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Neferine from Nelumbo nucifera modulates oxidative stress and cytokines production during hypoxia in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:730-736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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2
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Shi Q, Liu X, Wang N, Zheng X, Ran J, Liu Z, Fu J, Zheng J. 1400W ameliorates acute hypobaric hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cognitive deficits by suppressing the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat cerebral cortex microglia. Behav Brain Res 2016; 319:188-199. [PMID: 27888018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in neuronal modifications, and overproduction of NO contributes to memory deficits after acute hypobaric hypoxia-reoxygenation. This study investigated the ability of the iNOS inhibitor 1400W to counteract spatial memory deficits following acute hypobaric hypoxia-reoxygenation, and to affect expression of NOS, NO, 3-NT and MDA production, and apoptosis in rat cerebral cortex. We also used primary rat microglia to investigate the effect of 1400W on expression of NOS, NO, 3-NT and MDA production, and apoptosis. Acute hypobaric hypoxia-reoxygenation impaired spatial memory, and was accompanied by activated microglia, increased iNOS expression, NO, 3-NT and MDA production, and neuronal cell apoptosis in rat cerebral cortex one day post-reoxygenation. 1400W treatment inhibited iNOS expression without affecting nNOS or eNOS. 1400W also reduced NO, 3-NT and MDA production, and prevented neuronal cell apoptosis in cerebral cortex, in addition to reversing spatial memory impairment after acute hypobaric hypoxia-reoxygenation. Hypoxia-reoxygenation activated primary microglia, and increased iNOS and nNOS expression, NO, 3-NT, and MDA production, and apoptosis. Treatment with 1400W inhibited iNOS expression without affecting nNOS, reduced NO, 3-NT and MDA production, and prevented apoptosis in primary microglia. Based on the above findings, we concluded that the highly selective iNOS inhibitor 1400W inhibited iNOS induction in microglial cells, and reduced generation of NO, thereby mitigating oxidative stress and neuronal cell apoptosis in the rat cerebral cortex, and improving the spatial memory dysfunction caused by acute hypobaric hypoxia-reoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Shi
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Center, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xinchuan Zheng
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jihua Ran
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Center, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhengxiang Liu
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Center, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jianfeng Fu
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Center, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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3
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Tajaddini Mahani S, Behnam B, Abbassi M, Asgari H, Nazmara Z, Shirinbayan P, Joghataei MT, Koruji M. Tsga10 expression correlates with sperm profiles in the adult formalin-exposed mice. Andrologia 2016; 48:1092-1099. [PMID: 26791599 DOI: 10.1111/and.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Testis-specific gene antigen10 (Tsga10), as a cytoskeletal protein in the sperm tail, impacts the sperm motility. This study investigates the correlation between sperm profile alterations and Tsga10 gene expression in adult mice exposed to formaldehyde (FA) and then treated with antioxidant effect of manganese (Mn2+ ). In this regard, we examined 35 NMRI adult male mice (6-8 weeks age) in 4 groups of control, sham, FA-exposed and FA+Mn2+ . The mice in FA+Mn2+ group were exposed to FA (10 mg kg-1 twice a day) for 2 weeks and treated with daily Mn2+ administration (5 mg kg-1 ) in the second week prior to sacrificing the mice for testis dissection. The right testis was dissected in each group and subjected to RNA extraction and cDNA syntheses for gene expression analysis by real-time PCR. The findings revealed that FA decreased sperm parameters and Tsga10 expression (52.6 ± 24.37%). However, the injected powerful manganese antioxidant improved sperm profile through overexpression of Tsga10 (121.6 ± 27.13%) under FA-induced stressful condition which proves the correlation between sperm profile and Tsga10 expression (P ≤ 0.05). This study also shows that Tsga10 expression protects sperm dysfunction in FA+Mn2+ group and resulting in better preservation of spermatozoa and improvement of male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tajaddini Mahani
- Cellular and Molecular research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - B Behnam
- Cellular and Molecular research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Abbassi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Asgari
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Z Nazmara
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - P Shirinbayan
- Pediatric Neuro-Rehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M T Joghataei
- Cellular and Molecular research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Koruji
- Cellular and Molecular research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Bruno RM, Ghiadoni L, Pratali L. Vascular adaptation to extreme conditions: The role of hypoxia. Artery Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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5
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Huang CC, Lai CJ, Tsai MH, Wu YC, Chen KT, Jou MJ, Fu PI, Wu CH, Wei IH. Effects of melatonin on the nitric oxide system and protein nitration in the hypobaric hypoxic rat hippocampus. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:61. [PMID: 26443997 PMCID: PMC4594671 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well documented that the nitric oxide (NO) might be directly involved in brain response to hypobaric hypoxia, and could contribute to memory deficiencies. Recent studies have shown that melatonin could attenuate hypoxia or ischemia-induced nerve injuries by decreasing the production of free radicals. The present study, using immunohistochemical and immunoblot methods, aimed to explore whether melatonin treatment may affect the expression of nitric oxide system and protein nitration, and provide neuroprotection in the rat hippocampus injured by hypobaric hypoxia. Prior to hypoxic treatment, adult rats were pretreated with melatonin (100 mg/kg, i.p.) before they were exposed to the altitude chamber with 48 Torr of the partial oxygen concentration (pO2) for 7 h to mimic the ambience of being at 9000 m in height. They were then sacrificed after 0 h, 1, and 3 days of reoxygenation. RESULTS The results obtained from the immunohistochemical and immunoblotting analyses showed that the expressions of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitrotyrosine (Ntyr) and Caspase 3 in the hypoxic hippocampus were increased from 0 h to 3 days of reoxygenation. Interestingly, the hypoxia-induced increase of nNOS, eNOS, iNOS, Ntyr and Caspase 3 protein expression was significantly depressed in the hypoxic rats treated with melatonin. CONCLUSIONS Activation of the nitric oxide system and protein nitration constitutes a hippocampal response to hypobaric hypoxia and administration of melatonin could provide new therapeutic avenues to prevent and/or treat the symptoms produced by hypobaric hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chia Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Jou Lai
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Mang-Hung Tsai
- Department of Anatomy, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Chieh Wu
- Department of Nursing, Ching-Kuo Institute of Management and Health, 336, Fu-Hsin Road, Keelung, Taiwan.
