose a PhQ biosynthesis pathway in Chlamydomonas that involves 11 enzymatic steps from chorismate located in the chloroplast and in the peroxisome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Emonds‐Alt
- Department of Life Sciences, Genetics and Physiology of MicroalgaePhytoSYSTEMSInBiosUniversity of LiègeB–4000LiègeBelgium
| | - Nadine Coosemans
- Department of Life Sciences, Genetics and Physiology of MicroalgaePhytoSYSTEMSInBiosUniversity of LiègeB–4000LiègeBelgium
| | - Thomas Gerards
- Department of Life Sciences, BioenergeticsPhytoSYSTEMSInBiosUniversity of LiègeB–4000LiègeBelgium
| | - Claire Remacle
- Department of Life Sciences, Genetics and Physiology of MicroalgaePhytoSYSTEMSInBiosUniversity of LiègeB–4000LiègeBelgium
| | - Pierre Cardol
- Department of Life Sciences, Genetics and Physiology of MicroalgaePhytoSYSTEMSInBiosUniversity of LiègeB–4000LiègeBelgium
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Wang Y, Chen L, Zhang W. Proteomic and metabolomic analyses reveal metabolic responses to 3-hydroxypropionic acid synthesized internally in cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:209. [PMID: 27757169 PMCID: PMC5053081 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0627-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) is an important platform chemical with a wide range of applications. In our previous study, the biosynthetic pathway of 3-HP was constructed and optimized in cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, which led to 3-HP production directly from CO2 at a level of 837.18 mg L-1 (348.8 mg/g dry cell weight). As the production and accumulation of 3-HP in cells affect cellular metabolism, a better understanding of cellular responses to 3-HP synthesized internally in Synechocystis will be important for further increasing 3-HP productivity in cyanobacterial chassis. RESULTS Using a engineered 3-HP-producing SM strain, in this study, the cellular responses to 3-HP internally produced were first determined using a quantitative iTRAQ-LC-MS/MS proteomics approach and a LC-MS-based targeted metabolomics. A total of 2264 unique proteins were identified, which represented about 63 % of all predicted protein in Synechocystis in the proteomic analysis; meanwhile intracellular abundance of 24 key metabolites was determined by a comparative metabolomic analysis of the 3-HP-producing strain SM and wild type. Among all identified proteins, 204 proteins were found up-regulated and 123 proteins were found down-regulated, respectively. The proteins related to oxidative phosphorylation, photosynthesis, ribosome, central carbon metabolism, two-component systems and ABC-type transporters were up-regulated, along with the abundance of 14 metabolites related to central metabolism. The results suggested that the supply of ATP and NADPH was increased significantly, and the precursor malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA may also be supplemented when 3-HP was produced at a high level in Synechocystis. Confirmation of proteomic and metabolomic results with RT-qPCR and gene-overexpression strains of selected genes was also conducted, and the overexpression of three transporter genes putatively involved in cobalt/nickel, manganese and phosphate transporting (i.e., sll0385, sll1598 and sll0679) could lead to an increased 3-HP production in Synechocystis. CONCLUSIONS The integrative analysis of up-regulated proteome and metabolome data showed that to ensure the high-efficient production of 3-HP and the normal growth of Synechocystis, multiple aspects of cells metabolism including energy, reducing power supply, central carbon metabolism, the stress responses and protein synthesis were enhanced in Synechocystis. The study provides an important basis for further engineering cyanobacteria for high 3-HP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Wang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Gorka M, Perez A, Baker CS, Ferlez B, van der Est A, Bryant DA, Golbeck JH. Electron transfer from the A1A and A1B sites to a tethered Pt nanoparticle requires the FeS clusters for suppression of the recombination channel. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 152:325-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Matarlo JS, Evans CE, Sharma I, Lavaud LJ, Ngo SC, Shek R, Rajashankar KR, French JB, Tan DS, Tonge PJ. Mechanism of MenE inhibition by acyl-adenylate analogues and discovery of novel antibacterial agents. Biochemistry 2015; 54:6514-6524. [PMID: 26394156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MenE is an o-succinylbenzoyl-CoA (OSB-CoA) synthetase in the bacterial menaquinone biosynthesis pathway and is a promising target for the development of novel antibacterial agents. The enzyme catalyzes CoA ligation via an acyl-adenylate intermediate, and we have previously reported tight-binding inhibitors of MenE based on stable acyl-sulfonyladenosine analogues of this intermediate, including OSB-AMS (1), which has an IC50 value of ≤25 nM for Escherichia coli MenE. Herein, we show that OSB-AMS reduces menaquinone levels in Staphylococcus aureus, consistent with its proposed mechanism of action, despite the observation that the antibacterial activity of OSB-AMS is ∼1000-fold lower than the IC50 for enzyme inhibition. To inform the synthesis of MenE inhibitors with improved antibacterial activity, we have undertaken