1
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Liu Y, Gelb MH. Tandem mass spectrometric assay of N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase for multiplex analysis of mucopolysaccharidosis-IIID in dried blood spots. Mol Genet Metab 2024; 141:108105. [PMID: 38128203 PMCID: PMC10842764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.108105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Previously we developed a multiplex liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay using dried blood spots for all subtypes of mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) except MPS-IIID. Here we show that the MPS-IIID enzyme N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase (GNS) is inhibited in dried blood spot (DBS) extracts, but activity can be recovered if the extract is diluted to reduce the concentrations of endogenous inhibitors. The new GNS assay displays acceptable characteristics including linearity in product formation with incubation time and amount of enzyme, low variability, and ability to distinguish MPS-IIID-affected from healthy patients using DBS. The assay can be added to the LC-MS/MS multiplex panel for all MPS subtypes requiring ∼2 min per newborn for the LC-MS/MS run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael H Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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2
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Bachar-Wikstrom E, Dhillon B, Gill Dhillon N, Abbo L, Lindén SK, Wikstrom JD. Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Shark Skin Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16954. [PMID: 38069276 PMCID: PMC10707392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucus layer covering the skin of fish has several roles, including protection against pathogens and mechanical damage in which proteins play a key role. While proteins in the skin mucus layer of various common bony fish species have been explored, the proteins of shark skin mucus remain unexplored. In this pilot study, we examine the protein composition of the skin mucus in spiny dogfish sharks and chain catsharks through mass spectrometry (NanoLC-MS/MS). Overall, we identified 206 and 72 proteins in spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and chain catsharks (Scyliorhinus retifer), respectively. Categorization showed that the proteins belonged to diverse biological processes and that most proteins were cellular albeit a significant minority were secreted, indicative of mucosal immune roles. The secreted proteins are reviewed in detail with emphasis on their immune potentials. Moreover, STRING protein-protein association network analysis showed that proteins of closely related shark species were more similar as compared to a more distantly related shark and a bony fish, although there were also significant overlaps. This study contributes to the growing field of molecular shark studies and provides a foundation for further research into the functional roles and potential human biomedical implications of shark skin mucus proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etty Bachar-Wikstrom
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Braham Dhillon
- Department of Plant Pathology, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Davie, FL 33314, USA
| | - Navi Gill Dhillon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL 33314, USA
| | - Lisa Abbo
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Sara K. Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jakob D. Wikstrom
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Dermato-Venereology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Benetó N, Vilageliu L, Grinberg D, Canals I. Sanfilippo Syndrome: Molecular Basis, Disease Models and Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7819. [PMID: 33105639 PMCID: PMC7659972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanfilippo syndrome or mucopolysaccharidosis III is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in genes responsible for the degradation of heparan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan located in the extracellular membrane. Undegraded heparan sulfate molecules accumulate within lysosomes leading to cellular dysfunction and pathology in several organs, with severe central nervous system degeneration as the main phenotypical feature. The exact molecular and cellular mechanisms by which impaired degradation and storage lead to cellular dysfunction and neuronal degeneration are still not fully understood. Here, we compile the knowledge on this issue and review all available animal and cellular models that can be used to contribute to increase our understanding of Sanfilippo syndrome disease mechanisms. Moreover, we provide an update in advances regarding the different and most successful therapeutic approaches that are currently under study to treat Sanfilippo syndrome patients and discuss the potential of new tools such as induced pluripotent stem cells to be used for disease modeling and therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Benetó
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.B.); (L.V.); (D.G.)
| | - Lluïsa Vilageliu
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.B.); (L.V.); (D.G.)
| | - Daniel Grinberg
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.B.); (L.V.); (D.G.)
| | - Isaac Canals
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
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4
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Heon-Roberts R, Nguyen ALA, Pshezhetsky AV. Molecular Bases of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Decline, the Major Burden of Sanfilippo Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020344. [PMID: 32012694 PMCID: PMC7074161 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of diseases caused by the lysosomal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans, due to genetic deficiencies of enzymes involved in their degradation. MPS III or Sanfilippo disease, in particular, is characterized by early-onset severe, progressive neurodegeneration but mild somatic involvement, with patients losing milestones and previously acquired skills as the disease progresses. Despite being the focus of extensive research over the past years, the links between accumulation of the primary molecule, the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate, and the neurodegeneration seen in patients have yet to be fully elucidated. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the molecular bases of neurological decline in Sanfilippo disease. It emerges that this deterioration results from the dysregulation of multiple cellular pathways, leading to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, impaired autophagy and defects in cellular signaling. However, many important questions about the neuropathological mechanisms of the disease remain unanswered, highlighting the need for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Heon-Roberts
- Division of Medical Genetics, CHU Ste-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (R.H.-R.); (A.L.A.N.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Annie L. A. Nguyen
- Division of Medical Genetics, CHU Ste-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (R.H.-R.); (A.L.A.N.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Alexey V. Pshezhetsky
- Division of Medical Genetics, CHU Ste-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (R.H.-R.); (A.L.A.N.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(514)-345-4931 (ext. 2736)
