1
|
Zhornitsky S, Chaudhary S, Le TM, Chen Y, Zhang S, Potvin S, Chao HH, van Dyck CH, Li CSR. Cognitive dysfunction and cerebral volumetric deficits in individuals with Alzheimer's disease, alcohol use disorder, and dual diagnosis. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 317:111380. [PMID: 34482052 PMCID: PMC8579376 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological surveys suggest that excessive drinking is associated with higher risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study utilized data from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center to examine cognition as well as gray/white matter and ventricular volumes among participants with AD and alcohol use disorder (AD/AUD, n = 52), AD only (n = 701), AUD only (n = 67), and controls (n = 1283). AUD diagnosis was associated with higher Clinical Dementia Rating Scale Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB) in AD than in non-AD. AD performed worse on semantic fluency and Trail Making Test A + B (TMT A + B) and showed smaller total GMV, WMV, and larger ventricular volume than non-AD. AD had smaller regional GMV in the inferior/superior parietal cortex, hippocampal formation, occipital cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, posterior cingulate cortex, and isthmus cingulate cortex than non-AD. AUD had significantly smaller somatomotor cortical GMV and showed a trend towards smaller volume in the hippocampal formation, relative to non-AUD participants. Misuse of alcohol has an additive effect on dementia severity among AD participants. Smaller hippocampal volume is a common feature of both AD and AUD. Although AD is associated with more volumetric deficits overall, AD and AUD are associated with atrophy in largely distinct brain regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Zhornitsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
| | - Shefali Chaudhary
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Thang M Le
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Stéphane Potvin
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut, Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Herta H Chao
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Christopher H van Dyck
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kaiserová M, Menšíková K, Tučková L, Hluštík P, Kaňovský P. Case Report: Concomitant Alzheimer's and Lewy-Related Pathology Extending the Spectrum of Underlying Pathologies of Corticobasal Syndrome. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:742042. [PMID: 34803587 PMCID: PMC8595290 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.742042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is clinically characterized by progressive asymmetric rigidity and apraxia together with symptoms suggestive of cortical involvement and basal ganglia dysfunction. The spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases that can manifest with CBS is wide. The associations of CBS with corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobar degenerations, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, or diffuse Lewy body pathology have been reported. We describe the case of a 71-year-old woman with CBS. The histopathological examination of brain tissue revealed concomitant pathology corresponding to the limbic stage of Lewy-related pathology and the intermediate stage of Alzheimer's-type pathology. To date, there have been only a few cases with a similar combination of pathology manifesting with the CBS phenotype that have been described in the literature. The extent and distribution of pathological changes in these cases were somewhat different from ours, and significance for clinical manifestation was attributed to only one of these pathologies. In our case, we assume that both types of pathology contributed to the development of the disease, considering the presumed specific spread of both types of pathological processes according to Braak's staging. Our case expands the spectrum of neurodegenerative pathological processes that may manifest with the typical CBS phenotype. Also, it points out the importance of identifying specific biomarkers that would enable more accurate in vivo differential diagnosis and more accurate determination of the underlying pathological processes of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kaiserová
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Katerina Menšíková
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Lucie Tučková
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Hluštík
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Kaňovský