a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study stimulated by the knowledge that OSB-AMS can adopt two isomeric forms in which the OSB side chain exists either as an open-chain keto acid or a cyclic lactol. These studies revealed that negatively charged analogues of the keto acid form bind, while neutral analogues do not, consistent with the hypothesis that the negatively charged keto acid form of OSB-AMS is the active isomer. X-ray crystallography and site-directed mutagenesis confirm the importance of a conserved arginine for binding the OSB carboxylate. Although most lactol isomers tested were inactive, a novel difluoroindanediol inhibitor (11) with improved antibacterial activity was discovered, providing a pathway toward the development of optimized MenE inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe S Matarlo
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400.,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400
| | - Christopher E Evans
- Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Indrajeet Sharma
- Chemical Biology Program and Tri-Institutional Research Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Lubens J Lavaud
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400
| | - Stephen C Ngo
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400
| | - Roger Shek
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400
| | - Kanagalaghatta R Rajashankar
- NE-CAT and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Building 436E, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439
| | - Jarrod B French
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400.,Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400.,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400
| | - Derek S Tan
- Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065.,Chemical Biology Program and Tri-Institutional Research Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Peter J Tonge
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400.,Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400
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Hastings G. Vibrational spectroscopy of photosystem I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1847:55-68. [PMID: 25086273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared difference spectroscopy (FTIR DS) has been widely used to study the structural details of electron transfer cofactors (and their binding sites) in many types of photosynthetic protein complexes. This review focuses in particular on work that has been done to investigate the A₁cofactor in photosystem I photosynthetic reaction centers. A review of this subject area last appeared in 2006 [1], so only work undertaken since then will be covered here. Following light excitation of intact photosystem I particles the P700⁺A⁻(1) secondary radical pair state is formed within 100ps. This state decays within 300ns at room temperature, or 300μs at 77K. Given the short-lived nature of this state, it is not easily studied using "static" photo-accumulation FTIR difference techniques at either temperature. Time-resolved techniques are required. This article focuses on the use of time-resolved step-scan FTIR DS for the study of the P700⁺A⁻(1) state in intact photosystem I. Up until now, only our group has undertaken studies in this area. So, in this article, recent work undertaken in our lab is described, where we have used low-temperature (77K), microsecond time-resolved step-scan FTIR DS to study the P700⁺A⁻(1) state in photosystem I. In photosystem I a phylloquinone molecule occupies the A₁binding site. However, different quinones can be incorporated into the A1 binding site, and here work is described for photosystem I particles with plastoquinone-9, 2-phytyl naphthoquinone and 2-methyl naphthoquinone incorporated into the A₁binding site. Studies in which ¹⁸O isotope labeled phylloquinone has been incorporated into the A1 binding site are also discussed. To fully characterize PSI particles with different quinones incorporated into the A1 binding site nanosecond to millisecond visible absorption spectroscopy has been shown to be of considerable value, especially so when undertaken using identical samples under identical conditions to that used in time-resolved step-scan FTIR measurements. In this article the latest work that has been undertaken using both visible and infrared time resolved spectroscopies on the same sample will be described. Finally, vibrational spectroscopic data that has been obtained for phylloquinone in the A1 binding site in photosystem I is compared to corresponding data for ubiquinone in the QA binding site in purple bacterial reaction centers. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Vibrational spectroscopies and bioenergetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Hastings
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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10
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Gorka M, Schartner J, van der Est A, Rögner M, Golbeck JH. Light-Mediated Hydrogen Generation in Photosystem I: Attachment of a Naphthoquinone–Molecular Wire–Pt Nanoparticle to the A1A and A1B Sites. Biochemistry 2014; 53:2295-306. [DOI: 10.1021/bi500104r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gorka
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jonas Schartner