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5
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Fedele AO. Sanfilippo syndrome: causes, consequences, and treatments. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2015; 8:269-81. [PMID: 26648750 PMCID: PMC4664539 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s57672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sanfilippo syndrome, or mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type III, refers to one of five autosomal recessive, neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders (MPS IIIA to MPS IIIE) whose symptoms are caused by the deficiency of enzymes involved exclusively in heparan sulfate degradation. The primary characteristic of MPS III is the degeneration of the central nervous system, resulting in mental retardation and hyperactivity, typically commencing during childhood. The significance of the order of events leading from heparan sulfate accumulation through to downstream changes in the levels of biomolecules within the cell and ultimately the (predominantly neuropathological) clinical symptoms is not well understood. The genes whose deficiencies cause the MPS III subtypes have been identified, and their gene products, as well as a selection of disease-causing mutations, have been characterized to varying degrees with respect to both frequency and direct biochemical consequences. A number of genetic and biochemical diagnostic methods have been developed and adopted by diagnostic laboratories. However, there is no effective therapy available for any form of MPS III, with treatment currently limited to clinical management of neurological symptoms. The availability of animal models for all forms of MPS III, whether spontaneous or generated via gene targeting, has contributed to improved understanding of the MPS III subtypes, and has provided and will deliver invaluable tools to appraise emerging therapies. Indeed, clinical trials to evaluate intrathecally-delivered enzyme replacement therapy in MPS IIIA patients, and gene therapy for MPS IIIA and MPS IIIB patients are planned or underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony O Fedele
- Lysosomal Diseases Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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6
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Beesley CE, Concolino D, Filocamo M, Winchester BG, Strisciuglio P. Identification and characterisation of an 8.7 kb deletion and a novel nonsense mutation in two Italian families with Sanfilippo syndrome type D (mucopolysaccharidosis IIID). Mol Genet Metab 2007; 90:77-80. [PMID: 16990043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sanfilippo syndrome type D is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease that is caused by a deficiency of N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulphatase, one of the enzymes involved in the catabolism of heparan sulphate. Only 15 patients have been described in the literature and just two mutations have been reported to date. We present the clinical, biochemical and molecular analysis of two Italian Sanfilippo D families. Novel homozygous mutations were identified in the affected patients from each family: a large intragenic deletion of 8723 bp encompassing exons 2 and 3 in family 1 and a nonsense mutation, Q272X, in family 2. The deletion is the first large intragenic deletion to be reported in any of the four Sanfilippo subtypes, including Sanfilippo type C in which the gene has recently been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Beesley
- Biochemistry, Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
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7
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Tomatsu S, Montaño AM, Nishioka T, Gutierrez MA, Peña OM, Tranda Firescu GG, Lopez P, Yamaguchi S, Noguchi A, Orii T. Mutation and polymorphism spectrum of the GALNS gene in mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (Morquio A). Hum Mutat 2006; 26:500-12. [PMID: 16287098 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA; Morquio A disease) is an autosomal-recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of lysosomal N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS; E.C.3.1.6.4). GALNS is required to degrade glycosaminoglycans, keratan sulfate (KS), and chondroitin-6-sulfate. Accumulation of undegraded substrates in lysosomes of the affected tissues leads to a systemic bone dysplasia. We summarize information on 148 unique mutations determined to date in the GALNS gene, including 26 novel mutations (19 missense, four small deletions, one splice-site, and two insertions). This heterogeneity in GALNS gene mutations accounts for an extensive clinical variability within MPS IVA. Seven polymorphisms that cause an amino acid change, and nine silent variants in the coding region are also described. Of the analyzed mutant alleles, missense mutations accounted for 78.4%; small deletions, 9.2%; nonsense mutation, 5.0%; large deletion, 2.4%; and insertions, 1.6%. Transitional mutations at CpG dinucleotides accounted for 26.4% of all the described mutations. The importance of the relationship between methylation status and distribution of transitional mutations at CpG sites at the GALNS gene locus was elucidated. The three most frequent mutations (over 5% of all mutations) were represented by missense mutations (p.R386C, p.G301C, and p.I113F). A genotype/phenotype correlation was defined in some mutations. Missense mutations associated with a certain phenotype were studied for their effects on enzyme activity and stability, the levels of blood and urine KS, the location of mutations with regard to the tertiary structure, and the loci of the altered amino acid residues among sulfatase proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Tomatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110-2586, USA.
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8
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Xu S, Zhao L, Larsson A, Smeds E, Kusche-Gullberg M, Venge P. Purification of a 75 kDa protein from the organelle matrix of human neutrophils and identification as N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulphatase. Biochem J 2006; 387:841-7. [PMID: 15595925 PMCID: PMC1135016 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A 75 kDa protein was purified to homogeneity from granule extracts of normal human granulocytes using Sephadex G-75 chromatography, Mono-S cation exchange chromatography and chromatofocusing. The protein consisted of one chain with a molecular mass of 75 kDa, as determined by SDS/PAGE. Tryptic peptide analysis by MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization-time-of-flight) MS and sequence analysis by MS/MS identified the protein to be N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulphatase (EC 3.1.6.14). The identity of the protein was confirmed by demostrating enzymatic activity towards the substrate N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulphate. The enzyme was active over a broad pH range with an optimum of pH 7.0, and showed a K(m) value of 13.0 mM and a V(max) value of approximately 1.8 microM/min per mg. The enzyme also showed O-desulphation activity towards heparan sulphate-derived saccharides. Subcellular fractionation of neutrophil organelles showed the presence of enzymatic activity mainly in the same fractions as primary granules. Furthermore, PMA treatment of the neutrophils induced release of the enzyme, indicating its matrix protein nature. The presence of N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulphatase in human neutrophils implies that neutrophils may play a role in the modulation of cell surface molecules and extracellular matrix by O-desulphation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyuan Xu
