1
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Rubio-Hernández M, Alcolea V, Pérez-Silanes S. Potential of sulfur-selenium isosteric replacement as a strategy for the development of new anti-chagasic drugs. Acta Trop 2022; 233:106547. [PMID: 35667455 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Current treatment for Chagas disease is based on only two drugs: benznidazole and nifurtimox. Compounds containing sulfur (S) in their structure have shown promising results in vitro and in vivo against Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite causing Chagas disease. Notably, some reports show that the isosteric replacement of S by selenium (Se) could be an interesting strategy for the development of new compounds for the treatment of Chagas disease. To date, the activity against T. cruzi of three Se- containing groups has been compared with their S counterparts: selenosemicarbazones, selenoquinones, and selenocyanates. More studies are needed to confirm the positive results of Se compounds. Therefore, we have investigated S compounds described in the literature tested against T. cruzi. We focused on those tested in vivo that allowed isosteric replacement to propose their Se counterparts as promising compounds for the future development of new drugs against Chagas disease.
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2
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Antinori S, Ridolfo AL, Giacomelli A, Bonazzetti C, Corbellino M, Galli M. Chagas disease in Italy: the study's contribution of Italian researchers. Panminerva Med 2019; 61:464-472. [PMID: 31362479 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.19.03723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is an emerging infection in Italy as the consequence of the huge immigration from Latin American countries observed during the last ten-fifteen years. However, the interest of Italian researchers on CD dates back to the '80-90s of the last century with studies conducted in collaboration with Brazilian and Argentinian colleagues by Italian cardiologists and pathologists. Moreover, the first demonstration of the existence in the pre-Columbian America of Chagas disease in a Peruvian mummy was made by a group of Italian paleopathologists. Seroprevalence studies performed between 2010-2014 in Negrar (Verona), Bergamo, Milan, Florence and Rome shows Trypanosoma cruzi infection ranging from 3.9% to 17.1% with people coming from Bolivia as the most affected. As observed in Latin America about 30% of screened subjects in Italy are affected by cardiac or digestive forms of CD. More than 20% of subjects treated with benznidazole discontinued it permanently due to adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spinello Antinori
- Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy - .,III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy -
| | - Anna L Ridolfo
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Giacomelli
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Bonazzetti
- Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Corbellino
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Galli
- Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
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3
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Von Trompowsky ACM, Conde TR, Lemos RC, Quaresma BMC, Pitombeira MCS, de Carvalho AS, Boechat N, Salomão K, de Castro SL, Zamith HPDS. In vitro genotoxicity of nitroimidazoles as a tool in the search of new trypanocidal agents. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2019; 114:e190017. [PMID: 31271593 PMCID: PMC6598759 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760190017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only benznidazole (Bnz) (1) and nifurtimox (Nfx) (2) are licensed for the
treatment of Chagas disease although their safety and efficacy profile are
far from ideal. Farmanguinhos from Fiocruz has developed seven
nitroimidazole compounds (4-10) analogs of megazol (3). OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether the genotoxic effect of 3 was abolished in the seven
nitroimidazoles (4-10) analogs using the in vitro alkaline
comet assay (CA) and the in vitro cytokinesis-block
micronucleus assay (CBMN) in whole human blood cells (WHBC) and correlate
this effect with their trypanocidal activity using bloodstream
trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. METHODS The toxicity of 3-10 to WHBC in the in vitro CA was
determined using the fluorescein diacetate/ethidium bromide assay. DNA
damage in the in vitro CA was evaluated according to tail
size in four classes (0-3) and methyl methane-sulfonate (MMS) was used as a
positive control. The cytotoxicity of 3-10 to WHBC in the CBMN was measured
using the cytokinesis-block proliferation index and the replication index.