| | - Kuang-Ti Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Jia Jou
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I Shou University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Syuecheng Road, Dashu District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Pin-I Fu
- Department of Anatomy, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Hsiang Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - I-Hua Wei
- Department of Anatomy, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
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6
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Mitochondrial function in rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus after short- and long-term hypobaric hypoxia. Brain Res 2014; 1598:66-75. [PMID: 25527397 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Taking into account the importance of aerobic metabolism in brain, the aim of the present work was to evaluate mitochondrial function in cerebral cortex and hippocampus in a model of sustained hypobaric hypoxia (5000 m simulated altitude) during a short (1 mo) and a long (7 mo) term period, in order to precise the mechanisms involved in hypoxia acclimatization. Hippocampal mitochondria from rats exposed to short-term hypobaric hypoxia showed lower respiratory rates than controls in both states 4 (45%) and 3 (41%), and increased NO production (1.3 fold) as well as eNOS and nNOS expression associated to mitochondrial membranes, whereas mitochondrial membrane potential decreased (7%). No significant changes were observed in cortical mitochondria after 1 mo hypobaric hypoxia in any of the mitochondrial functionality parameters evaluated. After 7 mo hypobaric hypoxia, oxygen consumption was unchanged as compared with control animals both in hippocampal and cortical mitochondria, but mitochondrial membrane potential decreased by 16% and 8% in hippocampus and cortex respectively. Also, long-term hypobaric hypoxia induced an increase in hippocampal NO production (0.7 fold) and in eNOS expression. A clear tendency to decrease in H2O2 production was observed in both tissues. Results suggest that after exposure to hypobaric hypoxia, hippocampal mitochondria display different responses than cortical mitochondria. Also, the mechanisms responsible for acclimatization to hypoxia would be time-dependent, according to the physiological functions of the brain studied areas. Nitric oxide metabolism and membrane potential changes would be involved as self-protective mechanisms in high altitude environment.
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7
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Peinado MÁ, Hernández R, Peragón J, Ovelleiro D, Pedrosa JÁ, Blanco S. Proteomic characterization of nitrated cell targets after hypobaric hypoxia and reoxygenation in rat brain. J Proteomics 2014; 109:309-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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8
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Di Stasi LL, Cabestrero R, McCamy MB, Ríos F, Catena A, Quirós P, Lopez JA, Saez C, Macknik SL, Martinez-Conde S. Intersaccadic drift velocity is sensitive to short-term hypobaric hypoxia. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1384-90. [PMID: 24877213 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia, defined as decreased availability of oxygen in the body's tissues, can lead to dyspnea, rapid pulse, syncope, visual dysfunction, mental disturbances such as delirium or euphoria, and even death. It is considered to be one of the most serious hazards during flight. Thus, early and objective detection of the physiological effects of hypoxia is critical to prevent catastrophes in civil and military aviation. The few studies that have addressed the effects of hypoxia on objective oculomotor metrics have had inconsistent results, however. Thus, the question of whether hypoxia modulates eye movement behavior remains open. Here we examined the effects of short-term hypobaric hypoxia on the velocity of saccadic eye movements and intersaccadic drift of Spanish Air Force pilots and flight engineers, compared with a control group that did not experience hypoxia. Saccadic velocity decreased with time-on-duty in both groups, in correlation with subjective fatigue. Intersaccadic drift velocity increased in the hypoxia group only, suggesting that acute hypoxia diminishes eye stability, independently of fatigue. Our results suggest that intersaccadic drift velocity could serve as a biomarker of acute hypoxia. These findings may also contribute to our understanding of the relationship between hypoxia episodes and central nervous system impairments.