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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9
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Mok A, Cao H, Hegele RA. Genomic basis of mucopolysaccharidosis type IIID (MIM 252940) revealed by sequencing of GNS encoding N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase. Genomics 2003; 81:1-5. [PMID: 12573255 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(02)00014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIID (MPS IIID; Sanfilippo syndrome type D; MIM 252940) is caused by deficiency of the activity of N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase (GNS), which is normally required for degradation of heparan sulfate. The clinical features of MPS IIID include progressive neurodegeneration, with relatively mild somatic symptoms. Biochemical features include accumulation of heparan sulfate and N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfate in the brain and viscera. To date, diagnosis required a specific lysosomal enzyme assay for GNS activity. From genomic DNA of a subject with MPS IIID, we amplified and sequenced the promoter and 14 exons of GNS. We found a homozygous nonsense mutation in exon 9 (1063C --> T), which predicted premature termination of translation (R355X). We also identified two common synonymous coding single-nucleotide polymorphisms and genotyped these in samples from four ethnic groups. This first report of a mutation in GNS resulting in MPS IIID indicates the potential utility of molecular diagnosis for this rare condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mok
- Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5K8
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10
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Tomatsu S, Fukuda S, Cooper A, Wraith JE, Ferreira P, Di Natale P, Tortora P, Fujimoto A, Kato Z, Yamada N, Isogai K, Yamagishi A, Sukegawa K, Suzuki Y, Shimozawa N, Kondo N, Sly WS, Orii T. Fourteen novel mucopolysaccharidosis IVA producing mutations in GALNS gene. Hum Mutat 2000; 10:368-75. [PMID: 9375852 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1997)10:5<368::aid-humu6>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase. Here, we report our analysis of data on 21 patients of diverse ethnic and geographic origins studied by SSCP and sequencing analysis. Sixteen mutations were detected, including 14 new mutations (11 missense, one premature termination, one splice site alteration, and one cryptic site alteration). The donor splice site mutation (IVS4 + 1G-->A) predicts that normal splicing will be abolished and that translation would lead to an immediate premature termination (W141X). Another novel nucleotide change outside the coding sequence is an intronic alteration (IVS9-42C-->T:ggtcggtgcggttggtgc) creating a potential cryptic donor site. The nucleotide sequence surrounding this alteration is highly suggestive of a consensus donor splice site. All 12 missense and nonsense mutations were shown by transient expression to abolish or greatly reduce GALNS activity, thereby providing an explanation as to why they produce MPS IVA. All mutations were readily confirmed by restriction enzyme or by allelic specific oligonucleotide analysis (ASO). These findings, coupled with previously reported mutations, bring the total of different mutations to 41 among independent families with MPS IVA, illustrating the extensive allelic heterogeneity among mutations producing MPS IVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tomatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan
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11
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Weber B, van de Kamp JJ, Kleijer WJ, Guo XH, Blanch L, van Diggelen OP, Wevers R, Poorthuis BJ, Hopwood JJ. Identification of a common mutation (R245H) in Sanfilippo A patients from The Netherlands. J Inherit Metab Dis 1998; 21:416-22. [PMID: 9700599 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005362826552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We have identified a common mutation (R245H) in the sulphamidase gene of Sanfilippo syndrome type A (mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA, MPS IIIA) patients from The Netherlands. Allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization was used to determine the incidence of this mutation in 45 unrelated MPS IIIA patients from different regions of The Netherlands. R245H was present in 51 alleles, representing 56.7% of the total allelic population. Of 39 patients, for whom we have uniform clinical details, 13 MPS IIIA patients who were homozygous for this common mutation had a more uniform but severe clinical phenotype than the remaining 21 or 5 patients, containing respectively one or no R245H alleles. The R245H allele had a higher prevalence in western rather than eastern regions of The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Weber
- Lysosomal Diseases Research Unit, Department of Chemical Pathology, Women's & Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
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12
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Alperin ES, Shapiro LJ. Characterization of point mutations in patients with X-linked ichthyosis. Effects on the structure and function of the steroid sulfatase protein. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:20756-63. [PMID: 9252398 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.33.20756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked ichthyosis is the result of steroid sulfatase (STS) deficiency. While most affected individuals have extensive deletions of the STS gene, point mutations have been reported in three patients (1). In this study, we identify an additional three point mutations and characterize the effects of all six mutations on STS activity and expression. All six are unique single base pair substitutions. The mutations are located in a 105-amino acid region of the C-terminal half of the polypeptide. Five of the six mutations involve the substitutions of Pro or Arg for Trp372, Arg for His444, Tyr for Cys446, or Leu for Cys341. The other mutation is in a splice junction and results in a frameshift causing premature termination of the polypeptide at residue 427. All the affected residues are conserved to some degree within the sulfatase family. The six mutations were reproduced in normal STS cDNA and transiently expressed in STS-deficient cells. All six mutant vectors direct the expression of STS protein that lacks enzymatic activity. The mutant polypeptides show a shift in mobility on SDS-PAGE and resistance to proteinase K digestion when translated in the presence of dog pancreas microsomes, indicating glycosylation and normal translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Alperin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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13
