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Hulshof EC, Lurvink RJ, Caserta N, de Hingh IHJT, van Wezel T, Böhringer S, Swen JJ, Gelderblom H, Guchelaar HJ, Deenen MJ. Identification of pharmacogenetic biomarkers for efficacy of cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal mitomycin C in patients with colorectal peritoneal metastases. Eur J Surg Oncol 2020; 46:1925-1931. [PMID: 32354538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mitomycin C (MMC) is commonly used in patients with colorectal peritoneal metastases (CPM) treated with cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS + HIPEC). MMC requires metabolic activation prior to exert its cytotoxic effect of which the main activating enzymes are NQO1 and POR. However, not all patients are able to activate MMC for example due to polymorphisms in the genes encoding these enzymes. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of NQO1∗2, NQO1∗3, and POR∗28 with the efficacy of CRS + HIPEC with MMC in patients with CPM. METHOD A retrospective follow-up design was used to study genetic association in patients with histologically proven CPM treated with CRS + HIPEC with MMC with respect to peritoneal recurrence rate after 3 months (primary endpoint), after 6 months, disease-free survival and overall survival. Genetic polymorphisms NQO1∗2, NQO1∗3, and POR∗28 were tested for association. RESULTS A total of 253 patients were included. In NQO1∗3 carriers the peritoneal recurrence rate 3 and 6 months after HIPEC was significantly higher than in wild type patients, respectively 30.0% vs 3.8% (p = 0.009) and 40.0% vs 12.1% (p = 0.031). In line with these results, NQO1∗3 was associated with a shorter disease-free survival (HR 2.04, 95% CI [1.03-4.03]). There was no significant association with overall survival (HR 1.42, 95% CI [0.66-3.07]). CONCLUSION Carriership of the NQO1∗3 allele is associated with worse peritoneal recurrence rate and disease-free survival. These results suggest that individualization of patients treated with CRS + HIPEC based upon pharmacogenetics may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Hulshof
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Catharina Hospital, Michelangelolaan 2, 5623 EJ, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - R J Lurvink
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Catharina Hospital, Michelangelolaan 2, 5623 EJ, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - N Caserta
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Catharina Hospital, Michelangelolaan 2, 5623 EJ, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - I H J T de Hingh
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Catharina Hospital, Michelangelolaan 2, 5623 EJ, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - T van Wezel
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - S Böhringer
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J J Swen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Network for Personalized Therapeutics, the Netherlands
| | - H Gelderblom
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - H J Guchelaar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Network for Personalized Therapeutics, the Netherlands
| | - M J Deenen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Catharina Hospital, Michelangelolaan 2, 5623 EJ, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Gerber DE, Beg MS, Fattah F, Frankel AE, Fatunde O, Arriaga Y, Dowell JE, Bisen A, Leff RD, Meek CC, Putnam WC, Kallem RR, Subramaniyan I, Dong Y, Bolluyt J, Sarode V, Luo X, Xie Y, Schwartz B, Boothman DA. Phase 1 study of ARQ 761, a β-lapachone analogue that promotes NQO1-mediated programmed cancer cell necrosis. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:928-936. [PMID: 30318513 PMCID: PMC6203852 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is a two-electron oxidoreductase expressed in multiple tumour types. ARQ 761 is a β-lapachone (β-lap) analogue that exploits the unique elevation of NQO1 found in solid tumours to cause tumour-specific cell death. METHODS We performed a 3+3 dose escalation study of 3 schedules (weekly, every other week, 2/3 weeks) of ARQ 761 in patients with refractory advanced solid tumours. Tumour tissue was analysed for NQO1 expression. After 20 patients were analysed, enrolment was restricted to patients with NQO1-high tumours (H-score ≥ 200). RESULTS A total of 42 patients were treated. Median number of prior lines of therapy was 4. Maximum tolerated dose was 390 mg/m2 as a 2-h infusion every other week. Dose-limiting toxicity was anaemia. The most common treatment-related adverse events were anaemia (79%), fatigue (45%), hypoxia (33%), nausea (17%), and vomiting (17%). Transient grade 3 hypoxia, reflecting possible methemoglobinaemia, occurred in 26% of patients. Among 32 evaluable patients, best response was stable disease (n = 12); 6 patients had tumour shrinkage. There was a trend towards improved efficacy in NQO1-high tumours (P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS ARQ 761 has modest single-agent activity, which appears associated with tumour NQO1 expression. Principal toxicities include anaemia and possible methemoglobinaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Gerber
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Hematology-Oncology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - M Shaalan Beg
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Hematology-Oncology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Farjana Fattah
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Arthur E Frankel
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Hematology-Oncology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Oluwatomilade Fatunde
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yull Arriaga
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Hematology-Oncology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jonathan E Dowell
