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Cromwell HC. Translating striatal activity from brain slice to whole animal neurophysiology: A guide for neuroscience research integrating diverse levels of analysis. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:1528-1545. [PMID: 31257656 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An important goal of this review is highlighting research in neuroscience as examples of multilevel functional and anatomical analyses addressing basic science issues and applying results to the understanding of diverse disorders. The research of Dr. Michael Levine, a leader in neuroscience, exemplifies this approach by uncovering fundamental properties of basal ganglia function and translating these findings to clinical applications. The review focuses on neurophysiological research connecting results from in vitro and in vivo recordings. A second goal is to utilize these research connections to produce novel, accurate descriptions for corticostriatal processing involved in varied, complex functions. Medium spiny neurons in striatum act as integrators combining input with baseline activity creating motivational "events." Basic research on corticostriatal synapses is described and links developed to issues with clinical relevance such as inhibitory gating, self-injurious behavior, and relative reward valuation. Work is highlighted on dopamine-glutamate interactions. Individual medium spiny neurons express both D1 and D2 receptors and encode information in a bivalent manner depending upon the mix of receptors involved. Current work on neurophysiology of reward processing has taken advantage of these basic approaches at the cellular and molecular levels. Future directions in studying physiology of reward processing and action sequencing could profit by incorporating the divergent ways dopamine modulates incoming neurochemical signals. Primary investigators leading research teams should mirror Mike Levine's efforts in "climbing the mountain" of scientific inquiry by performing analyses at different levels of inquiry, integrating the findings, and building comprehensive answers to problems unsolvable without this bold approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Casey Cromwell
- Department of Psychology and John Paul Scott Center for Neuroscience, Mind and Behavior, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio
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2
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Frau R, Bortolato M. Repurposing steroidogenesis inhibitors for the therapy of neuropsychiatric disorders: Promises and caveats. Neuropharmacology 2018; 147:55-65. [PMID: 29907425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Steroids exert a profound influence on behavioral reactivity, by modulating the functions of most neurotransmitters and shaping the impact of stress and sex-related variables on neural processes. This background - as well as the observation that most neuroactive steroids (including sex hormones, glucocorticoids and neurosteroids) are synthetized and metabolized by overlapping enzymatic machineries - points to steroidogenic pathways as a powerful source of targets for neuropsychiatric disorders. Inhibitors of steroidogenic enzymes have been developed and approved for a broad range of genitourinary and endocrine dysfunctions, opening to new opportunities to repurpose these drugs for the treatment of mental problems. In line with this idea, preliminary clinical and preclinical results from our group have shown that inhibitors of key steroidogenic enzymes, such as 5α-reductase and 17,20 desmolase-lyase, may have therapeutic efficacy in specific behavioral disorders associated with dopaminergic hyperfunction. While the lack of specificity of these effects raises potential concerns about endocrine adverse events, these initial findings suggest that steroidogenesis modulators with greater brain specificity may hold significant potential for the development of alternative therapies for psychiatric problems. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Drug Repurposing: old molecules, new ways to fast track drug discovery and development for CNS disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Frau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato CA, Italy; Tourette Syndrome Center, University of Cagliari, Monserrato CA, Italy; Sleep Medicine Center, University of Cagliari, Monserrato CA, Italy; National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), University of Cagliari, Monserrato CA, Italy.