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Sleat DE, Kraus SR, Sohar I, Lackland H, Lobel P. alpha-Glucosidase and N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulphatase are the major mannose-6-phosphate glycoproteins in human urine. Biochem J 1997; 324 ( Pt 1):33-9. [PMID: 9164838 PMCID: PMC1218398 DOI: 10.1042/bj3240033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Most newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes contain a transient carbohydrate modification, mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P), which signals their vesicular transport from the Golgi to the lysosome via Man-6-P receptors (MPRs). We have examined Man-6-P glycoproteins in human urine by using a purified soluble fragment of the soluble cation-independent MPR (sCI-MPR) as a preparative and analytical affinity reagent. In a survey of urine samples from seven healthy subjects, the pattern of Man-6-P glycoproteins detected with iodinated sCI-MPR as a probe in a blotting assay was essentially identical in each, regardless of sex or age. Two bands of approx. 100 and 110 kDa were particularly prominent. Man-6-P glycoproteins in human urine were purified by affinity chromatography on immobilized sCI-MPR. Seven distinct bands revealed by SDS/PAGE and Coomassie Blue staining were subjected to N-terminal sequence analysis. The prominent 100 and 110 kDa Man-6-P glycoproteins were identified as N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulphatase and alpha-glucosidase respectively. This identification was confirmed by molecular mass determinations on the two major bands after deglycosylation. Sequence analysis revealed arylsulphatase A and several previously unidentified proteins as minor species. Man-6-P glycoproteins were also purified on an analytical scale to determine the proportion of a number of lysosomal enzyme activities represented by the mannose-6-phosphorylated forms. The lysosomal enzymes in urine containing the highest proportion of mannose-6-phosphorylated form were beta-mannosidase (82%), hexosaminidase (27%) and alpha-glucosidase (24%). The profiles of Man-6-P glycoproteins detected by blotting in urine and plasma were not similar, suggesting that the urinary species are not derived from the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Sleat
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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14
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Blanch L, Weber B, Guo XH, Scott HS, Hopwood JJ. Molecular defects in Sanfilippo syndrome type A. Hum Mol Genet 1997; 6:787-91. [PMID: 9158154 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/6.5.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sanfilippo A syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA, MPS-IIIA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder due to an enzymatic defect of the lysosomal enzyme sulphamidase (EC 3.10.1.1) required for the degradation of heparan sulphate. In this study, molecular defects in the sulphamidase gene of MPS-IIIA patients were investigated in a group of 10 patients of Australian and American origin. The entire coding region of the sulphamidase gene was RT-PCR amplified and one polymorphism (R456H), four novel mutations (S66W, R245H, E447K, 1307 del 9) and one previously described mutation (1284 del 11) were identified by direct PCR sequencing. R245H was present in six patients including one severely affected homozygote. In three of the other patients with R245H, second mutant alleles were identified as S66W, 1284 del 11 and E447K, respectively. S66W was also detected in another patient where the other mutant allele remains undefined. In addition, 1307 del 9 was also detected in a patient with the other mutant allele remaining undefined. Allele specific oligonucleotide hybridisation was used to determine the incidence of these in a population of 26 MPS-IIIA patients (Australian and American) and 60 normal controls (Australian). R245H represented 27% (14/52 alleles) in this total patient population, while the other three changes ranged from 1.9 to 9.6% (1-5 of 52 alleles). The sequence variant, R456H, was shown to be polymorphic as it was present in 55% of normal and 38% of patient alleles. The total combined incidence of these five is 46% of alleles. This is the first study of the molecular defects in MPS-IIIA patients and will greatly assist the development of molecular analysis for MPS-IIIA patients and studies concerned with genotype to phenotype relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Blanch
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
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15
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Selmer T, Hallmann A, Schmidt B, Sumper M, von Figura K. The evolutionary conservation of a novel protein modification, the conversion of cysteine to serinesemialdehyde in arylsulfatase from Volvox carteri. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 238:341-5. [PMID: 8681943 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0341z.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel post-translational protein modification has recently been described in two human sulfatases, by which a cysteine is replaced by a serinesemialdehyde (2-amino-3-oxopropionic acid) residue [Schmidt, B., Selmer, T., Ingendoh, A. & von Figura, K. (1995) Cell 82, 271-278]. This cysteine is conserved among all known eukaryotic sulfatases. Here we report the presence of this modification in arylsulfatase from the green alga Volvox carteri. The evolutionary conservation of this novel protein modification between sulfatases of V. carteri and man lends further support to the assumption that this modification is required for the catalytic activity of sulfatases and may be present in all sulfatases of eukaryotic origin.
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16
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Scott HS, Blanch L, Guo XH, Freeman C, Orsborn A, Baker E, Sutherland GR, Morris CP, Hopwood JJ. Cloning of the sulphamidase gene and identification of mutations in Sanfilippo A syndrome. Nat Genet 1995; 11:465-7. [PMID: 7493035 DOI: 10.1038/ng1295-465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sanfilippo A syndrome is one of four recognised Sanfilippo sub-types (A, B, C and D) that result from deficiencies of different enzymes involved in the lysosomal degradation of heparan sulphate; patients suffer from severe neurological disorders. The Sanfilippo syndrome sub-types are also known as mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type III (MPS-IIIA, B, C and D), and are part of the large group of lysosomal storage disorders. Each of the MPS-III types is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder with considerable variation in severity of clinical phenotype. The incidence of Sanfilippo syndrome has been estimated at 1:24,000 in The Netherlands with MPS IIIA (MIM #252900) the most common. MPS-IIIA is the predominant MPS-III in the United Kingdom, and has a similar high incidence to that found in The Netherlands (E. Wraith, personal communication). There is a particularly high incidence of a clinically severe form of MPS-IIIA in the Cayman Islands with a carrier frequency of 0.1 (ref. 4). Due to the mild somatic disease compared to other MPS disorders there is difficulty in diagnosing mild cases of MPS-III, hence Sanfilippo syndrome may be underdiagnosed, especially in patients with mild mental retardation. Here, we report the isolation, sequence and expression of cDNA clones encoding the enzyme sulphamidase (EC 3.10.1.1). In addition, we report the chromosomal localisation of the sulphamidase gene as being 17q25.3. An 11-bp deletion, present in sulphamidase cDNA from two unrelated Sanfilippo A patients, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Scott
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
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17
