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Howes OD, Onwordi EC. The synaptic hypothesis of schizophrenia version III: a master mechanism. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1843-1856. [PMID: 37041418 PMCID: PMC10575788 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02043-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The synaptic hypothesis of schizophrenia has been highly influential. However, new approaches mean there has been a step-change in the evidence available, and some tenets of earlier versions are not supported by recent findings. Here, we review normal synaptic development and evidence from structural and functional imaging and post-mortem studies that this is abnormal in people at risk and with schizophrenia. We then consider the mechanism that could underlie synaptic changes and update the hypothesis. Genome-wide association studies have identified a number of schizophrenia risk variants converging on pathways regulating synaptic elimination, formation and plasticity, including complement factors and microglial-mediated synaptic pruning. Induced pluripotent stem cell studies have demonstrated that patient-derived neurons show pre- and post-synaptic deficits, synaptic signalling alterations, and elevated, complement-dependent elimination of synaptic structures compared to control-derived lines. Preclinical data show that environmental risk factors linked to schizophrenia, such as stress and immune activation, can lead to synapse loss. Longitudinal MRI studies in patients, including in the prodrome, show divergent trajectories in grey matter volume and cortical thickness compared to controls, and PET imaging shows in vivo evidence for lower synaptic density in patients with schizophrenia. Based on this evidence, we propose version III of the synaptic hypothesis. This is a multi-hit model, whereby genetic and/or environmental risk factors render synapses vulnerable to excessive glia-mediated elimination triggered by stress during later neurodevelopment. We propose the loss of synapses disrupts pyramidal neuron function in the cortex to contribute to negative and cognitive symptoms and disinhibits projections to mesostriatal regions to contribute to dopamine overactivity and psychosis. It accounts for the typical onset of schizophrenia in adolescence/early adulthood, its major risk factors, and symptoms, and identifies potential synaptic, microglial and immune targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver D Howes
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, Medical Research Council, London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Ellis Chika Onwordi
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, Medical Research Council, London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
- Centre for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AB, UK.
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Laukka JJ, Kain KM, Rathnam AS, Sohi J, Khatib D, Kamholz J, Stanley JA. Altered high-energy phosphate and membrane metabolism in Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease using phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac202. [PMID: 36003325 PMCID: PMC9396944 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease is an X-linked recessive leucodystrophy of the central nervous system caused by mutations affecting the major myelin protein, proteolipid protein 1. The extent of the altered in vivo neurochemistry of protein, proteolipid protein 1 duplications, the most common form of Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease, is, however, poorly understood. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy is the only in vivo technique that can assess the biochemistry associated with high-energy phosphate and membrane phospholipid metabolism across different cortical, subcortical and white matter areas. In this cross-sectional study, whole-brain, multi-voxel phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy was acquired at 3 T on 14 patients with Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease with protein, proteolipid protein 1 duplications and 23 healthy controls (all males). Anabolic and catabolic levels of membrane phospholipids (phosphocholine and phosphoethanolamine, and glycerophosphoethanolamine and glycerophosphocholine, respectively), as well as phosphocreatine, inorganic orthophosphate and adenosine triphosphate levels relative to the total phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy signal from 12 different cortical and subcortical areas were compared between the two groups. Independent of brain area, phosphocholine, glycerophosphoethanolamine and inorganic orthophosphate levels were significantly lower (P = 0.0025, P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0002) and phosphocreatine levels were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease patients compared with controls. Additionally, there was a significant group-by-brain area interaction for phosphocreatine with post-hoc analyses demonstrating significantly higher phosphocreatine levels in patients with Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease compared with controls across multiple brain areas (anterior and posterior white matter, superior parietal lobe, posterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, occipital cortex, striatum and thalamus; all P ≤ 0.0042). Phosphoethanolamine, glycerophosphoethanolamine and adenosine triphosphate levels were not significantly different between groups. For the first-time, widespread alterations in phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy metabolite levels of Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease patients are being reported. Specifically, increased high-energy phosphate storage levels of phosphocreatine concomitant with decreased inorganic orthophosphate across multiple areas suggest a widespread reduction in the high-energy phosphate utilization in Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease, and the membrane phospholipid metabolite deficits suggest a widespread degradation in the neuropil content/maintenance of patients with Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease which includes axons, dendrites and astrocytes within cortex and the myelin microstructure and oligodendrocytes within white matter. These results provide greater insight into the neuropathology of Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease both in terms of energy expenditure and membrane phospholipid metabolites. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to investigate the utility of phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy as surrogate biomarkers in monitoring treatment intervention for Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Laukka
- Department of Medical Education, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences , Toledo, OH , USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences , Toledo, OH , USA
| | - Kevin M Kain
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University , Kansas City, MO , USA
| | | | - Jasloveleen Sohi
- Department of Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine , MI , USA
| | - Dalal Khatib
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA
| | - John Kamholz
- Department of Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine , MI , USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine , Iowa City, IA , USA
| | - Jeffrey A Stanley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA
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Altered neurochemistry in the anterior white matter of bipolar children and adolescents: a multivoxel 1H MRS study. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4117-4126. [PMID: 33173193 PMCID: PMC8664279 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00927-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities within frontal lobe gray and white matter of bipolar disorder (BD) patients have been consistently reported in adult and pediatric studies, yet little is known about the neurochemistry of the anterior white matter (AWM) in pediatric BD and how medication status may affect it. The present cross-sectional 3T 1H MRS study is the first to use a multivoxel approach to study the AWM of BD youth. Absolute metabolite levels from four bilateral AWM voxels were collected from 49 subjects between the ages of 8 and 18 (25 healthy controls (HC); 24 BD) and quantified. Our study found BD subjects to have lower levels of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and glycerophosphocholine plus phosphocholine (GPC + PC), metabolites that are markers of neuronal viability and phospholipid metabolism and have also been implicated in adult BD. Further analysis indicated that the observed patterns were mostly driven by BD subjects who were medicated at the time of scanning and had an ADHD diagnosis. Although limited by possible confounding effects of mood state, medication, and other mood comorbidities, these findings serve as evidence of altered neurochemistry in BD youth that is sensitive to medication status and ADHD comorbidity.
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Jabbari-Zadeh F, Cao B, Stanley JA, Liu Y, Wu MJ, Tannous J, Lopez M, Sanches M, Mwangi B, Zunta-Soares GB, Soares JC. Evidence of altered metabolism of cellular membranes in bipolar disorder comorbid with post-traumatic stress disorder. J Affect Disord 2021; 289:81-87. [PMID: 33951550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H MRS) studies, aberrant levels of choline-containing compounds that include glycerophosphocholine plus phosphocholine (GPC+PC), can signify alterations in the metabolism of cellular membrane phospholipids (MPLs) from a healthy baseline. In a recent ¹H MRS study, we reported increased GPC+PC in cortical and subcortical areas of adult patients with bipolar disorder I (BP-I). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can worsen the severity of BP-I, but it is unclear whether the effect of a PTSD comorbidity in BP-I is associated with altered MPL metabolism. The purpose of this study was to re-investigate the ¹H MRS data to determine whether the regional extent of elevated GPC+PC was greater in BP-I patients with PTSD (BP-I/wPTSD) compared to BP-I without comorbid PTSD (BP-I/woPTSD) patients and healthy controls. GPC+PC levels from four brain areas [the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), anterior-dorsal ACC, caudate, and putamen] were measured in 14 BP-I/wPTSD, 36 BP-I/woPTSD, and 44 healthy controls using a multi-voxel 1H MRS approach on a 3 Tesla system with high spatial resolution and absolute quantification. Results show a significant increase in GPC+PC levels from the caudate and putamen of BP-I/wPTSD patients compared to healthy controls (P<0.05) and in the putamen compared to BP-I/woPTSD patients (P<0.05). These findings are consistent with evidence of elevated degradation of MPLs in the neuropil that is more pronounced in BP-I patients with comorbid PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faramarz Jabbari-Zadeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Bo Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey A Stanley
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Mon-Ju Wu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Jonika Tannous
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Mizuki Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Marsal Sanches
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Benson Mwangi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Giovana B Zunta-Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Jair C Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77054, USA
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Henigsberg N, Savić A, Radoš M, Radoš M, Šarac H, Šečić A, Bajs Janović M, Foro T, Ozretić D, Erdeljić Turk V, Hrabač P, Kalember P. Choline elevation in amygdala region at recovery indicates longer survival without depressive episode: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1303-1314. [PMID: 31482202 PMCID: PMC8062352 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Depression, with variable longitudinal patterns, recurs in one third of patients. We lack useful predictors of its course/outcome, and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) of brain metabolites is an underused research modality in finding outcome correlates. OBJECTIVES To determine if brain metabolite levels/changes in the amygdala region observed early in the recovery phase indicate depression recurrence risk in patients receiving maintenance therapy. METHODS Forty-eight patients on stable-dose antidepressant (AD) maintenance therapy were analyzed from recovery onset until (i) recurrence of depression or (ii) start of AD discontinuation. Two 1H-MRS scans (6 months apart) were performed with a focus on amygdala at the beginning of recovery. N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline-containing metabolites (Cho), and Glx (glutamine/glutamate and GABA) were evaluated with regard to time without recurrence, and risks were assessed by Cox proportional hazard modeling. RESULTS Twenty patients had depression recurrence, and 23 patients reached AD discontinuation. General linear model repeated measures analysis displayed three-way interaction of measurement time, metabolite level, and recurrence on maintenance therapy, in a multivariate test, Wilks' lambda = 0.857, F(2,40) = 3.348, p = 0.045. Cho levels at the beginning of recovery and subsequent changes convey the highest risk for earlier recurrence. Patients experiencing higher amygdala Cho after recovery are at a significantly lower risk for depression recurrence (hazard ratio = 0.32; 95% confidence interval 0.13-0.77). CONCLUSION Cho levels/changes in the amygdala early in the recovery phase correlate with clinical outcome. In the absence of major NAA fluctuations, changes in Cho and Glx may suggest a shift towards reduction in (previously increased) glutamatergic neurotransmission. Investigation of a larger sample with greater sampling frequency is needed to confirm the possible predictive role of metabolite changes in the amygdala region early in the recovery phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neven Henigsberg
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Psychiatric Hospital Vrapče, Zagreb, Croatia
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Savić
- University Psychiatric Hospital Vrapče, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Radoš
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Milan Radoš
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Helena Šarac
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Šečić
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Hospital Centre 'Sestre Milosrdnice', Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Bajs Janović
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tamara Foro
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - David Ozretić
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Viktorija Erdeljić Turk
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Pero Hrabač
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- "Andrija Štampar" School of Public Health, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Kalember
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Polyclinic Neuron, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Romeo B, Petillion A, Martelli C, Benyamina A. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in subjects with high risk for psychosis: A meta-analysis and review. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 125:52-65. [PMID: 32203740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Even though anomalies on brain metabolites have been found in schizophrenia, researches about subjects with high risk (HR) show heterogeneous results. Thus, this meta-analysis aims to characterize the metabolic profile of HR subjects, first, compared to controls (HC) and then compared to people with schizophrenia. METHODS After a systematic database search, means and standard deviations were extracted to calculate standardized mean differences (SMD). Cerebral metabolites levels were compared between HR subjects and HC or patients with schizophrenia in all regions of interest investigated in included studies. Meta-regressions were performed to explore the influence of demographic and clinical variables on metabolites level's SMDs. RESULTS Thirty-nine studies were included in this meta-analysis. A higher level of glutamine + glutamate (Glx) was found in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) (p < 0.01) and potentially in the basal ganglia (p = 0,05) as well as a higher level of myo-inositol (mI) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (p = 0.04) in HR subjects compared to HC. A higher level of choline (Cho) was found in people with schizophrenia compared to HR subjects in the DLPFC (p < 0.001) and the medial temporal lobe (p = 0.02). Meta-regression analyses showed negative associations between SMD for Cho concentration, the percentage of females or the age (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The present meta-analysis provides evidence that some brain metabolites concentrations are disrupted before the transition to psychosis and could be considered like a vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Romeo
- APHP, Paul Brousse Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, F-94800, Villejuif, France; Unité Psychiatrie-Comorbidités-Addictions-Unité de Recherche, PSYCOMADD Université Paris Sud - AP-HP, Université Paris Saclay, France.