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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3
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Frau R, Bini V, Soggiu A, Scheggi S, Pardu A, Fanni S, Roncada P, Puligheddu M, Marrosu F, Caruso D, Devoto P, Bortolato M. The Neurosteroidogenic Enzyme 5α-Reductase Mediates Psychotic-Like Complications of Sleep Deprivation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:2196-2205. [PMID: 28102229 PMCID: PMC5603808 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute sleep deprivation (SD) can trigger or exacerbate psychosis- and mania-related symptoms; the neurobiological basis of these complications, however, remains elusive. Given the extensive involvement of neuroactive steroids in psychopathology, we hypothesized that the behavioral complications of SD may be contributed by 5α-reductase (5αR), the rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of progesterone into the neurosteroid allopregnanolone. We first tested whether rats exposed to SD may exhibit brain-regional alterations in 5αR isoenzymes and neuroactive steroid levels; then, we assessed whether the behavioral and neuroendocrine alterations induced by SD may be differentially modulated by the administration of the 5αR inhibitor finasteride, as well as progesterone and allopregnanolone. SD selectively enhanced 5αR expression and activity, as well as AP levels, in the prefrontal cortex; furthermore, finasteride (10-100 mg/kg, IP) dose-dependently ameliorated PPI deficits, hyperactivity, and risk-taking behaviors, in a fashion akin to the antipsychotic haloperidol and the mood stabilizer lithium carbonate. Finally, PPI deficits were exacerbated by allopregnanolone (10 mg/kg, IP) and attenuated by progesterone (30 mg/kg, IP) in SD-subjected, but not control rats. Collectively, these results provide the first-ever evidence that 5αR mediates a number of psychosis- and mania-like complications of SD through imbalances in cortical levels of neuroactive steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Frau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences,
Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Monserrato,
Italy,Tourette Syndrome Center,
Monserrato, Italy,Sleep Medicine Center; University of
Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Valentina Bini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences,
Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Monserrato,
Italy,Tourette Syndrome Center,
Monserrato, Italy
| | - Alessio Soggiu
- ‘L. Spallanzani’ Institute,
Proteomics Section—Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health,
University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Scheggi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental
Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy,Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, UT, USA
| | - Alessandra Pardu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences,
Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Monserrato,
Italy
| | - Silvia Fanni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences,
Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Monserrato,
Italy
| | - Paola Roncada
- ‘L. Spallanzani’ Institute,
Proteomics Section—Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health,
University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Puligheddu
- Tourette Syndrome Center,
Monserrato, Italy,Sleep Medicine Center; University of
Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy,Department of Public Health, Section of
Neurology, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Francesco Marrosu
- Tourette Syndrome Center,
Monserrato, Italy,Sleep Medicine Center; University of
Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy,Department of Public Health, Section of
Neurology, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Department of Pharmacological and
Biomolecular Sciences, Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases,
University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Devoto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences,
Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Monserrato,
Italy,Tourette Syndrome Center,
Monserrato, Italy,Sleep Medicine Center; University of
Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, UT, USA,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of
Pharmacy, University of Utah, Skaggs Hall, Room 3916, 30S 2000
E, Salt Lake City
84112, UT, USA, Tel: 801 587 3352, Fax:
801 585 5111, E-mail:
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Annic A, Bourriez JL, Delval A, Bocquillon P, Trubert C, Derambure P, Dujardin K. Effects of Stimulus-Driven and Goal-Directed Attention on Prepulse Inhibition of Brain Oscillations. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:390. [PMID: 27524966 PMCID: PMC4965466 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is an operational measure of sensory gating. PPI of cortical response to a startling pulse is known to be modulated by attention. With a time-frequency analysis, we sought to determine whether goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention differentially modulate inhibition of cortical oscillations elicited by a startling pulse. METHODS An electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded in 26 healthy controls performing an active acoustic PPI paradigm. Startling stimuli were presented alone or either 400 or 1000 ms after one of three types of visual prepulse: to-be-attended (goal-directed attention), unexpected (stimulus-driven attention) or to-be-ignored (non-focused attention). We calculated the percentage PPI for the auditory event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) of theta (4-7 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), beta1 (13-20 Hz) and beta2 (20-30 Hz) oscillations and changes in inter-trial coherence (ITC), a measure of phase synchronization of electroencephalographic activity. RESULTS At 400 ms: (i) PPI of the ERSP of alpha, theta and beta1 oscillation was greater after an unexpected and a to-be-attended prepulse than after a to-be-ignored prepulse; and (ii) PPI of beta2 oscillations was greater after a to-be-attended than a to-be-ignored prepulse. At 1000 ms: (i) PPI of alpha oscillations was greater after an unexpected and a to-be-attended prepulse than after a to-be-ignored prepulse; and (ii) PPI of beta1 oscillations was greater after a to-be-attended than a to-be-ignored prepulse. The ITC values did not vary according to the type of prepulse. CONCLUSIONS In an active PPI paradigm, stimulus-driven and goal-directed attention each have differential effects on the modulation of cortical oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Annic
