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YO2 Induces Melanoma Cell Apoptosis through p53-Mediated LRP1 Downregulation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010288. [PMID: 36612285 PMCID: PMC9818169 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional endocytic receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) has been implicated in melanoma growth. However, the mechanism of LRP1 expression in melanoma cells remains only partially understood. In most melanomas, the TP53 tumor suppressor is retained as a non-mutated, inactive form that fails to suppress tumors. We identify TP53 as a regulator of LRP1-mediated tumor growth. TP53 enhances the expression of miRNA miR-103/107. These miRNAs target LRP1 expression on melanoma cells. TP53 overexpression in human and murine melanoma cells was achieved using lentivirus or treatment with the small molecule YO-2, a plasmin inhibitor known to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. TP53 restoration enhanced the expression of the tumor suppressor miR-103/107, resulting in the downregulation of LRP1 and suppression of tumor growth in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, LRP1 overexpression or p53 downregulation prevented YO-2-mediated melanoma growth inhibition. We identified YO-2 as a novel p53 inducer in melanoma cells. Cotreatment of YO-2 with doxorubicin blocked tumor growth in vivo and in a murine melanoma model, suggesting that YO-2 exerts anti-melanoma effects alone or in combination with conventional myelosuppressive drugs.
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Structural studies of plasmin inhibition. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:541-557. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20180211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Plasminogen (Plg) is the zymogen form of the serine protease plasmin (Plm), and it plays a crucial role in fibrinolysis as well as wound healing, immunity, tissue remodeling and inflammation. Binding to the targets via the lysine-binding sites allows for Plg activation by plasminogen activators (PAs) present on the same target. Cellular uptake of fibrin degradation products leads to apoptosis, which represents one of the pathways for cross-talk between fibrinolysis and tissue remodeling. Therapeutic manipulation of Plm activity plays a vital role in the treatments of a range of diseases, whereas Plm inhibitors are used in trauma and surgeries as antifibrinolytic agents. Plm inhibitors are also used in conditions such as angioedema, menorrhagia and melasma. Here, we review the rationale for the further development of new Plm inhibitors, with a particular focus on the structural studies of the active site inhibitors of Plm. We compare the binding mode of different classes of inhibitors and comment on how it relates to their efficacy, as well as possible future developments.
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Bildziukevich U, Rárová L, Šaman D, Wimmer Z. Picolyl amides of betulinic acid as antitumor agents causing tumor cell apoptosis. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 145:41-50. [PMID: 29316537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of picolyl amides of betulinic acid (3a-3c and 6a-6c) was prepared and subjected to the cytotoxicity screening tests. Structure-activity relationships studies resulted in finding differences in biological activity in dependence on o-, m- and p-substitution of the pyridine ring in the target amides, when cytotoxicity data of 3a-3c and 6a-6c were obtained and compared. The amides 3b and 3a displayed cytotoxicity (given in the IC50 values) in G-361 (0.5 ± 0.1 μM and 2.4 ± 0.0 μM, respectively), MCF7 (1.4 ± 0.1 μM and 2.2 ± 0.2 μM, respectively), HeLa (2.4 ± 0.4 μM and 2.3 ± 0.5 μM, respectively) and CEM (6.5 ± 1.5 μM and 6.9 ± 0.4 μM, respectively) tumor cell lines, and showed weak effect in the normal human fibroblasts (BJ). Selectivity against all tested cancer cells was determined and compared to normal cells with therapeutic index (TI) between 7 and 100 for compounds 3a and 3b. The therapeutic index (TI = 100) was calculated for human malignant melanoma cell line (G-361) versus normal human fibroblasts (BJ). The cytotoxicity of other target amides (3c and 6a-6c) revealed lower effects than 3a and 3b in the tested cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uladzimir Bildziukevich
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Isotope Laboratory, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Rárová
- Palacký University, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Šaman
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo Náměstí 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Wimmer