The number of the micronucleate cells in 2,000 binucleate cells by
experimental group was determined. Mitomycin C and
N-deacetyl-N-methylcolchicine were used as positive controls. FINDINGS Compound 3 showed a significant DNA strand break effect through the
in vitro CA and highly significant clastogenic and/or
aneugenic effect in the CBMN. Compounds 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 showed negative
results in the CBMN and positive results in the in vitro
CA, while the inverse effect was observed for 4 and 7. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Compound 10 was the most promising to proceed with the development as a drug
candidate in the treatment of Chagas disease showing absence of chromosomal
cytogenetic damage and high activity against T. cruzi,
about two times higher than 3 and the clinical drug 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Claudia Manoel Von Trompowsky
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Departamento de Farmacologia e Toxicologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Vigilância Sanitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Taline Ramos Conde
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Departamento de Farmacologia e Toxicologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Renata Calil Lemos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Departamento de Farmacologia e Toxicologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Bruna Maria Cs Quaresma
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marcelly Cristina Sr Pitombeira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Departamento de Síntese de Fármacos, Farmanguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Alcione Silva de Carvalho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Departamento de Síntese de Fármacos, Farmanguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Núbia Boechat
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Departamento de Síntese de Fármacos, Farmanguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Kelly Salomão
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Solange Lisboa de Castro
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Helena Pereira da Silva Zamith
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Departamento de Farmacologia e Toxicologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Vigilância Sanitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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4
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Todorova T, Miteva D, Chankova S. DNA susceptibility of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Zeocin depends on the growth phase. Int Microbiol 2019; 22:419-428. [PMID: 30875034 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of Zeocin-induced double-strand breaks (DSBs) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells in a different growth phase, using constant-field gel electrophoresis (CFGE). Saccharomyces cerevisiae diploid strain D7ts1 with enhanced cellular permeability was used. The effects of growth phase and treatment time were evaluated based on Zeocin-induced DSBs, measured by CFGE. Survival assay was also applied. No protoplast isolation was necessary for the detection of DSBs in strain D7ts1. Differences in the response of cells depending on the growth phase were obtained. Cells in exponential growth phase had increased DSB levels only after Zeocin treatment with concentrations equal or higher than 200 μgml-1. Increasing treatment time did not result in higher DSB levels. Oppositely, treatment of cells at the beginning of stationary phase with Zeocin concentrations resulted in more than 1.5-fold increase in DSB levels in comparison with those in untreated cells. Increased DSB levels were measured for all the treatment times. A dose-dependent decrease in cell survival was observed after Zeocin treatment with concentrations in the range of lethality LD20-LD50. A strong negative correlation was calculated between the levels of DSBs and cell survival. New information is provided concerning DNA susceptibility depending on the growth phase. DNA susceptibility is higher in cells at the beginning of stationary phase than those in exponential phase. Data presented here illustrate that the optimized by us CFGE protocol is sensitive and could be used successfully for DSB measurement in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with enhanced cellular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Todorova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin str., 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniela Miteva
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin str., 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stephka Chankova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin str., 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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5
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Casino AD, Lukinović V, Bhatt R, Randle LE, Dascombe MJ, Fennell DBJ, Drew MGB, Bell A, Fielding AJ, Ismail FMD. Synthesis, Structural Determination, and Pharmacology of Putative Dinitroaniline Antimalarials. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio del Casino
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Lukinović
- School of Chemistry and the Photon Science InstituteThe University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL United Kingdom
| | - Rakesh Bhatt
- Henkel Loctite Adhesives LtdKelsey House, Wood Lane End Hemel Hempstead, Herts HP2 4RQ United Kingdom
| | - Laura E. Randle
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Dascombe
- Faculty of BiologyMedicine and HealthStopford Building The University of Manchester Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom
| | - Dr Brian J. Fennell
- School of Genetics and MicrobiologyMoyne InstituteTrinity College, Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Michael G. B. Drew
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Reading, Reading, Berks, RG6 6AD United Kingdom
| | - Angus Bell
- School of Genetics and MicrobiologyMoyne InstituteTrinity College, Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Alistair J. Fielding
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom
| | - Fyaz M. D. Ismail
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom
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6