- University of Lille, INSERM U1171 - Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive DisordersLille, France; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lille University Medical CenterLille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Bourriez
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lille University Medical Center Lille, France
| | - Arnaud Delval
- University of Lille, INSERM U1171 - Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive DisordersLille, France; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lille University Medical CenterLille, France
| | - Perrine Bocquillon
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lille University Medical Center Lille, France
| | - Claire Trubert
- University of Lille, INSERM U1171 - Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders Lille, France
| | - Philippe Derambure
- University of Lille, INSERM U1171 - Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive DisordersLille, France; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lille University Medical CenterLille, France
| | - Kathy Dujardin
- University of Lille, INSERM U1171 - Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive DisordersLille, France; Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Lille University Medical CenterLille, France
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Working memory, executive function and impulsivity in Internet-addictive disorders: a comparison with pathological gambling. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2016; 28:92-100. [PMID: 26400106 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2015.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to test whether individuals with Internet addiction disorder (IAD) presented analogous characteristics of working memory, executive function and impulsivity compared with pathological gambling (PG) patients. METHODS The subjects included 23 individuals with IAD, 23 PG patients and 23 controls. All of the participants were measured with the digit span task, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, go/no-go task and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) under the same experimental conditions. RESULTS The results of this study showed that the false alarm rate, total response errors, perseverative errors, failure to maintain set and BIS-11 scores of both the IAD and PG groups were significantly higher than that of the control group. In addition, the forward scores and backwards scores, percentage of conceptual level responses, number of categories completed and hit rate of the IAD and PG groups were significantly lower than that of the control group. Furthermore, the false alarm rate and BIS-11 scores of the IAD group were significantly higher than those of PG patients, and the hit rate was significantly lower than that of the PG patients. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with IAD and PG patients present deficiencies in working memory, executive dysfunction and impulsivity, and individuals with IAD are more impulsive than PG patients.
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Annic A, Bocquillon P, Bourriez JL, Derambure P, Dujardin K. Effects of stimulus-driven and goal-directed attention on prepulse inhibition of the cortical responses to an auditory pulse. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 125:1576-88. [PMID: 24411526 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inhibition by a prepulse (prepulse inhibition, PPI) of the response to a startling acoustic pulse is modulated by attention. We sought to determine whether goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention differentially modulate (i) PPI of the N100 and P200 components of the auditory evoked potential (AEP) and (ii) the components' generators. METHODS 128-channel electroencephalograms were recorded in 26 healthy controls performing an active acoustic PPI paradigm. Startling stimuli were presented alone or either 400 or 1000ms after a visual prepulse. Three types of prepulse were used: to-be-attended (goal-directed attention), unexpected (stimulus-driven attention) or to-be ignored (non focused attention). We calculated the percentage PPI for the N100 and P200 components of the AEP and determined cortical generators by standardized weighted low resolution tomography. RESULTS At 400ms, the PPI of the N100 was greater after an unexpected prepulse than after a to-be-attended prepulse, the PPI of the P200 was greater after a to-be-attended prepulse than after a to-be ignored prepulse. At 1000ms, to-be-attended and unexpected prepulses had similar effects. Cortical sources were modulated in areas involved in both types of attention. CONCLUSIONS Stimulus-driven attention and goal-directed attention each have specific effects on the attentional modulation of PPI. SIGNIFICANCE By using a new PPI paradigm that specifically controls attention, we demonstrated that the early stages of the gating process (as evidenced by N100) are influenced by stimulus-driven attention and that the late stages (as evidenced by P200) are influenced by goal-directed attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Annic
- Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046 Lille, France; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lille University Medical Center, Lille, France.