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Schmidt B, Selmer T, Ingendoh A, von Figura K. A novel amino acid modification in sulfatases that is defective in multiple sulfatase deficiency. Cell 1995; 82:271-8. [PMID: 7628016 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a decreased activity of all known sulfatases. The deficiency of sulfatases was proposed to result from the lack of a co- or posttranslational modification that is common to all sulfatases and required for their catalytic activity. Structural analysis of two catalytically active sulfatases revealed that a cysteine residue that is predicted from the cDNA sequence and conserved among all known sulfatases is replaced by a 2-amino-3-oxopropionic acid residue, while in sulfatases derived from MSD cells, this cysteine residue is retained. It is proposed that the co- or posttranslational conversion of a cysteine to 2-amino-3-oxopropionic acid is required for generating catalytically active sulfatases and that deficiency of this protein modification is the cause of MSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schmidt
- Universität Göttingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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18
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Friderici K, Cavanagh KT, Leipprandt JR, Traviss CE, Anson DS, Hopwood JJ, Jones MZ. Cloning and sequence analysis of caprine N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfatase cDNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1271:369-73. [PMID: 7605804 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(95)00054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis IIID results from the deficiency of N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfatase activity. A Nubian goat with this lysosomal storage disease has been identified. As a first step in developing this animal model for testing treatment methods, we cloned and sequenced the caprine N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfatase cDNA coding region. Overall there is 88% nucleotide homology between the goat and human sequence and 94% homology of the deduced amino acid sequence. The human and two ruminant species differ by the presence of an imperfect trinucleotide (CCG) repeat in the ruminant signal sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Friderici
- Department of Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1314, USA
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19
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Brooks DA, Robertson DA, Bindloss C, Litjens T, Anson DS, Peters C, Morris CP, Hopwood JJ. Two site-directed mutations abrogate enzyme activity but have different effects on the conformation and cellular content of the N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulphatase protein. Biochem J 1995; 307 ( Pt 2):457-63. [PMID: 7733883 PMCID: PMC1136670 DOI: 10.1042/bj3070457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The sulphatase family of enzymes have regions of sequence similarity, but relatively little is known about either the structure-function relationships of sulphatases, or the role of highly conserved amino acids. The sequence of amino acids CTPSR at position 91-95 of 4-sulphatase has been shown to be highly conserved in all of the sequenced sulphatase enzymes. The cysteine at amino acid 91 of 4-sulphatase was selected for mutation analysis due to its potential role in either the active site, substrate-binding site or part of a key structural domain of 4-sulphatase and due to the absence of naturally occurring mutations in this residue in mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI) patients. Two mutations, C91S and C91T, altering amino acid 91 of 4-sulphatase were generated and expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biochemical analysis of protein from a C91S cell line demonstrated no detectable 4-sulphatase enzyme activity but a relatively normal level of 4-sulphatase polypeptide (180% of the wild-type control protein level). Epitope detection, using a panel of ten monoclonal antibodies, demonstrated that the C91S polypeptide had a similar immunoreactivity to wild-type 4-sulphatase, suggesting that the C91S substitution does not induce a major structural change in the protein. Reduced catalytic activity associated with normal levels of 4-sulphatase protein have not been observed in any of the MPS VI patients tested and all show evidence of structural modification of 4-sulphatase protein with the same panel of antibodies [Brooks, McCourt, Gibson, Ashton, Shutter and Hopwood (1991) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 48, 710-719]. The loss of enzyme activity without a detectable protein conformation change suggests that Cys-91 may be a critical residue in the catalytic process. In contrast, analysis of protein from a C91T cell line revealed low levels of catalytically inactive 4-sulphatase polypeptide (0.37% of the wild-type control protein level) which had missing or masked epitopes, suggesting an altered protein structure or conformation. Subcellular fractionation studies of the C91T cell line demonstrated a high proportion of 4-sulphatase polypeptide content in organelles characteristic of microsomes. The aberrant intracellular localization and the reduced cellular content of 4-sulphatase polypeptide was consistent with the observed structural modification leading to retention and degradation of the protein within an early vacuolar compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Brooks
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
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20
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Franco B, Meroni G, Parenti G, Levilliers J, Bernard L, Gebbia M, Cox L, Maroteaux P, Sheffield L, Rappold GA, Andria G, Petit C, Ballabio A. A cluster of sulfatase genes on Xp22.3: mutations in chondrodysplasia punctata (CDPX) and implications for warfarin embryopathy. Cell 1995; 81:15-25. [PMID: 7720070 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
X-linked recessive chondrodysplasia punctata (CDPX) is a congenital defect of bone and cartilage development characterized by aberrant bone mineralization, severe underdevelopment of nasal cartilage, and distal phalangeal hypoplasia. A virtually identical phenotype is observed in the warfarin embryopathy, which is due to the teratogenic effects of coumarin derivatives during pregnancy. We have cloned the genomic region within Xp22.3 where the CDPX gene has been assigned and isolated three adjacent genes showing highly significant homology to the sulfatase gene family. Point mutations in one of these genes were identified in five patients with CDPX. Expression of this gene in COS cells resulted in a heat-labile arylsulfatase activity that is inhibited by warfarin. A deficiency of a heat-labile arylsulfatase activity was demonstrated in patients with deletions spanning the CDPX region. These data indicate that CDPX is caused by an inherited deficiency of a novel sulfatase and suggest that warfarin embryopathy might involve drug-induced inhibition of the same enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Franco
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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21
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Shilatifard A, Cummings RD. Purification and characterization of N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase from bovine kidney: evidence for the presence of a novel endosulfatase activity. Biochemistry 1994; 33:4273-82. [PMID: 8155645 DOI: 10.1021/bi00180a023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