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Osorio LFB, Carvalho SA, da Silva EF, Fraga CAM, Wardell SMSV, Milne BF, Wardell JL, Harrison WTA. Different mol-ecular conformations in the crystal structures of three 5-nitro-imidazolyl derivatives. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2018; 74:380-384. [PMID: 29765728 PMCID: PMC5947808 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989018002876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of (E)-1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde O-benzyl-oxime, C12H12N4O3, (I), (E)-1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-2-carb-alde-hyde O-(4-fluoro-benz-yl) oxime, C12H11FN4O3, (II), and (E)-1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde O-(4-bromo-benz-yl) oxime, C12H11BrN4O3, (III), are described. The dihedral angle between the ring systems in (I) is 49.66 (5)° and the linking Nm-C-C=N (m = methyl-ated) bond shows an anti conformation [torsion angle = 175.00 (15)°]. Compounds (II) and (III) are isostructural [dihedral angle between the aromatic rings = 8.31 (5)° in (II) and 5.34 (15)° in (III)] and differ from (I) in showing a near-syn conformation for the Nm-C-C=N linker [torsion angles for (II) and (III) = 17.64 (18) and 8.7 (5)°, respectively], which allows for the occurrence of a short intra-molecular C-H⋯N contact. In the crystal of (I), C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into [010] chains, which are cross-linked by very weak C-H⋯O bonds into (100) sheets. Weak aromatic π-π stacking inter-actions occur between the sheets. The extended structures of (II) and (III) feature several C-H⋯N and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which link the mol-ecules into three-dimensional networks, which are consolidated by aromatic π-π stacking inter-actions. Conformational energy calculations and Hirshfeld fingerprint analyses for (I), (II) and (III) are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. B. Osorio
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos e Farmanguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Samir A. Carvalho
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos e Farmanguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Edson F. da Silva
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos e Farmanguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. M. Fraga
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, PO Box 68023, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Bruce F. Milne
- CFisUC, Physics Department, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004–516, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - James L. Wardell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland
| | - William T. A. Harrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland
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7
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Effects of treatment with the anti-parasitic drug diminazene aceturate on antioxidant enzymes in rat liver and kidney. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 389:429-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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8
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Campos RB, Santos EH, Oliveira ARM, Ocampos FMM, Souza BS, Barison A, Orth ES. Reactivity of Imidazole Derivatives toward Phosphate Triester in DMSO/Water Mixtures: A Comprehensive Study on the Solvent Effect. J Org Chem 2015; 80:7572-80. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renan B. Campos
- Departamento
de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CP 19081, Curitiba, PR, CEP 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Everton H. Santos
- Departamento
de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CP 19081, Curitiba, PR, CEP 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Alfredo R. M. Oliveira
- Departamento
de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CP 19081, Curitiba, PR, CEP 81531-990, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno S. Souza
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Andersson Barison
- Departamento
de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CP 19081, Curitiba, PR, CEP 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Elisa S. Orth
- Departamento
de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CP 19081, Curitiba, PR, CEP 81531-990, Brazil
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9
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Boechat N, Carvalho AS, Salomão K, Castro SLD, Araujo-Lima CF, Mello FVC, Felzenszwalb I, Aiub CAF, Conde TR, Zamith HPS, Skupin R, Haufe G. Studies of genotoxicity and mutagenicity of nitroimidazoles: demystifying this critical relationship with the nitro group. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:492-9. [PMID: 26018452 PMCID: PMC4501412 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitroimidazoles exhibit high microbicidal activity, but mutagenic, genotoxic and cytotoxic properties have been attributed to the presence of the nitro group. However, we synthesised nitroimidazoles with activity against the trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, but that were not genotoxic. Herein, nitroimidazoles (11-19) bearing different substituent groups were investigated for their potential induction of genotoxicity (comet assay) and mutagenicity (Salmonella/Microsome assay) and the correlations of these effects with their trypanocidal effect and with megazol were investigated. The compounds were designed to analyse the role played by the position of the nitro group in the imidazole nucleus (C-4 or C-5) and the presence of oxidisable groups at N-1 as an anion receptor group and the role of a methyl group at C-2. Nitroimidazoles bearing NO2 at C-4 and CH3 at C-2 were not genotoxic compared to those bearing NO 2 at C-5. However, when there was a CH3 at C-2, the position of the NO2 group had no influence on the genotoxic activity. Fluorinated compounds exhibited higher genotoxicity regardless of the presence of CH3 at C-2 or NO2 at C-4 or C-5. However, in compounds 11 (2-CH3; 4-NO2; N-CH2OHCH2Cl) and 12 (2-CH3; 4-NO2; N-CH2OHCH2F), the fluorine atom had no influence on genotoxicity. This study contributes to the future search for new and safer prototypes and provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núbia Boechat
- Departamento de Síntese de Fármacos, Farmanguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Alcione S Carvalho
- Departamento de Síntese de Fármacos, Farmanguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Kelly Salomão
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Solange L de Castro
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Carlos F Araujo-Lima
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Francisco V C Mello
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Israel Felzenszwalb
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Claudia A F Aiub
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Taline Ramos Conde
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Toxicologia, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Helena P S Zamith
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Toxicologia, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rolf Skupin
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Günter Haufe
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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10
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Ferreira JGL, Ramos LM, de Oliveira AL, Orth ES, Neto BAD. An Ionically Tagged Water-Soluble Artificial Enzyme Promotes the Dephosphorylation Reaction with Nitroimidazole: Enhanced Ionic Liquid Effect and Mechanism. J Org Chem 2015; 80:5979-83. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José G. L. Ferreira
- Department