| | - Perrine Bocquillon
- Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046 Lille, France; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lille University Medical Center, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Bourriez
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lille University Medical Center, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Derambure
- Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046 Lille, France; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lille University Medical Center, Lille, France
| | - Kathy Dujardin
- Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046 Lille, France; Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Lille University Medical Center, Lille, France
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7
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Devoto P, Frau R, Bini V, Pillolla G, Saba P, Flore G, Corona M, Marrosu F, Bortolato M. Inhibition of 5α-reductase in the nucleus accumbens counters sensorimotor gating deficits induced by dopaminergic activation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:1630-45. [PMID: 22029952 PMCID: PMC3432701 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cogent evidence highlights a key role of neurosteroids and androgens in schizophrenia. We recently reported that inhibition of steroid 5α-reductase (5αR), the rate-limiting enzyme in neurosteroid synthesis and androgen metabolism, elicits antipsychotic-like effects in humans and animal models, without inducing extrapyramidal side effects. To elucidate the anatomical substrates mediating these effects, we investigated the contribution of peripheral and neural structures to the behavioral effects of the 5αR inhibitor finasteride (FIN) on the prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex (ASR), a rat paradigm that dependably simulates the sensorimotor gating impairments observed in schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. The potential effect of drug-induced ASR modifications on PPI was excluded by measuring this index both as percent (%PPI) and absolute values (ΔPPI). In both orchidectomized and sham-operated rats, FIN prevented the %PPI deficits induced by the dopamine (DA) receptor agonists apomorphine (APO, 0.25mg/kg, SC) and d-amphetamine (AMPH, 2.5mg/kg, SC), although the latter effect was not corroborated by ΔPPI analysis. Conversely, APO-induced PPI deficits were countered by FIN infusions in the brain ventricles (10μg/1μl) and in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell and core (0.5μg/0.5μl/side). No significant PPI-ameliorating effect was observed following FIN injections in other brain regions, including dorsal caudate, basolateral amygdala, ventral hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, although a statistical trend was observed for the latter region. The efflux of DA in NAc was increased by systemic, but not intracerebral FIN administration. Taken together, these findings suggest that the role of 5αR in gating regulation is based on post-synaptic mechanisms in the NAc, and is not directly related to alterations in DA efflux in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Devoto
- Tourette Syndrome Center, Laboratory “Guy Everett”, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
,Department of Neuroscience “Bernard B. Brodie”, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberto Frau
- Tourette Syndrome Center, Laboratory “Guy Everett”, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
,Department of Neuroscience “Bernard B. Brodie”, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valentina Bini
- Department of Neuroscience “Bernard B. Brodie”, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuliano Pillolla
- Department of Neuroscience “Bernard B. Brodie”, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Saba
- Department of Neuroscience “Bernard B. Brodie”, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Flore
- Department of Cardiovascular and Neurological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marta Corona
- Department of Cardiovascular and Neurological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Marrosu
- Tourette Syndrome Center, Laboratory “Guy Everett”, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
,Department of Cardiovascular and Neurological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Tourette Syndrome Center, Laboratory “Guy Everett”, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
,Department of Cardiovascular and Neurological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
,Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Rm. 527, PSC 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. Tel.: +1 323 442 3225; fax: +1 323 442 3229. (M. Bortolato)
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8
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Franklin JC, Hessel ET, Aaron RV, Arthur MS, Heilbron N, Prinstein MJ. The functions of nonsuicidal self-injury: support for cognitive-affective regulation and opponent processes from a novel psychophysiological paradigm. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 119:850-862. [PMID: 20939652 DOI: 10.1037/a0020896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although research on the reasons for engaging in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) has increased dramatically in the last few years, there are still many aspects of this pernicious behavior that are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to address these gaps in the literature, with a particular focus on investigating whether NSSI (a) regulates affective valence in addition to affective arousal and (b) serves a cognitive regulation function in addition to an affect regulation function. To elucidate these issues, the present study utilized a sample of 112 participants (33 controls, 39 no pain controls, 16 NSSI individuals, and 24 controls matching the affect dysregulation levels of the NSSI group), employed psychophysiological measures of affective valence (startle-alone reactivity) and quality of information processing (prepulse inhibition), and used experimental methods involving an NSSI-proxy to model the NSSI process. Results largely were consistent with predictions, supporting the hypotheses that NSSI serves to regulate cognitive processing and affective valence. On this latter point, however, the control groups also showed a decrease in negative affective valence after the NSSI-proxy. This unexpected finding is consistent with the hypothesis that opponent processes may contribute to the development of self-injurious behaviors (Joiner, 2005). Overall, the present study represents an important extension of previous laboratory NSSI studies and provides a fertile foundation for future studies aimed at understanding why people engage in NSSI.
