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Thongsepee N, Martviset P, Himakhun W, Chantree P, Sornchuer P, Sangpairoj K, Hiranyachattada S. Cardiovascular Protective Effect of Garcinia dulcis Flower Acetone Extract in 2-Kidney-1-Clip Hypertensive Rats. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2024; 2024:9916598. [PMID: 38455637 PMCID: PMC10919976 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9916598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Morelloflavone and camboginol are bioactive compounds purified from Garcinia dulcis (GD), which has anti-inflammatory and antihypertensive properties. The objective of this study was to examine the cardiovascular protective effect of GD flower acetone extract in 2-kidney-1-clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats. Male Wistar rats underwent 2K1C or sham operation (SO) and were housed for 4 weeks. Each group of rats, then, was further divided into 2 subgroups receiving oral administration of either 50 mg/kg BW GD extract or corn oil (vehicle) daily for 4 weeks. Noninvasive blood pressure (BP) and body weight were measured weekly throughout the study. Subsequently, the invasive measurement of arterial BP and the heart rate were determined in all anesthetized rats. The baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS) was investigated by injection of either phenylephrine or sodium nitroprusside for bradycardia or tachycardia response, respectively. Histological examination of the heart and thoracic aorta was also performed in order to investigate the general morphology and the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression. We found that the GD flower extract significantly diminished the BP and restored the impaired BRS. Moreover, it also decreased the TNF-α expression in the cardiac muscle and thoracic aorta of 2K1C when compared to the SO group. Taken together, our data showed that GD flower extract exhibits the cardiovascular protective effect in the 2K1C hypertensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattaya Thongsepee
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pongsakorn Martviset
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wanwisa Himakhun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pathanin Chantree
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Phornphan Sornchuer
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kant Sangpairoj
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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Thongsepee N, Himakhun W, Parachat R, Martviset P, Chantree P, Sornchuer P, Sangpairoj K, Hiranyachattada S. Garcinia dulcis Extract Alleviates Inflammation in Kidney and Liver of the 2-Kidney-1-Clip Hypertensive rat. J Evid Based Integr Med 2024; 29:2515690X241244845. [PMID: 38613379 PMCID: PMC11016236 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x241244845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Garcinia dulcis (GD) extract possesses anti-hypertensive property that are poorly characterized. This study aimed to investigate an anti-inflammatory effect of GD flower extract in the 2-kidney-1-clip (2K1C) hypertensive compared to sham operative (SO) rat. Male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups; the 2K1C group in which a silver clip was placed around renal artery to induce hypertension, and the SO normotensive group. Four weeks later, each group of rats were further divided into 2 subgroups, each subgroup was orally gavaged of either corn oil (vehicle) or 50 mg/kg BW GD extract daily for 4 weeks. The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in serum, liver, and kidney were determined. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was carried out for histological examination, Periodic acid - Schiff staining for glomerular injury, Masson's trichrome staining for renal fibrosis, and immunohistochemistry for either tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) investigation. Taken together, our results demonstrated that GD flower extract decreased the MDA level in both serum and liver and kidney tissue and suppressed the expression of TNF-α in both liver and kidney of 2K1C hypertensive rats. Mesangial cell proliferation, expansion of mesangial matrix, widening Bowman's capsule space, congestion of glomerular capillary and vessel, cloudy swelling of renal tubular epithelial cell, and renal fibrosis were observed in the kidneys of 2K1C rats. Therefore, we concluded that GD flower extract can alleviate liver and kidney inflammation in which partially attenuates the glomerular injury in the 2K1C rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattaya Thongsepee
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Wanwisa Himakhun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Ratsikan Parachat
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Pongsakorn Martviset
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Pathanin Chantree
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Phornphan Sornchuer
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Kant Sangpairoj
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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Ye YS, Duan YT, Zhou Z, Thepkaysone K, Douangdeuane B, Xu G. Structurally Diverse Cytotoxic Polyphenols from Garcinia gracilis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:2206-2215. [PMID: 37650785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-five diverse polyphenols, belonging to seven structure classes, were isolated from Garcinia gracilis, a medicinal and edible plant sampled from Laos. The structures of nine new compounds, gargarcilones A-I (1-3, 5-7, 10, 12, and 17), were established using spectroscopic, X-ray diffraction, and experimental and calculated ECD methods. Additionally, we revised the stereochemical assignment of cochinchinoxanthone and cochinchinoxanthone C. The compounds were evaluated for antiproliferative activity against five human tumor cell lines (HL-60, A549, SMMC-7721, MDA-MB-231, and SW480). Compounds 1-4, 7, and 8 exhibited cytotoxic activity with IC50 values of 0.5-8.9 μM. Compound 3 significantly induced apoptosis in SMMC-7721 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Song Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Tao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Khamphanh Thepkaysone
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, Ministry of Health, Phonepapao Village, Sisattanack District, 856 Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Bounleuane Douangdeuane
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, Ministry of Health, Phonepapao Village, Sisattanack District, 856 Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
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Linani A, Serseg T, Benarous K, Bou-Salah L, Yousfi M, Alama MN, Ashraf GM. Cupressus sempervirens L. flavonoids as potent inhibitors to xanthine oxidase: in vitro, molecular docking, ADMET and PASS studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:7055-7068. [PMID: 36001586 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2114943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Excessive intake of purine-rich foods such as seafood and red meat leads to excess xanthine oxidase activity and provokes gout attacks. The aim of this paper is to evaluate in vitro and in silico, the inhibition effect of Cupressus sempervirens plant extracts (flavonoids (Cae) and alkaloids (CaK)) and its six derivative compounds on bovine xanthine oxidase (BXO). The in silico study consists of molecular docking with GOLD v4.0 based on the best PLPchem score (PLP) and prediction of biological activity with the PASS server tool. The inhibitors used were lignan (cp1), Amentoflavone (cp2), Cupressuflavone (cp3), Isocryptomerin (cp4), Hinokiflavone (cp5), and Neolignan (cp6). The in vitro results showed that CaK gives an IC50 of 3.52 ± 0.04 μg/ml. Similarly, Cae saved an IC50 of 8.46 ± 1.98 μg/ml compared with the control (2.82 ± 0.10 μg/ml). The in silico results show that cp1 was the best inhibitor model (PLP of 88.09) with approved pharmacokinetics. These findings suggest that cp1 and cp2 may offer good alternatives for the treatment of hyperuricemia; cp3 was moderate, while the others (cp4 to cp6) were considered weak inhibitors according to their PLP.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderahmane Linani
- Fundamental sciences laboratory, Amar Telidji University, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Talia Serseg
- Fundamental sciences laboratory, Amar Telidji University, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Khedidja Benarous
- Fundamental sciences laboratory, Amar Telidji University, Laghouat, Algeria
- Biology department, Amar Telidji University, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Leila Bou-Salah
- Fundamental sciences laboratory, Amar Telidji University, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Yousfi
- Fundamental sciences laboratory, Amar Telidji University, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Nabil Alama
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Ullah S, Rahman W, Ullah F, Ullah A, Ahmad G, Ijaz M, Ullah H, Zheng Z, Gao T. AVPCD: a plant-derived medicine database of antiviral phytochemicals for cancer, Covid-19, malaria and HIV. Database (Oxford) 2023; 2023:baad056. [PMID: 37594855 PMCID: PMC10437090 DOI: 10.1093/database/baad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Serious illnesses caused by viruses are becoming the world's most critical public health issues and lead millions of deaths each year in the world. Thousands of studies confirmed that the plant-derived medicines could play positive therapeutic effects on the patients with viral diseases. Since thousands of antiviral phytochemicals have been identified as lifesaving drugs in medical research, a comprehensive database is highly desirable to integrate the medicinal plants with their different medicinal properties. Therefore, we provided a friendly antiviral phytochemical database AVPCD covering 2537 antiviral phytochemicals from 383 medicinal compounds and 319 different families with annotation of their scientific, family and common names, along with the parts used, disease information, active compounds, links of relevant articles for COVID-19, cancer, HIV and malaria. Furthermore, each compound in AVPCD was annotated with its 2D and 3D structure, molecular formula, molecular weight, isomeric SMILES, InChI, InChI Key and IUPAC name and 21 other properties. Each compound was annotated with more than 20 properties. Specifically, a scoring method was designed to measure the confidence of each phytochemical for the viral diseases. In addition, we constructed a user-friendly platform with several powerful modules for searching and browsing the details of all phytochemicals. We believe this database will facilitate global researchers, drug developers and health practitioners in obtaining useful information against viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Ullah
- S Khan Lab Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Takhtbhai, KP 23200, Pakistan
| | - Wajeeha Rahman
- S Khan Lab Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Takhtbhai, KP 23200, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Ullah
- S Khan Lab Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Takhtbhai, KP 23200, Pakistan
| | - Anees Ullah
- S Khan Lab Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Takhtbhai, KP 23200, Pakistan
| | - Gulzar Ahmad
- S Khan Lab Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Takhtbhai, KP 23200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ijaz
- S Khan Lab Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Takhtbhai, KP 23200, Pakistan
| | - Hameed Ullah
- S Khan Lab Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Takhtbhai, KP 23200, Pakistan
| | - Zilong Zheng
- Big Data Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China
| | - Tianshun Gao
- Big Data Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China