of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CP 19081, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Luciana M. Ramos
- Laboratory
of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute
(IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário
Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70904-970, P.O. Box 4478, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Aline L. de Oliveira
- Laboratory
of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute
(IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário
Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70904-970, P.O. Box 4478, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Elisa S. Orth
- Department
of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CP 19081, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Brenno A. D. Neto
- Laboratory
of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute
(IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário
Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70904-970, P.O. Box 4478, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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11
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Couto D, Sousa R, Andrade L, Leander M, Lopez-Quintela MA, Rivas J, Freitas P, Lima M, Porto G, Porto B, Carvalho F, Fernandes E. Polyacrylic acid coated and non-coated iron oxide nanoparticles are not genotoxic to human T lymphocytes. Toxicol Lett 2015; 234:67-73. [PMID: 25683033 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of iron oxide nanoparticles (ION) for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes requires a clear favorable risk-benefit ratio. This work was performed with the aim of studying the ability of polyacrylic acid (PAA)-coated and non-coated ION to induce genotoxicity in human T lymphocytes. For that purpose, their influence on cell cycle progression and on the induction of chromosome aberrations was evaluated. Blood samples collected from healthy human donors were exposed to PAA-coated and non-coated ION, at different concentrations, for 48h. The obtained results showed that, for all culture conditions, the tested ION are not genotoxic and do not influence the cell cycle arrest. Their possible cumulative effect with the iron-dependent genotoxic agent BLM was also evaluated. Blood samples collected from healthy human donors were exposed to ION, at different concentrations, for 48h, in the presence of a pre-determined toxic concentration of BLM. The obtained results showed that, for all culture conditions, the tested ION do not potentiate the clastogenic effects of BLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Couto
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rosa Sousa
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lara Andrade
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Magdalena Leander
- Service of Clinical Hematology, Santo António Hospital, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Arturo Lopez-Quintela
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Magnetism, Institute of Technological Research, IIT, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Spain
| | - José Rivas
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paulo Freitas
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Margarida Lima
- Service of Clinical Hematology, Santo António Hospital, Porto, Portugal
| | - Graça Porto
- Service of Clinical Hematology, Santo António Hospital, Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Porto
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Eduarda Fernandes
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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12
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Characterization of a melamino nitroheterocycle as a potential lead for the treatment of human african trypanosomiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:5747-57. [PMID: 25022590 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01449-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports an evaluation of a melamino nitroheterocycle, a potential lead for further development as an agent against human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). Studies on its efficacy, physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties, and potential for toxicity are described. The compound previously had been shown to possess exceptional activity against Trypanosoma brucei in in vitro assays comparable to that of melarsoprol. Here, we demonstrate that the compound also was curative in the stringent acute mouse model T. brucei rhodesiense STIB 900 when given intraperitoneally at 40 mg/kg of body weight. Nevertheless, activity was only moderate when the oral route was used, and no cure was obtained when the compound was tested in a stage 2 rodent model of infection. Genotoxic profiling revealed that the compound induces DNA damage by a mechanism apparently independent from nitroreduction and involving the introduction of base pair substitutions (Ames test), possibly caused by oxidative damage of the DNA (comet test). No significant genotoxicity was observed at the chromosome level (micronucleus assay). The lack of suitable properties for oral and central nervous system uptake and the genotoxic liabilities prevent the progression of this melamine nitroheterocycle as a drug candidate for HAT. Further modification of the compound is required to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of the molecule and to separate the trypanocidal activity from the toxic potential.
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13
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Hu Y, Li CY, Wang XM, Yang YH, Zhu HL. 1,3,4-Thiadiazole: synthesis, reactions, and applications in medicinal, agricultural, and materials chemistry. Chem Rev 2014; 114:5572-610. [PMID: 24716666 DOI: 10.1021/cr400131u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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14
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Synthesis and trypanocidal activity of novel 2,4,5-triaryl-N-hydroxylimidazole derivatives. Molecules 2013; 18:3445-57. [PMID: 23503118 PMCID: PMC6269799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18033445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the design, synthesis and trypanocidal activity of some novel trisubstituted imidazole derivatives. These heterocyclic derivatives were structurally planned by exploring the concept of molecular hybridisation between two arylhydrazones derived from megazol, which has potent trypanocidal activity. The trypanocidal activity of these triarylimidazole derivatives was evaluated against infective trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi and the derivative 2'-(4-bromophenyl)-1-methyl-5'-phenyl-1H,3'H-2,4'-biimidazol-3'-ol showed moderate biological activity (IC50 = 23.9 µM) when compared to benznidazole, a standard trypanocidal drug. These compounds did not present cytotoxic effects at concentrations near the trypanocidal IC50, being considered a good starting point for the development of new anti-Chagas drug candidates.