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10
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Molina F, Rus A, Pedrosa JÁ, del Moral ML. Acute hypoxia-induced depletion of striatal nitric oxide synthase pathway. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 47:42-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome after blood transfusion in a patient with end-stage renal disease. Clin Exp Nephrol 2011; 15:942-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-011-0515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Anju TR, Korah PK, Jayanarayanan S, Paulose CS. Enhanced brain stem 5HT₂A receptor function under neonatal hypoxic insult: role of glucose, oxygen, and epinephrine resuscitation. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 354:151-60. [PMID: 21484469 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Molecular processes regulating brain stem serotonergic receptors play an important role in the control of respiration. We evaluated 5-HT(2A) receptor alterations in the brain stem of neonatal rats exposed to hypoxic insult and the effect of glucose, oxygen, and epinephrine resuscitation in ameliorating these alterations. Hypoxic stress increased the total 5-HT and 5-HT(2A) receptor number along with an up regulation of 5-HT Transporter and 5-HT(2A) receptor gene in the brain stem of neonates. These serotonergic alterations were reversed by glucose supplementation alone and along with oxygen to hypoxic neonates. The enhanced brain stem 5-HT(2A) receptors act as a modulator of ventilatory response to hypoxia, which can in turn result in pulmonary vasoconstriction and cognitive dysfunction. The adverse effects of 100% oxygenation and epinephrine administration to hypoxic neonates were also reported. This has immense clinical significance in neonatal care.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Binding, Competitive
- Brain Stem/metabolism
- Epinephrine/pharmacology
- Epinephrine/therapeutic use
- Glucose/pharmacology
- Glucose/therapeutic use
- Hypoxia/drug therapy
- Hypoxia/metabolism
- Hypoxia, Brain/drug therapy
- Hypoxia, Brain/metabolism
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Ketanserin/pharmacology
- Maze Learning
- Memory
- Oxygen/pharmacology
- Oxygen/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism
- Resuscitation
- Serotonin/pharmacology
- Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology
- Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics
- Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Anju
- Molecular Neurobiology and Cell Biology Unit, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, 682022 Kerala, India
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Mariggiò MA, Falone S, Morabito C, Guarnieri S, Mirabilio A, Pilla R, Bucciarelli T, Verratti V, Amicarelli F. Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes: A Model for Monitoring Physiological Adaptation to High Altitude. High Alt Med Biol 2010; 11:333-42. [DOI: 10.1089/ham.2009.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Mariggiò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base ed Applicate, Università Gabriele d'Annunzio di Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center of Excellence on Aging, Gabriele d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Falone
- Dipartimento di Biologia di Base ed Applicata, Università dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Caterina Morabito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base ed Applicate, Università Gabriele d'Annunzio di Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center of Excellence on Aging, Gabriele d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Simone Guarnieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base ed Applicate, Università Gabriele d'Annunzio di Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center of Excellence on Aging, Gabriele d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mirabilio
- Dipartimento di Biologia di Base ed Applicata, Università dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Raffaele Pilla
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base ed Applicate, Università Gabriele d'Annunzio di Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center of Excellence on Aging, Gabriele d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Tonino Bucciarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università Gabriele d'Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vittore Verratti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base ed Applicate, Università Gabriele d'Annunzio di Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Fernanda Amicarelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia di Base ed Applicata, Università dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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14
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Cerebellar 5HT2A receptor function under hypoxia in neonatal rats: Role of glucose, oxygen, and epinephrine resuscitation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2010; 172:147-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Blanco S, Molina FJ, Castro L, Del Moral ML, Hernandez R, Jimenez A, Rus A, Martinez-Lara E, Siles E, Peinado MA. Study of the nitric oxide system in the rat cerebellum during aging. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:78. [PMID: 20576087 PMCID: PMC2905430 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cerebellum is the neural structure with the highest levels of nitric oxide, a neurotransmitter that has been proposed to play a key role in the brain aging, although knowledge concerning its contribution to cerebellar senescence is still unclear, due mainly to absence of integrative studies that jointly evaluate the main factors involved in its cell production and function. Consequently, in the present study, we investigate the expression, location, and activity of nitric oxide synthase isoenzymes; the protein nitration; and the production of nitric oxide in the cerebellum of adult and old rats. Results Our results show no variation in the expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms with aging, although, we have detected some changes in the cellular distribution pattern of the inducible isoform particularly in the cerebellar nuclei. There is also an increase in nitric oxide synthase activity, as well as greater protein-nitration levels, and maintenance of nitrogen oxides (NOx) levels in the senescent cerebellum. Conclusions The nitric oxide/nitric oxide syntahses system suffers from a number of changes, mainly in the inducible nitric oxide synthase distribution and in overall nitric oxide synthases activity in the senescent cerebellum, which result in an increase of the protein nitration. These changes might be related to the oxidative damage detected with aging in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santos Blanco