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jung J, Lee CH, Shin K, Roh D, Lee SK, Moon YS, Jon DI, Kim DH. Specific Association Between Religiosity and Cognitive Functions in Alzheimer's Disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2019; 34:254-260. [PMID: 30704264 PMCID: PMC10852484 DOI: 10.1177/1533317519827416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify the specific relationship between subdomains of religious variables and cognitive functions in outpatients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS We recruited 325 patients with AD from a psychiatry outpatient clinic. The Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease and the Duke University Religion Index were used to assess cognitive functions and religiosity. We performed structural equation modeling and partial correlation analysis after controlling for demographic data. RESULTS The model in which religiosity beneficially affects cognitive functions showed acceptable model fit (root-mean-square error of approximation = 0.076, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.921, comparative fit index = 0.947). In the partial correlation analysis, organizational religious activity demonstrated positive relationships with memory ( r = 0.144, P = .010), language ( r = 0.149, P = .007), and constructional ability ( r = 0.191 P = .001). Nonorganizational religious activity and intrinsic religiosity were positively associated with memory ( r = 0.115, P = .040; r = 0.140, P = .012) and constructional ability ( r = 0.207, P = .000; r = 0.136, P = .015). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that religiosity positively affects cognitive functions and that each religious variable is related differently to the subdomains of cognitive functions in patients with AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JaeHoon Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Mind-Neuromodulation Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyun Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Mind-Neuromodulation Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitack Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Mind-Neuromodulation Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeyoung Roh
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Mind-Neuromodulation Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Mind-Neuromodulation Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Sun Moon
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Skeletal Aging, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk-In Jon
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hoon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Mind-Neuromodulation Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Madsen JB, Folke J, Pakkenberg B. Stereological Quantification of Plaques and Tangles in Neocortex from Alzheimer’s Disease Patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:723-734. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jes Buster Madsen
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark
| | - Jonas Folke
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark
| | - Bente Pakkenberg
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yoshii F, Kawaguchi C, Kohara S, Shimizu M, Onaka H, Ryo M, Takahashi W. Characteristic deterioration of ADAS-Jcog subscale scores and correlations with regional cerebral blood flow reductions in Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Sci 2018; 39:909-918. [PMID: 29508099 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale (Japanese version) cognitive subscale (ADAS-Jcog) is composed of a number of subscale tasks. However, it is not clear which subscale tasks are most susceptible to impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) or what is the relationship between reduction in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and decreased ADAS-Jcog scores. Subjects were 32 AD patients, aged 52-86 years. We examined the relationship between subscale tasks that showed marked score changes and brain regions that showed reduced rCBF over a 2-year period. rCBF was measured by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer (99mTc-ECD), and the SPECT imaging data were analyzed with the easy Z-score imaging system (eZIS) and voxel-based stereotactic extraction estimation (vbSEE) methods. Total score of ADAS-Jcog deteriorated from 19.5 ± 7.0 to 35.7 ± 15.2 after 2 years. Subscale scores were significantly worse in all fields, particularly in orientation, word recall, remembering test instructions, commands, constructional praxis, and ideational praxis, in that order. Significant correlations were found between (1) word recall and commands and rCBF in the left middle temporal lobe, (2) naming objects/fingers and rCBF in the left temporal (middle, inferior) lobe, and (3) constructional and ideational praxis and rCBF in the right parietal (superior, inferior) lobe, temporal (superior, middle) lobe, angular gyrus, and cingulate gyrus. We identified the brain regions associated with specifically impaired subscales of ADAS-Jcog during progressive deterioration of AD over 2 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihito Yoshii
- Department of Neurology, Saiseikai Shonan Hiratsuka Hospital, 18-1 Miyamatsu-cho, Hiratsuka, 254-0036, Japan. .,Department of Neurology, Tokai University Oiso Hospital, 21-1 Gakkyo, Naka-gun, 259-0198, Japan.