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Tauchen J, Frankova A, Manourova A, Valterova I, Lojka B, Leuner O. Garcinia kola: a critical review on chemistry and pharmacology of an important West African medicinal plant. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2023:1-47. [PMID: 37359709 PMCID: PMC10205037 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-023-09869-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Garcinia kola Heckel (Clusiaceae) is a tree indigenous to West and Central Africa. All plant parts, but especially the seeds, are of value in local folklore medicine. Garcinia kola is used in treatment of numerous diseases, including gastric disorders, bronchial diseases, fever, malaria and is used to induce a stimulating and aphrodisiac effect. The plant is now attracting considerable interest as a possible source of pharmaceutically important drugs. Several different classes of compounds such as biflavonoids, benzophenones, benzofurans, benzopyran, vitamin E derivatives, xanthones, and phytosterols, have been isolated from G. kola, of which many appears to be found only in this species, such as garcinianin (found in seeds and roots), kolanone (fruit pulp, seeds, roots), gakolanone (stem bark), garcinoic acid, garcinal (both in seeds), garcifuran A and B, and garcipyran (all in roots). They showed a wide range of pharmacological activities (e.g. analgesic, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects), though this has only been confirmed in animal models. Kolaviron is the most studied compound and is perceived by many studies as the active principle of G. kola. However, its research is associated with significant flaws (e.g. too high doses tested, inappropriate positive control). Garcinol has been tested under better conditions and is perhaps showing more promising results and should attract deeper research interest (especially in the area of anticancer, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective activity). Human clinical trials and mechanism-of-action studies must be carried out to verify whether any of the compounds present in G. kola may be used as a lead in the drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tauchen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adela Frankova
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Manourova
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Valterova
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bohdan Lojka
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Leuner
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Siangcham T, Prathaphan P, Ruangtong J, Thongsepee N, Martviset P, Chantree P, Sornchuer P, Sangpairoj K. Camboginol and Morelloflavone from Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz Flower Extract Promote Autophagic Cell Death against Human Glioblastoma Cells through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2022; 27:376-383. [PMID: 36721749 PMCID: PMC9843714 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2022.27.4.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Garcinia dulcis is a tropical plant native to Southeast Asia that is traditionally used as a folk remedy to cure several pathological symptoms. Camboginol and morelloflavone have been revealed by previous studies as the principal bioactive compounds from the flower extract of G. dulcis. The disease-preventing properties of camboginol or morelloflavone, including anti-cancer, from various parts of G. dulcis have been revealed by recent studies. Glioblastoma is the aggressive malignant stage of brain cancer and suffers from chemotherapeutic resistance. This study aimed to test the anti-cancer effect of G. dulcis flower extract against the proliferation of A172 human glioblastoma cells. The extract had cytotoxic activity and promoted cell cycle arrest at the S and G2/M phases. Autophagic cell death was promoted by cytotoxic concentrations of the extract, as observed by enhancing autophagic flux and the expression of autophagic markers. Autophagic cell death induced by the extract might be associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Conclusively, it was indicated by this study that the extract from the flower of G. dulcis had a protective effect against the proliferation of A172 human glioblastoma cells through the induction of ER stress-mediated cytotoxic autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanapan Siangcham
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi 20130, Thailand
| | - Parisa Prathaphan
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jittiporn Ruangtong
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Nattaya Thongsepee
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand,Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pongsakorn Martviset
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand,Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pathanin Chantree
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand,Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Phornphan Sornchuer
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand,Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kant Sangpairoj
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand,Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand,
Correspondence to Kant Sangpairoj, E-mail:
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Darwati, Nurlelasari, Mayanti T, Ambardhani N, Kurnia D. Morelloflavone as Potential Anticancer Agent Against MCF-7 Breast
Cancer Cell Lines: In vitro and In silico Studies. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180818666210706110538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Breast cancer is most commonly reported to contribute to people's death. Nowadays,
cancer treatment is focused on investigating anticancer drugs from natural compounds. Various
methods, including in vitro, in vivo, and in silico methods, are used to assess the potential of anticancer
compounds. The efficacy of bioactive compounds from medicinal plant origin lies in their affordability
and minimized side effects. The Garcinia genus contains bioactive compounds, such as xanthones, benzophenones,
triterpenes, biflavonoids, and benzoquinones.
Purpose:
The study aimed at investigating an active compound that can inhibit cancer cell growth and
proteins that contribute to cancer cell growth, such as Caspase-9, TNF-α, ER-α, and HER-2.
Methods:
This study is divided into three steps. The first step is the isolation of the active compound from
G. cymosa. The second step is an assessment of cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cell by using MTT assay,
and the last one is an investigation of the molecular mechanism of an active compound against
Caspase-9, TNF-α, ER-α, and HER-2 by using in silico studies utilizing various programs, such as PyRx
0.8, PYMOL, and Discovery Studio.
Results:
Morelloflavone from G. cymosa stem barks has exhibited anticancer activity (55.84 μg/mL)
eight times lower than doxorubicin (6.99 μg/mL), but it can block the activity of Caspase-9, TNF-α, ER-
α, and HER-2. The binding affinity of morelloflavone is the strongest of all ligands.
Conclusion:
The natural flavonoid, morelloflavone, may be a new lead candidate for anticancer agent
inhibiting action mechanism of Caspase-9, TNF-α, ER-α, and HER-2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darwati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjdjaran, Jatinangor 45363,
Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Nurlelasari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjdjaran, Jatinangor 45363,
Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Tri Mayanti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjdjaran, Jatinangor 45363,
Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Nurul Ambardhani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjdjaran, Jatinangor 45363,
Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Dikdik Kurnia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjdjaran, Jatinangor 45363,
Jawa Barat, Indonesia
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Singh AK, Rai SN, Maurya A, Mishra G, Awasthi R, Shakya A, Chellappan DK, Dua K, Vamanu E, Chaudhary SK, Singh MP. Therapeutic Potential of Phytoconstituents in Management of Alzheimer's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:5578574. [PMID: 34211570 PMCID: PMC8208882 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5578574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Since primitive times, herbs have been extensively used in conventional remedies for boosting cognitive impairment and age-associated memory loss. It is mentioned that medicinal plants have a variety of dynamic components, and they have become a prominent choice for synthetic medications for the care of cognitive and associated disorders. Herbal remedies have played a major role in the progression of medicine, and many advanced drugs have already been developed. Many studies have endorsed practicing herbal remedies with phytoconstituents, for healing Alzheimer's disease (AD). All the information in this article was collated from selected research papers from online scientific databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The aim of this article is to convey the potential of herbal remedies for the prospect management of Alzheimer's and related diseases. Herbal remedies may be useful in the discovery and advancement of drugs, thus extending new leads for neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. Nanocarriers play a significant role in delivering herbal medicaments to a specific target. Therefore, many drugs have been described for the management of age-linked complaints such as dementia, AD, and the like. Several phytochemicals are capable of managing AD, but their therapeutic claims are restricted due to their lower solubility and metabolism. These limitations of natural therapeutics can be overcome by using a targeted nanocarrier system. This article will provide the primitive remedies as well as the development of herbal remedies for AD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sachchida Nand Rai
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Anand Maurya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Mishra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Awasthi
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anshul Shakya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Assam 786004, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emanuel Vamanu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine, 59 Marasti Blvd, 1 District, 011464, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sushil Kumar Chaudhary
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Mussoorie-Diversion Road, Makkawala, Dehradun 248 009, Uttarakhand, India
| | - M. P. Singh
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
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10
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Souza RAC, Ferreira BA, Moura FBRD, Costa Silva TD, Cavalcanti F, Franca EDF, Sousa RMFD, Febronio JDL, Lago JHG, Araújo FDA, de Oliveira A. Dehydrodieugenol B and hexane extract from Endlicheria paniculata regulate inflammation, angiogenesis, and collagen deposition induced by a murine sponge model. Fitoterapia 2020; 147:104767. [PMID: 33122131 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports the evaluation of hexane extract from Endlicheria paniculata and its main metabolite dehydrodieugenol B in the inflammatory response induced by a murine implant sponge model. As a result, a reduction in the inflammatory markers (myeloperoxidase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase) and number of mast cells were observed in comparison to the control group. All doses were also able to reduce angiogenic parameters evaluated in fibrovascular tissue. In implants treated with dehydrodieugenol B a reduction in total collagen deposition and types I and III collagen fibers were observed, while an increased in total collagen deposition and types I and III collagen fibers were observed in the treatment with hexane extract. Docking studies into cyclooxygenase-2 active site revealed that the dehydrodieugenol B had binding modes and energies comparable with celecoxib, diclofenac and ibuprofen. Therefore, dehydrodieugenol B was able to alter key components of chronic inflammation, resulting in a reduced inflammatory response and also presenting antifibrogenic and antiangiogenic effects. However, treatment with hexane extract resulted in a reduced inflammatory response with antiangiogenic effects, but caused fibrogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Antonio Ferreira
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Tiara da Costa Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Felipe Cavalcanti
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jenifer de Lima Febronio
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, 09210-180 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda de Assis Araújo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Alberto de Oliveira
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil.