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department
of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Art van der Est
- Department
of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada L2S 3A1
| | - Matthias Rögner
- Department
of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - John H. Golbeck
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Lester GE, Makus DJ, Hodges DM, Jifon JL. Summer (subarctic) versus winter (subtropic) production affects spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaf bionutrients: vitamins (C, E, Folate, K1, provitamin A), lutein, phenolics, and antioxidants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7019-7027. [PMID: 23834651 DOI: 10.1021/jf401461z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Comparison of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) cultivars Lazio and Samish grown during the summer solstice in the subarctic versus the winter solstice in the subtropics provided insight into interactions between production environment (light intensity), cultivar, and leaf age/maturity/position affecting bionutrient concentrations of vitamins (C, E, folate, K1, provitamin A), lutein, phenolics, and antioxidants. Growing spinach during the winter solstice in the subtropics resulted in increased leaf dry matter %, oxidized (dehydro) ascorbic acid (AsA), α- and γ-tocopherol, and total phenols but lower reduced (free) AsA, α-carotene, folate, and antioxidant capacity compared to summer solstice-grown spinach in the subarctic. Both cultivars had similar bionutrients, except for higher dehydroAsA, and lower α- and γ-tocopherol in 'Samish' compared to 'Lazio'. For most bionutrients measured, there was a linear, and sometimes quadratic, increase in concentrations from bottom to top canopy leaves. However, total phenolics and antioxidant capacity increased basipetally. The current study has thus demonstrated that dehydroAsA, α-tocopherol, and γ-tocopherol were substantially lower in subarctic compared to subtropical-grown spinach, whereas the opposite relationship was found for antioxidant capacity, α-carotene, and folates (vitamin B9). The observations are consistent with previously reported isolated effects of growth environment on bionutrient status of crops. The current results clearly highlight the effect of production environment (predominantly radiation capture), interacting with genetics and plant phenology to alter the bionutrient status of crops. While reflecting the effects of changing growing conditions, these results also indicate potential alterations in the nutritive value of foods with anticipated shifts in global climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene E Lester
- Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
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12
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Song H, Guo Z. Characterization of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-coenzyme A synthase (MenB) in phylloquinone biosynthesis of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Sci China Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-011-4448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Lester GE, Makus DJ, Hodges DM. Relationship between fresh-packaged spinach leaves exposed to continuous light or dark and bioactive contents: effects of cultivar, leaf size, and storage duration. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:2980-7. [PMID: 20131793 DOI: 10.1021/jf903596v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Current retail marketing conditions allow produce to receive artificial light 24 h per day during its displayed shelf life. Essential human-health vitamins [ascorbic acid (vit C), folate (vit B(9)), phylloquinone (vit K(1)), alpha-tocopherol (vit E), and the carotenoids lutein, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, and beta-carotene (provit A)] also are essential for photosynthesis and are biosynthesized in plants by light conditions even under chilling temperatures. Spinach leaves, notably abundant in the aforementioned human-health compounds, were harvested from flat-leaf 'Lazio' and crinkle-leafed 'Samish' cultivars at peak whole-plant maturity as baby (top- and midcanopy) and larger (lower-canopy) leaves. Leaves were placed as a single layer in commercial, clear-polymer retail boxes and stored at 4 degrees C for up to 9 days under continuous light (26.9 micromol.m(2 ).s) or dark. Top-canopy, baby-leaf spinach generally had higher concentrations of all bioactive compounds, on a dry weight basis, with the exception of carotenoids, than bottom-canopy leaves. All leaves stored under continuous light generally had higher levels of all bioactive compounds, except beta-carotene and violaxanthin, and were more prone to wilting, especially the flat-leafed cultivar. All leaves stored under continuous darkness had declining or unchanged levels of the aforementioned bioactive compounds. Findings from this study revealed that spinach leaves exposed to simulated retail continuous light at 4 degrees C, in clear plastic containers, were overall more nutritionally dense (enriched) than leaves exposed to continuous darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene E Lester
- Kika de la Garza Subtropical Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Weslaco, Texas 78596, USA.