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Soeiro MDNC, de Castro SL. Screening of Potential anti-Trypanosoma cruzi Candidates: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2011; 5:21-30. [PMID: 21629508 PMCID: PMC3103897 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501105010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD), caused by the intracellular protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is a parasitic illness endemic in Latin America. In the centennial after CD discovery by Carlos Chagas (1909), although it still represents an important public health problem in these affected areas, the existing chemotherapy, based on benznidazole and nifurtimox (both introduced more than four decades ago), is far from being considered ideal due to substantial toxicity, variable effect on different parasite stocks and well-known poor activity on the chronic phase. CD is considered one of the major "neglected" diseases of the world, as commercial incentives are very limited to guarantee investments for developing and discovering novel drugs. In this context, our group has been pursuing, over the last years, the efficacy, selectivity, toxicity, cellular targets and mechanisms of action of new potential anti-T. cruzi candidates screened from an in-house compound library of different research groups in the area of medicinal chemistry. A brief review regarding these studies will be discussed, mainly related to the effect on T. cruzi of (i) diamidines and related compounds, (ii) natural naphthoquinone derivatives, and (iii) megazol derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Solange Lisboa de Castro
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
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Valdiglesias V, Méndez J, Pásaro E, Cemeli E, Anderson D, Laffon B. Assessment of okadaic acid effects on cytotoxicity, DNA damage and DNA repair in human cells. Mutat Res 2010; 689:74-79. [PMID: 20621797 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) is a phycotoxin produced by several types of dinoflagellates causing diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in humans. Symptoms induced by DSP toxins are mainly gastrointestinal, but the intoxication does not appear to be fatal. Despite this, this toxin presents a potential threat to human health even at concentrations too low to induce acute toxicity, since previous animal studies have shown that OA has very potent tumour promoting activity. However, its concrete action mechanism has not been described yet and the results reported with regard to OA cytotoxicity and genotoxicity are often contradictory. In the present study, the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of OA on three different types of human cells (peripheral blood leukocytes, HepG2 hepatoma cells, and SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cells) were evaluated. Cells were treated with a range of OA concentrations in the presence and absence of S9 fraction, and MTT test and Comet assay were performed in order to evaluate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, respectively. The possible effects of OA on DNA repair were also studied by means of the DNA repair competence assay, using bleomycin as DNA damage inductor. Treatment with OA in absence of S9 fraction induced not statistically significant decrease in cell viability and significant increase in DNA damage in all cell types at the highest concentrations investigated. However, only SHSY5Y cells showed OA induced genotoxic and cytotoxic effects in presence of S9 fraction. Furthermore, we found that OA can induce modulations in DNA repair processes when exposure was performed prior to BLM treatment, in co-exposure, or during the subsequent DNA repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Valdiglesias
- Toxicology Unit, Psychobiology Department, University of A Coruña, Edificio de Servicios Centrales de Investigación, Campus Elviña s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
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18
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Urbina JA. Specific chemotherapy of Chagas disease: relevance, current limitations and new approaches. Acta Trop 2010; 115:55-68. [PMID: 19900395 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of the development of specific chemotherapeutic approaches for the management of American Trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease is presented, including controversies on the pathogenesis of the disease, the initial efforts that led to the development of currently available drugs (nifurtimox and benznidazole), limitations of these therapies and novel approaches for the development of anti-Trypanosoma cruzi drugs, based on our growing understanding of the biology of this parasite. Among the later, the most promising approaches are ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors such as posaconazole and ravuconazole, poised to enter clinical trials for chronic Chagas disease in the short term; inhibitors of cruzipain, the main cysteine protease of T. cruzi, essential for its survival and proliferation in vitro and in vivo; bisphosphonates, metabolic stable pyrophosphate analogs that have trypanocidal activity through the inhibition of the parasite's farnesyl-pyrophosphate synthase or hexokinase; inhibitors of trypanothione synthesis and redox metabolism and inhibitors of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase, an essential enzyme for purine salvage in T. cruzi and related organisms. Finally, the economic and political challenges faced by development of drugs for the treatment of neglected tropical diseases, which afflict almost exclusively poor populations in developing countries, are analyzed and recent potential solutions for this conundrum are discussed.
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In vitro and in vivo activities of 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-arylhydrazone derivatives of megazol against Trypanosoma cruzi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:2023-31. [PMID: 20231395 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01241-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From a series of 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-arylhydrazone derivatives of megazol screened in vitro against Trypanosoma cruzi, eight (S1 to S8) were selected for in vivo screening by single-dose oral administration (200 mg/kg of body weight) to infected mice at 5 days postinfection (dpi). Based on significant decreases in both parasitemia levels and mortality rates, S2 and S3 were selected for further assays. Despite having no in vivo effect, S1 was included since it was 2-fold more potent against trypomastigotes than megazol in vitro. Trypomastigotes treated with S1, S2, or S3 showed alterations of the flagellar structure and of the nuclear envelope. When assayed on intracellular amastigotes, the selectivity index (SI) for macrophages was in the range of >27 to >63 and for cardiac cells was >32 for S1 and >48 for megazol. In noninfected mice, S1 did not alter the levels of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), or urea. S2 led to an increase in GOT, S3 to increases in GOT and GPT, and megazol to an increase in GOT. Infected mice were treated with each derivative at 50 and 100 mg/kg from dpi 6 to 15: S1 did not interfere with the course of infection or reduce the number of inflammatory foci in the cardiac tissue, S2 led to a significant decrease of parasitemia, and S3 decreased mortality. There was no direct correlation between the in vitro effect on trypomastigotes and amastigotes and the results of the treatment in experimental models, as S1 showed a high potency in vitro while, in two different schemes of in vivo treatment, no decrease of parasitemia or mortality was observed.