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain
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Swamy M, Salleh MJM, Sirajudeen KNS, Yusof WRW, Chandran G. Nitric oxide (no), citrulline - no cycle enzymes, glutamine synthetase and oxidative stress in anoxia (hypobaric hypoxia) and reperfusion in rat brain. Int J Med Sci 2010; 7:147-54. [PMID: 20567615 PMCID: PMC2880843 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.7.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide is postulated to be involved in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders due to hypoxia/ anoxia in brain due to increased release of glutamate and activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Reactive oxygen species have been implicated in pathophysiology of many neurological disorders and in brain function. To understand their role in anoxia (hypobaric hypoxia) and reperfusion (reoxygenation), the nitric oxide synthase, argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinate lyase, glutamine synthetase and arginase activities along with the concentration of nitrate /nitrite, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and total antioxidant status were estimated in cerebral cortex, cerebellum and brain stem of rats subjected to anoxia and reperfusion. The results of this study clearly demonstrated the increased production of nitric oxide by increased activity of nitric oxide synthase. The increased activities of argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase suggest the increased and effective recycling of citrulline to arginine in anoxia, making nitric oxide production more effective and contributing to its toxic effects. The decreased activity of glutamine synthetase may favor the prolonged availability of glutamic acid causing excitotoxicity leading to neuronal damage in anoxia. The increased formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and decreased total antioxidant status indicate the presence of oxidative stress in anoxia and reperfusion. The increased arginase and sustained decrease of GS activity in reperfusion group likely to be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Swamy
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Health campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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17
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Maiti P, Singh SB, Ilavazhagan G. Nitric oxide system is involved in hypobaric hypoxia-induced oxidative stress in rat brain. Acta Histochem 2010; 112:222-32. [PMID: 19428054 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in memory impairment at high altitude (HA). The aim of the present study was to investigate the involvement of reactive nitrogen species in hippocampus, cortex and striatum of rat brain under simulated HA conditions. Rats were exposed to hypobaric hypoxia (HH) equivalent to 6100 m of HA in an animal decompression chamber for 3, 7, 14 and 21 days. Biochemical estimation of free radicals, nitric oxide (NO) level along with immunoreactivity, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), neurodegeneration and DNA fragmentation were studied after HH exposure. The free radicals, NO level, nNOS immunoreactivity (nNOS-IR), nNOS expression, neurodegeneration and DNA fragmentation were increased in hippocampus, cortex and striatum after HH exposure. After 7 and 14 days of HH exposure, the nNOS-IR, nNOS expression, free radical, NO level, neurodegeneration and DNA fragmentation were increased in comparison to 3 or 21 days of HH. The NO system may be involved in increasing oxidative stress and neurodegeneration after HH.
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18
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El Hasnaoui-Saadani R, Pichon A, Marchant D, Olivier P, Launay T, Quidu P, Beaudry M, Duvallet A, Richalet JP, Favret F. Cerebral adaptations to chronic anemia in a model of erythropoietin-deficient mice exposed to hypoxia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 296:R801-11. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00119.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Anemia and hypoxia in rats result in an increase in factors potentially involved in cerebral angiogenesis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of chronic anemia and/or chronic hypoxia on cerebral cellular responses and angiogenesis in wild-type and anemic transgenic mice. These studies were done in erythropoietin-deficient mice (Epo-TAgh) in normoxia and following acute (one day) and chronic (14 days, barometric pressure = 420 mmHg) hypoxia. In normoxia, Epo-TAgh mice showed an increase in transcript and protein levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), erythropoietin receptors (EpoR), phospho-STAT-5/STAT-5 ratio, and neuronal neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) along with a higher cerebral capillary density. In wild-type (WT) mice, acute hypoxia increased all of the studied factors, while in chronic hypoxia, HIF-1α, EpoR, phospho-STAT-5/STAT-5 ratio, nNOS, and inducible NOS remained elevated, with an increase in capillary density. Surprisingly, in Epo-TAgh mice, chronic hypoxia did not further increase any factor except the nitric oxide metabolites, while HIF-1α, EpoR, and phospho-STAT-5/STAT-5 ratio were reduced. Normoxic Epo-TAgh mice developed cerebral angiogenesis through the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway. In acute hypoxia, WT mice up-regulated all of the studied factors, including cerebral NO. Polycythemia and angiogenesis occurred with acclimatization to chronic hypoxia only in WT mice. In Epo-TAgh, the decrease in HIF-1α, VEGF proteins, and phospho-STAT-5 ratio in chronic hypoxia suggest that neuroprotective and angiogenesis pathways are altered.