| | - Amelie Petillion
- APHP, Paul Brousse Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, F-94800, Villejuif, France; Unité Psychiatrie-Comorbidités-Addictions-Unité de Recherche, PSYCOMADD Université Paris Sud - AP-HP, Université Paris Saclay, France
| | - Catherine Martelli
- APHP, Paul Brousse Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, F-94800, Villejuif, France; Unité Psychiatrie-Comorbidités-Addictions-Unité de Recherche, PSYCOMADD Université Paris Sud - AP-HP, Université Paris Saclay, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1000, Research unit, NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Paris Sud University- Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, Digiteo Labs, Bâtiment 660, Gif-sur- Yvette, France
| | - Amine Benyamina
- APHP, Paul Brousse Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, F-94800, Villejuif, France; Unité Psychiatrie-Comorbidités-Addictions-Unité de Recherche, PSYCOMADD Université Paris Sud - AP-HP, Université Paris Saclay, France
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The Eminence of Co-Expressed Ties in Schizophrenia Network Communities. DATA 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/data4040149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring gene networks is crucial for identifying significant biological interactions occurring in a disease condition. These interactions can be acknowledged by modeling the tie structure of networks. Such tie orientations are often detected within embedded community structures. However, most of the prevailing community detection modules are intended to capture information from nodes and its attributes, usually ignoring the ties. In this study, a modularity maximization algorithm is proposed based on nonlinear representation of local tangent space alignment (LTSA). Initially, the tangent coordinates are computed locally to identify k-nearest neighbors across the genes. These local neighbors are further optimized by generating a nonlinear network embedding function for detecting gene communities based on eigenvector decomposition. Experimental results suggest that this algorithm detects gene modules with a better modularity index of 0.9256, compared to other traditional community detection algorithms. Furthermore, co-expressed genes across these communities are identified by discovering the characteristic tie structures. These detected ties are known to have substantial biological influence in the progression of schizophrenia, thereby signifying the influence of tie patterns in biological networks. This technique can be extended logically on other diseases networks for detecting substantial gene “hotspots”.
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Squarcina L, Delvecchio G, Nobile M, Mauri M, Madonna D, Bonivento C, Garzitto M, Piccin S, Molteni M, Tomasino B, Bressi C, Fabbro F, Stanley JA, Brambilla P. The Assertive Brain: Anterior Cingulate Phosphocreatine plus Creatine Levels Correlate With Self-Directedness in Healthy Adolescents. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:763. [PMID: 31827447 PMCID: PMC6849467 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite various advances in the study of the neurobiological underpinnings of personality traits, the specific neural correlates associated with character and temperament traits are not yet fully understood. Therefore, this study aims to fill this gap by exploring the biochemical basis of personality, which is explored with the temperament and character inventory (TCI), during brain development in a sample of adolescents. Twenty-six healthy adolescents (aged between 13 and 21 years; 17 males and 9 females) with behavioral and emotional problems underwent a TCI evaluation and a 3T single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) acquisition of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Absolute metabolite levels were estimated using LCModel: significant correlations between metabolite levels and selective TCI scales were identified. Specifically, phosphocreatine plus creatine (PCr+Cre) significantly correlated with self-directedness, positively, and with a self-transcendence (ST), negatively, while glycerophosphocholine plus phosphocholine (GPC+PC) and myo-inositol negatively correlated with ST. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting associations of brain metabolites with personality traits in adolescents. Therefore, our results represent a step forward for personality neuroscience within the study of biochemical systems and brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Squarcina
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Delvecchio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Nobile
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Maddalena Mauri
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Madonna
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carolina Bonivento
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, San Vito al Tagliamento, Italy
| | - Marco Garzitto
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, San Vito al Tagliamento, Italy
| | - Sara Piccin
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, San Vito al Tagliamento, Italy
| | - Massimo Molteni
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Barbara Tomasino
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, San Vito al Tagliamento, Italy
| | - Cinzia Bressi
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Fabbro
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, San Vito al Tagliamento, Italy
| | - Jeffrey A Stanley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Semiblind Spectral Factorization Approach for Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Quantification. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2018; 65:1717-1724. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2017.2770088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Neuropil contraction in relation to Complement C4 gene copy numbers in independent cohorts of adolescent-onset and young adult-onset schizophrenia patients-a pilot study. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:134. [PMID: 30026462 PMCID: PMC6053402 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0181-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent report suggested Complement 4 (C4A) gene copy numbers (GCN) as risk factors for schizophrenia. Rodent model showed association of C4 with synaptic pruning suggesting its pathophysiological significance (Sekar, A. et al. (2016)). We, therefore, predicted that C4A GCN would be positively correlated with neuropil contraction in the human brain among schizophrenia patients showing more prominent correlations in ventral regions among young adults and dorsal regions among adolescents since neuromaturation progresses dorsoventrally. Whole-brain, multi-voxel, in vivo phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) assessed neuropil changes by estimating levels of membrane phospholipid (MPL) precursors and catabolites. Increased MPL catabolites and/or decreased MPL precursors indexed neuropil contraction. Digital droplet PCR-based assay was used to estimate C4A and C4B GCN. We evaluated two independent cohorts (young adult-onset early-course schizophrenia (YASZ = 15) and adolescent-onset schizophrenia (AOSZ = 12) patients), and controls matched for each group, n = 22 and 15, respectively. Separate forward stepwise linear regression models with Akaike information Criterion were built for MPL catabolites and precursors. YASZ cohort: Consistent with the rodent model (Sekar, A. et al. 2016)), C4A GCN positively correlated with neuropil contraction (increased pruning/decreased formation) in the inferior frontal cortex and inferior parietal lobule. AOSZ cohort: C4A GCN positively correlated with neuropil contraction in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and thalamus. Exploratory analysis of C4B GCN showed positive correlation with neuropil contraction in the cerebellum and superior temporal gyrus among YASZ while AOSZ showed neuropil contraction in the prefrontal and subcortical structures. Thus, C4A and C4B GCN are associated with neuropil contraction in regions often associated with schizophrenia, and may be neuromaturationally dependent.