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20
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In vitro biocompatibility of chitosan porous skin regenerating templates (PSRTs) using primary human skin keratinocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:721-7. [PMID: 20079826 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Biopolymer chitosan (beta-1,4-d-glucosamine) comprises the copolymer mixture of N-acetylglucosamine and glucosamine. The natural biocompatibility and biodegradability of chitosan have recently highlighted its potential use for applications in wound management. Chemical and physical modifications of chitosan influence its biocompatibility and biodegradability, but it is unknown as to what degree. Hence, the biocompatibility of the chitosan porous skin regenerating templates (PSRT 82, 87 and 108) was determined using an in vitro toxicology model at the cellular and molecular level on primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes (pNHEK). Cytocompatibility was accessed by using a 3-[4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay from 24 to 72h. To assess the genotoxicity of the PSRTs, DNA damage to the pNHEK was evaluated by using the Comet assay following direct contact with the various PSRTs. Furthermore, the skin pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-8 were examined to evaluate the tendency of the PSRTs to provoke inflammatory responses. All PSRTs were found to be cytocompatible, but only PSRT 108 was capable of stimulating cell proliferation. While all of the PSRTs showed some DNA damage, PSRT 108 showed the least DNA damage followed by PSRT 87 and 82. PSRT 87 and 82 induced a higher secretion of TNF-alpha and IL-8 in the pNHEK cultures than did PSRT 108. Hence, based on our experiments, PSRT 108 is the most biocompatible wound dressing of the three tested.
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Keong LC, Halim AS. In vitro models in biocompatibility assessment for biomedical-grade chitosan derivatives in wound management. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:1300-1313. [PMID: 19399250 PMCID: PMC2672031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10031300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the ultimate goals of wound healing research is to find effective healing techniques that utilize the regeneration of similar tissues. This involves the modification of various wound dressing biomaterials for proper wound management. The biopolymer chitosan (beta-1,4-D-glucosamine) has natural biocompatibility and biodegradability that render it suitable for wound management. By definition, a biocompatible biomaterial does not have toxic or injurious effects on biological systems. Chemical and physical modifications of chitosan influence its biocompatibility and biodegradability to an uncertain degree. Hence, the modified biomedical-grade of chitosan derivatives should be pre-examined in vitro in order to produce high-quality, biocompatible dressings. In vitro toxicity examinations are more favorable than those performed in vivo, as the results are more reproducible and predictive. In this paper, basic in vitro tools were used to evaluate cellular and molecular responses with regard to the biocompatibility of biomedical-grade chitosan. Three paramount experimental parameters of biocompatibility in vitro namely cytocompatibility, genotoxicity and skin pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, were generally reviewed for biomedical-grade chitosan as wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Sukari Halim
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel. +609-7663141; Fax: +6 09-7653370
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22
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Carvalho SA, Lopes FAS, Salomão K, Romeiro NC, Wardell SMSV, de Castro SL, da Silva EF, Fraga CAM. Studies toward the structural optimization of new brazilizone-related trypanocidal 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-arylhydrazone derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:413-21. [PMID: 17904851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Megazol is a highly active compound against Trypanosoma cruzi, and has become a core structure for the design of new trypanocidal agents. Recently, we have identified the new potent trypanocide agent Brazilizone A, which presents an IC(50) twofold more potent than the prototype megazol. This result has encouraged us to further explore structurally-related 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-arylhydrazone derivatives, in order to get a better understanding of their structural and antiprotozoal activity relationships. Herein we report the synthesis and trypanocidal profile of thirteen new Brazilizone A analogues, which supported the construction of 3D-QSAR models used for its structural optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir A Carvalho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos - Far-Manguinhos, Laboratório de Síntese IV, 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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23
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Ribeiro DA, Calvi SA, Picka MM, Persi E, de Carvalho TB, Caetano PK, Nagoshi LR, Lima CRG, Machado JM, Salvadori DMF. DNA damage and nitric oxide synthesis in experimentally infected Balb/c mice with Trypanosoma cruzi. Exp Parasitol 2007; 116:296-301. [PMID: 17286971 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate whether experimental Chagas disease in acute phase under benznidazole therapy can cause DNA damage in peripheral blood, liver, heart, and spleen cells or induce nitric oxide synthesis in spleen cells. Twenty Balb/c mice were distributed into four groups: control (non-infected animals); Trypanosoma cruzi infected; T. cruzi infected and submitted to benznidazole therapy; and only treated with benznidazole. The results obtained with the single cell gel (comet) assay showed that T. cruzi was able induce DNA damage in heart cells of both benznidazole treated or untreated infected mice. Similarly, T. cruzi infected animals showed an increase of DNA lesions in spleen cells. Regarding nitric oxide synthesis, statistically significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in all experimental groups compared to negative control, the strongest effect observed in the T. cruzi infected group. Taken together, these results indicate that T. cruzi may increase the level of DNA damage in mice heart and spleen cells. Probably, nitric oxide plays an important role in DNA damaging whereas benznidazole was able to minimize induced T. cruzi genotoxic effects in spleen cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Ribeiro
- Department Health Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, SP, Brazil.