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Teran E, Chedraui P, Vivero S, Villena F, Duchicela F, Nacevilla L. Plasma and placental nitric oxide levels in women with and without pre-eclampsia living at different altitudes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2008; 104:140-2. [PMID: 19027900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the nitric oxide (NO) levels in the plasma and the placentas of pregnant women with pre-eclampsia and women without pre-eclampsia, and to determine the effect of high or low altitude of residence. METHODS NO was determined by chemoluminescence and group comparisons were performed. RESULTS Women with pre-eclampsia (n=63) had higher plasma NO levels (38.6+/-17.44 vs 30.6+/-12.44 micromol/L, P=0.004) and higher placental NO levels (38.5+/-17.0 vs 24.3+/-7.16 ng/mg protein, P<0.05) compared with women without pre-eclampsia. A similar trend was found when comparisons were made according to altitude of residence. NO levels were significantly higher in the plasma of pre-eclamptic women living at sea level (41.11+/-18.78 vs 28.96+/-9.57 micromol/L, P=0.003), and in the placentas of women living at high altitude (39.51+/-16.98 vs 21.91+/-6.64 ng/mg protein, P<0.0001). CONCLUSION Women with pre-eclampsia had higher plasma and placental NO levels and the differences were associated with altitude of residence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Teran
- Biomedical Center, Central University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
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20
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Serrano J, Fernández AP, Sánchez J, Rodrigo J, Martínez A. Adrenomedullin expression is up-regulated by acute hypobaric hypoxia in the cerebral cortex of the adult rat. Brain Pathol 2008; 18:434-42. [PMID: 18371176 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2008.00142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypobaric hypoxia can produce neuropsychological disorders such as insomnia, dizziness, memory deficiencies, headache and nausea. Here we report the changes in adrenomedullin (AM) expression observed in rats exposed to hypobaric hypoxia and different times of reoxygenation. AM immunoreactivity was transiently elevated in the cerebral cortex after 7 h of exposure to a simulated altitude of 8325 m (27 000 ft). This higher expression was seen in all pyramidal cells and in a subset of small interneurons. AM-positive nonpyramidal neurons contained also calbindin and calretinin, but no parvalbumin immunoreactivity, thus identifying them as bipolar and double bouquet cells. Small blood vessels and related astroglia also became immunoreactive following the hypobaric insult. AM up-regulation decreased progressively with the time of reoxygenation, reaching almost control levels after 5 days. Real-time PCR quantification of AM mRNA and Western blotting confirmed the up-regulation of AM expression following hypobaria. In addition, hypobaria modulates alternative splicing of the AM gene resulting in a higher production of AM. Our data show that AM expression regulation constitutes a cortical response to hypobaria, suggesting that AM modulation may provide new therapeutic avenues to prevent and/or treat the symptoms produced by hypobaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Serrano
- Department of Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Fernández AP, Serrano J, Rodrigo J, Monleón E, Monzón M, Vargas A, Badiola JJ, Martínez-Murillo R, Martínez A. Changes in the expression pattern of the nitrergic system of ovine cerebellum affected by scrapie. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2007; 66:196-207. [PMID: 17356381 DOI: 10.1097/01.jnen.0000248557.37832.b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive and inducible isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and the end-product of nitration, nitrotyrosine, were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and enzymatic activity in sheep at different stages of the prion disease, scrapie. Four groups were studied: 1) nonaffected (control), 2) preclinical, 3) clinical, and 4) terminal. Constitutive neuronal NOS (nNOS) was the most abundant isoform present in cerebellar neurons of the sheep. Expression of nNOS increased in preclinical animals but diminished in the late stages of the disease. The Purkinje cells that usually are not immunoreactive for this protein became immunopositive in the clinical phase. In unaffected sheep, the inducible isoform (iNOS) was slightly positive in the Purkinje cells. As the disease progressed, the immunoreactivity of Purkinje neurons for iNOS increased. At the final stages, numerous iNOS-positive microglial cells were found in the molecular layer. There was a basal level of protein nitration in the cerebellum of unaffected sheep, especially in the molecular layer. As the disease progressed, the distal prolongations of the Purkinje cells and the astroglia became immunoreactive for nitrotyrosine. Our results suggest that the nitrergic system reacts to the progression of spongiform diseases and may be part of their pathogenesis mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Patricia Fernández
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Dosek A, Ohno H, Acs Z, Taylor AW, Radak Z. High altitude and oxidative stress. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2007; 158:128-31. [PMID: 17482529 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2007.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to high altitude, which is associated with decreased oxygen pressure, could result in oxidative/reductive stress, enhanced generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), and related oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. The severity of oxidative challenge is related to the degree of altitude. A wide range of RONS generating systems are activated during exposure to high altitude, including the mitochondrial electron transport chain, xanthine oxidase, and nitric oxide synthase. High altitude appears to weaken the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems, and increased nutritional uptake of antioxidant vitamins are beneficial to reduce the altitude-induced oxidative damage. The pattern of high altitude exposure-associated oxidative damage resembles ischemia/reperfusion injury. The adaptive process to this oxidative challenge requires a relatively long period of time. Physical exercise or an enhanced level of physical activity at high altitude, exacerbates the extent of the oxidative challenge. Therefore, special attention is necessary to curb the degree of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agoston Dosek
- Institute of Sport Science, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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23
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Gokulrangan G, Zaidi A, Michaelis ML, Schöneich C. Proteomic analysis of protein nitration in rat cerebellum: effect of biological aging. J Neurochem 2007; 100:1494-504. [PMID: 17254026 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
3-Nitrotyrosine (3-NT) is a useful biomarker of increasing oxidative stress and protein nitration during biological aging. The proteomic analysis of cerebellar homogenate from Fisher 344/Brown Norway (BN/F1) rats shows an age-dependent increase in protein nitration, monitored by western-blot analysis after two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE), mainly in the acidic region. Analysis of in-gel digests by nanoelectrospray (NSI)-MS/MS resulted in the identification of 16 putatively nitrated proteins. The selective isolation of nitrated proteins using immunoprecipitation, followed by SDS-PAGE and in-gel digest/NSI-MS/MS analysis led to the identification of 22 putatively nitrated proteins, of which 7 were identical to those detected after 2DE. When proteins were separated by solution isoelectrofocusing and analyzed by NSI MS/MS, we obtained MS/MS spectra of 3-NT containing peptides of four proteins - similar to ryanodine receptor 3, low density lipoprotein related receptor 2, similar to nebulin-related anchoring protein isoform C and 2,3 cyclic nucleotide 3-phosphodiesterase. Although the functional consequences of protein nitration for these targets are not yet known, our proteomic experiments serve as a first screen for the more targeted analysis of nitrated proteins from aging cerebellum for functional characterization.