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Srinivasan N, Golbeck JH. Protein–cofactor interactions in bioenergetic complexes: The role of the A1A and A1B phylloquinones in Photosystem I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1787:1057-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Schultze M, Forberich B, Rexroth S, Dyczmons NG, Roegner M, Appel J. Localization of cytochrome b6f complexes implies an incomplete respiratory chain in cytoplasmic membranes of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1787:1479-85. [PMID: 19577535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome b(6)f complex is an integral part of the photosynthetic and respiratory electron transfer chain of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. The core of this complex is composed of four subunits, cytochrome b, cytochrome f, subunit IV and the Rieske protein (PetC). In this study deletion mutants of all three petC genes of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 were constructed to investigate their localization, involvement in electron transfer, respiration and photohydrogen evolution. Immunoblots revealed that PetC1, PetC2, and all other core subunits were exclusively localized in the thylakoids, while the third Rieske protein (PetC3) was the only subunit found in the cytoplasmic membrane. Deletion of petC3 and both of the quinol oxidases failed to elicit a change in respiration rate, when compared to the respective oxidase mutant. This supports a different function of PetC3 other than respiratory electron transfer. We conclude that the cytoplasmic membrane of Synechocystis lacks both a cytochrome c oxidase and the cytochrome b(6)f complex and present a model for the major electron transfer pathways in the two membranes of Synechocystis. In this model there is no proton pumping electron transfer complex in the cytoplasmic membrane. Cyclic electron transfer was impaired in all petC1 mutants. Nonetheless, hydrogenase activity and photohydrogen evolution of all mutants were similar to wild type cells. A reduced linear electron transfer and an increased quinol oxidase activity seem to counteract an increased hydrogen evolution in this case. This adds further support to the close interplay between the cytochrome bd oxidase and the bidirectional hydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schultze
- Botanisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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16
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A dedicated thioesterase of the Hotdog-fold family is required for the biosynthesis of the naphthoquinone ring of vitamin K1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:5599-603. [PMID: 19321747 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900738106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylloquinone (vitamin K(1)) is a bipartite molecule that consists of a naphthoquinone ring attached to a phytyl side chain. The coupling of these 2 moieties depends on the hydrolysis of the CoA thioester of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate (DHNA), which forms the naphthalenoid backbone. It is not known whether such a hydrolysis is enzymatic or chemical. In this study, comparative genomic analyses identified orthologous genes of unknown function that in most species of cyanobacteria cluster with predicted phylloquinone biosynthetic genes. The encoded approximately 16-kDa proteins display homology with some Hotdog domain-containing CoA thioesterases that are involved in the catabolism of 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA and gentisyl-CoA (2,5-dihydroxybenzoyl-CoA) in certain soil-dwelling bacteria. The Synechocystis ortholog, encoded by gene slr0204, was expressed as a recombinant protein and was found to form DHNA as reaction product. Unlike its homologs in the Hotdog domain family, Slr0204 showed strict substrate specificity. The Synechocystis slr0204 knockout was devoid of DHNA-CoA thioesterease activity and accumulated DHNA-CoA. As a result, knockout cells contained 13-fold less phylloquinone than their wild-type counterparts and displayed the typical photosensitivity to high light associated to phylloquinone deficiency in cyanobacteria.