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24
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George TG, Endeshaw MM, Morgan RE, Mahasenan KV, Delfín DA, Mukherjee MS, Yakovich AJ, Fotie J, Li C, Werbovetz KA. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling of 3,5-substituted-N1-phenyl-N4,N4-di-n-butylsulfanilamides as antikinetoplastid antimicrotubule agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:6071-9. [PMID: 17618122 PMCID: PMC1994923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dinitroanilines are of interest as antiprotozoal lead compounds because of their selective activity against the tubulin of these organisms, but concern has been raised due to the potentially mutagenic nitro groups. Analogues of N(1)-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-N(4),N(4)-di-n-butylsulfanilamide (GB-II-150, compound 2b), a selective antimitotic agent against African trypanosomes and Leishmania, have been prepared where the nitro groups are replaced with amino, chloro, cyano, carboxylate, methyl ester, amide, and methyl ketone moieties. Dicyano compound 5 displays IC(50) values that are comparable to 2b against purified leishmanial tubulin assembly (6.6 vs 7.4 microM), Trypanosoma brucei brucei growth in vitro (0.26 vs 0.18 microM), Leishmania donovani axenic amastigote growth in vitro (4.4 vs 2.3 microM), and in vitro toxicity against Vero cells (16 vs 9.7 microM). Computational studies provide a rationale for the antiparasitic order of activity of these analogues and further insight into the role of the substituents at the 3 and 5 positions of the sulfanilamide ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesmol G George
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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25
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Buschini A, Giordani F, de Albuquerque CN, Pellacani C, Pelosi G, Rossi C, Zucchi TMAD, Poli P. Trypanocidal nitroimidazole derivatives: Relationships among chemical structure and genotoxic activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 73:1537-47. [PMID: 17291457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human American trypanosomiasis is resurgent in Latin Americans, and new drugs are urgently required as current medications suffer from a number of drawbacks. Some nitroheterocycles have been demonstrated to exert a potent activity against trypanosomes. However, host toxicity issues halted their development as trypanocides. As part of the efforts to develop new compounds in order to treat parasitic infections, it is important to define their structure-activity relationship. In this study, 5-nitromegazol and two of its analogues, 4-nitromegazol, and 1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolecarboxaldehyde 5-nitroimidazole-thiosemicarbazone, were tested and compared for in vitro induction of DNA damage in human leukocytes by the comet assay, performed at different pHs to better identify the types of damage. Specific oxidatively generated damage to DNA was also measured by using the comet assay with endonucleases. DNA damage was found in 5-nitromegazol-treated cells: oxidative stress appeared as the main source of DNA damage. 4-Nitromegazol did not produce any significant effect, thus confirming that 4-nitroimidazoles isomers have no important biological activity. The 5-nitroimidazole-thiosemicarbazone induced DNA damage with a higher efficiency than 5-nitromegazol. The central role in the reduction process played by the acidic hydrazine proton present in the thiosemicarbazone group but not in the cyclic (thiadiazole) form can contribute to rationalise our results. Given its versatility, thiosemicarbazone moiety could be involved in different reactions with nitrogenous bases (nucleophilic and/or electrophilic attacks).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Buschini
- Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia dei Microrganismi, Antropologia, Evoluzione, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, Parma, Italy
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Baliani A, Bueno GJ, Stewart ML, Yardley V, Brun R, Barrett MP, Gilbert IH. Design and synthesis of a series of melamine-based nitroheterocycles with activity against Trypanosomatid parasites. J Med Chem 2005; 48:5570-9. [PMID: 16107157 DOI: 10.1021/jm050177+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The parasites that give rise to human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) are auxotrophs for various nutrients from the human host, including purines. They have specialist nucleoside transporters to import these metabolites. In addition to uptake of purine nucleobases and purine nucleosides, one of these transporters, the P2 transporter, can carry melamine derivatives; these derivatives are not substrates for the corresponding mammalian transporters. In this paper, we report the coupling of the melamine moiety to selected nitro heterocycles with the aim of selectively delivering these compounds to the parasites. Some compounds prepared have similar in vitro trypanocidal activities as melarsoprol, the principal drug used against late-stage HAT, with 50% growth inhibitory concentrations in the submicromolar range. Selected compounds were also evaluated in vivo in rodent models infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei and T. brucei rhodesiense and showed pronounced activity and in two cases were curative without overt signs of toxicity. Compounds were also tested against other trypanosomatid pathogens, Leishmania donovani and Trypanosoma cruzi, and significant activity in vitro was noted for T. cruzi against which various nitro heterocycles are already registered for use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Baliani