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Woodcock EA, Arshad M, Khatib D, Stanley JA. Automated Voxel Placement: A Linux-based Suite of Tools for Accurate and Reliable Single Voxel Coregistration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 3:1-8. [PMID: 29911203 PMCID: PMC5998677 DOI: 10.17756/jnpn.2018-020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H
MRS) is a powerful technique for studying in vivo
neurochemistry, but has an often-overlooked source of error variance:
inconsistent voxel placement between scans. We developed and evaluated an
Automated Voxel Placement (AVP) procedure for accurate and reliable
1H MRS voxel prescription. AVP is a suite of Linux-based
programs that facilitate automated template-driven single-voxel
coregistration. Methods Three studies were conducted to evaluate AVP for prescription of one
voxel: left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. First, we evaluated how robust
AVP was to ‘extreme’ subject head positions/angulations
within the scanner head coil. Second, subjects (N = 13) were
recruited and underwent MR scans. Manual voxel prescription (n = 5)
was contrasted with AVP (n = 8). A subset of AVP subjects (n
= 4) completed a second scan. Third, ongoing data collection (n
= 16; recruited for a separate study) helped evaluate AVP. Voxel
placement accuracy was quantified as 3D geometric voxel overlap percentage
between each subject’s voxel and the template voxel. Reliability was
quantified as 3D geometric voxel overlap percentage across subjects at each
time point and within subjects who completed two scans. Results Results demonstrated that AVP was robust to ‘extreme’
head positions (97.5% - 97.9% overlap with the template
voxel). AVP was significantly more accurate (baseline and follow-up:
96.2% ± 3.0% and 97.6% ±
1.4% overlap) than manual voxel placement (67.7% ±
22.8% overlap; ps<.05). AVP was reliable
within- (97.9%) and between-subjects (94.2% and
97.2% overlap; baseline and follow-up; respectively). Finally,
ongoing data collection indicates AVP is accurate (96.0%). Conclusion These pilot studies demonstrated that AVP was feasible, accurate, and
reliable method for automated single voxel coregistration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Woodcock
- Brain Imaging Research Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Muzamil Arshad
- Brain Imaging Research Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Dalal Khatib
- Brain Imaging Research Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Stanley
- Brain Imaging Research Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Abstract
BackgroundNeurobiological studies of the early course of psychoses, such as schizophrenia, allow investigation of pathophysiology without the confounds of illness chronicity and treatment.AimsTo review the recent literature on the biology of the early course of psychoses.MethodWe carried out a critical appraisal of the recent findings in the neurobiology of early psychoses, using structural, functional and neurochemical imaging techniques.ResultsBrain structural alterations are present early in the illness and may predate symptom onset. Some changes, notably those in frontal and temporal lobes, can progress during the early phases of the illness. Functional and neurochemical brain abnormalities can also be seen in the premorbid and the early phases of the illness. Some, although not all, changes can be trait-like whereas some others might progress during the early years.ConclusionsA better understanding of such changes, especially during the critical periods of the prodrome, around the transition to the psychotic phase and during the early phases of the illness is crucial for continued research into preventive intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matcheri S Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, UCH 9B, 4201 St Antoine Boulevard, Detroit, MI, USA.
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13
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Elevated Choline-Containing Compound Levels in Rapid Cycling Bipolar Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:2252-2258. [PMID: 28220797 PMCID: PMC5603812 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have found increased levels of choline-containing compounds (ie, glycerophosphocholine plus phosphocholine (GPC+PC)) in bipolar disorder using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS), especially in bipolar I disorder (BD-I). Increased levels of GPC+PC suggest alterations in the membrane phospholipids metabolism in bipolar disorder. Rapid cycling (RC) bipolar disorder is considered as a severe course of bipolar disorder, but it is unclear whether rapid cycling bipolar disorder is linked to highly altered membrane phospholipid metabolism. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the regional extent of elevated GPC+PC were greater in BD-I patients with rapid cycling compared to BD-I patients without rapid cycling and healthy controls. Using a multi-voxel 1H MRS approach at 3 Tesla with high spatial resolution and absolute quantification, GPC+PC levels from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), caudate and putamen of 16 RC BD-I, 34 non-RC BD-I and 44 healthy controls were assessed. We found significantly elevated GPC+PC levels in ACC, putamen and caudate of RC BD-I patients compared to healthy controls (P<0.005) and in ACC compared to non-RC BD-I patients (P<0.05). These results suggest greater alteration of membrane phospholipid metabolisms in rapid cycling BD-I compared to non-rapid-cycling BD-I.
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14
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Henigsberg N, Šarac H, Radoš M, Radoš M, Ozretić D, Foro T, Erdeljić Turk V, Hrabač P, Bajs Janović M, Rak B, Kalember P. Lower Choline-Containing Metabolites/Creatine (Cr) Rise and Failure to Sustain NAA/Cr Levels in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Are Associated with Depressive Episode Recurrence under Maintenance Therapy: A Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:277. [PMID: 29321747 PMCID: PMC5733547 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between changes in proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) parameters at the start of the index episode recovery phase and at recurrence in patients with recurrent depression who were treated with prolonged maintenance therapy. METHODS 1H-MRS parameters were analyzed in 48 patients with recurrent depression who required maintenance therapy with antidepressant medication prescribed by a psychiatrist and who continued with the same antidepressant during the maintenance phase, either to recurrence of depression, completion of the 10-year observation period, or the start of the withdrawal phase (tapering-off antidepressant). N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline-containing metabolites (Cho), creatine (Cr), and glutamine/glutamate were measured at the start of the recovery phase and 6 months later. RESULTS Recurrent depressive episodes occurred in 20 patients. These individuals had a smaller increase in Cho/Cr after the beginning of the recovery phase compared to the non-recurrent patient group and also exhibited a decreased NAA/Cr ratio. CONCLUSION Sustainable NAA and increased Cho levels at the onset of the recovery phase of the index episode are early markers of antidepressant effectiveness associated with a lower risk of major depressive disorder recurrence. The NAA and Cho changes in the non-recurrent group may be attributable to increased brain resilience, contrary to the transient temporal effect observed in subjects who experienced a depressive episode.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena Šarac
- University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Radoš
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Milan Radoš
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - David Ozretić
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tamara Foro
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Pero Hrabač
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Benedict Rak
- University Hospital "Sveti Duh", Zagreb, Croatia
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15
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Cao B, Stanley JA, Selvaraj S, Mwangi B, Passos IC, Zunta-Soares GB, Soares JC. Evidence of altered membrane phospholipid metabolism in the anterior cingulate cortex and striatum of patients with bipolar disorder I: A multi-voxel (1)H MRS study. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 81:48-55. [PMID: 27376506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) studies have reported elevated glycerophosphocholine plus phosphocholine (GPC+PC) in the basal ganglia of patients with bipolar disorders (BD), which implicates an imbalance between synthesis and degradation activity of neuronal and glia membrane phospholipids (MPLs). However, the full extent of altered metabolites of MPLs in subareas within the basal ganglia, such as caudate and putamen, as well as anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of BD patients is poorly understood. METHODS Multi-voxel (1)H MRS measurements were acquired in 50 type-one BD (BD-I) and 44 healthy controls (HC) on a 3-T MRI scanner. Four different anatomically defined voxels covering ACC, caudate and putamen were systematically extracted and quantified using LCModel. Group differences in absolute GPC+PC and other metabolites were tested with age and gender as covariates. RESULTS BD-I patients had higher GPC+PC levels in the anterior-dorsal ACC (p = 0.037), caudate (p = 0.005) and putamen (p = 0.004) compared to HC. GPC+PC levels in the caudate were elevated most significantly in currently unmediated BD-I patients (p = 0.022) and were positively correlated with HAM-D scores (r = 0.51, p = 0.005). PCr+Cr and myo-inositol levels were also significantly higher in the caudate head (F(1,45) = 6.010, p = 0.018) of patients compared to HC. NAA and glutamate levels were not significantly different between BD-I and HC in these regions (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The increased GPC+PC in BD-I patients may reflect an imbalance in the MPL metabolism. Caudate GPC+PC levels may be a potential biomarker for depressive symptoms in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cao
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Jeffrey A Stanley
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Sudhakar Selvaraj
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Benson Mwangi
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Ives Cavalcante Passos
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Giovana B Zunta-Soares
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Jair C Soares
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77054, USA
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16
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Schneider BL, Ghoddoussi F, Charlton JL, Kohler RJ, Galloway MP, Perrine SA, Conti AC. Increased Cortical Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Precedes Incomplete Extinction of Conditioned Fear and Increased Hippocampal Excitatory Tone in a Mouse Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:1614-24. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brandy L. Schneider
- Research and Development Service, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Farhad Ghoddoussi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
- Magnetic Resonance Core (MRC), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jennifer L. Charlton
- Research and Development Service, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Robert J. Kohler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Matthew P. Galloway
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Shane A. Perrine
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Alana C. Conti
- Research and Development Service, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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17
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Pasternak O, Kubicki M, Shenton ME. In vivo imaging of neuroinflammation in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2016; 173:200-212. [PMID: 26048294 PMCID: PMC4668243 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years evidence has accumulated to suggest that neuroinflammation might be an early pathology of schizophrenia that later leads to neurodegeneration, yet the exact role in the etiology, as well as the source of neuroinflammation, are still not known. The hypothesis of neuroinflammation involvement in schizophrenia is quickly gaining popularity, and thus it is imperative that we have reliable and reproducible tools and measures that are both sensitive, and, most importantly, specific to neuroinflammation. The development and use of appropriate human in vivo imaging methods can help in our understanding of the location and extent of neuroinflammation in different stages of the disorder, its natural time-course, and its relation to neurodegeneration. Thus far, there is little in vivo evidence derived from neuroimaging methods. This is likely the case because the methods that are specific and sensitive to neuroinflammation are relatively new or only just being developed. This paper provides a methodological review of both existing and emerging positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging techniques that identify and characterize neuroinflammation. We describe \how these methods have been used in schizophrenia research. We also outline the shortcomings of existing methods, and we highlight promising future techniques that will likely improve state-of-the-art neuroimaging as a more refined approach for investigating neuroinflammation in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Pasternak
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Applied Mathematics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Marek Kubicki
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Martha E Shenton
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton, MA, USA
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18
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Hardan AY, Fung LK, Frazier T, Berquist SW, Minshew NJ, Keshavan MS, Stanley JA. A proton spectroscopy study of white matter in children with autism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 66:48-53. [PMID: 26593330 PMCID: PMC4728039 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
White matter abnormalities have been described in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with mounting evidence implicating these alterations in the pathophysiology of the aberrant connectivity reported in this disorder. The goal of this investigation is to further examine white matter structure in ASD using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS). Multi-voxel, short echo-time in vivo(1)H MRS data were collected from 17 male children with ASD and 17 healthy age- and gender-matched controls. Key (1)H MRS metabolite ratios relative to phosphocreatine plus creatine were obtained from four different right and left white matter regions. Significantly lower N-acetylaspartate/creatine ratios were found in the anterior white matter regions of the ASD group when compared to controls. These findings reflect impairment in neuroaxonal white matter tissue and shed light on the neurobiologic underpinnings of white matter abnormalities in ASD by implicating an alteration in myelin and/or axonal development in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Y. Hardan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