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Usuwanthim K, Wisitpongpun P, Luetragoon T. Molecular Identification of Phytochemical for Anticancer Treatment. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:651-666. [DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200213110016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer commands the second highest global mortality rate and causes severe public health problems.
Recent advances have been made in cancer therapy but the incidence of the disease remains high. Research on
more efficient treatment methods with reduced side effects is necessary. Historically, edible plants have been
used as traditional medicines for various diseases. These demonstrate the potential of natural products as sources
of bioactive compounds for anticancer treatment. Anticancer properties of phytochemicals are attributed to
bioactive compounds in plant extracts that suppress cancer cell proliferation and growth by inducing both cell
cycle arrest and apoptosis. This review presents a summary of the molecular identification of phytochemicals
with anticancer properties and details their action mechanisms and molecular targets. Moreover, the effects of
the natural product on both immunomodulatory and anticancer properties are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchana Usuwanthim
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Prapakorn Wisitpongpun
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Thitiya Luetragoon
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
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Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Tewari D, Mathew B, Aleya L. Emerging signal regulating potential of small molecule biflavonoids to combat neuropathological insults of Alzheimer's disease. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 700:134836. [PMID: 31704512 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, chronic and severe neurodegenerative disorder linked with cognitive and memory impairment that eventually lead to death. There are several processes which can cause AD, including mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated oxidative stress (OS), intracellular buildup of hyper-phosphorylated tau as neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and excessive buildup of extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, and/or genetic as well as the environmental factors. Existing treatments can only provide symptomatic relief via providing temporary palliative therapy which can weaken the rate of AD-associated cognitive decline. Plants are the fundamental building blocks for the environment and produce various secondary metabolites. Biflavonoids are one among such secondary metabolite that possesses the potential to mediate noticeable change in the aggregation of tau, Aβ and also efficiently can decrease the toxic effects of Aβ oligomers in comparison with the monoflavonoid moieties. Nevertheless, the molecular processes remain to be exposed, flavonoids are found to cause a change in the Aβ and tau aggregation pathway to generate non-toxic aggregates. In this review, we discuss the neuroprotective action of small molecule biflavonoid to reduce the neurodegenerative events of AD. Furthermore, this appraisal advances our knowledge to develop potential new targets for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | | | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France.
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13
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Ogunwa TH, Taii K, Sadakane K, Kawata Y, Maruta S, Miyanishi T. Morelloflavone as a novel inhibitor of mitotic kinesin Eg5. J Biochem 2019; 166:129-137. [PMID: 30785183 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among 40 plant-derived biflavonoids with inhibitory potential against Eg5, morelloflavone from Garcinia dulcis leaves was selected for further testing based on in silico analysis of binding modes, molecular interactions, binding energies and functional groups that interact with Eg5. Computational models predicted that morelloflavone binds the putative allosteric pocket of Eg5, within the cavity surrounded by amino acid residues of Ile-136, Glu-116, Glu-118, Trp-127, Gly-117, Ala-133, Glu-215, Leu-214 and Tyr-211. Binding energy was -8.4 kcal/mol, with a single hydrogen bond formed between morelloflavone and Tyr-211. The binding configuration was comparable to that of a reference inhibitor, S-trityl-L-cysteine. Subsequent biochemical analysis in vitro confirmed that morelloflavone inhibited both the basal and microtubule-activated ATPase activity of Eg5 in a manner that does not compete with ATP binding. Morelloflavone also suppressed Eg5 gliding along microtubules. These results suggest that morelloflavone binds the allosteric binding site in Eg5 and thereby inhibits ATPase activity and motor function of Eg5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomisin Happy Ogunwa
- Department of Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kenichi Taii
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Sadakane
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Kawata
- Department of Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Maruta
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miyanishi
- Department of Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, Japan
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da Silva AR, Anholeti MC, Pietroluongo M, Sanchez EF, Valverde AL, de Paiva SR, Figueiredo MR, Kaplan MAC, Fuly AL. Utilization of the Plant Clusia Fluminensis Planch & Triana Against Some Toxic Activities of the Venom of Bothrops jararaca and B. jararacussu Snake Venom Toxic Activities. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1990-2002. [PMID: 31339072 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190724160711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Brazil, the Bothrops genus accounts for 87% of registered snakebites, which are characterized by hemorrhage, tissue necrosis, hemostatic disturbances, and death. The treatment recommended by governments is the administration of specific antivenoms. Although antivenom efficiently prevents venom-induced lethality, it has limited efficacy in terms of preventing local tissue damage. Thus, researchers are seeking alternative therapies able to inhibit the main toxic effects of venoms, without compromising safety. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to test the ability of aqueous extracts of leaves, stems, and fruits of the plant Clusia fluminensis to neutralize some toxic effects induced by the venoms of Bothrops jararaca and Bothrops jararacussu. METHODS The plant extracts were incubated with venoms for 30 min. at 25 °C, and then in vitro (coagulant and proteolytic) and in vivo (hemorrhagic, myotoxic, and edematogenic) activities were evaluated. In addition, the extracts were administered to animals (by oral, intravenous or subcutaneous routes) before or after the injection of venom samples, and then hemorrhage and edema assays were performed. In addition, a gel solution of the fruit extract was produced and tested in terms of reducing hemorrhage effects. A chemical prospection was performed to identify the main classes of compounds present in the extracts. RESULTS All the extracts inhibited the activities of the two venoms, regardless of the experimental protocol or route of administration of the extracts. Moreover, the gel of the fruit extract inhibited the venom-induced-hemorrhage. The extracts comprised of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids. CONCLUSION Antivenom properties of C. fluminensis extracts deserve further investigation in order to gain detailed knowledge regarding the neutralization profile of these extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eladio Flores Sanchez
- Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - André Lopes Fuly
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Fluminense Federal University, RJ, Brazil
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15
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Dumitru G, El-Nashar HAS, Mostafa NM, Eldahshan OA, Boiangiu RS, Todirascu-Ciornea E, Hritcu L, Singab ANB. Agathisflavone isolated from Schinus polygamus (Cav.) Cabrera leaves prevents scopolamine-induced memory impairment and brain oxidative stress in zebrafish (Danio rerio). PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 58:152889. [PMID: 30901660 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agathisflavone, a biflavonoid isolated from Schinus polygamus (Cav.) Cabrera leaves been reported to promote various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory properties, promoting cognition and preventing cancer, antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities. PURPOSE Here, we tested the hypothesis whether anxiety, amnesia, and brain oxidative stress induced by scopolamine could be counteracted in zebrafish model by agathisflavone and tried to ascertain the underlying mechanism. METHODS Agathisflavone (1, 3 and 5 µg/l) was administered by immersion to zebrafish once daily for 8 days period. Anxiety and memory impairment were induced with scopolamine (100 µM) and measured with the novel tank diving test (NTT) and the Y-maze test. Zebrafish were divided into seven groups (n = 20/group): first group - control, second group - scopolamine (100 μM), the third, fourth and fifth group - agathisflavone treatment groups (FAB, 1 µg/l, 3 µg/l, and 5 µg/l), the sixth group - imipramine (IMP, 20 mg/l, as the positive control in NTT test), and the seventh group - donepezil group (DP, 10 mg/l, as the positive control in Y-maze test). The identification of the agathisflavone was done by spectroscopy, and the structure of the compound was confirmed by (-) Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS). The brain oxidative status and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were also investigated. RESULTS Agathisflavone from Schinus polygamus (Cav.) Cabrera leaves was identified. Also, we demonstrated that agathisflavone significantly reversed scopolamine-induced behavioral score alteration in the NTT and Y-maze tests. Consequently, agathisflavone promoted inhibition of AChE activity and restored the brain antioxidant status. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that agathisflavone promotes brain antioxidant action and ameliorates scopolamine-induced anxiety and memory deficits in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Dumitru
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bd. Carol I, No. 11, Iasi 700505, Romania
| | - Heba A S El-Nashar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Nada M Mostafa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Omayma A Eldahshan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Razvan Stefan Boiangiu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bd. Carol I, No. 11, Iasi 700505, Romania
| | - Elena Todirascu-Ciornea
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bd. Carol I, No. 11, Iasi 700505, Romania
| | - Lucian Hritcu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bd. Carol I, No. 11, Iasi 700505, Romania.