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Abstract
Disrupted sensorimotor gating has been found in various neuropsychiatric conditions which are characterized by impaired attention, poor impulse control, dysfunctional dopamine neurotransmission, and neurodevelopmental deficits. We investigated sensorimotor gating by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle eyeblink reflex in 23 young adults diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as children and still symptomatic at the time of testing and 29 age-matched healthy control subjects. Sensorimotor gating was assessed in a passive listening task at prepulse-to-startle probe intervals of 30, 60, 120, 240, and 480 ms, and subsequently at prepulse-to-startle probe intervals of 60, 120, 240, and 480 ms whilst participants were performing a two-tone auditory discrimination task on the prepulse. Consistent with increased neural maturity and partially remitted symptomatology, our results indicate intact sensorimotor gating for both tasks in adult ADHD with no comorbidity, independent of the subjects' gender and whether ADHD subjects were receiving ongoing stimulant treatment or not. Reduced PPI at 120-ms lead intervals, on the other hand, was recorded in a subset of 10 ADHD subjects who were taken off their prescribed regular stimulants for 24 h and tested in a randomized counterbalanced order for on vs. off medication. However, our data remained inconclusive as to whether this observation constitutes beneficial treatment or acute stimulant withdrawal effects on sensorimotor gating.
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Kertzman S, Lowengrub K, Aizer A, Vainder M, Kotler M, Dannon PN. Go-no-go performance in pathological gamblers. Psychiatry Res 2008; 161:1-10. [PMID: 18789539 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous neuropsychological studies demonstrated various deficits of impulse control in pathological gamblers (PGs). However, there are limited data available on response-inhibition impairment among PGs. The present study attempted to assess response inhibition in untreated PGs (N=83), in comparison with normal subjects (N=84). Go/no-go and target-detection conditions of a computerized task were used as a measure of response-inhibition ability. A repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA-RM) was used with response time, variability of response time, and number of false alarms and misses as dependent measures; group (PG and controls) as the between-subjects measure; condition (target detection or go/no-go) and time slice (first and second in each condition) as repeated measures within-subject factors; and educational level as a covariate. Our results showed that PGs were significantly more impaired in both target detection and go/no-go task performance than controls. The PGs had significantly more false alarms and misses than controls, and they were slower and less consistent in their responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semion Kertzman
- The Rehovot Community Mental Health & Rehabilitation Clinic affiliated to Beer-Ya'akov-Ness Ziona Medical Complex, Israel
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11
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Campbell LE, Hughes M, Budd TW, Cooper G, Fulham WR, Karayanidis F, Hanlon MC, Stojanov W, Johnston P, Case V, Schall U. Primary and secondary neural networks of auditory prepulse inhibition: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of sensorimotor gating of the human acoustic startle response. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:2327-33. [PMID: 17908169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Feedforward inhibition deficits have been consistently demonstrated in a range of neuropsychiatric conditions using prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle eye-blink reflex when assessing sensorimotor gating. While PPI can be recorded in acutely decerebrated rats, behavioural, pharmacological and psychophysiological studies suggest the involvement of a complex neural network extending from brainstem nuclei to higher order cortical areas. The current functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigated the neural network underlying PPI and its association with electromyographically (EMG) recorded PPI of the acoustic startle eye-blink reflex in 16 healthy volunteers. A sparse imaging design was employed to model signal changes in blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses to acoustic startle probes that were preceded by a prepulse at 120 ms or 480 ms stimulus onset asynchrony or without prepulse. Sensorimotor gating was EMG confirmed for the 120-ms prepulse condition, while startle responses in the 480-ms prepulse condition did not differ from startle alone. Multiple regression analysis of BOLD contrasts identified activation in pons, thalamus, caudate nuclei, left angular gyrus and bilaterally in anterior cingulate, associated with EMG-recorded sensorimotor gating. Planned contrasts confirmed increased pons activation for startle alone vs 120-ms prepulse condition, while increased anterior superior frontal gyrus activation was confirmed for the reverse contrast. Our findings are consistent with a primary pontine circuitry of sensorimotor gating that interconnects with inferior parietal, superior temporal, frontal and prefrontal cortices via thalamus and striatum. PPI processes in the prefrontal, frontal and superior temporal cortex were functionally distinct from sensorimotor gating.