,Corresponding Author: 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305, Phone: 1-650-724-8919, Fax: 1-650-724-7389,
| | - Lawrence K. Fung
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Frazier
- Center for Autism and Center for Pediatric Behavioral Health, Pediatric Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sean W. Berquist
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nancy J. Minshew
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matcheri S. Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel and Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Stanley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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19
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Ratai EM, Gilberto González R. Clinical magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the central nervous system. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2016; 135:93-116. [PMID: 27432661 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53485-9.00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) is a noninvasive imaging technique that can easily be added to the conventional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging sequences. Using MRS one can directly compare spectra from pathologic or abnormal tissue and normal tissue. Metabolic changes arising from pathology that can be visualized by MRS may not be apparent from anatomy that can be visualized by conventional MR imaging. In addition, metabolic changes may precede anatomic changes. Thus, MRS is used for diagnostics, to observe disease progression, monitor therapeutic treatments, and to understand the pathogenesis of diseases. MRS may have an important impact on patient management. The purpose of this chapter is to provide practical guidance in the clinical application of MRS of the brain. This chapter provides an overview of MRS-detectable metabolites and their significance. In addition some specific current clinical applications of MRS will be discussed, including brain tumors, inborn errors of metabolism, leukodystrophies, ischemia, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases. The chapter concludes with technical considerations and challenges of clinical MRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Ratai
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - R Gilberto González
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Yuksel C, Tegin C, O'Connor L, Du F, Ahat E, Cohen BM, Ongur D. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 68:157-66. [PMID: 26228415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P MRS) allows in vivo quantification of phosphorus metabolites that are considered to be related to membrane turnover and energy metabolism. In schizophrenia (SZ), (31)P MRS studies found several abnormalities in different brain regions suggesting that alterations in these pathways may be contributing to the pathophysiology. In this paper, we systematically reviewed the (31)P MRS studies in SZ published to date by taking patient characteristics, medication status and brain regions into account. Publications written in English were searched on http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/, by using the keywords 'phosphomonoester', 'phosphodiester', 'ATP', 'phosphocreatine', 'phosphocholine', 'phosphoethanolamine','glycerophosphocholine', 'glycerophosphoethanolamine', 'pH', 'schizophrenia', and 'MRS'. Studies that measured (31)P metabolites in SZ patients were included. This search identified 52 studies. Reduced PME and elevated PDE reported in earlier studies were not replicated in several subsequent studies. One relatively consistent pattern was a decrease in PDE in chronic patients in the subcortical structures. There were no consistent patterns for the comparison of energy related phosphorus metabolites between patients and controls. Also, no consistent pattern emerged in studies seeking relationship between (31)P metabolites and antipsychotic use and other clinical variables. Despite emerging patterns, methodological heterogeneities and shortcomings in this literature likely obscure consistent patterns among studies. We conclude with recommendations to improve study designs and (31)P MRS methods in future studies. We also stress the significance of probing into the dynamic changes in energy metabolism, as this approach reveals abnormalities that are not visible to steady-state measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagri Yuksel
- McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Cuneyt Tegin
- University of Louisville, Department of Psychiatry, 323 E. Chestnut Street, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | | | - Fei Du
- McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ezgi Ahat
- Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine. Kocamustafapaşa Cad. No:53, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Bruce M Cohen
- McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Dost Ongur
- McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, USA.
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21
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Greenwald MK, Woodcock EA, Khatib D, Stanley JA. Methadone maintenance dose modulates anterior cingulate glutamate levels in heroin-dependent individuals: A preliminary in vivo (1)H MRS study. Psychiatry Res 2015; 233:218-24. [PMID: 26188663 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mu-opioid receptor agonists alter brain glutamate (GLU) levels in laboratory animals. This clinical study used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) to examine regional brain GLU levels during experimental manipulation of methadone (MTD) maintenance dose under double-blind, within-subject conditions in seven heroin-dependent volunteers. Subjects were scanned first at a high MTD dose (100 mg/day), underwent a 3-week outpatient MTD dose taper, and then were scanned again at a low MTD dose (10-25 mg/day; modified for participant comfort). Five age- and cigarette smoking-matched controls were scanned once. In vivo short echo time (TE = 22 ms), single voxel (1)H MRS data from midline pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and thalamus (4.5 cm(3) each) were collected using PRESS on a 4-Tesla MRI system. Absolute metabolite levels were quantified. GLU levels in the ACC, but not the thalamus, were higher at the low relative to the high MTD dose in heroin-dependent subjects. No other metabolites differed by MTD dose, or between control vs. heroin-dependent subjects (at either MTD dose). GLU levels in the ACC were inversely related to the duration of cigarette smoking (controls) and heroin use (experimental group). Future studies are warranted to investigate the relationship between GLU levels during treatment (and detoxification), and withdrawal symptoms or relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K Greenwald
- Substance Abuse Research Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Tolan Park Medical Building, 3901 Chrysler Drive, Suite 2A, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Eric A Woodcock
- Substance Abuse Research Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Tolan Park Medical Building, 3901 Chrysler Drive, Suite 2A, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Brain Imaging Research Division, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Dalal Khatib
- Brain Imaging Research Division, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Stanley
- Brain Imaging Research Division, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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22
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Stanley JA. The impact of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in elucidating the role of apolipoprotein E ε4 in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:672-3. [PMID: 24731694 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Stanley
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.
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23
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Weber AM, Soreni N, Stanley JA, Greco A, Mendlowitz S, Szatmari P, Schachar R, Mannasis K, Pires P, Swinson R, Noseworthy MD. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of prefrontal white matter in psychotropic naïve children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2014; 222:67-74. [PMID: 24602517 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has a typical onset during childhood or adolescence. Although recent in-vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) studies report gray matter metabolite abnormalities in children and adolescents with OCD, there are no existing (1)H-MRS studies that measure white matter (WM) metabolite levels in this population. In the present study, we measured metabolite levels in the left and right prefrontal WM (LPFWM and RPFWM, respectively) of psychotropic-naïve children and adolescents with OCD (LPFWM: N=15, mean age 13.3±2.4 years; right RPFWM: N=14, mean age 13.0±2.3 years) and healthy controls (LPFWM: N=17, mean age 11.8±2.7 years; RPFWM: N=18, mean age 12.2±2.8 years). Spectra were acquired using a 3T single voxel PRESS sequence (1.5×2.0×2.0cm(3)). When age and sex effects were controlled, OCD patients had higher levels of RPFWM choline and N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA). In addition, RPFWM levels of NAA, creatine and myo-inositol were positively and significantly correlated with severity of OCD symptoms. In summary, this is the first published study of WM metabolite levels in children and adolescents with OCD. Our preliminary findings lend further support to the previous findings of WM abnormalities in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noam Soreni
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, McMaster Children׳s Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Anxiety Treatment and Research Center, St. Joseph׳s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey A Stanley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Alessia Greco
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, McMaster Children׳s Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sandra Mendlowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Szatmari
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, McMaster Children׳s Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Russell Schachar
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katharina Mannasis
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paulo Pires
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, McMaster Children׳s Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Richard Swinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, McMaster Children׳s Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Anxiety Treatment and Research Center, St. Joseph׳s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michael D Noseworthy
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Electrical & Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Medical Physics & Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Diagnostic Imaging, St. Joseph׳s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Radiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Thermenos HW, Keshavan MS, Juelich RJ, Molokotos E, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Brent BK, Makris N, Seidman LJ. A review of neuroimaging studies of young relatives of individuals with schizophrenia: a developmental perspective from schizotaxia to schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:604-35. [PMID: 24132894 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to identify the developing abnormalities preceding psychosis, Dr. Ming T. Tsuang and colleagues at Harvard expanded Meehl's concept of "schizotaxia," and examined brain structure and function in families affected by schizophrenia (SZ). Here, we systematically review genetic (familial) high-risk (HR) studies of SZ using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), examine how findings inform models of SZ etiology, and suggest directions for future research. Neuroimaging studies of youth at HR for SZ through the age of 30 were identified through a MEDLINE (PubMed) search. There is substantial evidence of gray matter volume abnormalities in youth at HR compared to controls, with an accelerated volume reduction over time in association with symptoms and cognitive deficits. In structural neuroimaging studies, prefrontal cortex (PFC) alterations were the most consistently reported finding in HR. There was also consistent evidence of smaller hippocampal volume. In functional studies, hyperactivity of the right PFC during performance of diverse tasks with common executive demands was consistently reported. The only longitudinal fMRI study to date revealed increasing left middle temporal activity in association with the emergence of psychotic symptoms. There was preliminary evidence of cerebellar and default mode network alterations in association with symptoms. Brain abnormalities in structure, function and neurochemistry are observed in the premorbid period in youth at HR for SZ. Future research should focus on the genetic and environmental contributions to these alterations, determine how early they emerge, and determine whether they can be partially or fully remediated by innovative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Thermenos
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Division of Public Psychiatry, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Schwerk A, Alves FDS, Pouwels PJW, van Amelsvoort T. Metabolic alterations associated with schizophrenia: a critical evaluation of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies. J Neurochem 2013; 128:1-87. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schwerk
- Department of Neurology; Charité - University Medicine; Berlin Germany
| | - Fabiana D. S. Alves
- Department of Psychiatry; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Petra J. W. Pouwels
- Department of Physics& Medical Technology; VU University Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
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Sajja VSSS, Galloway MP, Ghoddoussi F, Thiruthalinathan D, Kepsel A, Hay K, Bir CA, VandeVord PJ. Blast-induced neurotrauma leads to neurochemical changes and neuronal degeneration in the rat hippocampus. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2012; 25:1331-1339. [PMID: 22549883 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Blast-induced neurotrauma is a major concern because of the complex expression of neuropsychiatric disorders after exposure. Disruptions in neuronal function, proximal in time to blast exposure, may eventually contribute to the late emergence of clinical deficits. Using magic angle spinning ¹H MRS and a rodent model of blast-induced neurotrauma, we found acute (24-48 h) decreases in succinate, glutathione, glutamate, phosphorylethanolamine and γ-aminobutyric acid, no change in N-acetylaspartate and increased glycerophosphorylcholine, alterations consistent with mitochondrial distress, altered neurochemical transmission and increased membrane turnover. Increased levels of the apoptotic markers Bax and caspase-3 suggested active cell death, consistent with increased FluoroJade B staining in the hippocampus. Elevated levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein suggested ongoing inflammation without diffuse axonal injury measured by no change in β-amyloid precursor protein. In conclusion, blast-induced neurotrauma induces a metabolic cascade associated with neuronal loss in the hippocampus in the acute period following exposure.