| | - Abdel Nasser B Singab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
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16
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Al-Sayed E, Gad HA, El-Shazly M, Abdel-Daim MM, Nasser Singab A. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of cupressuflavone from Cupressus macrocarpa: Impact on pro-inflammatory mediators. Drug Dev Res 2017; 79:22-28. [PMID: 29130540 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hit, Lead & Candidate Discovery Inflammation is a complex biological process that is generally occurs in response to pathological triggers. Both neurodegenerative diseases and cancer have been linked to inflammation. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of cupressuflavone (CUF) isolated from Cupressus macrocarpa were examined. The analgesic effects of CUF (40, 80 and 160 mg/kg po) were assessed in the acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate models in mice with diclofenac sodium as the reference standard (100 mg/kg). CUF dose-dependently inhibited the writhing response in mice by 25, 48, and 62%, at the three CUF doses with 160 mg/kg being equivalent to the diclofenac control. CUF dose-dependently increased the hot plate model reaction time with a maximal effect after 120 min. In the carrageenan-induced paw edema model of inflammation, CUF demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting paw edema by 55, 60, and 64% at doses of 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg po, respectively. CUF also reduced the plasma pro-inflammatory mediators PGE2 (44, 54, and 58%), TNF-α (26, 37, and 53%), IL-1β (19, 33, and 41%), and IL-6 (32, 44, and 55%) at the three doses tested with the highest dose having similar effects to diclofenac sodium (100 mg/kg). This finding from this study indicates that CUF has both analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Al-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Unity Str., Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Haidy A Gad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Unity Str., Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Unity Str., Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, 11432, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Abdel Nasser Singab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Unity Str., Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
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Dietary Modulation of Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071583. [PMID: 28753984 PMCID: PMC5536070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells generate unpaired electrons, typically via oxygen- or nitrogen-based by-products during normal cellular respiration and under stressed situations. These pro-oxidant molecules are highly unstable and may oxidize surrounding cellular macromolecules. Under normal conditions, the reactive oxygen or nitrogen species can be beneficial to cell survival and function by destroying and degrading pathogens or antigens. However, excessive generation and accumulation of the reactive pro-oxidant species over time can damage proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Over time, this oxidative stress can contribute to a range of aging-related degenerative diseases such as cancer, diabetes, macular degeneration, and Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s diseases. It is well accepted that natural compounds, including vitamins A, C, and E, β-carotene, and minerals found in fruits and vegetables are powerful anti-oxidants that offer health benefits against several different oxidative stress induced degenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). There is increasing interest in developing anti-oxidative therapeutics to prevent AD. There are contradictory and inconsistent reports on the possible benefits of anti-oxidative supplements; however, fruits and vegetables enriched with multiple anti-oxidants (e.g., flavonoids and polyphenols) and minerals may be highly effective in attenuating the harmful effects of oxidative stress. As the physiological activation of either protective or destructive pro-oxidant behavior remains relatively unclear, it is not straightforward to relate the efficacy of dietary anti-oxidants in disease prevention. Here, we review oxidative stress mediated toxicity associated with AD and highlight the modulatory roles of natural dietary anti-oxidants in preventing AD.
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Bioactive Phytochemicals: Efficient Synthesis of Optically Active Substituted Flav-3-enes and Flav-3-en-3-o-R Derivatives. J CHEM-NY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/3971253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural core of flavene (2-phenyl-2H-chromene) is commonly found in plant flavonoids, which exhibit a wide range of biological activities and diverse pharmacological profiles (e.g., antioxidant and anticancer activities). Flavonoids have attracted significant interest in medicinal and synthetic chemistry. Substituted flav-3-ene 13 was exclusively synthesized by the stereoselective elimination of the O-mesyl moiety on C-3 of 5,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavan-3-mesylate 12 with 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene. The reaction of 5,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavan-3-one 15 with ytterbium trifluoromethanesulfonate in methanol afforded a novel 3-O-substituted flav-3-ene derivative (3,5,7,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflav-3-ene) 17. The reduction of 4-(1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene)-5,7,3′,4′-tetra-O-benzylflavan-3-one 19b with hydrogen afforded a new compound: 3-hydroxy-4-(1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene)-5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxyflavan-3-en-3-ol 21 in good yield (95%), while the acetylation of 19a and 21 afforded the expected novel flav-3-en-3-acetoxy derivatives 20 (92%) and 22 (90%), respectively.
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Biflavonoids as Potential Small Molecule Therapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 863:55-77. [PMID: 26092626 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18365-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are naturally occurring phytochemicals found in a variety of fruits and vegetables and offer color, flavor, aroma, nutritional and health benefits. Flavonoids have been found to play a neuroprotective role by inhibiting and/or modifying the self-assembly of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide into oligomers and fibrils, which are linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The neuroprotective efficacy of flavonoids has been found to strongly depend on their structure and functional groups. Flavonoids may exist in monomeric, as well as di-, tri-, tetra- or polymeric form through C-C or C-O-C linkages. It has been shown that flavonoids containing two or more units, e.g., biflavonoids, exert greater biological activity than their respective monoflavonoids. For instance, biflavonoids have the ability to distinctly alter Aβ aggregation and more effectively reduce the toxicity of Aβ oligomers compared to the monoflavonoid moieties. Although the molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated, flavonoids have been shown to alter the Aβ aggregation pathway to yield non-toxic, unstructured Aβ aggregates, as well as directly exerting a neuroprotective effect to cells. In this chapter, we review biflavonoid-mediated Aβ aggregation and toxicity, and highlight the beneficial roles biflavonoids can potentially play in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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20
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Pereañez JA, Patiño AC, Núñez V, Osorio E. The biflavonoid morelloflavone inhibits the enzymatic and biological activities of a snake venom phospholipase A2. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 220:94-101. [PMID: 24995575 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The biflavonoid morelloflavone has been reported as inhibitor of secretory PLA2s (phospholipases A2 from human synovial and bee venom sources); however, its capacity to interact and inhibit snake venom PLA2 activities has not been described. In this work we tested the inhibitory ability of morelloflavone on the enzymatic, anticoagulant, myotoxic and edema-inducing activities of a PLA2 isolated from Crotalus durissus cumanensis venom. The biflavonoid displayed IC50 values of 0.48 mM (95% Confidence intervals: 0.45-0.51) and 0.38 mM (95% Confidence intervals: 0.36-0.40) on the PLA2 enzymatic activity, when either aggregated or monodispersed substrates were used, respectively. In addition, morelloflavone inhibited in a time-dependent manner and irreversibly the PLA2 enzymatic activity. When mice were injected with PLA2 preincubated (preincubation assay) with 0.13, 0.63 and 1.26 mM of the biflavonoid, the myotoxic activity induced by the PLA2 was inhibited up to 63%. Nevertheless, these values decreased up to 38% when the morelloflavone was injected into muscle after PLA2. Moreover, morelloflavone inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, edema-forming activity of the PLA2 in the footpad. Morelloflavone also inhibited the anticoagulant activities of the PLA2 in concentration-dependent mode. In order to have insights on the mode of action of morelloflavone, intrinsic fluorescence studies were performed. Results of these assays suggest that morelloflavone interacts directly with the PLA2. These findings were supported by molecular docking results, which suggested that morelloflavone forms hydrogen bonds with residues Gly33, Asp49, Gly53 and Thr68 of the enzyme. In addition, our results suggested a π-π stacking interaction between rings A of morelloflavone with that of the residue Tyr52, and Van der Waals interactions with Gly32, His48 and Ala56. Our molecular modeling results suggest that morelloflavone may occupy part of substrate binding cleft of the PLA2. Morelloflavone is a candidate for the development of inhibitors to be used in snakebite envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Andrés Pereañez