N-Acetylglucosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (NG6SS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sulfate esters from the C-6 hydroxyl of N-acetylglucosamine. We report our purification and characterization of the enzyme and the discovery that it can remove sulfate from internally sulfated GlcNAc on glycopeptides and glycoproteins. The enzyme was purified from bovine kidney over 200,000-fold using a combination of ion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. NG6SS is soluble and occurs as a single subunit with apparent solution molecular weight of 60.2 kDa on gel filtration chromatography and approximately 52.5 and 57.8 kDa on reducing and nonreducing SDS/PAGE, respectively. The enzyme is highly basic and exhibits a broad pH range with an optimum at pH 6.5 and a temperature optimum of 37 degrees C. Among the mono- and disaccharide sulfates tested, only GlcNAc-6-SO4 is an effective substrate with a Km of 4.7 mM, and either free sulfate or phosphate inhibits the activity. Unexpectedly, we found that the enzyme displays endosulfatase activity and quantitatively releases 35SO4 from 35SO4-labeled glycopeptides and intact glycoproteins isolated from human Molt-3 cells, which we have previously shown to synthesize glycoproteins containing GlcNAc-6-SO4 residues within the sequence Gal beta 1-4[SO-3-6]-GlcNAc beta 1-R of complex-type N-linked oligosaccharides. The N-terminal sequence of the bovine NG6SS was homologous to a human-liver-derived N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase. The endosulfatase activity of bovine kidney NG6SS may be important in its potential role in the degradation of sulfated glycans and may make this enzyme a valuable reagent to study the biological functions of sulfated glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shilatifard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73104
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22
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Fensom AH, Benson PF. Recent advances in the prenatal diagnosis of the mucopolysaccharidoses. Prenat Diagn 1994; 14:1-12. [PMID: 8183831 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970140102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A H Fensom
- Supraregional Laboratory for Genetic Enzyme Defects, UMDS, Guy's Hospital, London, U.K
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23
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Modaressi S, Rupp K, von Figura K, Peters C. Structure of the human arylsulfatase B gene. BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY HOPPE-SEYLER 1993; 374:327-35. [PMID: 7687847 DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1993.374.1-6.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated lambda-phage clones containing the human arylsulfatase B gene region from a genomic lambda 47.1 library. The human arylsulfatase B gene comprises 8 exons interrupted by 7 introns. DNA sequences of all intron-exon boundaries and the 5' flanking region of the gene were determined. All intron-exon splice junctions conformed to the GT/AG consensus sequence. Primer extension analysis revealed multiple start sites 1 to 135 nucleotides 5' of the ATG translational start codon. A 398 bp DNA-fragment of the 5' flanking region exhibits promotor activity when transiently expressed in BHK-21 cells using the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene as a reporter gene. This putative promotor region is located in a CpG island and contains potential Sp1 and AP2 binding sites but lacks typical TATA and CAAT box motifs.
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24
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Harvey JS, Nelson PV, Carey WF, Robertson EF, Morris CP. An arylsulfatase A (ARSA) missense mutation (T274M) causing late-infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy. Hum Mutat 1993; 2:261-7. [PMID: 8104633 DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380020405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ARSA; EC 3.1.6.8). The 8 ARSA exons and adjacent intron boundaries from a patient with late-infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified in seven discrete reactions. Amplified ARSA exons were analysed for the presence of sequence alterations by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, followed by direct sequencing of PCR products. The patient was found to be homozygous for a C-->T transition in exon IV that results in the substitution of a highly conserved threonine residue at amino acid 274 with a methionine (T274M). Analysis of a further 29 MLD patients revealed the presence of five additional homozygotes for T274M. All 6 T274M homozygotes (representing four families) were of Lebanese descent, and all were known to be the result of consanguineous marriages. The altered amino acid is rigidly conserved among 10 sulfatases from Escherichia coli to humans; therefore, it is most likely that the resultant mutant protein will have little or no enzyme activity. This is consistent with the very low ARSA activity measured in these patients and their uniformly severe clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Harvey
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Adelaide Children's Hospital, Australia
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25
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Robertson DA, Freeman C, Morris CP, Hopwood JJ. A cDNA clone for human glucosamine-6-sulphatase reveals differences between arylsulphatases and non-arylsulphatases. Biochem J 1992; 288 ( Pt 2):539-44. [PMID: 1463457 PMCID: PMC1132044 DOI: 10.1042/bj2880539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucosamine-6-sulphatase is an exo-hydrolase required for the lysosomal degradation of heparan sulphate and keratan sulphate. Deficiency of glucosamine-6-sulphatase activity leads to the lysosomal storage of the glycosaminoglycan, heparan sulphate and the monosaccharide sulphate N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulphate and the autosomal recessive genetic disorder mucopolysaccharidosis type IIID. Glucosamine-6-sulphatase can be classified as a non-arylsulphatase since, relative to arylsulphatase B, it shows negligible activity toward 4-methylumbelliferyl sulphate. We have isolated human cDNA clones and derived amino acid sequence coding for the entire glucosamine-6-sulphatase protein. The predicted sequence has 552 amino acids with a leader peptide of 36 amino acids and contains 13 potential N-glycosylation sites, of which it is likely that 10 are used. Glucosamine-6-sulphatase shows strong sequence similarity to other sulphatases such as the family of arylsulphatases, although the degree of similarity is not as high as that between members of the arylsulphatase family. This pattern of inter- and intra-family similarity delineates regions and amino acid residues that may be critical for sulphatase function and substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Robertson
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Adelaide Children's Hospital, South Australia
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26