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Smesny S, Langbein K, Rzanny R, Gussew A, Burmeister HP, Reichenbach JR, Sauer H. Antipsychotic drug effects on left prefrontal phospholipid metabolism: a follow-up 31P-2D-CSI study of haloperidol and risperidone in acutely ill chronic schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res 2012; 138:164-70. [PMID: 22516552 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION ³¹Phosphorous magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D chemical shift imaging, CSI) allows multiregional study of membrane phospholipids and high-energy phosphates in vivo. Increased membrane lipid turnover and impaired energy supply have repeatedly been shown in first-episode schizophrenia patients, and might be a target of drug actions other than dopamine receptors. Here, we explored differential metabolic effects of a typical vs. an atypical antipsychotic on brain phospholipids. METHODS We applied 2D-CSI MR spectroscopy in 17 recurrent-episode schizophrenia patients off antipsychotics at baseline and at follow-up after 6 weeks, during which 7 patients were treated with haloperidol (10-16 mg/d) and 10 with risperidone (4-6 mg/d). Psychopathology changes were assessed using PANSS, BPRS and CGI scores. RESULTS Follow-up analysis using repeated measure ANOVA revealed different effects of both antipsychotic agents: while risperidone generally increased metabolite levels, haloperidol showed a tendency to decrease them. This diverging effect was significant for ATP levels in the left lateral frontal cortex. Furthermore, risperidone increased ATP in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left anterior temporal cortex and left insular cortex, basal ganglia, and anterior cerebellum, along with left frontal and prefrontal increase of PCr, PDE and PME in these brain regions. CONCLUSION Risperidone seems to stimulate neuronal and synaptic phospholipid remodeling in left frontal and prefrontal regions, and to a lesser extent also in temporal and insular cortices. We discuss these effects with respect to clinical effects on negative and cognitive symptoms, as well as interaction of phospholipid metabolism with glutamatergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Smesny
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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O'Donoghue FJ, Wellard RM, Rochford PD, Dawson A, Barnes M, Ruehland WR, Jackson ML, Howard ME, Pierce RJ, Jackson GD. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and neurocognitive dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea before and after CPAP treatment. Sleep 2012; 35:41-8. [PMID: 22215917 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.1582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To determine whether cerebral metabolite changes may underlie abnormalities of neurocognitive function and respiratory control in OSA. DESIGN Observational, before and after CPAP treatment. SETTING Two tertiary hospital research institutes. PARTICIPANTS 30 untreated severe OSA patients, and 25 age-matched healthy controls, all males free of comorbidities, and all having had detailed structural brain analysis using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Single voxel bilateral hippocampal and brainstem, and multivoxel frontal metabolite concentrations were measured using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in a high resolution (3T) scanner. Subjects also completed a battery of neurocognitive tests. Patients had repeat testing after 6 months of CPAP. There were significant differences at baseline in frontal N-acetylaspartate/choline (NAA/Cho) ratios (patients [mean (SD)] 4.56 [0.41], controls 4.92 [0.44], P = 0.001), and in hippocampal choline/creatine (Cho/Cr) ratios (0.38 [0.04] vs 0.41 [0.04], P = 0.006), (both ANCOVA, with age and premorbid IQ as covariates). No longitudinal changes were seen with treatment (n = 27, paired t tests), however the hippocampal differences were no longer significant at 6 months, and frontal NAA/Cr ratios were now also significantly different (patients 1.55 [0.13] vs control 1.65 [0.18] P = 0.01). No significant correlations were found between spectroscopy results and neurocognitive test results, but significant negative correlations were seen between arousal index and frontal NAA/Cho (r = -0.39, corrected P = 0.033) and between % total sleep time at SpO(2) < 90% and hippocampal Cho/Cr (r = -0.40, corrected P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS OSA patients have brain metabolite changes detected by MRS, suggestive of decreased frontal lobe neuronal viability and integrity, and decreased hippocampal membrane turnover. These regions have previously been shown to have no gross structural lesions using VBM. Little change was seen with treatment with CPAP for 6 months. No correlation of metabolite concentrations was seen with results on neurocognitive tests, but there were significant negative correlations with OSA severity as measured by severity of nocturnal hypoxemia.
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Lee DW, Kim SY, Lee T, Nam YK, Ju A, Woo DC, You SJ, Han JS, Lee SH, Choi CB, Kim SS, Shin HC, Kim HY, Kim DJ, Rhim HS, Choe BY. Ex vivo detection for chronic ethanol consumption-induced neurochemical changes in rats. Brain Res 2011; 1429:134-44. [PMID: 22079322 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantitatively investigate the chronic ethanol-induced cerebral metabolic changes in various regions of the rat brain, using the proton high resolution magic angle spinning spectroscopy technique. The rats were divided into two groups (control group: N=11, ethanol-treated group: N=11) and fed with the liquid diets for 10 weeks. In each week, the mean intake volumes of liquid diet were measured. The brain tissues, including cerebellum (Cere), frontal cortex (FC), hippocampus (Hip), occipital cortex (OC) and thalamus (Thal), were harvested immediately after the end of experiments. The ex vivo proton spectra for the five brain regions were acquired with the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) pulse sequence at 500-MHz NMR spectrometer. All of the spectra were processed using the LCModel software, with simulated basis-set file, and the metabolite levels were referenced to total creatine. In the ethanol liquid diet group, there were significant increases in the metabolites ratio levels, as compared to control (Cere: alanine, glutathione, and N-acetlyaspartate; FC: phosphocholine and taurine; Hip: alanine, glutamine, and N-acetylaspartate; OC: glutamine; Thal: alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, glycerophosphocholine, phosphocholine, taurine, and free choline). However, in the ethanol liquid diet group, the myo-inositol levels of the OC were significantly lower. The present study demonstrates how chronic ethanol consumption affects cerebral metabolites in the chronic ethanol-treated rat. Therefore, this result could be useful to pursue clinical applications for quantitative diagnosis in human alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Wan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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Caetano SC, Olvera RL, Hatch JP, Sanches M, Chen HH, Nicoletti M, Stanley JA, Fonseca M, Hunter K, Lafer B, Pliszka SR, Soares JC. Lower N-acetyl-aspartate levels in prefrontal cortices in pediatric bipolar disorder: a ¹H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011; 50:85-94. [PMID: 21156273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The few studies applying single-voxel ¹H spectroscopy in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder (BD) have reported low N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) levels in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and high myo-inositol / phosphocreatine plus creatine (PCr+Cr) ratios in the anterior cingulate. The aim of this study was to evaluate NAA, glycerophosphocholine plus phosphocholine (GPC+PC) and PCr+Cr in various frontal cortical areas in children and adolescents with BD. We hypothesized that NAA levels within the prefrontal cortex are lower in BD patients than in healthy controls, indicating neurodevelopmental alterations in the former. METHOD We studied 43 pediatric patients with DSM-IV BD (19 female, mean age 13.2 ± 2.9 years) and 38 healthy controls (19 female, mean age 13.9 ± 2.7 years). We conducted multivoxel in vivo ¹H spectroscopy measurements at 1.5 Tesla using a long echo time of 272 ms to obtain bilateral metabolite levels from the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), DLPFC (white and gray matter), cingulate (anterior and posterior), and occipital lobes. We used the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test to compare neurochemical levels between groups. RESULTS In pediatric BD patients, NAA and GPC+PC levels in the bilateral MPFC, and PCr+Cr levels in the left MPFC were lower than those seen in the controls. In the left DLPFC white matter, levels of NAA and PCr+Cr were also lower in BD patients than in controls. CONCLUSIONS Lower NAA and PCr+Cr levels in the PFC of children and adolescents with BD may be indicative of abnormal dendritic arborization and neuropil, suggesting neurodevelopmental abnormalities.