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Arley Camilo Patiño
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Vitelbina Núñez
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; Escuela de Microbiología Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Edison Osorio
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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21
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de Oliveira EC, Anholeti MC, Domingos TF, Faioli CN, Sanchez EF, de Paiva SR, Fuly AL. Inhibitory Effect of the Plant Clusia fluminensis against Biological Activities of Bothrops jararaca Snake Venom. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of extracts of the plant Clusia fluminensis Planch & Triana (Clusiaceae Lindl.) to neutralize proteolysis, clotting, hemolysis, hemorrhagic and lethality activities of Bothrops jararaca snake venom was studied. Clusianone and lanosterol from the flower and fruit extracts, respectively, were also tested. The extracts of different organs of C. fluminensis inhibited proteolysis and hemolysis induced by B. jararaca venom, but with different potencies. Only the stems prevented blood clotting. Only the acetone extract of the fruit protected mice from hemorrhage while the acetone or methanol extracts prevented mice from death. Clusianone and lanosterol did not inhibit clotting or hemorrhage, but the former inhibited proteolysis and the latter hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Coriolano de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas de Animais e Avaliação de Inibidores, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 3° andar, sala 310, 24020–141, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Aplicadas a Produtos para a Saúde, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maria Carolina Anholeti
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Aplicadas a Produtos para a Saúde, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
- Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Thaisa Francielle Domingos
- Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas de Animais e Avaliação de Inibidores, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 3° andar, sala 310, 24020–141, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Camila Nunes Faioli
- Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas de Animais e Avaliação de Inibidores, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 3° andar, sala 310, 24020–141, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Eladio Flores Sanchez
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Selma Ribeiro de Paiva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Aplicadas a Produtos para a Saúde, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
- Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - André Lopes Fuly
- Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas de Animais e Avaliação de Inibidores, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 3° andar, sala 310, 24020–141, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
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Chen AH, Kuo WB, Chen CW. Photochemical Synthesis of 2,2′-Biflavanones from Flavone. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chen AH, Kuo WB, Chen CW. Photohydrodimerization of 6-Methoxyflavone to 6,6″-Dimethoxy-2,2″-Biflavanones. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200400203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chen AH, Cheng CY, Chen CW. Synthesis of 2,2′-Biflavanones from Flavone via Electrolytic Reductive Coupling. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200200159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mulholland DA, Mwangi EM, Dlova NC, Plant N, Crouch NR, Coombes PH. Non-toxic melanin production inhibitors from Garcinia livingstonei (Clusiaceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 149:570-575. [PMID: 23891889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The stem bark of Garcinia livingstonei is used traditionally as a skin lightening agent. AIM OF THE STUDY To isolate and identify compounds responsible for the observed skin lightening activity of Garcinia livingstonei and to evaluate their cytotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Constituents of the stem bark and fruits of Garcinia livingstonei were isolated using chromatographic techniques and structures were determined using 1D and 2D NMR and MS analysis. MeWo cells were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity and impact on melanin levels of extracts and compounds isolated, in vitro. RESULTS Twelve known compounds, morelloflavone (1), morelloflavone-7″-sulphate (2), guttiferone A (3), sargaol (4), isojacareubin (5), 6-deoxyisojacareubin (6) and in addition to the common triterpenoids, betulin, betulin aldehyde, lupeol, lupenone, euphol and stigmasterol were isolated in this investigation. Morelloflavone, morelloflavone-7″-sulphate and sargaol, were found to be considerably less cytotoxic and more effective as skin lightening agents than hydroquinone. CONCLUSIONS A range of compounds was isolated from the stem bark and fruit of Garcinia livingstonei. Although the bark extract contained the cytotoxic guttiferone A, it was found to be less toxic than hydroquinone, and morelloflavone, the 7″-sulphate derivative and sargaol show potential for development as depigmentation/skin lightening agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulcie A Mulholland
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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Pires CL, Rodrigues SD, Bristot D, Hessel Gaeta H, de Oliveira Toyama D, Ronald Lobo Farias W, Hikari Toyama M. Sulfated polysaccharide extracted of the green algae Caulerpa racemosa increase the enzymatic activity and paw edema induced by sPLA2 from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-695x2013005000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bellik Y, Boukraâ L, Alzahrani HA, Bakhotmah BA, Abdellah F, Hammoudi SM, Iguer-Ouada M. Molecular mechanism underlying anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities of phytochemicals: an update. Molecules 2012; 18:322-53. [PMID: 23271469 PMCID: PMC6269762 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18010322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The resort worldwide to edible medicinal plants for medical care has increased significantly during the last few years. Currently, there is a renewed interest in the search for new phytochemicals that could be developed as useful anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic agents to reduce the risk of many diseases. The activation of nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB) has now been linked to a variety of inflammatory diseases, while data from numerous studies underline the importance of phytochemicals in inhibiting the pathway that activates this transcription factor. Moreover, the incidence of type I allergic disorders has been increasing worldwide, particularly, the hypersensitivity to food. Thus, a good number of plant products with anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activity have been documented, but very few of these compounds have reached clinical use and there is scant scientific evidence that could explain their mode of action. Therefore, this paper intends to review the most salient recent reports on the anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties of phytochemicals and the molecular mechanisms underlying these properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuva Bellik
- Laboratory of Research on Local Animal Products, Ibn-Khaldoun University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria; E-Mails: (Y.B.); (F.A.); (S.M.H.)
- Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Abderrahmane Mira University, Béjaia 06000, Algeria; E-Mail:
| | - Laïd Boukraâ
- Laboratory of Research on Local Animal Products, Ibn-Khaldoun University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria; E-Mails: (Y.B.); (F.A.); (S.M.H.)
- Mohammad Hussein Al Amoudi Chair for Diabetic Foot Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (H.A.A.); (B.A.B.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +213-795-306-930
| | - Hasan A. Alzahrani
- Mohammad Hussein Al Amoudi Chair for Diabetic Foot Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (H.A.A.); (B.A.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Balkees A. Bakhotmah
- Mohammad Hussein Al Amoudi Chair for Diabetic Foot Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (H.A.A.); (B.A.B.)