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Redwood Building, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, United Kingdom
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27
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Carvalho SA, da Silva EF, Santa-Rita RM, de Castro SL, Fraga CAM. Synthesis and antitrypanosomal profile of new functionalized 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-arylhydrazone derivatives, designed as non-mutagenic megazol analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:5967-70. [PMID: 15546709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work we reported the synthesis and the trypanocidal profile of new 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-arylhydrazone derivatives of nitroimidazole series (4) or phenyl series (5), designed by exploring the molecular hybridization approach between megazol (2) and guanyl hydrazone derivative (3). The evaluation of the activity against bloodstream trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi forms lead us to identify a new potent trypamomicide prototype, that is, brazilizone A (4k), which present an IC50/24 h=5.3 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir A Carvalho
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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28
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Bollo S, Gunckel S, Núñez-Vergara L, Chauviere G, Squella J. Electrochemical Study of 4-Substituted Analogues of Megazol. ELECTROANAL 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200403063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Nesslany F, Brugier S, Mouriès MA, Le Curieux F, Marzin D. In vitro and in vivo chromosomal aberrations induced by megazol. Mutat Res 2004; 560:147-58. [PMID: 15157652 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2003] [Revised: 02/06/2004] [Accepted: 02/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With the re-emergence of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) on the one hand, which are increasingly resistant to current therapies, and the stage-dependent effectiveness or even the prohibitive cost of these therapies on the other hand, megazol, a 5-nitroimidazole thiadiazole highly active against various trypanosomal species, was assessed for its genotoxic potential. Very little information has become available until now. Two batches of megazol were provided by two different suppliers: Far-Manguinhos, a part of the Fiocruz foundation, under the Brazilian Minister of Health, and Delphia, a French company. These two batches, obtained by different synthetic routes, were studied by means of the in vitro micronucleus assay on L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, in its microscale version. Both batches of magazol displayed a strong genotoxic activity in this screening assay. A second batch from Delphia was then investigated by use of two tests, i.e. the in vitro metaphase analysis with human lymphocytes and the in vivo micronucleus test in rat bone-marrow. Megazol was shown to be a potent inducer of in vitro and in vivo chromosomal aberrations. Although megazol is a potent trypanocidal agent and is orally bio-available, its toxicity dictates that it should not be developed further for the treatment of HAT and Chagas disease. All development work has therefore been discontinued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Nesslany
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique--Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Pr. Calmette, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
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Stewart ML, Bueno GJ, Baliani A, Klenke B, Brun R, Brock JM, Gilbert IH, Barrett MP. Trypanocidal activity of melamine-based nitroheterocycles. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:1733-8. [PMID: 15105128 PMCID: PMC400563 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.5.1733-1738.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of nitroheterocyclic compounds were designed with linkages to melamine or benzamidine groups that are known substrates of the P2 aminopurine and other transporters in African trypanosomes of the brucei group. Several compounds showed in vitro trypanotoxicity with 50% inhibitory concentrations in the submicromolar range. Although most compounds interacted with the P2 transporter, as judged by their ability to inhibit adenosine transport via this carrier, uptake through this route was not necessary for activity since TbAT1-null mutant parasites, deficient in this transporter, retained sensitivity to these drugs. One compound, a melamine-linked nitrofuran, also showed pronounced activity against parasites in mice. Studies into the mode of action of this compound indicated that neither reductive, nor oxidative, stress were related to its trypanocidal activity ruling out a genotoxic effect in T. brucei, distinguishing it from some other, mammalian cell toxic, trypanocidal nitroheterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhairi L Stewart
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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