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Isotope Laboratory, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Eiamboonsert S, Salama Y, Watarai H, Dhahri D, Tsuda Y, Okada Y, Hattori K, Heissig B. The role of plasmin in the pathogenesis of murine multiple myeloma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 488:387-392. [PMID: 28501622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aside from a role in clot dissolution, the fibrinolytic factor, plasmin is implicated in tumorigenesis. Although abnormalities of coagulation and fibrinolysis have been reported in multiple myeloma patients, the biological roles of fibrinolytic factors in multiple myeloma (MM) using in vivo models have not been elucidated. In this study, we established a murine model of fulminant MM with bone marrow and extramedullar engraftment after intravenous injection of B53 cells. We found that the fibrinolytic factor expression pattern in murine B53 MM cells is similar to the expression pattern reported in primary human MM cells. Pharmacological targeting of plasmin using the plasmin inhibitors YO-2 did not change disease progression in MM cell bearing mice although systemic plasmin levels was suppressed. Our findings suggest that although plasmin has been suggested to be a driver for disease progression using clinical patient samples in MM using mostly in vitro studies, here we demonstrate that suppression of plasmin generation or inhibition of plasmin cannot alter MM progression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salita Eiamboonsert
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yousef Salama
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watarai
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Douaa Dhahri
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yuko Tsuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 850-8586, Japan
| | - Yoshio Okada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 850-8586, Japan
| | - Koichi Hattori
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Center for Genome and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Beate Heissig
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Atopy Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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Pharmacological targeting of plasmin prevents lethality in a murine model of macrophage activation syndrome. Blood 2017; 130:59-72. [PMID: 28325863 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-09-738096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a life-threatening disorder characterized by a cytokine storm and multiorgan dysfunction due to excessive immune activation. Although abnormalities of coagulation and fibrinolysis are major components of MAS, the role of the fibrinolytic system and its key player, plasmin, in the development of MAS remains to be solved. We established a murine model of fulminant MAS by repeated injections of Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR-9) agonist and d-galactosamine (DG) in immunocompetent mice. We found plasmin was excessively activated during the progression of fulminant MAS in mice. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of plasmin counteracted MAS-associated lethality and other related symptoms. We show that plasmin regulates the influx of inflammatory cells and the production of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. Collectively, our findings identify plasmin as a decisive checkpoint in the inflammatory response during MAS and a potential novel therapeutic target for MAS.
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van Dam PA, Coelho A, Rolfo C. Is there a role for urokinase-type plasminogen activator inhibitors as maintenance therapy in patients with ovarian cancer? Eur J Surg Oncol 2016; 43:252-257. [PMID: 27345498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is abundant evidence that the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), its inhibitors PAI-1 and PAI-2 (plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 and type-2) and its cells surface receptor (uPA-R, CD87) play a fundamental role in tumor invasion and metastasis and are of significant prognostic significance for many tumor types. We performed a systematic Med-line search on uPA, PAI, uPA-R and (epithelial) ovarian cancer (EOC). The majority of malignant EOC specimens show moderate to strong immunostating of tumor and stromal cells. Overexpression of u-PA and PAI-1 can be found in more the 75% of primary ovarian carcinomas, in most metastatic EOC samples and all examined epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines. uPA overexpression in primary specimens was significantly associated with tumor stage, grade, residual disease status after cytoreductive surgery, and poor clinical outcome. This may be explained by increased chemoresistance, a lower resectability and more aggressive tumor biology and tumor dissemination in patients with high uPA and PAI-1. Several therapeutical approaches aimed at inhibiting the uPA/uPAR functions have shown to possess anti-tumor effects in vitro and in animal models. When treating a patient with advanced ovarian cancer it may to be assumed that inhibiting the progression of established (micro) metastases may be more therapeutically relevant than trying to destroy all tumor cells which is not possible in most cases with current systemic treatment modalities. Taking into account the role of uPA and PAI in cell detachment, formation of new stroma, tumor cell reimplantation and metastasis uPA inhibition should be further investigated as maintenance treatment in patients with advanced EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A van Dam
- Multidisciplinary Oncologic Centre Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, B2650, Belgium; Centre of Oncologic Research (CORE), Antwerp University, Edegem, B2650, Belgium.