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Hematology-Oncology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ajit Bisen
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Hematology-Oncology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Richard D Leff
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Claudia C Meek
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - William C Putnam
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Raja Reddy Kallem
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | | | - Ying Dong
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Joyce Bolluyt
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Venetia Sarode
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | | | - David A Boothman
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
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Fang Y, Wu HT, Ye YJ, Zhou LF, Hu W, Zhang GH, Sun P, Au W, Xia ZL. Association Between Polymorphisms of Metabolic Enzyme Genes and Chromosomal Damage in Benzene-Exposed Workers in China. J Occup Environ Med 2017; 59:e215-e220. [PMID: 29116991 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide better understanding of genetic susceptibility for health risk among current benzene-exposed workers. METHODS Four hundred sixty one benzene-exposed workers and 88 matched controls were recruited, and their benzene exposure doses were monitored. Associations between genetic susceptibility for polymorphisms of metabolic enzymes CYP2E1 and NQO1, and expression of cytokinesis-block micronucleus (MN) were investigated. RESULTS Mean MN frequency in the exposed workers was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.01). Individuals with the NQO1 CC genotype showed significantly higher MN frequencies than those with the TT genotype (P < 0.05) in either single- or multiple-factor analyses. Age was an effect modifier for elevated MN frequency, while sex, smoking, and alcohol consumption had no relationship. CONCLUSION Exposure to low dose of benzene among current workers can still cause health risk, especially among those with the NQO1 CC genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fang
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health and Safety of Ministry of Education of China (Drs Fang, Wu, Ye, Zhou, Zhang, Sun, Xia); Department of Community Collaboration, Shanghai Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Ms Fang); Department of Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Putuo District Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Dr Wu), Shanghai; Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (Dr Hu), MD; Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou (Dr Au), China
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Liu HY, Li QR, Cheng XF, Wang GJ, Hao HP. NAMPT inhibition synergizes with NQO1-targeting agents in inducing apoptotic cell death in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Chin J Nat Med 2017; 14:582-9. [PMID: 27608947 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(16)30068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) catalyzes the first rate-limiting step in converting nicotinamide to NAD(+), essential for a number of enzymes and regulatory proteins involved in a variety of cellular processes, including deacetylation enzyme SIRT1 which modulates several tumor suppressors such as p53 and FOXO. Herein we report that NQO1 substrates Tanshione IIA (TSA) and β-lapachone (β-lap) induced a rapid depletion of NAD(+) pool but adaptively a significant upregulation of NAMPT. NAMPT inhibition by FK866 at a nontoxic dose significantly enhanced NQO1-targeting agent-induced apoptotic cell death. Compared with TSA or β-lap treatment alone, co-treatment with FK866 induced a more dramatic depletion of NAD(+), repression of SIRT1 activity, and thereby the increased accumulation of acetylated FOXO1 and the activation of apoptotic pathway. In conclusion, the results from the present study support that NAMPT inhibition can synergize with NQO1 activation to induce apoptotic cell death, thereby providing a new rationale for the development of combinative therapeutic drugs in combating non-small lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qing-Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xue-Fang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guang-Ji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hai-Ping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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GSTP1 and GSTO1 single nucleotide polymorphisms and the response of bladder cancer patients to intravesical chemotherapy. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14000. [PMID: 26354850 PMCID: PMC4564850 DOI: 10.1038/srep14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SNPs may restrict cell detoxification activity and be a potential risk factor for cancer chemosensitivity. We evaluated the predictive value of these polymorphisms on the sensitivity of bladder cancer patients to epirubicin and mitomycin chemotherapy instillation as well as their toxicities. SNPs were analyzed by TaqMan genotyping assays in 130 patients treated with epirubicin and 114 patients treated with mitomycin. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the HRs were derived from multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. GSTP1 rs1695 and GSTO1 rs4925 were also associated with RFS in the epirubicin group. Patients carrying the GSTP1 AG+GG and GSTO1 AC+AA genotypes had an unfavorable RFS. Patients with the GSTP1 AA and GSTO1 CC genotypes had a reduced risk of recurrence after the instillation of epirubicin. In addition, patients with the GSTP1 rs1695 AA genotype had an increased risk of irritative voiding symptoms; while patients with the GSTO1 rs4925 CC genotype had a decreased risk of hematuria. Our results suggest that GSTP1 and GSTO1 polymorphisms are associated with epirubicin treatment outcomes as well as with epirubicin-related toxicity.