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12
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Ondo WG, Lai D. Predictors of impulsivity and reward seeking behavior with dopamine agonists. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2007; 14:28-32. [PMID: 17702628 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Three hundred consecutive patients taking DA either for Parkinson's disease (PD, 207), restless legs syndrome (RLS, 89), or both (4) were interviewed about changes in gambling, spending, sexual activity, or other impulsive activities subsequent to DA. Regression models identified risk factors for impulsivity. Overall, 19.7% reported any increased impulsivity: 30 gambling, 26 spending, 11 sexual activity, and 1 wanton traveling. Only 11/59 felt the change was deleterious. Increased impulsivity correlated with a younger age (p=0.01), larger doses of DA (p<0.001), and PD, as opposed to RLS (p<0.01), but this lost significance after correcting for dose (p=0.09). Increased impulsivity is common but usually not deleterious.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Ondo
- Baylor College of Medicine, 6550 Fannin, Ste 1801, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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13
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Voon V, Potenza MN, Thomsen T. Medication-related impulse control and repetitive behaviors in Parkinson??s disease. Curr Opin Neurol 2007; 20:484-92. [PMID: 17620886 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e32826fbc8f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A range of impulse control and repetitive behaviors presumed to be related to dopaminergic medications has been recognized in Parkinson's disease. These behaviors are linked by their incentive or reward-based and repetitive natures and overlap with addictions. The behaviors include pathological gambling, hypersexuality, compulsive shopping, and compulsive eating and are related to punding and compulsive medication use. In patients on dopamine agonists, these behaviors as a group are relatively common, can have potentially devastating psychosocial consequences and are commonly hidden. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have investigated prevalence rates and associated factors. The literature on these behaviors in Parkinson's disease, including definitions, epidemiology, pathophysiology and management, is reviewed. The relationship to medications, Parkinson's disease and individual susceptibility is examined. SUMMARY These behaviors can affect up to 14% of Parkinson's disease patients on dopamine agonists. Clinicians should warn patients prior to initiating dopamine agonists and enquire about these behaviors during follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Voon
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1428, USA.