| | - A Coelho
- Centre of Oncologic Research (CORE), Antwerp University, Edegem, B2650, Belgium; Phase I-Early Trials Unit, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - C Rolfo
- Centre of Oncologic Research (CORE), Antwerp University, Edegem, B2650, Belgium; Phase I-Early Trials Unit, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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Munakata S, Tashiro Y, Nishida C, Sato A, Komiyama H, Shimazu H, Dhahri D, Salama Y, Eiamboonsert S, Takeda K, Yagita H, Tsuda Y, Okada Y, Nakauchi H, Sakamoto K, Heissig B, Hattori K. Inhibition of plasmin protects against colitis in mice by suppressing matrix metalloproteinase 9-mediated cytokine release from myeloid cells. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:565-578.e4. [PMID: 25490065 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Activated proteases such as plasmin and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are activated in intestinal tissues of patients with active inflammatory bowel diseases. We investigated the effect of plasmin on the progression of acute colitis. METHODS Colitis was induced in Mmp9(-/-), Plg(-/-), and C57BL/6 (control) mice by the administration of dextran sulfate sodium, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, or CD40 antibody. Plasmin was inhibited in control mice by intraperitoneal injection of YO-2, which blocks its active site. Mucosal and blood samples were collected and analyzed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analyses, as well as for mucosal inflammation and levels of cytokines and chemokines. RESULTS Circulating levels of plasmin were increased in mice with colitis, compared with controls. Colitis did not develop in control mice injected with YO-2 or in Plg(-/-) mice. Colons from these mice had reduced infiltration of Gr1+ neutrophils and F4/80+ macrophages, and reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Colonic inflammation and colitis induction required activation of endogenous MMP9. After colitis induction, mice given YO-2, Plg(-/-) mice, and Mmp9(-/-) mice had reduced serum levels of tumor necrosis factor and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5, compared with control mice. CONCLUSIONS In mice, plasmin induces a feedback mechanism in which activation of the fibrinolytic system promotes the development of colitis via activation of MMP9 or proteolytic enzymes. The proteolytic environment stimulates the influx of myeloid cells into the colonic epithelium and the production of tumor necrosis factor and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5. In turn, myeloid CD11b+ cells release the urokinase plasminogen activator, which accelerates plasmin production. Disruption of the plasmin-induced chronic inflammatory circuit therefore might be a strategy for colitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Munakata
- Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science at the University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Coloproctological Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science at the University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Tashiro
- Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science at the University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Coloproctological Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science at the University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiemi Nishida
- Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science at the University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science at the University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aki Sato
- Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science at the University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Komiyama
- Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science at the University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Coloproctological Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimazu
- Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science at the University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Douaa Dhahri
- Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science at the University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yousef Salama
- Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science at the University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Salita Eiamboonsert
- Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science at the University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Takeda
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Tsuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshio Okada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science at the University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sakamoto
- Department of Coloproctological Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Beate Heissig
- Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science at the University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science at the University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Atopy (Allergy) Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Hattori
- Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science at the University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Atopy (Allergy) Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Al-Horani RA, Desai UR. Recent advances on plasmin inhibitors for the treatment of fibrinolysis-related disorders. Med Res Rev 2014; 34:1168-1216. [PMID: 24659483 PMCID: PMC8788159 DOI: 10.1002/med.21315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that plasmin is involved in a number of physiological processes in addition to its key role in fibrin cleavage. Plasmin inhibition is critical in preventing adverse consequences arising from plasmin overactivity, e.g., blood loss that may follow cardiac surgery. Aprotinin was widely used as an antifibrinolytic drug before its discontinuation in 2008. Tranexamic acid and ε-aminocaproic acid, two small molecule plasmin inhibitors, are currently used in the clinic. Several molecules have been designed utilizing covalent, but reversible, chemistry relying on reactive cyclohexanones, nitrile warheads, and reactive aldehyde peptidomimetics. Other major classes of plasmin inhibitors include the cyclic peptidomimetics and polypeptides of the Kunitz and Kazal-type. Allosteric inhibitors of plasmin have also been designed including small molecule lysine analogs that bind to plasmin's kringle domain(s) and sulfated glycosaminoglycan mimetics that bind to plasmin's catalytic domain. Plasmin inhibitors have also been explored for resolving other disease states including cell metastasis, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and embryo implantation. This review highlights functional and structural aspects of plasmin inhibitors with the goal of advancing their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami A Al-Horani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Pozzesi N, Fierabracci A, Thuy TT, Martelli MP, Liberati AM, Ayroldi E, Riccardi C, Delfino DV. Pharmacological Modulation of Caspase-8 in Thymus-Related Medical Conditions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:18-24. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.216572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Xue F, Seto CT. Structure–activity studies of cyclic ketone inhibitors of the serine protease plasmin: Design, synthesis, and biological activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:8467-87. [PMID: 16971130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three series of cyclic ketone inhibitors were synthesized and evaluated against the serine protease plasmin. Peptide inhibitors that incorporated 3-oxotetrahydrofuran and 3-oxotetrahydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide groups had the highest activities. Alkylamino substituents, which were designed to bind in the S1 subsite of plasmin, were attached to the inhibitors. Compounds 5c and 5g, which incorporated 6-aminohexyl substituents, were found to be optimal and demonstrated IC(50) values in the low micromolar range. Incorporating conformationally constrained peptide segments into the inhibitors did not improve their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengtian Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook Street, Box H, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Enomoto R, Sugahara C, Tsuda Y, Okada Y, Lee E. Thymocyte Apoptosis Induced by Various Compounds Including YO-2 Is Accompanied by a Change in Chromatin Structure. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1030:622-6. [PMID: 15659845 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1329.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the role of chromatin structure in DNA fragmentation during apoptosis, we have examined whether chromatin structural change is observed after treatment with proapoptotic compounds. Analysis of the circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of the soluble chromatin from dexamethasone-treated thymocytes revealed a decrease in alpha-helical content. Mifepristone, an antagonist of glucocorticoid receptor, prevented both the change in chromatin structure and DNA fragmentation induced by dexamethasone. The effect of YO-2 [trans-4-aminomethylcyclohexanecarbonyl-l-(O-picolyl)tyrosine-n-octylamide], which possesses proapoptotic action, on chromatin structure was also examined. Judging from the CD spectrum of the soluble chromatin from YO-2-treated thymocytes, the structure was changed by this compound as well as by dexamethasone. A decrease in alpha-helical content was also observed in cells treated with etoposide, which is used clinically as an anticancer agent. These results suggest that the change in chromatin structure is likely to be an important process in DNA fragmentation of cells undergoing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyo Enomoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kobe Gakuin University, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2180, Japan
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Enomoto R, Komai T, Yoshida Y, Sugahara C, Kawaguchi E, Okazaki K, Kinoshita H, Komatsu H, Konishi Y, Lee E. Terfenadine induces thymocyte apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 496:11-21. [PMID: 15288570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2004] [Accepted: 05/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of rat thymocytes with 10 microM terfenadine resulted in a significant increase in DNA fragmentation. The DNA fragmentation induced by terfenadine was dependent on its concentration and incubation time. In terfenadine-treated cells, the translocation of phosphatidylserine from the inside of plasma membrane to the outside, an early event of the apoptotic process, and chromatin condensation, the morphological characterization of apoptotic cell death, were observed. Terfenadine stimulated caspase-8, -9 and -3-like activities in an incubation time-dependent manner in thymocytes. The active forms of caspase-3 and -9 were detected in the extract from terfenadine-treated cells by immunoblotting analysis using specific antibodies to caspases, but active caspase-8 was not found in this fraction. Decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol were observed in terfenadine-treated thymocytes. These results suggest that terfenadine induces apoptosis in rat thymocytes via mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyo Enomoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Japan
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