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Yildiz A, Gökmen N, Kücükgüclü S, Yurt A, Olson D, Rouse ED, Moore C, Dicle O, Renshaw PF. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic examination of benzodiazepine action in humans. Psychiatry Res 2010; 184:162-70. [PMID: 21036017 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In an examination of the effect of benzodiazepines on brain chemistry, 44 healthy controls underwent a short echo-time proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) session after induced sedation with intravenous midazolam (0.03mg/kg) plus fentanyl (2μg/kg). The regions of interest were the anterior cingulate cortex, right basal ganglia, right frontal lobe, and right hippocampus. Twenty-five of these subjects underwent the second (1)H MRS session while awake. The measured (1)H MRS metabolites included N-acetyl-aspartate, creatine-containing compounds (PCr+Cr), choline-containing compounds, myo-inositol, and glutamate plus glutamine, which were quantified both as absolute values and metabolite/PCr+Cr ratios. The results were analyzed using independent group t tests and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA, with alpha values set at 0.025 to minimize the risk of false-positive findings arising from multiple comparisons. No significant difference between subjects under midazolam plus fentanyl induced sedation and awake could be detected with unpaired analyses. Paired comparisons by ANOVA with repeated measures found that neither drug (midazolam plus fentanyl) nor the drug by time (interval between two scan times) interaction had a significant effect on the quantified metabolites. These findings encourage utilization of benzodiazepine-induced brief sedation during in vivo (1)H MRS experiments of the brain, and may help with elucidation of state-dependent neurochemical alterations during the course of bipolar and schizoaffective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşegül Yildiz
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University, Mithatpasa Cad. No. 479, Narlidere, Izmir, Turkey.
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Olvera RL, Caetano SC, Stanley JA, Chen HH, Nicoletti M, Hatch JP, Fonseca M, Pliszka SR, Soares JC. Reduced medial prefrontal N-acetyl-aspartate levels in pediatric major depressive disorder: a multi-voxel in vivo(1)H spectroscopy study. Psychiatry Res 2010; 184:71-6. [PMID: 20864319 PMCID: PMC2963721 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of a reciprocal fronto-limbic network in the pathogenesis of mood disorders. Prior in vivo proton ((1)H) spectroscopy studies provide evidence of abnormal neurochemical levels in the cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of adult subjects with major depressive disorder (MDD). We examined whether similar abnormalities occur in children and adolescents with MDD. We collected two-dimensional multi-voxel in vivo (1)H spectroscopy data at 1.5 Tesla to quantify levels of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), glycerolphosphocholine plus phosphocholine (GPC+PC), and phosphocreatine plus creatine (PCr+Cr) in the DLPFC, medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), and anterior cingulate (AC) of children and adolescents aged 8-17 years with MDD (n=16) compared with healthy control subjects (n=38). Analysis of covariance with age and gender as covariates was performed. MDD subjects showed significantly lower levels of NAA in the right MPFC and right AC than controls. MDD subjects also had significantly lower levels of GPC+PC in the right AC than control subjects. There were no significant differences in other metabolites in the studied regions. Pediatric patients with MDD exhibit neurochemical alterations in prefrontal cortex regions that are important in the monitoring and regulation of emotional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Luis Olvera
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Sheila C. Caetano
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey A. Stanley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Hua-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Radiology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mark Nicoletti
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John P. Hatch
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA, Department of Orthodontics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Manoela Fonseca
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA, Psychiatry Research Unit, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Medicine, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Steven R. Pliszka
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jair C. Soares
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Maccabelli G, Pichiecchio A, Guala A, Ponzio M, Palesi F, Maranzana RT D, Poloni GU, Bastianello S, Danesino C. Advanced magnetic resonance imaging in benign hereditary chorea: Study of two familial cases. Mov Disord 2010; 25:2670-4. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.23281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Guo Y, Ruan S, Landré J, Constans JM. A sparse representation method for magnetic resonance spectroscopy quantification. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2010; 57:1620-7. [PMID: 20483699 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2010.2045123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a sparse representation method is proposed for magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) quantification. An observed MR spectrum is composed of a set of metabolic spectra of interest, a baseline and a noise. To separate the spectra of interest, the a priori knowledge about these spectra, such as signal models, the peak frequencies, and linewidth ranges of different resonances, is first integrated to construct a dictionary. The separation of the spectra of interest is then performed by using a pursuit algorithm to find their sparse representations with respect to the dictionary. For the challenging baseline problem, a wavelet filter is proposed to filter the smooth and broad components of both the observed spectra and the basis functions in the dictionary. The computation of sparse representation can then be carried out by using the remaining data. Simulation results show the good performance of this wavelet filtering-based strategy in separating the overlapping components between the baselines and the spectra of interest, when no appropriate model function for the baseline is available. Quantifications of in vivo brain MR spectra from tumor patients in different stages of progression demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guo
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Troyes 10000, France.
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Bipolar disorder comorbid with alcoholism: a 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:278-85. [PMID: 19818454 PMCID: PMC2836426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 09/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholism is highly prevalent among bipolar disorder (BD) patients, and its presence is associated with a worse outcome and refractoriness to treatment of the mood disorder. The neurobiological underpinnings that characterize this comorbidity are unknown. We sought to investigate the neurochemical profile of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of BD patients with comorbid alcoholism. A short-TE, single-voxel (1)H spectroscopy acquisition at 1.5T from the left DLFPC of 22 alcoholic BD patients, 26 non-alcoholic BD patients and 54 healthy comparison subjects (HC) were obtained. Absolute levels of N-acetyl aspartate, phosphocreatine plus creatine, choline-containing compounds, myo-inositol, glutamate plus glutamine (Glu+Gln) and glutamate were obtained using the water signal as an internal reference. Analysis of co-variance was used to compare metabolite levels among the three groups. In the primary comparison, non-alcoholic BD patients had higher glutamate concentrations compared to alcoholic BD patients. In secondary comparisons integrating interactions between gender and alcoholism, non-alcoholic BD patients presented significantly higher glutamate plus glutamine (Glu+Gln) than alcoholic BD patients and HC. These results appeared to be driven by differences in male subjects. Alcoholic BD patients with additional drug use disorders presented significantly lower myo-inositol than BD patients with alcoholism alone. The co-occurrence of BD and alcoholism may be characterized by neurochemical abnormalities related to the glutamatergic system and to the inositol second messenger system and/or in glial pathology. These abnormalities may be the neurochemical correlate of an increased risk to develop alcoholism in BD, or of a persistently worse clinical and functional status in BD patients in remission from alcoholism, supporting the clinical recommendation that efforts should be made to prevent or early diagnose and treat alcoholism in BD patients.
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Sinha S, Taly AB, Ravishankar S, Prashanth LK, Vasudev MK. Wilson's disease: (31)P and (1)H MR spectroscopy and clinical correlation. Neuroradiology 2010; 52:977-85. [PMID: 20174787 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-010-0661-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proton ((1)H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) changes are noted in Wilson's disease (WD). However, there are no studies regarding membrane phospholipid abnormality using (31)P MRS in these patients. We aimed to analyze the striatal spectroscopic abnormalities using (31)P and (1)H MRS in WD. METHODS Forty patients of WD (treated, 29; untreated,11) and 30 controls underwent routine MR image sequences and in vivo 2-D (31)P and (1)H MRS of basal ganglia using an image-selected technique on a 1.5-T MRI scanner. Statistical analysis was done using Student's t test. RESULTS The mean durations of illness and treatment were 6.2 ± 7.4 and 4.8 ± 5.9 years, respectively. MRI images were abnormal in all the patients. (1)H MRS revealed statistically significant reduction of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA)/choline (Cho) and NAA/creatine ratios in striatum ((1)H MRS) of treated patients compared to controls. The mean values of phosphomonoesters (PME) (p < 0.0001), phosphodiesters (PDE) (p < 0.0001), and total phosphorus (TPh) (p < 0.0001) were elevated in patients compared to controls. Statistically significant elevated levels of ratio of PME/PDE (p = 0.05) observed in the striatum were noted in treated patients as compared to controls in the (31)P MRS study. The duration of illness correlated well with increased PME/PDE [p < 0.001], PME/TPh [p < 0.05], and PDE/TPh [p < 0.05] and decreased NAA/Cho [p < 0.05] ratios. There was correlation of MRI score and reduced NAA/Cho ratio with disease severity. The PME/PDE ratio (right) was elevated in the treated group [p < 0.001] compared to untreated group. CONCLUSIONS There is reduced breakdown and/or increased synthesis of membrane phospholipids and increased neuronal damage in basal ganglia in patients with WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Sinha
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, India.