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Cromwell HC, Klein A, Mears RP. Single unit and population responses during inhibitory gating of striatal activity in freely moving rats. Neuroscience 2007; 146:69-85. [PMID: 17321056 PMCID: PMC4127048 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Revised: 12/29/2006] [Accepted: 01/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The striatum is thought to be an essential region for integrating diverse information in the brain. Rapid inhibitory gating (IG) of sensory input is most likely an early factor necessary for appropriate integration to be completed. Gating is currently evaluated in clinical settings and is dramatically altered in a variety of psychiatric illnesses. Basic neuroscience research using animals has revealed specific neural sites involved in IG including the hippocampus, thalamus, brainstem, amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex. The present study investigated local IG in the basal ganglia structure of the striatum using chronic recording microwires. We obtained both single unit activations and local field potentials (LFPs) in awake behaving rats from each wire during the standard two-tone paradigm. Single units responded with different types of activations including a phasic and sustained excitation, an inhibitory response and a combination response that contained both excitatory and inhibitory components. IG was observed in all the response types; however, non-gating was observed in a large proportion of responses as well. Positive wave field potentials at 50-60 ms post-stimulus (P60) showed consistent gating across the wire arrays. No significant correlations were found between single unit and LFP measures of gating during the initial baseline session. Gating was strengthened (Tamp/Camp ratios approaching 0) following acute stress (saline injection) at both the single unit and LFP level due to the reduction in the response to the second tone. Alterations in sensory responding reflected by changes in the neural response to the initial tone were primarily observed following long-term internal state deviation (food deprivation) and during general locomotion. Overall, our results support local IG by single neurons in striatum but also suggest that rapid inhibition is not the dominant activation profile observed in other brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Cromwell
- Department of Psychology and The J. P. Scott Center for Neuroscience, Mind and Behavior at Bowling Green State University, Psychology Building, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.
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Cromwell HC, Woodward DJ. Inhibitory gating of single unit activity in amygdala: effects of ketamine, haloperidol, or nicotine. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61:880-9. [PMID: 17054921 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitory gating is thought to be a basic process for filtering incoming stimuli to the brain. Little information is currently available concerning local neural networks of inhibitory gating or the intrinsic neurochemical substrates involved in the process. METHODS The goal of the present study was to examine the pharmacological aspects of inhibitory gating from single units in the amygdala. We tested the effects of ketamine (80 mg/kg) and haloperidol (1 mg/kg) on inhibitory gating. Additionally, we examined the effect of nicotine (1.2 mg/kg) on single unit gating in this same brain structure. RESULTS We found that in one subset of neurons, ketamine administration significantly reduced tone responsiveness with a subsequent loss of inhibitory gating, whereas the other subset persisted in both auditory responding and gating albeit at a weaker level. Haloperidol and nicotine had very similar effects, exemplified by a dramatic increase in the response to the initial "conditioning" tone with a subsequent improvement in inhibitory gating. CONCLUSIONS Tone responsiveness and inhibitory gating persists in a subset of neurons after glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade. Dopamine and nicotine modulate gating in these normal animals and have similar effects of enhancing responsiveness to auditory stimulation at the single unit and evoked potential level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard C Cromwell
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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Anstrom KK, Cromwell HC, Woodward DJ. Effects of restraint and haloperidol on sensory gating in the midbrain of awake rats. Neuroscience 2007; 146:515-24. [PMID: 17360124 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in sensory processing have been reported to be associated with an array of neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. Auditory sensory gating paradigms have been routinely used to test the integrity of inhibitory circuits hypothesized to filter sensory information. Abnormal dopaminergic neurotransmission has been implicated in the expression of schizophrenic symptoms. The aim of this study was to determine if inhibitory gating in response to paired auditory stimuli would occur in putative dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic midbrain neurons. A further goal of this study was to determine if restraint, a classic model of stress known to increase extracellular dopamine levels, and systemic haloperidol injections affected inhibitory mechanisms involved in sensory gating. Neural activity in the rat midbrain was recorded across paired auditory stimuli (first auditory stimulus (S1) and second auditory stimulus (S2)) under resting conditions, during restraint and after systemic haloperidol injections. Under resting conditions, a subset of putative GABA neurons showed fast, gated, short latency responses while putative dopamine neurons showed long, slow responses that were inhibitory and ungated. During restraint, gated responses in putative GABAergic neurons were decreased (increased S2/S1 or ratio of test to conditioning (T/C)) by reducing the response amplitude to S1. Systemic haloperidol decreased the T/C ratio by preferentially increasing response amplitude to S1. The results from this study suggest that individual neurons encode discrete components of the auditory sensory gating paradigm, that phasic midbrain GABAergic responses to S1 may trigger subsequent inhibitory filtering processes, and that these GABAergic responses are sensitive to restraint and systemic haloperidol.