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Flomen RH, Green PM, Bentley DR, Giannelli F, Green EP. Detection of point mutations and a gross deletion in six Hunter syndrome patients. Genomics 1992; 13:543-50. [PMID: 1639384 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90123-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have used screening with the polymerase chain reaction and chemical mismatch detection of amplified cDNA to detect and characterize deletions and point mutations in six Hunter Syndrome patients. A high degree of mutational heterogeneity was observed. The first patient is completely deleted for the gene coding for alpha-L-iduronate sulfate sulfatase, while the second has a point mutation that creates a stop codon. The third patient shows a point mutation that creates a novel splice site that is preferentially utilized and results in partial loss of one exon in the RNA. Patients 4, 5, and 6 have point mutations resulting in single amino acid substitutions. Four of the six single-base changes observed in this study were examples of transitions of the highly mutable dinucleotide CpG to TpG. This study has demonstrated a procedure capable of detecting all types of mutation that affect the function of the IDS protein and should enable direct carrier and prenatal diagnosis for Hunter syndrome families.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Flomen
- Paediatric Research Unit, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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27
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Grompe M, Pieretti M, Caskey CT, Ballabio A. The sulfatase gene family: cross-species PCR cloning using the MOPAC technique. Genomics 1992; 12:755-60. [PMID: 1572648 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90306-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Several human sulfatase cDNAs have recently been cloned, revealing highly conserved domains of protein similarity. We have used this information for the isolation of sulfatase genes in different species using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Degenerate oligonucleotide primers corresponding to these regions of identity among human arylsulfatases A, B, and steroid sulfatase (ARSA, ARSB, and STS) were designed. The primers were used in the PCR amplification of reverse transcribed RNA (RT-PCR) from multiple tissues in human and mouse. Amplification products were obtained from mouse liver and from human liver, lymphoblasts, kidney, intestine, heart, muscle, and brain cDNA samples. Each of the PCR products was subcloned into a plasmid vector, and several subclones were characterized by colony hybridization and DNA sequencing. All the previously identified human ARSA, ARSB, and STS were found among our clones, indicating the power of the technique. Sequence analysis of two mouse clones showed high degrees of homology with the human ARSA and ARSB sequences, respectively, and likely represent the murine homologues of these enzymes. These are the first sulfatase genes isolated in the mouse. A murine equivalent for STS could not be identified, suggesting its strong diversity from the human homologue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grompe
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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28
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Freeman C, Hopwood JJ. Human glucosamine-6-sulphatase deficiency. Diagnostic enzymology towards heparin-derived trisaccharide substrates. Biochem J 1992; 282 ( Pt 2):605-14. [PMID: 1546976 PMCID: PMC1130825 DOI: 10.1042/bj2820605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucosamine-6-sulphatase (6S) activity towards a series of radiolabelled heparin-derived trisaccharide substrates was determined in cultured human skin fibroblast and leucocyte homogenates, and in urine supernatants of normal individuals and patients affected with 6S deficiency [Sanfilippo D syndrome; mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type IIID]. The N-sulphated and N-acetylated derivatives of the trisaccharide substrate O-(alpha-glucosamine 6-sulphate)-(1----4)-L-O-(alpha-iduronic acid 2-sulphate)-(1----4)-D-O-2,5-anhydro[1-3H]mannitol 6-sulphate (GlcNH6S-IdoA2S-anM6S) were prepared by enzymic digestion of a pentasulphated tetrasaccharide isolated following the HNO2 deamination of heparin. Purified lysosomal enzymes and MPS-patient skin fibroblasts were used along with chemical degradation to confirm the structure of each of the substrates that were utilized to study the interaction of the enzyme activities required to degrade the highly sulphated regions of heparan sulphate. Human liver, skin fibroblast and urine 6S activities were separated by chromatofocusing into at least four and possibly up to six individual activities. 6S activities present in each of the tissues generally had similar catalytic properties, including Km values, pH optima and inhibition with NaCl, Na2SO4 and NaH2PO4. Leucocyte and skin fibroblast 6S activities towards GlcNAc6S-IdoA2S-anM6S were maximal at pH 4.1 and 3.9 respectively, with Km values of 2.8 microM and 0.9-1.7 microM respectively. Urine 6S activity towards GlcNAc6S-IdoA2S-anM6S was stimulated 30-fold by BSA at pH 3.9, which shifted the pH optimum from 5.1 to 4.2 and decreased the Km value at pH 4.2 from 4.0 microM to 0.5 microM. Residual 6S activity present in the skin fibroblast homogenates from MPS IIID patients was characterized for activity towards GlcNAc6S-IdoA2S-anM6S and observed to have similar pH optima and Km values to normal skin fibroblast 6S activities, although the residual 6S activity was less than 1% of the normal control range.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Freeman
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Adelaide Children's Hospital, Australia
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29
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Freeman C, Hopwood J. Lysosomal degradation of heparin and heparan sulphate. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1992; 313:121-34. [PMID: 1442257 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-2444-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Freeman
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Adelaide Children's Hospital, South Australia
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30
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Muenzer J, Neufeld EF, Constantopoulos G, Caruso RC, Kaiser-Kupfer MI, Pikus A, Danoff J, Berry RR, McDonald HD, Thompson JN. Attempted enzyme replacement using human amnion membrane implantations in mucopolysaccharidoses. J Inherit Metab Dis 1992; 15:25-37. [PMID: 1533888 DOI: 10.1007/bf01800340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Amnion membrane implantation has been proposed as an approach to enzyme replacement in mucopolysaccharidoses. Human amnion membranes have been subcutaneously implanted in the abdominal wall in 19 patients with mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS I, II and III). A protocol was developed for the objective evaluation of experimental treatments of these patients. Systematic evaluation of the clinical status before and 6 months after amnion membrane implantation reveals no change in function except improvement in joint mobility. The sum of all joint movements showed improvement from baseline values to 6 months after implantation by ANOVA followed by post-hoc analysis (p less than 0.056). The only specific joint movements to significantly improve after 6 months were shoulder extension (p less than 0.01) and hip internal rotation (p less than 0.05). Serial measurements of the deficient lysosomal enzyme activity in serum and white blood cells did not increase in any patient after amnion membrane implantation. Urinary glycosaminoglycan excretion decreased transiently in 2 of 10 patients after implantation, but a second amnion membrane implantation did not result in any change. Biopsy of the implantation site in 10 patients 6 months after amnion membrane implantation revealed a foreign-body reaction with giant cell formation and fibrosis and no recognizable amnion membrane tissue. We conclude that human amnion membrane implantation is not an effective therapy in mucopolysaccharidoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Muenzer