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Nery FG, Stanley JA, Chen HH, Hatch JP, Nicoletti MA, Monkul ES, Matsuo K, Caetano SC, Peluso MA, Najt P, Soares JC. Normal metabolite levels in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of unmedicated major depressive disorder patients: a single voxel (1)H spectroscopy study. Psychiatry Res 2009; 174:177-83. [PMID: 19910168 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Few proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H spectroscopy) studies have investigated the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a key region in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). We used (1)H spectroscopy to verify whether MDD patients differ from healthy controls (HC) in metabolite levels in this brain area. Thirty-seven unmedicated DSM-IV MDD patients were compared with 40 HC. Subjects underwent a short echo-time (1)H spectroscopy examination at 1.5 T, with an 8-cm(3) single voxel placed in the left DLPFC. Reliable absolute metabolite levels of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), phosphocreatine plus creatine (PCr+Cr), choline-containing compounds (GPC+PC), myo-inositol, glutamate plus glutamine (Glu+Gln), and glutamate were obtained using the unsuppressed water signal as an internal reference. Metabolite levels in the left DLPFC did not statistically differ between MDD patients and HC. We found an interaction between gender and diagnosis on PCr+Cr levels. Male MDD patients presented lower levels of PCr+Cr than male HC, and female MDD patients presented higher levels of PCr+Cr than female HC. Moreover, length of illness was inversely correlated with NAA levels. These findings suggest that there is not an effect of diagnosis on the left DLPFC neurochemistry. Possible effects of gender on PCr+Cr levels of MDD patients need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano G Nery
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Karl A, Werner A. The use of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in PTSD research--meta-analyses of findings and methodological review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 34:7-22. [PMID: 19559046 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Different neuroimaging techniques provided evidence for structural and functional brain alterations in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Due to technical improvements, especially concerning localization techniques and more reliable analysis methods, one technique, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS), has increasingly become of interest because it allows further insight into metabolic mechanisms that may contribute to these alterations. The aim of this article is, therefore, to review recent studies utilizing (1)H-MRS of the hippocampus and other brain structures in PTSD. Using meta-analytic methods, we attempted to answer the question if PTSD, as compared to different types of control samples, is accompanied by altered neurometabolite ratios and concentrations in the tissue of different brain regions. A second intent was to review methodological aspects to advise on a minimal standard for reliable results with respect to the application of (1)H-MRS in PTSD. Finally, we discussed the implications of the findings with respect to current PTSD models and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Karl
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Building 44, Southampton, UK.
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Stanley JA, Kipp H, Greisenegger E, MacMaster FP, Panchalingam K, Keshavan MS, Bukstein OG, Pettegrew JW. Evidence of developmental alterations in cortical and subcortical regions of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a multivoxel in vivo phosphorus 31 spectroscopy study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 65:1419-28. [PMID: 19047529 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is mounting evidence of neurodevelopmental alterations implicating the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and basal ganglia in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The brain undergoes substantive structural and functional changes with a differential timing between brain regions during development from childhood to adolescence. In vivo phosphorus 31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P MRS) is a noninvasive neuroimaging approach that is sensitive in assessing developmental changes of overproducing/pruning of synapses. OBJECTIVE To provide support for a developmental mechanism targeting a bottom-up dysfunction of the basal ganglia impairing the fine-tuning of prefrontal functions in ADHD. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and the surrounding areas. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-one psychostimulant-naive children with ADHD (mean [SD] age, 8.1 [1.2] years; range, 6.1-10.0 years) and 36 healthy control subjects (mean [SD] age, 8.1 [1.3] years; range, 6.1-10.4 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Membrane phospholipid (MPL) precursor levels (ie, phosphomonoesters that are anabolic metabolites of MPL) were assessed in the PFC and basal ganglia as well as in 4 other brain regions using in vivo (31)P MRS. RESULTS Lower bilateral MPL precursor levels in the basal ganglia and higher MPL precursor levels in the inferior parietal region (primarily right side) were noted in the children with ADHD as compared with healthy control children. There was a group x age interaction in the PFC and inferior parietal region, with relatively older psychostimulant-naive children with ADHD showing significantly lower PFC and higher inferior parietal MPL precursor levels. No differences between groups were noted in the superior temporal, posterior white matter, or occipital regions. CONCLUSION Though based on cross-sectional data, these results are suggestive of possible progressive, nonlinear, and sequential alterations implicating a bottom-up developmental dysfunction in parts of the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical network in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Stanley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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O'Leary-Moore SK, McMechan AP, Galloway MP, Hannigan JH. Neonatal alcohol-induced region-dependent changes in rat brain neurochemistry measured by high-resolution magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32:1697-707. [PMID: 18631322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal drinking during pregnancy can lead to a range of deleterious outcomes in the developing offspring that have been collectively termed fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). There is interest and recognized value in using non-invasive neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to characterize, respectively, structural and biochemical alterations in individuals with FASDs. To date, however, results with MRS have been inconsistent regarding the degree and/or nature of abnormalities. METHODS High-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) proton ((1)H) MRS is an ex vivo neuroimaging technique that can acquire spectra in small punches of intact tissue, providing clinically relevant neurochemical information about discrete brain regions. In this study, HR-MAS (1)H MRS was used to examine regional neurochemistry in frontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum of young rats previously exposed to ethanol as neonates. Key neurochemicals of interest included N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), glutamate, GABA, glutamine, creatine, choline and myo-inositol. RESULTS Daily neonatal alcohol exposure from postnatal day 4 (PN4) through PN9 significantly reduced levels of NAA and taurine in the cerebellum and striatum, and induced sex-dependent reductions in cerebellar glutamate when measured on PN16. In addition, myo-inositol was significantly increased in cerebellum. The frontal cortex and hippocampus were virtually unaffected by this neonatal alcohol exposure. CONCLUSION Results of this research may have implications for understanding the underlying neurobiology associated with FASDs and aid in testing treatments in the future. Ongoing studies are assessing the developmental persistence of and/or maturational recovery from these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shonagh K O'Leary-Moore
- Departments of Psychology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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Konrad A, Winterer G. Disturbed structural connectivity in schizophrenia primary factor in pathology or epiphenomenon? Schizophr Bull 2008; 34:72-92. [PMID: 17485733 PMCID: PMC2632386 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbm034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Indirect evidence for disturbed structural connectivity of subcortical fiber tracts in schizophrenia has been obtained from functional neuroimaging and electrophysiologic studies. During the past few years, new structural imaging methods have become available. Diffusion tensor imaging and magnetization transfer imaging (MTI) have been used to investigate directly whether fiber tract abnormalities are indeed present in schizophrenia. To date, findings are inconsistent that may express problems related to methodological issues and sample size. Also, pathological processes detectable with these new techniques are not yet well understood. Nevertheless, with growing evidence of disturbed structural connectivity, myelination has been in the focus of postmortem investigations. Several studies have shown a significant reduction of oligodendroglial cells and ultrastructural alterations of myelin sheats in schizophrenia. There is also growing evidence for abnormal expression of myelin-related genes in schizophrenia: Neuregulin (NRG1) is important for oligodendrocyte development and function, and altered expression of erbB3, one of the NRG1 receptors, has been shown in schizophrenia patients. This is consistent with recent genetic studies suggesting that NRG1 may contribute to the genetic risk for schizophrenia. In conclusion, there is increasing evidence from multiple sides that structural connectivity might be pathologically changed in schizophrenia illness. Up to the present, however, it has not been possible to decide whether alterations of structural connectivity are intrinsically linked to the primary risk factors for schizophrenia or to secondary downstream effects (ie, degeneration of fibers secondarily caused by cortical neuronal dysfunction)-an issue that needs to be clarified by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Konrad
- Department of Psychiatry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
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Smesny S, Rosburg T, Baur K, Rudolph N, Sauer H. Cannabinoids influence lipid-arachidonic acid pathways in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:2067-73. [PMID: 17314920 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests modulating effects of cannabinoids on time of onset, severity, and outcome of schizophrenia. Efforts to discover the underlying pathomechanism have led to the assumption of gene x environment interactions, including premorbid genetical vulnerability and worsening effects of continuing cannabis use. The objective of this cross-sectional study is to investigate the relationship between delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol intake and niacin sensitivity in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Intensity of niacin skin flushing, indicating disturbed prostaglandin-mediated processes, was used as peripheral marker of lipid-arachidonic acid pathways and investigated in cannabis-consuming and nonconsuming schizophrenia patients and in healthy controls. Methylnicotinate was applied in three concentrations onto the forearm skin. Flush response was assessed in 3-min intervals over 15 min using optical reflection spectroscopy. In controls, skin flushing was significantly decreased in cannabis-consuming as compared to nonconsuming individuals. When comparing the nonconsuming subgroups, patients showed significantly decreased flush response. The populations as a whole (patients and controls) showed an inverse association between skin flushing and sum scores of Symptom Check List 90-R. Results demonstrate an impact of long-term cannabis use on lipid-arachidonic acid pathways. Considering pre-existing vulnerability of lipid metabolism in schizophrenia, observed effects of cannabis use support the notion of a gene x environment interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Smesny