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17
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Gross J, Meurer J, Bhattacharya D. Evidence of a chimeric genome in the cyanobacterial ancestor of plastids. BMC Evol Biol 2008; 8:117. [PMID: 18433492 PMCID: PMC2412073 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a vexing fact of life for microbial phylogeneticists. Given the substantial rates of HGT observed in modern-day bacterial chromosomes, it is envisaged that ancient prokaryotic genomes must have been similarly chimeric. But where can one find an ancient prokaryotic genome that has maintained its ancestral condition to address this issue? An excellent candidate is the cyanobacterial endosymbiont that was harnessed over a billion years ago by a heterotrophic protist, giving rise to the plastid. Genetic remnants of the endosymbiont are still preserved in plastids as a highly reduced chromosome encoding 54 - 264 genes. These data provide an ideal target to assess genome chimericism in an ancient cyanobacterial lineage. RESULTS Here we demonstrate that the origin of the plastid-encoded gene cluster for menaquinone/phylloquinone biosynthesis in the extremophilic red algae Cyanidiales contradicts a cyanobacterial genealogy. These genes are relics of an ancestral cluster related to homologs in Chlorobi/Gammaproteobacteria that we hypothesize was established by HGT in the progenitor of plastids, thus providing a 'footprint' of genome chimericism in ancient cyanobacteria. In addition to menB, four components of the original gene cluster (menF, menD, menC, and menH) are now encoded in the nuclear genome of the majority of non-Cyanidiales algae and plants as the unique tetra-gene fusion named PHYLLO. These genes are monophyletic in Plantae and chromalveolates, indicating that loci introduced by HGT into the ancestral cyanobacterium were moved over time into the host nucleus. CONCLUSION Our study provides unambiguous evidence for the existence of genome chimericism in ancient cyanobacteria. In addition we show genes that originated via HGT in the cyanobacterial ancestor of the plastid made their way to the host nucleus via endosymbiotic gene transfer (EGT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeferson Gross
- University of Iowa, Department of Biological Sciences and the Roy J. Carver Center for Comparative Genomics, 446 Biology Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Jörg Meurer
- Department Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Menzinger Str. 67, 80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Debashish Bhattacharya
- University of Iowa, Department of Biological Sciences and the Roy J. Carver Center for Comparative Genomics, 446 Biology Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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18
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Kim HU, van Oostende C, Basset GJC, Browse J. The AAE14 gene encodes the Arabidopsis o-succinylbenzoyl-CoA ligase that is essential for phylloquinone synthesis and photosystem-I function. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 54:272-83. [PMID: 18208520 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phylloquinone is the one-electron carrier at the A(1) site of photosystem I, and is essential for photosynthesis. Arabidopsis mutants deficient in early steps of phylloquinone synthesis do not become autotrophic and are seedling lethals, even when grown on sucrose-supplemented media. Here, we identify acyl-activating enzyme 14 (AAE14, At1g30520) as the o-succinylbenzoyl-coenzyme A (OSB-CoA) ligase acting in phylloquinone synthesis. Three aae14 mutant alleles, identified by reverse genetics, were found to be seedling lethal, to contain no detectable phylloquinone (< 0.1 pmol mg(-1) fresh weight) compared with 10 pmol mg(-1) fresh weight in wild-type leaves, and to accumulate OSB. AAE14 was able to restore menaquinone biosynthesis when expressed in an Escherichia coli mutant disrupted in the menE gene that encodes the bacterial OSB-CoA ligase. Weak expression of an AAE14 transgene in mutant plants (controlled by the uninduced XVE promoter) resulted in chlorotic, slow-growing plants that accumulated an average of 4.7 pmol mg(-1) fresh weight of phylloquinone. Inducing the XVE promoter in these plants, or expressing an AAE14 transgene under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter, led to full complementation of the mutant phenotype. aae14-mutant plants were also able to synthesize phylloquinone when provided with 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate, an intermediate in phylloquinone synthesis downstream of the OSB-CoA ligase reaction. Expression of an AAE14:GFP reporter construct indicated that the protein accumulated in discrete foci within the chloroplasts. This and other evidence suggests that the enzymes of phylloquinone synthesis from isochorismate may form a complex in the chloroplast stroma to facilitate the efficient channeling of intermediates through the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Uk Kim
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
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19
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Oldenburg J, Marinova M, Müller-Reible C, Watzka M. The vitamin K cycle. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2008; 78:35-62. [PMID: 18374189 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(07)00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K is a collective term for lipid-like naphthoquinone derivatives synthesized only in eubacteria and plants and functioning as electron carriers in energy transduction pathways and as free radical scavengers maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis. Paradoxically, vitamin K is a required micronutrient in animals for protein posttranslational modification of some glutamate side chains to gamma-carboxyglutamate. The majority of gamma-carboxylated proteins function in blood coagulation. Vitamin K shuttles reducing equivalents as electrons between two enzymes: VKORC1, which is itself reduced by an unknown ER lumenal reductant in order to reduce vitamin K epoxide (K>O) to the quinone form (KH2); and gamma-glutamyl carboxylase, which catalyzes posttranslational gamma-carboxylation and oxidizes KH2 to K>O. This article reviews vitamin K synthesis and the vitamin K cycle, outlines physiological roles of various vitamin K-dependent, gamma-carboxylated proteins, and summarizes the current understanding of clinical phenotypes caused by genetic mutations affecting both enzymes of the vitamin K cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
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20