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24
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Serrano J, Encinas JM, Fernández AP, Rodrigo J, Martínez A. Effects of acute hypobaric hypoxia on the nitric oxide system of the rat cerebral cortex: Protective role of nitric oxide inhibitors. Neuroscience 2006; 142:799-808. [PMID: 16952423 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2006] [Revised: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to hypobaric hypoxia produces neuropsychological disorders. The brain nitrergic system was investigated following hypobaric hypoxia in the presence or absence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors. Adult rats were exposed to a simulated altitude of 8325 m (27,000 ft) for 7 h and killed after 0, 1, 3, 5, and 10 days of recovery. In addition to normobaric controls, three experimental groups were studied: i) subjected to hypobaric hypoxia without inhibitors; ii) subjected to hypobaric hypoxia and treated with 7-nitroindazole; iii) subjected to hypobaric hypoxia and treated with N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME). Cerebral cortex was assayed by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and enzymatic assays. In animals subjected to hypobaric hypoxia without inhibitors, there was an increase in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) immunoreactivity and Ca(2+)-dependent NOS activity from 0 to 1 days of reoxygenation. In these animals, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and Ca(2+)-independent activity were undetectable, but nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity was found in some neurons. Administration of either inhibitor prevented the increase in nNOS immunoreactivity and enzymatic activity provoked by hypobaric hypoxia. Concomitantly, nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity decreased progressively. In conclusion, activation of the nitrergic system constitutes a cortical response to hypobaric hypoxia and the administration of NOS inhibitors could provide new therapeutic avenues to prevent and/or treat the symptoms produced by hypobaric hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Serrano
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avd. Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
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25
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Krecsmarik M, Izbéki F, Bagyánszki M, Linke N, Bódi N, Kaszaki J, Katarova Z, Szabó A, Fekete E, Wittmann T. Chronic ethanol exposure impairs neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the rat intestine. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 30:967-73. [PMID: 16737454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO), synthesized by neuronal (nNOS), endothelial (eNOS), and inducible (iNOS) nitric oxide synthases, plays an essential role in the physiological functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Chronic ethanol intake has been shown to interfere with several of these physiological functions, leading to the pathological alterations observed in alcoholic individuals. Our aim therefore was to investigate the effects of chronic ethanol consumption on NOS isoforms in different GI segments. METHODS Rats received either 20% aqueous ethanol solution or water for 8 weeks. Tissue samples of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon of the rats were used for measurement of the NOS activity, protein content, and nNOS immunohistochemistry. Anti-HuC/D immunohistochemistry was used to determine the total number of neurons. RESULTS Measurement of the physiological constitutive NOS (cNOS) activity revealed a 20 times higher activity in the colon than in the small intestine and after chronic ethanol treatment demonstrated a significant decrease in the jejunum, ileum, and colon, while in the duodenum it remained unchanged compared with the control group. The physiological iNOS activity was higher in the ileum and colon than in the duodenum and jejunum, and these levels were not significantly affected by ethanol. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunohistochemistry revealed a significant decrease in the numbers of immunostained cells in all investigated intestinal segments, while the total number of myenteric neurons remained constant. The nNOS protein content measured by Western blotting indicated a significant decrease in the colon after ethanol consumption, while in other intestinal segments change was not detectable. CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated for the first time that chronic ethanol consumption has a differential effect on NOS activity, NOS protein content, and the number of nitrergic neurons in different intestinal segments, suggesting that chronic ethanol administration affects the NO pathways in the enteric nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Krecsmarik
- Department of Zoology and Cell Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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26
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Rodrigo J, Fernández AP, Serrano J, Monzón M, Monleón E, Badiola JJ, Climent S, Martínez-Murillo R, Martínez A. Distribution and expression pattern of the nitrergic system in the cerebellum of the sheep. Neuroscience 2006; 139:889-98. [PMID: 16533568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The nitrergic system produces nitric oxide as an atypical neurotransmitter in the nervous system. Nitric oxide is produced from l-arginine through specific enzymes known as nitric oxide synthases. Of these, the more abundant form in neurons is the constitutive neuronal nitric oxide synthase, although the inducible isoform can be expressed as well, especially following stress or other injuries. The excessive formation of nitric oxide results in protein nitration, particularly at tyrosine residues, thus the presence of nitrotyrosine can be used as a marker of nitric oxide production. In previous studies we have shown the distribution of the components of the nitrergic system in the cerebellum of rodents, where neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity was present in stellate and basket cells, and occasionally in granule cells. Here, we present evidence that in the sheep, as a model of larger mammals, most cerebellar neurons display an intense immunostaining for neuronal nitric oxide synthase, including unipolar brush cells, and Lugaro and Golgi neurons, which are not immunoreactive in rodents. In addition, weak immunoreactivity for inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine was found in particular cell types, indicating a basal expression for these markers. Our results suggest a larger dependence on the nitrergic system for the cerebella of larger mammals. Since this increase happens in both activating and inhibitory neurons of the cerebellar circuitry, we propose that in these animals there is a higher steady-state regulation of the cerebellum based on nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rodrigo
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida del Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain.