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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31
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Tomatsu S, Fukuda S, Masue M, Sukegawa K, Fukao T, Yamagishi A, Hori T, Iwata H, Ogawa T, Nakashima Y. Morquio disease: isolation, characterization and expression of full-length cDNA for human N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 181:677-83. [PMID: 1755850 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We cloned and sequenced a full-length cDNA of human placental N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase, the enzyme deficient in Morquio disease. The 2339-nucleotide sequence contained 1566 nucleotides which encoded a polypeptide of 522 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence was composed of a 26-amino acid N-terminal signal peptide and a mature polypeptide of 496 amino acid residues including two potential asparagine-linked glycosylation sites. Expression of the cDNA in transfected deficient fibroblasts resulted in higher production of this sulfatase activity than in untransfected deficient fibroblasts. The cDNA clone was hybridized to only a 2.3-kilobase species of RNA in human fibroblasts. The amino acid sequence of N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase showed a high degree of homology with those of other sulfatases such as human arylsulfatases A, B or C, glucosamine-6-sulfatase, iduronate-2-sulfatase and sea urchin arylsulfatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tomatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan
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32
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Scott HS, Anson DS, Orsborn AM, Nelson PV, Clements PR, Morris CP, Hopwood JJ. Human alpha-L-iduronidase: cDNA isolation and expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:9695-9. [PMID: 1946389 PMCID: PMC52785 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.21.9695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
alpha-L-Iduronidase (IDUA; EC 3.2.1.76) is a lysosomal hydrolase in the metabolic pathway responsible for the degradation of the glycosaminoglycans heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate. A deficiency of IDUA in humans leads to the accumulation of these glycosaminoglycans and results in the lysosomal storage disorder mucopolysaccharidosis type I. We have isolated and sequenced cDNA clones containing part of the human IDUA coding region and used PCR from reverse-transcribed RNA to obtain the full IDUA sequence. Analysis of the predicted 653-amino acid precursor protein shows that IDUA has a 26-amino acid signal peptide that is cleaved immediately prior to the amino terminus of the 74-kDa polypeptide present in human liver IDUA. The protein sequence contains six potential N-glycosylation sites. Northern blot analysis with IDUA cDNA detected only a single 2.3-kilobase mRNA species in human placental RNA; however, PCR analysis of fibroblast, liver, kidney, and placental RNA showed the existence of alternatively spliced mRNA from the IDUA gene. Southern blot analysis failed to detect major deletions or gene rearrangements in any of the 40 mucopolysaccharidosis type I patients studied. Expression of a full-length IDUA cDNA construct in Chinese hamster ovary cells produced human IDUA protein at a level 13-fold higher than, and with a specific activity comparable to, IDUA present in normal human fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Scott
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Adelaide Children's Hospital, Australia
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Siciliano L, Fiumara A, Pavone L, Freeman C, Robertson D, Morris CP, Hopwood JJ, Di Natale P, Musumeci S, Horwitz AL. Sanfilippo syndrome type D in two adolescent sisters. J Med Genet 1991; 28:402-5. [PMID: 1908010 PMCID: PMC1016906 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.28.6.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We report on two adolescent sisters with Sanfilippo syndrome type D with some clinical features different from other cases previously described. They are the oldest cases reported to date and provide new clues about the course of the disease. Enzymatic and immunological characterisation of the patients' fibroblasts indicated deficiency of N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulphate sulphatase (GlcNAc-6S sulphatase). However, Northern blot analysis showed apparently normal mRNA encoding GlcNAc-6S sulphatase. These findings suggest that abnormal translation or premature degradation may be responsible for the enzyme defect in these cases of Sanfilippo syndrome type D.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Siciliano
- Joseph P Kennedy Jr Mental Retardation Research Center, University of Chicago
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Williams
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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Wilson PJ, Morris CP, Anson DS, Occhiodoro T, Bielicki J, Clements PR, Hopwood JJ. Hunter syndrome: isolation of an iduronate-2-sulfatase cDNA clone and analysis of patient DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:8531-5. [PMID: 2122463 PMCID: PMC54990 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.21.8531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS, EC 3.1.6.13) is required for the lysosomal degradation of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate. Mutations causing IDS deficiency in humans result in the lysosomal storage of these glycosaminoglycans and Hunter syndrome, an X chromosome-linked disease. We have isolated and sequenced a 2.3-kilobase cDNA clone coding for the entire sequence of human IDS. Analysis of the deduced 550-amino acid IDS precursor sequence indicates that IDS has a 25-amino acid amino-terminal signal sequence, followed by 8 amino acids that are removed from the proprotein. An internal proteolytic cleavage occurs to produce the mature IDS present in human liver shown to contain a 42-kDa polypeptide N-terminal to a 14-kDa polypeptide. The IDS sequence has strong sequence homology with other sulfatases (such as sea urchin arylsulfatase, human arylsulfatases A, B, and C, and human glucosamine 6-sulfatase), suggesting that the sulfatases comprise an evolutionarily related family of genes that arose by gene duplication and divergent evolution. The arylsulfatases have a greater homology with each other than with the non-arylsulfatases (IDS and glucosamine 6-sulfatase). The IDS cDNA detected RNA species of 5.7, 5.4, 2.1, and 1.4 kilobases in human placental RNA and revealed structural alterations and gross deletions of the IDS gene in many of the clinically severe Hunter syndrome patients studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Wilson
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Adelaide Children's Hospital, Australia
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Phylogenetic conservation of arylsulfatases. cDNA cloning and expression of human arylsulfatase B. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39778-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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