- Department of Nutrition Food Sciences, Arts and Design College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatiha Abdellah
- Laboratory of Research on Local Animal Products, Ibn-Khaldoun University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria; E-Mails: (Y.B.); (F.A.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Si M. Hammoudi
- Laboratory of Research on Local Animal Products, Ibn-Khaldoun University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria; E-Mails: (Y.B.); (F.A.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Mokrane Iguer-Ouada
- Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Abderrahmane Mira University, Béjaia 06000, Algeria; E-Mail:
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The effects of polyphenols on oxidative stress and the arachidonic acid cascade. Implications for the prevention/treatment of high prevalence diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1113-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lee SJ, Son KH, Chang HW, Kang SS, Kim HP. Inhibition of arachidonate release from rat peritoneal macrophage by biflavonoids. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 20:533-8. [PMID: 18982255 DOI: 10.1007/bf02975207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/1997] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Biflavonoid is one of unique classes of naturally-occurring bioflavonoid. Previously, certain biflavonoids were found to possess the inhibitory effects on phospholipase A(2) activity and lymphocytes proliferation(1) suggesting their anti-inflammatory/immunoregulatory potential. In this study, effects of several biflavonoids on arachidonic acid release from rat peritoneal macrophages were investigated, because arachidonic acid released from the activated macrophages is one of the indices of inflammatory conditions. When resident peritoneal macrophages labeled with [(3)H]arachidonic acid were activated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or calcium ionophore, A23187, radioactivity released in the medium was increased approximately 4.1 approximately 7.3 fold after 120 min incubation compared to the spontaneous release in the control incubation. In this condition, biflavonoids (10 uM) such as ochnaflavone, ginkgetin and isoginkgetin, showed inhibition of arachidonate release from macrophages activated by PMA (32.5 approximately 40.0% inhibition) or A23187 (21.7 approximately 41.7% inhibition). Amentoflavone showed protection only against PMA-induced arachidonate release, while apigenin, a monomer of these biflavonoids, did not show the significant inhibition up to 10 uM. Staurosporin (1 uM), a protein kinase C inhibitor, showed an inhibitory effect only against PMA-induced arachidonate release (96.8% inhibition). Inhibition of arachidonate release from the activated macrophages may contribute to an anti-inflammatory potential of biflavonoidsin vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 200-701, Chunchon, Korea
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Ximenes RM, Alves RS, Pereira TP, Araújo RM, Silveira ER, Rabello MM, Hernandes MZ, Soares VCG, Bristot D, Pires CL, Toyama DO, Gaeta HH, Monteiro HSA, Toyama MH. Harpalycin 2 inhibits the enzymatic and platelet aggregation activities of PrTX-III, a D49 phospholipase A2 from Bothrops pirajai venom. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 12:139. [PMID: 22925825 PMCID: PMC3520877 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Harpalycin 2 (HP-2) is an isoflavone isolated from the leaves of Harpalyce brasiliana Benth., a snakeroot found in northeast region of Brazil and used in folk medicine to treat snakebite. Its leaves are said to be anti-inflammatory. Secretory phospholipases A2 are important toxins found in snake venom and are structurally related to those found in inflammatory conditions in mammals, as in arthritis and atherosclerosis, and for this reason can be valuable tools for searching new anti-phospholipase A2 drugs. Methods HP-2 and piratoxin-III (PrTX-III) were purified through chromatographic techniques. The effect of HP-2 in the enzymatic activity of PrTX-III was carried out using 4-nitro-3-octanoyloxy-benzoic acid as the substrate. PrTX-III induced platelet aggregation was inhibited by HP-2 when compared to aristolochic acid and p-bromophenacyl bromide (p-BPB). In an attempt to elucidate how HP-2 interacts with PrTX-III, mass spectrometry, circular dichroism and intrinsic fluorescence analysis were performed. Docking scores of the ligands (HP-2, aristolochic acid and p-BPB) using PrTX-III as target were also calculated. Results HP-2 inhibited the enzymatic activity of PrTX-III (IC50 11.34 ± 0.28 μg/mL) although it did not form a stable chemical complex in the active site, since mass spectrometry measurements showed no difference between native (13,837.34 Da) and HP-2 treated PrTX-III (13,856.12 Da). A structural analysis of PrTX-III after treatment with HP-2 showed a decrease in dimerization and a slight protein unfolding. In the platelet aggregation assay, HP-2 previously incubated with PrTX-III inhibited the aggregation when compared with untreated protein. PrTX-III chemical treated with aristolochic acid and p-BPB, two standard PLA2 inhibitors, showed low inhibitory effects when compared with the HP-2 treatment. Docking scores corroborated these results, showing higher affinity of HP-2 for the PrTX-III target (PDB code: 1GMZ) than aristolochic acid and p-BPB. HP-2 previous incubated with the platelets inhibits the aggregation induced by untreated PrTX-III as well as arachidonic acid. Conclusion HP-2 changes the structure of PrTX-III, inhibiting the enzymatic activity of this enzyme. In addition, PrTX-III platelet aggregant activity was inhibited by treatment with HP-2, p-BPB and aristolochic acid, and these results were corroborated by docking scores.
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Inhibition of Neurotoxic Secretory Phospholipases A(2) Enzymatic, Edematogenic, and Myotoxic Activities by Harpalycin 2, an Isoflavone Isolated from Harpalyce brasiliana Benth. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:987517. [PMID: 22899963 PMCID: PMC3415135 DOI: 10.1155/2012/987517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Secretory phospholipases A2 (sPLA2) exert proinflammatory actions through lipid mediators. These enzymes have been found to be elevated in many inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, and atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of harpalycin 2 (Har2), an isoflavone isolated from Harpalyce brasiliana Benth., in the enzymatic, edematogenic, and myotoxic activities of sPLA2 from Bothrops pirajai, Crotalus durissus terrificus, Apis mellifera, and Naja naja venoms. Har2 inhibits all sPLA2 tested. PrTX-III (B. pirajai venom) was inhibited at about 58.7%, Cdt F15 (C. d. terrificus venom) at 78.8%, Apis (from bee venom) at 87.7%, and Naja (N. naja venom) at 88.1%. Edema induced by exogenous sPLA2 administration performed in mice paws showed significant inhibition by Har2 at the initial step. In addition, Har2 also inhibited the myotoxic activity of these sPLA2s. In order to understand how Har2 interacts with these enzymes, docking calculations were made, indicating that the residues His48 and Asp49 in the active site of these enzymes interacted powerfully with Har2 through hydrogen bonds. These data pointed to a possible anti-inflammatory activity of Har2 through sPLA2 inhibition.
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Amentoflavone inhibits UVB-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression through the modulation of AP-1 components in normal human fibroblasts. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 166:1137-47. [PMID: 22205321 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9500-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Amentoflavone is a well-known biflavonoid that has diverse biological effects. Previously, we reported that amentoflavone suppressed UVB-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression in normal human fibroblasts (NHF). We investigated the effects of amentoflavone on UVB-induced MMP-1 expression in order to elucidate its mode of action. NHF were treated with amentoflavone for indicated times and doses with UVB irradiation. The expressions of MMP-1 gene and protein were determined by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. MAP kinase phosphorylation and the expression of c-Fos protein were determined by Western blot. The treatment of amentoflavone completely blocked the upregulation of MMP-1 which is induced by UVB irradiation in HaCaT-NHF co-culture in a dose-dependent manner as well as in NHF monoculture. Also, amentoflavone inhibited UVB-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) without changing total ERK protein level, and did not affect p38 or JNK activation. Finally, AP-1 transcription factor components, phospho-c-Jun and c-Fos protein expressions were decreased by amentoflavone treatment. The major finding of this study shows that amentoflavone inhibits intracellular cell signaling ERK pathway leading to the prevention of MMP-1 expression in human skin fibroblasts. Therefore, these results strongly suggest that amentoflavone should be investigated as a potential agent for the prevention and the treatment of skin photoaging.