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Cao L, Li LS, Spruell C, Xiao L, Chakrabarti G, Bey EA, Reinicke KE, Srougi MC, Moore Z, Dong Y, Vo P, Kabbani W, Yang CR, Wang X, Fattah F, Morales JC, Motea EA, Bornmann WG, Yordy JS, Boothman DA. Tumor-selective, futile redox cycle-induced bystander effects elicited by NQO1 bioactivatable radiosensitizing drugs in triple-negative breast cancers. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:237-50. [PMID: 24512128 PMCID: PMC4060774 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS β-Lapachone (β-lap), a novel radiosensitizer with potent antitumor efficacy alone, selectively kills solid cancers that over-express NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Since breast or other solid cancers have heterogeneous NQO1 expression, therapies that reduce the resistance (e.g., NQO1(low)) of tumor cells will have significant clinical advantages. We tested whether NQO1-proficient (NQO1(+)) cells generated sufficient hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) after β-lap treatment to elicit bystander effects, DNA damage, and cell death in neighboring NQO1(low) cells. RESULTS β-Lap showed NQO1-dependent efficacy against two triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) xenografts. NQO1 expression variations in human breast cancer patient samples were noted, where ~60% cancers over-expressed NQO1, with little or no expression in associated normal tissue. Differential DNA damage and lethality were noted in NQO1(+) versus NQO1-deficient (NQO1(-)) TNBC cells and xenografts after β-lap treatment. β-Lap-treated NQO1(+) cells died by programmed necrosis, whereas co-cultured NQO1(-) TNBC cells exhibited DNA damage and caspase-dependent apoptosis. NQO1 inhibition (dicoumarol) or H2O2 scavenging (catalase [CAT]) blocked all responses. Only NQO1(-) cells neighboring NQO1(+) TNBC cells responded to β-lap in vitro, and bystander effects correlated well with H2O2 diffusion. Bystander effects in NQO1(-) cells in vivo within mixed 50:50 co-cultured xenografts were dramatic and depended on NQO1(+) cells. However, normal human cells in vitro or in vivo did not show bystander effects, due to elevated endogenous CAT levels. Innovation and Conclusions: NQO1-dependent bystander effects elicited by NQO1 bioactivatable drugs (β-lap or deoxynyboquinone [DNQ]) likely contribute to their efficacies, killing NQO1(+) solid cancer cells and eliminating surrounding heterogeneous NQO1(low) cancer cells. Normal cells/tissue are protected by low NQO1:CAT ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Cao
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha, China
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NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in the sensitivity and resistance to antitumor quinones. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 83:1033-40. [PMID: 22209713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quinones represent a large and diverse class of antitumor drugs and many quinones are approved for clinical use or are currently undergoing evaluation in clinical trials. For many quinones reduction to the hydroquinone has been shown to play a key role in their antitumor activity. The two-electron reduction of quinones by NQO1 has been shown to be an efficient pathway to hydroquinone formation. NQO1 is expressed at high levels in many human solid tumors making this enzyme ideally suited for intracellular drug activation. Cellular levels of NQO1 are influenced by the NQO1*2 polymorphism. Individuals homozygous for the NQO1*2 allele are NQO1 null and homozygous NQO1*2*2 cell lines have been shown to be more resistant to antitumor quinones when compared to isogenic cell lines overexpressing NQO1. In this review we will discuss the role of NQO1 in the sensitivity and resistance of human cancers to the quinone antitumor drugs mitomycin C, β-lapachone and the benzoquinone ansamycin class of Hsp90 inhibitors including 17-AAG. The role of NQO1 in the bioreductive activation of mitomycin C remains controversial but pre-clinical data strongly suggests a role for NQO1 in the activation of β-lapachone and the benzoquinone ansamycin class of Hsp90 inhibitors. Despite a large volume of preclinical data demonstrating that NQO1 is an important determinant of sensitivity to these antitumor quinones there is little information on whether the clinical response to these agents is influenced by the NQO1*2 polymorphism. The availability of simple assays for the determination of the NQO1*2 polymorphism should facilitate clinical testing of this hypothesis.