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Lefebvre-Legendre L, Rappaport F, Finazzi G, Ceol M, Grivet C, Hopfgartner G, Rochaix JD. Loss of phylloquinone in Chlamydomonas affects plastoquinone pool size and photosystem II synthesis. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:13250-63. [PMID: 17339322 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610249200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylloquinone functions as the electron transfer cofactor at the A(1) site of photosystem I. We have isolated and characterized a mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, menD1, that is deficient in MenD, which encodes 2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate synthase, an enzyme that catalyzes the first specific step of the phylloquinone biosynthetic pathway. The mutant is photosynthetically active but light-sensitive. Analysis of total pigments by mass spectrometry reveals that phylloquinone is absent in menD1, but plastoquinone levels are not affected. This is further confirmed by the rescue of menD1 by addition of phylloquinone to the growth medium. Analysis of electron transfer by absorption spectroscopy indicates that plastoquinone replaces phylloquinone in photosystem I and that electron transfer from A(1) to the iron-sulfur centers is slowed down at least 40-fold. Consistent with a replacement of phylloquinone by plastoquinone, the size of the free plastoquinone pool of menD1 is reduced by 20-30%. In contrast to cyanobacterial MenD-deficient mutants, photosystem I accumulates normally in menD1, whereas the level of photosystem II declines. This decrease is because of reduced synthesis of the photosystem II core subunits. The relationship between plastoquinone occupancy of the A(1) site in photosystem I and the reduced accumulation of photosystem II is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnka Lefebvre-Legendre
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 30, Quai Ernest Ansermet 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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21
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Lohmann A, Schöttler MA, Bréhélin C, Kessler F, Bock R, Cahoon EB, Dörmann P. Deficiency in Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1) Methylation Affects Prenyl Quinone Distribution, Photosystem I Abundance, and Anthocyanin Accumulation in the Arabidopsis AtmenG Mutant. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:40461-72. [PMID: 17082184 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609412200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylloquinone (vitamin K(1)) is synthesized in cyanobacteria and in chloroplasts of plants, where it serves as electron carrier of photosystem I. The last step of phylloquinone synthesis in cyanobacteria is the methylation of 2-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone by the menG gene product. Here, we report that the uncharacterized Arabidopsis gene At1g23360, which shows sequence similarity to menG, functionally complements the Synechocystis menG mutant. An Arabidopsis mutant, AtmenG, carrying a T-DNA insertion in the gene At1g23360 is devoid of phylloquinone, but contains an increased amount of 2-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. Phylloquinone and 2-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone in thylakoid membranes of wild type and AtmenG, respectively, predominantly localize to photosystem I, whereas excess amounts of prenyl quinones are stored in plastoglobules. Photosystem I reaction centers are decreased in AtmenG plants under high light, as revealed by immunoblot and spectroscopic measurements. Anthocyanin accumulation and chalcone synthase (CHS1) transcription are affected during high light exposure, indicating that alterations in photosynthesis in AtmenG affect gene expression in the nucleus. Photosystem II quantum yield is decreased under high light. Therefore, the loss of phylloquinone methylation affects photosystem I stability or turnover, and the limitation in functional photosystem I complexes results in overreduction of photosystem II under high light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Lohmann
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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22
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Gross J, Cho WK, Lezhneva L, Falk J, Krupinska K, Shinozaki K, Seki M, Herrmann RG, Meurer J. A plant locus essential for phylloquinone (vitamin K1) biosynthesis originated from a fusion of four eubacterial genes. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:17189-17196. [PMID: 16617180 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601754200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylloquinone is a compound present in all photosynthetic plants serving as cofactor for Photosystem I-mediated electron transport. Newly identified seedling-lethal Arabidopsis thaliana mutants impaired in the biosynthesis of phylloquinone possess reduced Photosystem I activity. The affected gene, called PHYLLO, consists of a fusion of four previously individual eubacterial genes, menF, menD, menC, and menH, required for the biosynthesis of phylloquinone in photosynthetic cyanobacteria and the respiratory menaquinone in eubacteria. The fact that homologous men genes reside as polycistronic units in eubacterial chromosomes and in plastomes of red algae strongly suggests that PHYLLO derived from a plastid operon during endosymbiosis. The principle architecture of the fused PHYLLO locus is conserved in the nuclear genomes of plants, green algae, and the diatom alga Thalassiosira pseudonana. The latter arose from secondary endosymbiosis of a red algae and a eukaryotic host indicating selective driving forces for maintenance and/or independent generation of the composite gene cluster within the nuclear genomes. Besides, individual menF genes, encoding active isochorismate synthases (ICS), have been established followed by splitting of the essential 3' region of the menF module of PHYLLO only in genomes of higher plants. This resulted in inactivation of the ICS activity encoded by PHYLLO and enabled a metabolic branch from the phylloquinone biosynthetic route to independently regulate the synthesis of salicylic acid required for plant defense. Therefore, gene fusion, duplication, and fission events adapted a eubacterial multienzymatic system to the metabolic requirements of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeferson Gross
- Department Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Won Kyong Cho
- Department Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Lina Lezhneva
- Department Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Jon Falk
- Institute of Botany, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- Plant Mutation Exploration Team, Plant Functional Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- Plant Mutation Exploration Team, Plant Functional Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Reinhold G Herrmann
- Department Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Meurer
- Department Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany.