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Pinkaew D, Hutadilok-Towatana N, Teng BB, Mahabusarakam W, Fujise K. Morelloflavone, a biflavonoid inhibitor of migration-related kinases, ameliorates atherosclerosis in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 302:H451-8. [PMID: 22058152 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00669.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
While macrophages take up modified LDL to form foam cells and multiply to develop fatty streaks, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) migrate from the media to intima, secrete extracellular matrix, and increase the volume of atherosclerotic lesions. A medicinal plant Garcinia dulcis has been used in traditional Thai medicine for centuries to treat various chronic human diseases. Morelloflavone, a biflavonoid and an active ingredient of the plant, has been shown to inhibit VSMC migration through its inhibition of multiple migration-related kinases such as focal adhesion kinase, c-Src, ERK, and RhoA. However, the exact role of morelloflavone in atherosclerogenesis was unknown. We fed Ldlr(-/-)Apobec1(-/-) mice with either normal chow or chow containing 0.003% morelloflavone for 8 mo and assessed the extent of atherosclerosis by the en face and cross-sectional analyses. A cell composition analysis of atherosclerotic tissue was carried out using immunohistochemical staining. Oral morelloflavone therapy significantly reduced the atherosclerotic areas of the mouse aortas (a 26% reduction), without changing plasma lipid profiles or weights. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that morelloflavone reduced the number of VSMC in the atherosclerotic lesion while it did not change the density of macrophages in the lesion or the percentages of proliferating and apoptotic cells. Oral, low-dose, morelloflavone therapy retards atherosclerogenesis by limiting the migration of VSMC into the intima in the mouse model of human atherosclerosis. Upon further investigation, morelloflavone may be found to be a novel oral antiatherosclerotic agent and a viable addition to the conventional therapies such as statins in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decha Pinkaew
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Toyama DDO, Diz Filho EBDS, Cavada BS, da Rocha BAM, de Oliveira SCB, Cotrim CA, Soares VCG, Delatorre P, Marangoni S, Toyama MH. Umbelliferone induces changes in the structure and pharmacological activities of Bn IV, a phospholipase A2 isoform isolated from Bothrops neuwiedi. Toxicon 2011; 57:851-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Otuki MF, Bernardi CA, Prudente AS, Laskoski K, Gomig F, Horinouchi CDS, Guimarães CL, Ferreira J, Delle-Monache F, Cechinel-Filho V, Cabrini DA. Garcinia gardneriana (Planchon & Triana) Zappi. (Clusiaceae) as a Topical Anti-inflammatory Alternative for Cutaneous Inflammation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 109:56-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Santos ML, Toyama DO, Oliveira SCB, Cotrim CA, Diz-Filho EBS, Fagundes FHR, Soares VCG, Aparicio R, Toyama MH. Modulation of the pharmacological activities of secretory phospholipase A2 from Crotalus durissus cascavella induced by naringin. Molecules 2011; 16:738-61. [PMID: 21245808 PMCID: PMC6259155 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16010738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we have characterized the action of the naringin, a flavonoid found in grapefruit and known for its various pharmacological effects, which include antioxidant blood lipid lowering and anticancer activity, on the structure and biochemical activities of a secretory phospholipase A (sPLA2) from Crotalus durissus cascavella, an important protein involved in the releasinge of arachidonic acid in phospholipid membranes. sPLA2 was incubated with naringin (mol:mol) at 37 °C and a discrete reduction in the UV scanning signal and a modification of the circular dichroism spectra were observed after treatment with naringin, suggesting modifications of the secondary structure of the protein. This flavonoid was able to decrease enzymatic activity and some pharmacological effects, such as myonecrosis, platelet aggregation, and neurotoxic activity caused by sPLA2, however, the inflammatory effect was not affected by naringin. In addition, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data were collected for sPLA2 and naringin-treated sPLA2 to evaluate possible modifications of the protein structure. These structural investigations have shown that sPLA2 is an elongated dimer in solution and after treatment with naringin a conformational change in the dimeric configuration was observed. Our results suggest that structural modification may be correlated with the loss of enzymatic activity and alterations in pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L. Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Cristalografia, Instituto de Química, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Simone C. B. Oliveira
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila A. Cotrim
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio H. R. Fagundes
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Veronica C. G. Soares
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Aparicio
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Cristalografia, Instituto de Química, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos H. Toyama
- Laboratório de Macromoléculas Química, UNESP/CLP, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
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Cotrim CA, de Oliveira SCB, Diz Filho EB, Fonseca FV, Baldissera L, Antunes E, Ximenes RM, Monteiro HSA, Rabello MM, Hernandes MZ, de Oliveira Toyama D, Toyama MH. Quercetin as an inhibitor of snake venom secretory phospholipase A2. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 189:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Murakami M, Taketomi Y, Miki Y, Sato H, Hirabayashi T, Yamamoto K. Recent progress in phospholipase A₂ research: from cells to animals to humans. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 50:152-92. [PMID: 21185866 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian genomes encode genes for more than 30 phospholipase A₂s (PLA₂s) or related enzymes, which are subdivided into several classes including low-molecular-weight secreted PLA₂s (sPLA₂s), Ca²+-dependent cytosolic PLA₂s (cPLA₂s), Ca²+-independent PLA₂s (iPLA₂s), platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAF-AHs), lysosomal PLA₂s, and a recently identified adipose-specific PLA. Of these, the intracellular cPLA₂ and iPLA₂ families and the extracellular sPLA₂ family are recognized as the "big three". From a general viewpoint, cPLA₂α (the prototypic cPLA₂ plays a major role in the initiation of arachidonic acid metabolism, the iPLA₂ family contributes to membrane homeostasis and energy metabolism, and the sPLA₂ family affects various biological events by modulating the extracellular phospholipid milieus. The cPLA₂ family evolved along with eicosanoid receptors when vertebrates first appeared, whereas the diverse branching of the iPLA₂ and sPLA₂ families during earlier eukaryote development suggests that they play fundamental roles in life-related processes. During the past decade, data concerning the unexplored roles of various PLA₂ enzymes in pathophysiology have emerged on the basis of studies using knockout and transgenic mice, the use of specific inhibitors, and information obtained from analysis of human diseases caused by mutations in PLA₂ genes. This review focuses on current understanding of the emerging biological functions of PLA₂s and related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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Tuansulong KA, Hutadilok-Towatana N, Mahabusarakam W, Pinkaew D, Fujise K. Morelloflavone from Garcinia dulcis as a novel biflavonoid inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. Phytother Res 2010; 25:424-8. [PMID: 20734327 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Morelloflavone, a biflavonoid from Garcinia dulcis previously shown to have hypocholesterolemic activity, was examined for its effect on HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. By using the catalytic domain of house mouse HMG-CoA reductase, morelloflavone was found to inhibit the enzyme activity by competing with HMG-CoA whereas it was non-competitive towards NADPH. The inhibition constants (K(i)) with respect to HMG-CoA and NADPH were 80.87 ± 0.06 µm and 103 ± 0.07 µm, respectively. Both flavonoid subunits of this compound, naringenin and luteolin, equally competed with HMG-CoA with K(i) of 83.58 ± 4.37 µm and 83.59 ± 0.94 µm, respectively, and were also non-competitive with NADPH (K(i) of 182 ± 0.67 µm and 188 ± 0.14 µm, respectively). Due to these findings, we suggest that each subunit of morelloflavone would occupy the active site of the enzyme, thereby blocking access of its substrate. The present study thus demonstrates the ability of morelloflavone from G. dulcis to inhibit HMG-CoA reductase in vitro. As a result, this biflavonoid might serve as a new candidate for the future development of hypocholesterolemic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ku-Aida Tuansulong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Thailand
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Park H, Kim YH, Chang HW, Kim HP. Anti-inflammatory activity of the synthetic C-C biflavonoids. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 58:1661-7. [PMID: 17331331 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.12.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To find anti-inflammatory agents based on plant constituents, the effects of six synthetic C-C biflavonoids connecting with different positions of C-C bond between flavone monomers (a: 4′-4′, b: 4′-3′, c: 4′-6, d: 3′-6, e: 6-6, f: 4′-3) were examined on PGE2 and nitric oxide (NO) production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophages, RAW 264.7. Among the compounds tested, the biflavonoids d, e, and f showed a considerable inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-mediated PGE2 production at concentrations up to 50 μM, while the derivative c exerted cytotoxic effects on RAW cells. Especially, the biflavonoid e possessed the most potent inhibitory activity of PGE2 production with an IC50 of 3.7 μM, compared with an IC50 of 8.2–20.7 μM by ginkgetin (natural biflavonoid). Western blot and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses have shown that the inhibition of PGE2 production by these synthetic derivatives was mediated at least in part by COX-2 inhibition, but not by COX-2 down-regulation. Meanwhile, these synthetic biflavonoids did not considerably inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase-mediated NO production at concentrations up to 50 μM. When intraperitoneally administered, the biflavonoid e showed a significant anti-inflammatory activity (22.2% inhibition) against rat carrageenan-induced paw oedema at 5 mg kg−1. The biflavonoid e may be used as a synthetic lead for developing new anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeil Park
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
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Lim H, Kim SB, Park H, Chang HW, Kim HP. New anti-inflammatory synthetic biflavonoid with C-C (6-6″) linkage: Differential effects on cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Arch Pharm Res 2009; 32:1525-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-2104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Toyama DO, Marangoni S, Diz-Filho EBS, Oliveira SCB, Toyama MH. Effect of umbelliferone (7-hydroxycoumarin, 7-HOC) on the enzymatic, edematogenic and necrotic activities of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) isolated from Crotalus durissus collilineatus venom. Toxicon 2009; 53:417-26. [PMID: 19470355 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids, coumarins and other polyphenolic compounds are powerful antioxidants both in hydrophilic and lipophylic environments with diverse pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory activity. Despite being widely used as powerful therapeutic agents for blood coagulation disorders, more specifically to control some serine protease enzymes, the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of coumarins is unknown, unlike that of flavonoids. Although their controlling effect on serine proteases is well acknowledged, their action on secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) remains obscure. The present study describes the interaction between umbelliferone (7-HOC) and the sPLA2 from Crotalus durissus collilineatus venom. In vitro inhibition of sPLA2 enzymatic activity by 7-HOC was estimated using 4N3OBA as substrate, resulting in an irreversible decrease in such activity proportional to 7-HOC concentration. The biophysical interaction between 7-HOC and sPLA2 was examined by fluorescent spectral analysis and circular dichroism studies. Results from both techniques clearly showed that 7-HOC strongly modified the secondary structure of this enzyme and CD spectra revealed that it strongly decreased sPLA2 alpha-helical conformation. In addition, two-dimensional electrophoresis indicated an evident difference between HPLC-purified native and 7-HOC-treated sPLA2s, which were used in pharmacological experiments to compare their biological activities. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by the sPLA2-induced mouse paw edema model, in which 7-HOC presented an effect similar to those of dexamethasone and cyproheptadine against the pro-inflammatory effect induced by native sPLA2 on the mouse paw edema, mast cell degranulation and skin edema. On the other hand, 7-HOC exhibited a more potent inhibitory effect on sPLA2 than that of p-bromophenacyl bromide (p-BPB). Our data suggest that 7-HOC interacts with sPLA2 and causes some structural modifications that lead to a sharp decrease or inhibition of the edematogenic and myotoxic activities of this enzyme, indicating its potential use to suppress inflammation induced by sPLA2 from the snake venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Toyama
- Centro de Cidncias Biológicas e da Saúde, Univesidade Mackenzie, São Paulo, Brazil
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Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents: implications in cancer and cardiovascular disease. Inflamm Res 2009; 58:537-52. [PMID: 19381780 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-009-0037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is being shown to be increasingly involved in the onset and development of several pathological disturbances such as arteriosclerosis, obesity, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases and even cancer. Treatment for chronic inflammatory disorders has not been solved, and there is an urgent need to find new and safe anti-inflammatory compounds. Flavonoids belong to a group of natural substances occurring normally in the diet that exhibit a variety of beneficial effects on health. The anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids have been studied recently, in order to establish and characterize their potential utility as therapeutic agents in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Several mechanisms of action have been proposed to explain in vivo flavonoid anti-inflammatory actions, such as antioxidant activity, inhibition of eicosanoid generating enzymes or the modulation of the production of proinflammatory molecules. Recent studies have also shown that some flavonoids are modulators of proinflammatory gene expression, thus leading to the attenuation of the inflammatory response. However, much work remains to be done in order to achieve definitive conclusions about their potential usefulness. This review summarizes the known mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids and the implications of these effects on the protection against cancer and cardiovascular disease.