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Song SY, Jeong SY, Park HJ, Park SI, Kim DK, Kim YH, Shin SS, Lee SW, Ahn SD, Kim JH, Lee JS, Choi EK. Clinical significance of NQO1 C609T polymorphisms after postoperative radiation therapy in completely resected non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2010; 68:278-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Wang B, Jin F, Xie Y, Tang Y, Kan R, Zheng C, Yang Z, Wang L. Association analysis of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase gene 609 C/T polymorphism with Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2006; 409:179-81. [PMID: 17027152 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of the NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) activity are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). A polymorphism consisting of a single nucleotide (C-->T) change at position 609 of NQO1 influences the NQO1 activity. Therefore the NQO1 C609T polymorphism may confer susceptibility for AD developing. To test the hypothesis, we have performed an association study between the NQO1 gene polymorphism C609T and late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) in Chinese population. Totally 104 LOAD patients and 128 controls were enrolled in our data set. All subjects were genotyped for NQO1 and Apolipoprotein E (APOE). There were no significant differences in NQO1 genotype or allele frequencies between cases and controls. Likewise, with the stratification of APOE psilon4 status, no statistical difference was observed between cases and controls. Our findings suggested that this polymorphism might not represent additional genetic risk factor for LOAD. However, the present study cannot exclude NQO1 as a possible candidate for LOAD. Further study in a larger population and biological functional analysis of NQO1 gene is required to verify the role of NQO1 in LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Wang
- Center for Human and Animal Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Abstract
The same doses of medication cause considerable heterogeneity in efficacy and toxicity across human populations. Genetic factors are thought to represent important determinants of drug efficacy and toxicity. Pharmacogenetics focuses on the prediction of the response of tumor and normal tissue to standard therapy by genetic profiling and, thereby, to select the most appropriate medication at optimal doses for each individual patient. In the present review, we discuss the relevance of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in genes, whose gene products act upstream of the actual drug target sites, that is, drug transporters and drug metabolizing phase I and II enzymes, or downstream of them, that is, apoptosis-regulating genes and chemokines. SNPs in relevant genes, which encode for proteins that interact with anticancer drugs, were also considered, that is, enzymes of DNA biosynthesis and metabolism, DNA repair enzymes, and proteins of the mitotic spindle. A significant body of evidence supports the concept of predicting drug efficacy and toxicity by SNP genotyping. As the efficacy of cancer chemotherapy, as well as the drug-related toxicity in normal tissues is multifactorial in nature, sophisticated approaches such as genome-wide linkage analyses and integrate drug pathway profiling may improve the predictive power compared with genotyping of single genes. The implementation of pharmacogenetics into clinical routine diagnostics including genotype-based recommendations for treatment decisions and risk assessment for practitioners represents a challenge for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Efferth
- German Cancer Research Center, M070, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
In subgroups of gastric cancer patients, chemotherapy treatments carry a high risk of toxicity without any clear evidence of antitumor activity. Individualization of therapy is required to treat each patient with the optimal drug and dose. Genetic polymorphisms are the hereditary determinants for interindividual variations of drug effect and the genetic approach represents a new tool to design a tailored therapy. This review focuses on the relevance of the host polymorphisms involved in metabolism, cellular transport and interaction with molecular targets of the drugs used in gastric cancer in conventional or innovative chemotherapy regimens. Pharmacogenetic studies based on a single gene or multi-gene approach (pharmacogenomics) are promising to identify gastric cancer patients at risk for adverse toxicity, but larger and controlled studies are needed to justify changes in the chemotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, CRO--National Cancer Institute, via Pedemontana Occidentale, 12, 33081 Aviano, Italy.