| | - Chikako Kawaguchi
- Department of Neurology, Seya Clinic, Seya, Yokohama, 246-0014, Japan
| | - Saori Kohara
- Department of Clinical Technology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Mie Shimizu
- Department of Clinical Technology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroe Onaka
- Department of Clinical Technology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Masafuchi Ryo
- Department of Neurology, Tokai University Oiso Hospital, 21-1 Gakkyo, Naka-gun, 259-0198, Japan
| | - Wakoh Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Tokai University Oiso Hospital, 21-1 Gakkyo, Naka-gun, 259-0198, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Statistically Derived Subtypes and Associations with Cerebrospinal Fluid and Genetic Biomarkers in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Latent Profile Analysis. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2017; 23:564-576. [PMID: 28578726 PMCID: PMC5551901 DOI: 10.1017/s135561771700039x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research demonstrates heterogeneous neuropsychological profiles among individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, few studies have included visuoconstructional ability or used latent mixture modeling to statistically identify MCI subtypes. Therefore, we examined whether unique neuropsychological MCI profiles could be ascertained using latent profile analysis (LPA), and subsequently investigated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, genotype, and longitudinal clinical outcomes between the empirically derived classes. METHODS A total of 806 participants diagnosed by means of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) MCI criteria received a comprehensive neuropsychological battery assessing visuoconstructional ability, language, attention/executive function, and episodic memory. Test scores were adjusted for demographic characteristics using standardized regression coefficients based on "robust" normal control performance (n=260). Calculated Z-scores were subsequently used in the LPA, and CSF-derived biomarkers, genotype, and longitudinal clinical outcome were evaluated between the LPA-derived MCI classes. RESULTS Statistical fit indices suggested a 3-class model was the optimal LPA solution. The three-class LPA consisted of a mixed impairment MCI class (n=106), an amnestic MCI class (n=455), and an LPA-derived normal class (n=245). Additionally, the amnestic and mixed classes were more likely to be apolipoprotein e4+ and have worse Alzheimer's disease CSF biomarkers than LPA-derived normal subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our study supports significant heterogeneity in MCI neuropsychological profiles using LPA and extends prior work (Edmonds et al., 2015) by demonstrating a lower rate of progression in the approximately one-third of ADNI MCI individuals who may represent "false-positive" diagnoses. Our results underscore the importance of using sensitive, actuarial methods for diagnosing MCI, as current diagnostic methods may be over-inclusive. (JINS, 2017, 23, 564-576).
Collapse
|
7
|
Ferreira D, Falahati F, Linden C, Buckley RF, Ellis KA, Savage G, Villemagne VL, Rowe CC, Ames D, Simmons A, Westman E. A 'Disease Severity Index' to identify individuals with Subjective Memory Decline who will progress to mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44368. [PMID: 28287184 PMCID: PMC5347012 DOI: 10.1038/srep44368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Subjective memory decline (SMD) is a heterogeneous condition. While SMD might be the earliest sign of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), it also occurs in aging and various neurological, medical, and psychiatric conditions. Identifying those with higher risk to develop dementia is thus a major challenge. We tested a novel disease severity index generated by multivariate data analysis with numerous structural MRI measures as input. The index was used to identify SMD individuals with high risk of progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or AD. A total of 69 healthy controls, 86 SMD, 45 MCI, and 38 AD patients were included. Subjects were followed up for 7.5 years. Clinical, cognitive, PET amyloid imaging and APOE ε4 data were used as outcome variables. The results showed that SMD evidenced cognitive performance intermediate between healthy controls and MCI. The disease severity index identified eleven (13%) SMD individuals with an AD-like pattern of brain atrophy. These individuals showed lower cognitive performance, increased CDR-SOB, higher amyloid burden and worse clinical progression (6.2 times higher likelihood to develop MCI, dementia or die than healthy controls). The current disease severity index may have relevance for clinical practice, as well as for selecting appropriate individuals for clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ferreira
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Farshad Falahati
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Linden
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rachel F Buckley
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3084, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 02129 Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn A Ellis
- The Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - Greg Savage
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3084, Australia.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg 3084, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3084, Australia
| | - Christopher C Rowe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg 3084, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3084, Australia
| | - David Ames
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3084, Australia
| | - Andrew Simmons
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, London SE5 8AF, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia, London SE5 8AF, UK.,Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Eric Westman