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Pang X, Yi T, Yi Z, Cho SG, Qu W, Pinkaew D, Fujise K, Liu M. Morelloflavone, a biflavonoid, inhibits tumor angiogenesis by targeting rho GTPases and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways. Cancer Res 2009; 69:518-25. [PMID: 19147565 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Morelloflavone, a biflavonoid extracted from Garcinia dulcis, has shown antioxidative, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the function and the mechanism of this compound in cancer treatment and tumor angiogenesis have not been elucidated to date. In this study, we postulated that morelloflavone might have the ability to inhibit angiogenesis, the pivotal step in tumor growth, invasiveness, and metastasis. We showed that morelloflavone could inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and capillary-like tube formation of primary cultured human umbilical vascular endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. Morelloflavone effectively inhibited microvessel sprouting of endothelial cells in the mouse aortic ring assay and the formation of new blood microvessels induced by VEGF in the mouse Matrigel plug assay. Furthermore, morelloflavone inhibited tumor growth and tumor angiogenesis of prostate cancer cells (PC-3) in xenograft mouse tumor model in vivo, suggesting that morelloflavone inhibited tumorigenesis by targeting angiogenesis. To understand the underlying mechanism of morelloflavone on the inhibitory effect of tumor growth and angiogenesis, we showed that morelloflavone could inhibit the activation of both RhoA and Rac1 GTPases but have little effect on the activation of Cdc42 GTPase. Additionally, morelloflavone inhibited the phosphorylation and activation of Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase/ERK pathway kinases without affecting VEGF receptor 2 activity. Together, our results indicate that morelloflavone exerts antiangiogenic action by targeting the activation of Rho-GTPases and ERK signaling pathways. These findings are the first to reveal the novel functions of morelloflavone in tumor angiogenesis and its molecular basis for the anticancer action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Pang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Lee J, Choi Y, Woo ER, Lee DG. Isocryptomerin, a novel membrane-active antifungal compound from Selaginella tamariscina. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 379:676-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Da Silva SL, Calgarotto AK, Chaar JS, Marangoni S. Isolation and characterization of ellagic acid derivatives isolated from Casearia sylvestris SW aqueous extract with anti-PLA2 activity. Toxicon 2008; 52:655-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pinkaew D, Cho SG, Hui DY, Wiktorowicz JE, Hutadilok-Towatana N, Mahabusarakam W, Tonganunt M, Stafford LJ, Phongdara A, Liu M, Fujise K. Morelloflavone blocks injury-induced neointimal formation by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell migration. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1790:31-9. [PMID: 18930785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 08/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In-stent restenosis, or renarrowing within a coronary stent, is the most ominous complication of percutaneous coronary intervention, caused by vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration into and proliferation in the intima. Although drug-eluting stents reduce restenosis, they delay the tissue healing of the injured arteries. No promising alternative anti-restenosis treatments are currently on the horizon. METHODS In endothelium-denudated mouse carotid arteries, oral morelloflavone-an active ingredient of the Thai medicinal plant Garcinia dulcis-significantly decreased the degree of neointimal hyperplasia, without affecting neointimal cell cycle progression or apoptosis as evaluated by Ki-67 and TUNEL staining, respectively. At the cellular level, morelloflavone robustly inhibited VSMC migration as shown by both scratch wound and invasion assays. In addition, morelloflavone prevented VSMCs from forming lamellipodia, a VSMC migration apparatus. Mechanistically, the inhibition by morelloflavone of VSMC migration was through its negative regulatory effects on several migration-related kinases, including FAK, Src, ERK, and RhoA. Consistently with the animal data, morelloflavone did not affect VSMC cell cycle progression or induce apoptosis. RESULTS These data suggest that morelloflavone blocks injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia via the inhibition of VSMC migration, without inducing apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE We propose morelloflavone to be a viable oral agent for the prevention of restenosis, without compromising effects on the integrity and healing of the injured arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decha Pinkaew
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Menasria F, Azebaze AGB, Billard C, Faussat AM, Nkengfack AE, Meyer M, Kolb JP. Apoptotic effects on B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells of heterocyclic compounds isolated from Guttiferaes. Leuk Res 2008; 32:1914-26. [PMID: 18656257 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2008.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2008] [Revised: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of 10 heterocyclic compounds purified from Allanblackia were tested on two B cell lines, ESKOL and EHEB, and on cells from B-CLL patients. Several molecules inhibited the proliferation of both cell lines and promoted apoptosis of B-CLL cells through different mechanisms, some of them elicited a dissipation of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, other triggered caspase-3 activation and cleavage of the inducible nitric oxide synthase. Blood mononuclear cells and B-lymphocytes from healthy donors appeared less sensitive than B-CLL cells. These results indicate that these molecules may be of interest in the development of new therapies for B-CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Menasria
- UMRS 872 INSERM/Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Université Paris Descartes, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
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Biochemical pharmacology of biflavonoids: Implications for anti-inflammatory action. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:265-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-1151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Synthesis and evaluation of nitrostyrene derivative compounds, new snake venom phospholipase A2 inhibitors. Toxicon 2008; 51:1467-78. [PMID: 18471841 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Several nitrostyrene derivatives were synthesized and their inhibitive activities on phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) from Bothrops jararacussu venom were evaluated. Some compounds were very efficient as inhibition agents against edema-inducing, enzymatic and myotoxic activities. Data revealed that the size of the substitute and substitution position in the nitrostyrene moiety had important influence on the inhibition capacities. The enzymatic kinetic studies show that the nitrostyrene derivatives compounds inhibit PLA(2) in a non-competitive manner. The electronic, molecular and topologic parameters were calculated using ab initio quantum calculations (density functional theory-DFT) and analyzed by chemometric methods (principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA)) in order to build models able to establish relationships between the electronic features and the structure-activity presented by the target compound. Compounds with the nitro group in the ortho, meta and para position (compounds 2-4) on the aromatic ring were more efficient in the inhibition of PLA(2) activity in all tests. These results indicate that the influence of the nitro group in the aromatic ring is, in fact, important. In addition, quantum chemistry calculations show that compounds with a higher capacity of inhibiting PLA(2) present lower values of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy and polarizability, suggesting the formation of a charge-transferring complex between the nitrostyrene compounds and PLA(2).
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