- Department of Psychiatry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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Olvera RL, Caetano SC, Fonseca M, Nicoletti M, Stanley JA, Chen HH, Hatch JP, Hunter K, Pliszka SR, Soares JC. Low levels of N-acetyl aspartate in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of pediatric bipolar patients. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2007; 17:461-73. [PMID: 17822341 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2007.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests abnormalities in the structure, function, and neurochemistry of the frontal cortex in pediatric bipolar (BP) patients. We conducted a single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of pediatric BP patients, expecting lower N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) levels within that brain region compared to healthy comparison subjects. METHODS We studied 35 pediatric BP (23 BP type I, 12 BP type II; mean age +/- SD = 13.2 +/- 2.9 years; 18 females) and 36 healthy controls (mean age +/- SD = 13.7 +/- 2.6 years, 17 females). A short echo time, single-voxel (1)H spectroscopy approach point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) sequence, measurements of metabolites was performed on a 1.5T Philips MR system. RESULTS BP subjects had significantly lower NAA levels in the left DLPFC compared to healthy controls (F = 4.21, df = 1, 68, p = 0.04). There was not a significant difference between groups for phosphocreatine + creatine (PCr+Cr), glycerolphosphocholine + phosphocholine (GPC + PC), myo-inositol (mI), or glutamate. Further analyses revealed a significant reduction of NAA in our early puberty group compared to controls (Mann-Whitney U-test statistic = 52.00, p = 0.014), but not for BP versus controls in other pubertal groups. CONCLUSIONS BP subjects have lower NAA levels in the left DLPFC compared to healthy subjects, suggesting neuronal dysfunction in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene L Olvera
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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Abstract
This review synthesizes our current knowledge on the neurobiology of psychosis from an array of in vivo brain-imaging studies. The evidence base consists of hundreds of studies of patients with schizophrenia and fewer on bipolar disorder but rarely providing direct comparisons between the disorders or integration across methods. Replicated findings in schizophrenia include reduced whole-brain and hippocampal volume as potential vulnerability markers, with further progression at onset; reduced N-acetyl aspartate concentrations in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex; striatal dopamine D(2) receptors upregulation; and alteration in the relation between frontal and temporal activation. These findings are not attributable to medication effects but are of unclear specificity and may apply across the psychosis spectrum. There are consistently replicated associations of psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment in both structural and functional imaging in schizophrenia but not, as yet, in bipolar disorder. Therefore, it would be premature to dispense with current diagnostic categories because direct comparisons among them are rare, insufficient studies have examined longitudinal changes, and long-term imaging outcome studies in first-episode psychosis have not yet been done. To address these issues and make neuroimaging "clinically relevant," investigators will need to standardize their approaches to data acquisition and analysis, and construct the necessary range of "human brain maps," to implement studies that are sufficiently powered to provide reliable data pertinent to deconstructing psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania 10 Gates, 3400 Spruce Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Frey BN, Stanley JA, Nery FG, Monkul ES, Nicoletti MA, Chen HH, Hatch JP, Caetano SC, Ortiz O, Kapczinski F, Soares JC. Abnormal cellular energy and phospholipid metabolism in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of medication-free individuals with bipolar disorder: an in vivo 1H MRS study. Bipolar Disord 2007; 9 Suppl 1:119-27. [PMID: 17543030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD) remains to be elucidated, postmortem and neuroimaging studies have suggested that abnormalities in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) are implicated. We compared the levels of specific brain chemicals of interest measured with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) in medication-free BD subjects and age- and gender-matched healthy controls. We hypothesized that BD subjects would present abnormal cellular metabolism within the DLPFC, as reflected by lower N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) and creatine + phosphocreatine (Cr + PCr). METHODS Thirty-two medication-free BD subjects (33.8 +/- 10.2 years) and 32 matched controls (33.8 +/- 9.0 years) underwent a short echo-time (TE = 30 ms) (1)H MRS. An 8-cm(3) single voxel was placed in the left DLPFC, and individual concentrations of NAA, Cr + PCr, choline-containing compounds (GPC + PC), myo-inositol, and glutamate were obtained, using the water signal as an internal reference. RESULTS BD subjects had lower Cr + PCr [F((1,62)) = 5.85; p = 0.018; one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)] and lower GPC + PC [F((1,62)) = 5.79; p = 0.019; one-way ANOVA] levels in the left DLPFC. No significant differences were observed for other brain metabolites. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide further evidence that the pathophysiology of BD involves impairment in the DLPFC. Our findings can be interpreted as evidence for reduced cellular energy and phospholipid metabolism, consistent with the hypothesis of mitochondrial dysfunction in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benício N Frey
- MOOD-CNS Program, Division of Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Molina V, Sanz J, Sarramea F, Luque R, Benito C, Palomo T. No association between dorsolateral prefrontal gray matter deficit and N-acetyl aspartate ratios in schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 2007; 54:171-8. [PMID: 17230035 DOI: 10.1159/000098653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cellular substrates of cortical volume deficit in schizophrenia are unclear. We may hypothesize that, if that deficit was related to a decrease in the amount in neuronal tissue, it should correlate with N-acetyl aspartate levels. We studied a group of 34 schizophrenia patients (of them, 17 first episodes) with both structural and spectroscopic magnetic resonance (MR). Using the data of 50 controls, we were able to calculate for each case residuals of gray matter and cortical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPF) region, representing the deviation from the expected values in normals, given individual intracranial volume and age. Although our patients showed a significant deficit in gray matter and excess in cortical CSF in the DLPF region, that deficit was unrelated to N-acetyl aspartate levels. This was also true for the chronic and first episode groups analyzed separately. These results do not support a neuronal tissue deficit as contributing to the cortical volume deficit in schizophrenia, at least in the DLPF region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Molina
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario, Salamanca, Spain.
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Moffett JR, Ross B, Arun P, Madhavarao CN, Namboodiri AMA. N-Acetylaspartate in the CNS: from neurodiagnostics to neurobiology. Prog Neurobiol 2007; 81:89-131. [PMID: 17275978 PMCID: PMC1919520 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 991] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The brain is unique among organs in many respects, including its mechanisms of lipid synthesis and energy production. The nervous system-specific metabolite N-acetylaspartate (NAA), which is synthesized from aspartate and acetyl-coenzyme A in neurons, appears to be a key link in these distinct biochemical features of CNS metabolism. During early postnatal central nervous system (CNS) development, the expression of lipogenic enzymes in oligodendrocytes, including the NAA-degrading enzyme aspartoacylase (ASPA), is increased along with increased NAA production in neurons. NAA is transported from neurons to the cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes, where ASPA cleaves the acetate moiety for use in fatty acid and steroid synthesis. The fatty acids and steroids produced then go on to be used as building blocks for myelin lipid synthesis. Mutations in the gene for ASPA result in the fatal leukodystrophy Canavan disease, for which there is currently no effective treatment. Once postnatal myelination is completed, NAA may continue to be involved in myelin lipid turnover in adults, but it also appears to adopt other roles, including a bioenergetic role in neuronal mitochondria. NAA and ATP metabolism appear to be linked indirectly, whereby acetylation of aspartate may facilitate its removal from neuronal mitochondria, thus favoring conversion of glutamate to alpha ketoglutarate which can enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle for energy production. In its role as a mechanism for enhancing mitochondrial energy production from glutamate, NAA is in a key position to act as a magnetic resonance spectroscopy marker for neuronal health, viability and number. Evidence suggests that NAA is a direct precursor for the enzymatic synthesis of the neuron specific dipeptide N-acetylaspartylglutamate, the most concentrated neuropeptide in the human brain. Other proposed roles for NAA include neuronal osmoregulation and axon-glial signaling. We propose that NAA may also be involved in brain nitrogen balance. Further research will be required to more fully understand the biochemical functions served by NAA in CNS development and activity, and additional functions are likely to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Moffett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Building C, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd., Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Smesny S, Rosburg T, Nenadic I, Fenk KP, Kunstmann S, Rzanny R, Volz HP, Sauer H. Metabolic mapping using 2D 31P-MR spectroscopy reveals frontal and thalamic metabolic abnormalities in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 2006; 35:729-37. [PMID: 17276699 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
(31)Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P-MRS) allows in vivo investigation of cerebral phospholipid and energy metabolism. Using 2D chemical shift imaging, this method can be applied to study multiple brain areas and to assess concentrations of both phospholipids and high-energy phosphates. The purpose of our study was to assess multiregional metabolic profiles in schizophrenia using a 2D-resolved MRS technique, and to assess the intercorrelation of findings. We applied (31)P-MRS chemical shift imaging in 31 schizophrenia patients (12 antipsychotic-naïve first-episode and 19 antipsychotic-free multi-episode patients) and 31 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. Spatially resolved maps were compared for the main metabolites of the (31)P spectrum. Metabolites of phospholipid (PME and PDE) and energy (PCr and Pi) metabolism were significantly reduced in bilateral prefrontal and medial temporal (including hippocampal) brain regions, caudate nucleus, thalamus and anterior cerebellum as compared to controls. Moreover, factor analysis of these changes showed a characteristic spatial pattern of changes, which demonstrates significant associations between alterations of phospholipid and energy metabolism, and between metabolic alterations and severity of symptoms (BPRS total score, but not SANS or SAPS scores). This suggests a pattern of intercorrelated changes of these metabolic markers. Results support the notion of disturbed phospholipid turnover in schizophrenia, probably unrelated to prior pharmacological treatment, and associated with increased energy demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Smesny
- Department of Psychiatry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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Marenco S, Bertolino A, Weinberger DR. In vivo NMR measures of NAA and the neurobiology of schizophrenia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 576:227-40; discussion 361-3. [PMID: 16802716 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-30172-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Marenco
- Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Ito M, Depaz I, Wilce P, Suzuki T, Niwa SI, Matsumoto I. Expression of human neuronal protein 22, a novel cytoskeleton-associated protein, was decreased in the anterior cingulate cortex of schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2005; 378:125-30. [PMID: 15781144 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2004] [Revised: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human neuronal protein 22 (hNP22) is a novel neuron-specific protein featuring numerous motifs previously described in cytoskeleton-associating and signaling proteins. Because previous studies have supported abnormalities in neuronal cytoarchitecture and/or development in the schizophrenia brain, we examined the expression of hNP22 in the anterior cingulate cortex, the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic and normal control postmortem brains using high-sensitive immunohistochemistry. Seven schizophrenic and seven age- and sex-matched control brains were examined. The ratio of hNP22-immunopositive cells/total cells was significantly reduced in layer V (p=.020) and layer VI (p=.022) of the anterior cingulate cortex of schizophrenic brain compared with controls. In contrast, there were no significant changes observed in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. These results suggest that altered expression of hNP22 may be associated with modifications in neuronal cytoarchitecture leading to dysregulation of neural signal transduction in the anterior cingulate cortex of the schizophrenia brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ito
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Hikarigaoka 1 960-1295, Japan
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