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Noroozian M. Alzheimer's Disease: Prototype of Cognitive Deterioration, Valuable Lessons to Understand Human Cognition. Neurol Clin 2016; 34:69-131. [PMID: 26613996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is important for neurologists to become more familiar with neuropsychological evaluation for Alzheimer disease. The growth of this method in research, as an available, inexpensive, and noninvasive diagnostic approach, which can be administered even by non-specialist-trained examiners, makes this knowledge more necessary than ever. Such knowledge has a basic role in planning national programs in primary health care systems for prevention and early detection of Alzheimer disease. This is more crucial in developing countries, which have higher rates of dementia prevalence along with cardiovascular risk factors, lack of public knowledge about dementia, and limited social support. In addition compared to the neurological hard signs which are tangible and measurable, the concept of cognition seems to be more difficult for the neurologists to evaluate and for the students to understand. Dementia in general and Alzheimer's disease as the prototype of cognitive disorders specifically, play an important role to explore all domains of human cognition through its symptomatology and neuropsychological deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Noroozian
- Memory and Behavioral Neurology Division, Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 606 South Kargar Avenue, Tehran 1333795914, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen H, Pan X, Lau JKL, Bickerton WL, Pradeep B, Taheri M, Humphreys G, Rotshtein P. Lesion-symptom mapping of a complex figure copy task: A large-scale PCA study of the BCoS trial. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 11:622-634. [PMID: 27182489 PMCID: PMC4857225 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Complex figure copying is a commonly used neuropsychological test. Here we explored the neural basis of the factors underlying complex figure copying (CFC), using data from the Birmingham Cognitive Screen (BCoS) in a large group of sub-acute, ischemic stroke patients (239). We computed two analyses: in the first we assessed the contribution of co-morbid deficits (i.e. in gesture processing, object use, visual neglect, pictures naming and sustained attention) to the lesions associated with CFC. In a second analysis a Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was used to isolate different underlying task components and to link to clinical neuroimaging scans. A voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis showed that poor CFC performance was associated with lesions to bi-lateral thalamus, lingual, right fusiform and right inferior parietal cortices (rIPC). The latter association with the posterior parietal cortex was diminished after controlling for neglect. Follow up analysis showed the neglect partially mediated the correlation of CFC and rIPC. The PCA revealed three main underlying components: (1) a component associated with high-level motor control common to different measures of apraxia and linked to the left postcentral gyrus, the right thalamus and middle frontal gyrus; (2) a visuo-motor transformation component unique to the CFC and associated with lesions to the posterior occipital and sensory cortices; (3) a component associated with multistep object use tasks which was correlated with lesions to the left inferior frontal orbital gyrus, the right fusiform and cerebellum. Using clinical symptoms, cognitive profiles and lesion mapping we showed that beyond visual perception, CFC performance is supported by three functional networks: one for high-level motor control, a visuo-motor transformation component, and multistep object use network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haobo Chen
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, PR China; School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Xiaoping Pan
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, PR China
| | | | | | - Boddana Pradeep
- Consultant in Old Age Psychiatry, Avon & Wiltshire NHS Trust, Green Lane Hospital, Devizes, Wiltshire SN105 DS, UK
| | - Maliheh Taheri
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Glyn Humphreys
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK
| | - Pia Rotshtein
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shanmuganathan B, Sheeja Malar D, Sathya S, Pandima Devi K. Antiaggregation Potential of Padina gymnospora against the Toxic Alzheimer's Beta-Amyloid Peptide 25-35 and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Property of Its Bioactive Compounds. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141708. [PMID: 26536106 PMCID: PMC4633220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation in the cerebral cortex of the brain is a promising therapeutic and defensive strategy in identification of disease modifying agents for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Since natural products are considered as the current alternative trend for the discovery of AD drugs, the present study aims at the evaluation of anti-amyloidogenic potential of the marine seaweed Padina gymnospora. Prevention of aggregation and disaggregation of the mature fibril formation of Aβ 25–35 by acetone extracts of P. gymnospora (ACTPG) was evaluated in two phases by Thioflavin T assay. The results were further confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis. The results of antiaggregation and disaggregation assay showed that the increase in fluorescence intensity of aggregated Aβ and the co-treatment of ACTPG (250 μg/ml) with Aβ 25–35, an extensive decrease in the fluorescence intensity was observed in both phases, which suggests that ACTPG prevents the oligomers formation and disaggregation of mature fibrils. In addition, ACTPG was subjected to column chromatography and the bioactivity was screened based on the cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Finally, the active fraction was subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis for the identification of bioactive compounds. Overall, the results suggest that the bioactive compound alpha bisabolol present in the alga might be responsible for the observed cholinesterase inhibition with the IC50 value < 10 μg/ml for both AChE and BuChE when compared to standard drug donepezil (IC50 value < 6 μg/ml) and support its use for the treatment of neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dicson Sheeja Malar