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Anstrom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Bartz JA, Hollander E. Is obsessive-compulsive disorder an anxiety disorder? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006; 30:338-52. [PMID: 16455175 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is classified as an anxiety disorder in the DSM-IV-TR [American Psychiatric Association, 2000. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fourth ed., rev. Washington, DC: Author]; however, the notion of a spectrum of obsessive-compulsive (OC) related disorders that is comprised of such disparate disorders as OCD, body dysmorphic disorder, certain eating disorders, pathological gambling, and autism, is gaining acceptance. The fact that these disorders share obsessive-compulsive features and evidence similarities in patient characteristics, course, comorbidity, neurobiology, and treatment response raises the question of whether OCD is best conceptualized as an anxiety or an OC spectrum disorder. This article reviews evidence from comorbidity and family studies, as well as biological evidence related to neurocircuitry, neurotransmitter function, and pharmacologic treatment response that bear on this question. The implications of removing OCD from the anxiety disorders category and moving it to an OC spectrum disorders category, as is being proposed for the DSM-V, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Bartz
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Toneatto T, Millar G. Assessing and treating problem gambling: empirical status and promising trends. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2004; 49:517-25. [PMID: 15453101 DOI: 10.1177/070674370404900803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ways to clinically assess and treat problem gambling evolve as our knowledge about this disorder increases. This paper summarizes current knowledge about treating problem gambling and describes developments in the assessment, psychology, and biology of problem gambling that may be important for treatment. METHODS We reviewed recent published literature reporting advances in the assessment, psychology, and biology of problem gambling. We retained for review only controlled clinical trials in which subjects were randomized to either psychological or pharmacologic treatment. RESULTS Although several gambling treatments were found to be efficacious, support for any specific treatment modality is still limited. Cognitive-behavioural treatments were most effective. Although diagnostic assessment has improved, there are still very few measures of gambling-related variables. The contribution to gambling of sex, concurrent psychiatric disorders, cognitive distortions, and impulsivity has been described. Evidence implicating decision-making areas of the cortex and disturbances in serotonin and dopamine functioning has been reviewed. Available evidence for a genetic contribution to problem gambling is weak. CONCLUSIONS Improvements in the methodology of gambling-treatment research were discussed to advance the clinical approach to this disorder. Developments in the area of assessment, psychology, and biology of gambling should inform clinical approaches to a greater degree than they currently do. We identified the need to study different types of gambling separately, rather than combining them, as an important goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Toneatto
- Clinical Research Department, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario.
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Goudriaan AE, Oosterlaan J, de Beurs E, Van den Brink W. Pathological gambling: a comprehensive review of biobehavioral findings. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2004; 28:123-41. [PMID: 15172761 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2003] [Revised: 02/26/2004] [Accepted: 03/02/2004] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this review, findings of biobehavioral research into pathological gambling (PG) are discussed, focusing on neuropsychological, psychophysiological, neuroimaging, neurochemical and genetic studies. Neuropsychological studies indicate deficiencies in certain executive functions. Psychophysiological studies indicate that arousal in PG is of importance when reward is present. Neuroimaging studies point to abnormalities in brain functioning. Recent research into the neurochemistry of PG indicates that abnormalities exist in different neurotransmitter systems. Finally, genetic studies indicate the existence of abnormal dopamine receptor genes in PG. Methodological and theoretical factors that may explain discrepancies between studies include differences in screening and assessment, heterogeneity of gambling problems and different underlying cognitive or motivational mechanisms. Results from the PG studies fit in with recent theoretical models of addiction and PG, which stress the involvement of brain reward pathways, neurotransmitter abnormalities, the frontal cortex and the psychophysiological stress system. A framework for future studies is suggested, indicating the need for studies that integrate knowledge from different research areas, and that employ stricter diagnostic screening methods and inclusion of clinical control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Goudriaan
- Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Addicition Research, The Netherlands.
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