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27
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Kaur C, Sivakumar V, Singh G, Singh J, Ling EA. Response of Purkinje neurons to hypobaric hypoxic exposure as shown by alteration in expression of glutamate receptors, nitric oxide synthases and calcium binding proteins. Neuroscience 2005; 135:1217-29. [PMID: 16169666 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2005] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypobaric hypoxia is known to impair muscular coordination. It is not known whether hypobaric hypoxia causes any damage to the Purkinje neurons which may be responsible for impairment of muscular coordination. Expression of ionotropic glutamate receptors N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit 1, amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid GluR2/3, calcium binding proteins and nitric oxide synthases in the Purkinje neurons was examined in rats exposed to hypobaric hypoxia. The mRNA expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit 1, GluR2, GluR3 and nitric oxide synthases [neuronal, endothelial and inducible] was upregulated at 3 h peaking at 24 h after the exposure. This was sustained up to 3 days; thereafter, it was comparable to the controls. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed a marked expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit 1 and GluR2/3 at the above time intervals. Immunoexpression of calbindin-D28k (calbindin) and parvalbumin was intense in the soma of Purkinje neurons in the control rats. It was, however, drastically downregulated up to 3 days after exposure. At 3 days the neuronal dendrites showed intense expression of calbindin which returned to control levels at 7 days. Expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and inducible nitric oxide synthase was markedly upregulated from 3 h to 3 days whereas endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression, localized in the blood vessels and Purkinje neurons, remained elevated up to 24 h after the exposure. A progressive darkening of the Purkinje neuron cell bodies was observed at ultrastructural level up to 3 days but degenerating cells were not observed. A salient alteration was the dilation and stacking of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the dendrites up to 14 days after the exposure. The present results suggest that hypobaric hypoxia leads to overexpression of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit 1 and GluR2/3 in Purkinje neurons that may be responsive to altered calcium levels as manifested by decreased expression of calcium binding proteins. This together with excess nitric oxide production may have led to transient ultrastructural changes. We propose that the functions of the Purkinje neurons may be altered in response to an acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia resulting in impairment of motor coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kaur
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Blk MD10, 4 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597.
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28
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Li RC, Row BW, Kheirandish L, Brittian KR, Gozal E, Guo SZ, Sachleben LR, Gozal D. Nitric oxide synthase and intermittent hypoxia-induced spatial learning deficits in the rat. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 17:44-53. [PMID: 15350964 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2003] [Revised: 03/18/2004] [Accepted: 05/18/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia (IH) during sleep induces significant neurobehavioral deficits in the rat. Since nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in ischemia-reperfusion-related pathophysiological consequences, the temporal effects of IH (alternating 21% and 10% O(2) every 90 s) and sustained hypoxia (SH; 10% O(2)) during sleep for up to 14 days on the induction of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms in the brain were examined in the cortex of Sprague-Dawley rats. No significant changes of endothelial NOS (eNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS) occurred over time with either IH or SH. Similarly, inducible NOS (iNOS) was not affected by SH. However, increased expression and activity of iNOS were observed on days 1 and 3 of IH (P < 0.01 vs. control; n = 12/group) and were followed by a return to basal levels on days 7 and 14. Furthermore, IH-mediated neurobehavioral deficits in the water maze were significantly attenuated in iNOS knockout mice. We conclude that IH is associated with a time-dependent induction of iNOS and that the increased expression of iNOS may play a critical role in the early pathophysiological events leading to IH-mediated neurobehavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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29
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Hernández R, Martínez-Lara E, Del Moral ML, Blanco S, Cañuelo A, Siles E, Esteban FJ, Pedrosa JA, Peinado MA. Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase maintains nitric oxide production in the cerebellum of thioacetamide cirrhotic rats. Neuroscience 2004; 126:879-87. [PMID: 15207323 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2004] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the expression and cellular distribution pattern of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms, nitrotyrosine-derived complexes, and the nitric oxide (NO) production in the cerebellum of rats with cirrhosis induced by thioacetamide (TAA). The results showed local changes in the tissue distribution pattern of the NOS isoforms and nitrated proteins in the cerebellum of these animals. Particularly, eNOS immunoreactivity in perivascular glial cells of the white matter was detected only in TAA-treated animals. In addition, although neither neuronal NOS (nNOS) nor inducible NOS (iNOS) cerebellar protein levels appeared to be affected, the endothelial NOS (eNOS) isoform significantly increased its expression, and NO production slightly augmented in TAA-treated rats. These NOS/NO changes may contribute differently to the evolution of the hepatic disease either by maintaining the guanosine monophosphate-NO signal transduction pathways and the physiological cerebellar functions or by inducing oxidative stress and cell damage. This model gives rise to the hypothesis that the upregulation of the eNOS maintains the physiological production of NO, while the iNOS is silenced and the nNOS remains unchanged. The differential NOS-distribution and expression pattern may be one of the mechanisms involved to balance cerebellar NO production in order to minimize TAA toxic injury. These data help elucidate the role of the NOS/NO system in the development and progress of hepatic encephalopathy associated with TAA cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hernández