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Dehn DL, Winski SL, Ross D. Development of a New Isogenic Cell-Xenograft System for Evaluation of NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase-Directed Antitumor Quinones. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:3147-55. [PMID: 15131056 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of our study was to develop and validate an isogenic cell line pair that differs only in the expression of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) that can be used to examine the in vitro and in vivo role of NQO1 in the bioactivation of the antitumor quinone RH1 (2,5-diaziridinyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone), a compound currently in Phase I clinical trials. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN MDA-MB-468 (MDA468) human breast adenocarcinoma cells, homozygous for a polymorphism in NQO1 (NQO1*2/*2) and with low levels of NQO1 activity, were stably transfected with human NQO1 to generate a clone (NQ16) expressing very high NQO1 activity. We examined levels of other reductases and looked at biochemical systems that might influence response to antitumor quinones to validate that the isogenic cell line pair differed only in the expression of NQO1. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2,5-diphenyl)tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to determine the differential toxicity of various quinones, including the most recent NQO1-directed antitumor quinone, RH1, between the two cell lines. Human tumor xenografts were established from both MDA468 and NQ16 cells, and the antitumor activity of RH1 was evaluated. RESULTS Levels of cytochrome P450 reductase, cytochrome b(5) reductase, soluble thiols, and superoxide dismutase in the NQ16 line were unchanged from the parental line. The functional significance of wild-type NQO1 expression was confirmed by measurement of the differential toxicity of compounds activated or deactivated by NQO1 in the two cell lines. The toxicity of the NQO1-directed antitumor quinones RH1 and streptonigrin were markedly greater and the toxicity of menadione, which is detoxified by NQO1, was ameliorated in the NQ16 line. High levels of NQO1 expression were observed throughout xenograft tumors established from the NQ16 cell line. RH1 treatment was effective at statistically reducing tumor volume in NQ16 xenografts at all of the doses tested (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg/kg every day for 5 days), whereas only the highest dose of RH1 resulted in a significant reduction in tumor volume in MDA468 xenografts. CONCLUSIONS The MDA468/NQ16 isogenic cell line pair is a useful model system for evaluating the role of NQO1 in the bioactivation of antitumor quinones in both cell lines and xenografts. In addition, our data demonstrate that the novel antitumor quinone RH1, is effectively activated by NQO1 both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Dehn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Cancer Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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Ross D, Siegel D. NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1, DT-diaphorase), functions and pharmacogenetics. Methods Enzymol 2004; 382:115-44. [PMID: 15047100 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(04)82008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Ross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Denver 80262, USA
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Nebert DW, Roe AL, Vandale SE, Bingham E, Oakley GG. NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) polymorphism, exposure to benzene, and predisposition to disease: a HuGE review. Genet Med 2002; 4:62-70. [PMID: 11882782 DOI: 10.1097/00125817-200203000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) catalyzes the two- or four-electron reduction of numerous endogenous and environmental quinones (e.g., the vitamin E alpha-tocopherol quinone, menadione, benzene quinones). In laboratory animals treated with various environmental chemicals, inhibition of NQO1 metabolism has long been known to increase the risk of toxicity or cancer. Currently, there are 22 reported single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the NQO1 gene. Compared with the human consensus (reference, "wild-type") NQO1*1 allele coding for normal NQO1 enzyme and activity, the NQO1*2 allele encodes a nonsynonymous mutation (P187S) that has negligible NQO1 activity. The NQO1*2 allelic frequency ranges between 0.22 (Caucasian) and 0.45 (Asian) in various ethnic populations. A large epidemiologic investigation of a benzene-exposed population has shown that NQO1*2 homozygotes exhibit as much as a 7-fold greater risk of bone marrow toxicity, leading to diseases such as aplastic anemia and leukemia. The extent of the contribution of polymorphisms in other genes involved in the metabolism of benzene and related compounds-such as the P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), myeloperoxidase (MPO), glutathione-S-transferase (GSTM1, GSTT1), microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1), and other genes-should also be considered. However, it now seems clear that a lowered or absent NQO1 activity can increase one's risk of bone marrow toxicity, after environmental exposure to benzene and benzene-like compounds. In cancer patients, the NQO1*2 allele appears to be associated with increased risk of chemotherapy-related myeloid leukemia. Many other epidemiological studies, attempting to find an association between the NQO1 polymorphism and one or another human disease, have now begun to appear in the medical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Nebert
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio 45267-0056, USA
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