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Abstract
Isoprenoids represent the oldest class of known low molecular-mass natural products synthesized by plants. Their biogenesis in plastids, mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum-cytosol proceed invariably from the C5 building blocks, isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate according to complex and reiterated mechanisms. Compounds derived from the pathway exhibit a diverse spectrum of biological functions. This review centers on advances obtained in the field based on combined use of biochemical, molecular biology and genetic approaches. The function and evolutionary implications of this metabolism are discussed in relation with seminal informations gathered from distantly but related organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Bouvier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS (UPR2357) et Université Louis Pasteur, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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24
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Mimuro M, Tsuchiya T, Inoue H, Sakuragi Y, Itoh Y, Gotoh T, Miyashita H, Bryant DA, Kobayashi M. The secondary electron acceptor of photosystem I inGloeobacter violaceusPCC 7421 is menaquinone-4 that is synthesized by a unique but unknown pathway. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:3493-6. [PMID: 15955532 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The secondary electron acceptor of photosystem (PS) I in the cyanobacterium Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421 was identified as menaquinone-4 (MQ-4) by comparing high performance liquid chromatograms and absorption spectra with an authentic compound. The MQ-4 content was estimated to be two molecules per one molecule of chlorophyll (Chl) a', a constituent of P700. Comparative genomic analyses showed that six of eight men genes, encoding phylloquinone/MQ biosynthetic enzymes, are missing from the G. violaceus genome. Since G. violaceus clearly synthesizes MQ-4, the combined results indicate that this cyanobacterium must have a novel pathway for the synthesis of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Mimuro
- Department of Technology and Ecology, Hall of Global Environmental Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Shimada H, Ohno R, Shibata M, Ikegami I, Onai K, Ohto MA, Takamiya KI. Inactivation and deficiency of core proteins of photosystems I and II caused by genetical phylloquinone and plastoquinone deficiency but retained lamellar structure in a T-DNA mutant of Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 41:627-37. [PMID: 15686525 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phylloquinone, a substituted 1,4-naphthoquinone with an 18-carbon-saturated phytyl tail, functions as a bound one-electron carrier cofactor at the A1 site of photosystem I (PSI). A Feldmann tag line mutant, no. 2755 (designated as abc4 hereafter), showed pale-green young leaves and white old leaves. The mutated nuclear gene encoded 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphtoic acid phytyltransferase, an enzyme of phylloquinone biosynthesis, and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that the abc4 mutant contained no phylloquinone, and only about 3% plastoquinone. Photooxidation of P700 of PSI in the abc4 mutant was not observed, and reduced-versus-oxidized difference spectroscopy indicated that the abc4 mutant had no P700. The maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) in the abc4 mutant was much decreased, and the electron transfer from PSII to PSI in the abc4 mutant did not occur. For the pale-green leaves of the abc4 mutant plant, the ultrastructure of the chloroplasts was almost the same as that of the wild-type plant. However, the chloroplasts in the albino leaves of the mutant were smaller and had a lot of grana thylakoids and few stroma thylakoids. The amounts of PSI and PSII core subunits in the abc4 mutant were significantly decreased compared with those in the wild type. These results suggested that a deficiency of phylloquinone in PSI caused the abolishment of PSI and a partial defect of PSII due to a significant decrease of plastoquinone, but did not influence the ultrastructure of the chloroplasts in young leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Shimada
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
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