- Department of Experimental Biology (Edf B3), University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
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30
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Abbott LC, Nahm SS. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in cerebellar mutant mice. THE CEREBELLUM 2004; 3:141-51. [PMID: 15543804 DOI: 10.1080/14734220410031927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a diffusible, multifunctional signaling molecule found in many areas of the brain. NO signaling is involved in a wide array of neurophysiological functions including synaptogenesis, modulation of neurotransmitter release, synaptic plasticity, central nervous system blood flow and cell death. NO synthase (NOS) activity regulates the production of NO and the cerebellum expresses high levels of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in granule, stellate and basket cells. Cerebellar mutant mice provide excellent opportunities to study changes of NO/NOS concentrations and activities to gain a greater understanding of the roles of NO and NOS in cerebellar function. Here, we have reviewed the current understanding of the functional roles of NO and NOS in the cerebellum and present NO/NOS activities that have been described in various cerebellar mutant mice and NOS knockout mice. NO appears to exert neuroprotective effects at low to moderate concentrations, whereas NO becomes neurotoxic as the concentration increases. Excessive NO production can cause oxidative stress to neurons, ultimately impairing neuronal function and result in neuronal cell death. Based on their genetics and cerebellar histopathology, some of cerebellar mutant mice display similarities with human neurological conditions and may prove to be valuable models to study several human neurological disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Abbott
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA.
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31
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Encinas JM, Fernández AP, Salas E, Castro-Blanco S, Muñoz P, Rodrigo J, Serrano J. Nitric oxide synthase and NADPH-diaphorase after acute hypobaric hypoxia in the rat caudate putamen. Exp Neurol 2004; 186:33-45. [PMID: 14980808 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2003.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2003] [Revised: 09/25/2003] [Accepted: 09/26/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the production system of nitric oxide (NO), a multifunctional biological messenger known to participate in blood-flow regulation, neuromodulation, and neuroprotection or neurotoxicity, were investigated in the caudate putamen of adult rats submitted to hypobaric hypoxia. Employing immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, enzymatic assay, and NADPH-diaphorase staining, we demonstrate that neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression and constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) activity were transiently activated by 7 h of exposure to a simulated altitude of 8325 m (27,000 ft). In addition, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) immunoreactivity and blood vessel NADPH-diaphorase staining peaked immediately after the hypoxic stimulus, whereas inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and activity remained unaltered. Nitrotyrosine formation, a marker of protein nitration, was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, and was found to increase parallel to nitric oxide synthesis. We conclude that the nitric oxide system undergoes significant transient alterations in the caudate putamen of adult rats submitted to acute hypobaric hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Encinas
- Departamento de Neuroanatomía y Biología Celular, Instituto de Neurobiología Ramón y Cajal, CSIC, E-28002 Madrid, Spain
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32
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Rodrigo J, Fernández-Vizarra P, Castro-Blanco S, Bentura ML, Nieto M, Gómez-Isla T, Martínez-Murillo R, MartInez A, Serrano J, Fernández AP. Nitric oxide in the cerebral cortex of amyloid-precursor protein (SW) Tg2576 transgenic mice. Neuroscience 2004; 128:73-89. [PMID: 15450355 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the amyloid-peptide (Abeta), neuronal and inducible nitric oxide (NO)synthase (nNOS, iNOS), nitrotyrosine, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and lectin from Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) were investigated in the cerebral cortex of transgenic mice (Tg2576) to amyloid precursor protein (APP), by immunohistochemistry (bright light, confocal, and electron microscopy). The expression of nitrergic proteins and synthesis of nitric oxide were analyzed by immunoblotting and NOS activity assays, respectively. The cerebral cortex of these transgenic mice showed an age-dependent progressive increase in intraneuronal aggregates of Abeta-peptide and extracellular formation of senile plaques surrounded by numerous microglial and reactive astrocytes. Basically, no changes to nNOS reactivity or expression were found in the cortical mantle of either wild or transgenic mice. This reactivity in wild mice corresponded to numerous large type I and small type II neurons. The transgenic mice showed swollen, twisted, and hypertrophic preterminal and terminal processes of type I neurons, and an increase of the type II neurons. The calcium-dependent NOS enzymatic activity was higher in wild than in the transgenic mice. The iNOS reactivity, expression and calcium-independent enzymatic activity increased in transgenic mice with respect to wild mice, and were related to cortical neurons and microglial cells. The progressive elevation of NO production resulted in a specific pattern of protein nitration in reactive astrocytes. The ultrastructural study carried out in the cortical mantle showed that the neurons contained intracellular aggregates of Abeta-peptide associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus. The endothelial vascular cells also contained Abeta-peptide deposits. This transgenic model might contribute to understand the role of the nitrergic system in the biological changes related to neuropathological progression of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rodrigo
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Doctor Arce Avenue 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain.
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