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University (Science campus), Karaikudi- 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sethuraman Sathya
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University (Science campus), Karaikudi- 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kasi Pandima Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University (Science campus), Karaikudi- 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Roth HL, Bauer RM, Crucian GP, Heilman KM. Frontal-executive constructional apraxia: when delayed recall is better than copying. Neurocase 2014; 20:283-95. [PMID: 23581561 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2013.770879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In assessments of visuospatial function and memory, patients are often required to copy a figure and later to reproduce that figure from memory. Whereas most people perform better on a copying task than when drawing from memory, in this study we describe an unusual pattern of performance in which patients are better at drawing from memory than copying. Consecutive patients in a neurocognitive disorders clinic were given a battery of clinical cognitive tests that included copying a figure of intersecting pentagons and then drawing the figure from memory. Patterns of drawing performance at the two time points were compared to the profile of other cognitive deficits. RESULTS A subgroup of four patients with frontal dysfunction showed marked improvement in drawings at a delay compared to copying. Prior studies have indicated that most patients have declines in drawing performance at a delay. The unusual pattern of better performance at a delay compared to an initial copy occurred in patients with frontal dysfunction. These patients' visuoconstructive deficit and subsequent improvement could be related to either a failure to disengage when a model is present, to memory consolidation with increased reliance on top-down processing in the delay condition, or to relative preservation of global versus local aspects of a stimulus in memory. The addition of a task to assess drawing after a delay to a standard clinical screening battery such as the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) provides the opportunity to evaluate this phenomenon that may be indicative of frontal-executive dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L Roth
- a Department of Neurology , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lalonde R, Fukuchi K, Strazielle C. APP transgenic mice for modelling behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1357-75. [PMID: 22373961 PMCID: PMC3340431 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of gene mutations responsible for autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease has enabled researchers to reproduce in transgenic mice several hallmarks of this disorder, notably Aβ accumulation, though in most cases without neurofibrillary tangles. Mice expressing mutated and wild-type APP as well as C-terminal fragments of APP exhibit variations in exploratory activity reminiscent of behavioural and psychological symptoms of Alzheimer dementia (BPSD). In particular, open-field, spontaneous alternation, and elevated plus-maze tasks as well as aggression are modified in several APP transgenic mice relative to non-transgenic controls. However, depending on the precise murine models, changes in open-field and elevated plus-maze exploration occur in either direction, either increased or decreased relative to controls. It remains to be determined which neurotransmitter changes are responsible for this variability, in particular with respect to GABA, 5HT, and dopamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Lalonde
- Département de Psychologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fillenbaum GG, Burchett BM, Unverzagt FW, Rexroth DF, Welsh-Bohmer K. Norms for CERAD constructional praxis recall. Clin Neuropsychol 2011; 25:1345-58. [PMID: 21992077 PMCID: PMC3398459 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2011.614962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Recall of the four-item constructional praxis measure was a later addition to the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) neuropsychological battery. Norms for this measure, based on cognitively intact African Americans age ≥70 (Indianapolis-Ibadan Dementia Project, N=372), European American participants age ≥66 (Cache County Study of Memory, Health and Aging, N=507), and European American CERAD clinic controls age ≥50 (N = 182), are presented here. Performance varied by site; by sex, education, and age (African Americans in Indianapolis); education and age (Cache County European Americans); and only age (CERAD European American controls). Performance declined with increased age, within age with less education, and was poorer for women. Means, standard deviations, and percentiles are presented separately for each sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerda G Fillenbaum
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
von Gunten A, Ebbing K, Imhof A, Giannakopoulos P, Kövari E. Brain aging in the oldest-old. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res 2010; 2010:358531. [PMID: 20706534 PMCID: PMC2913516 DOI: 10.1155/2010/358531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonagenarians and centenarians represent a quickly growing age group worldwide. In parallel, the prevalence of dementia increases substantially, but how to define dementia in this oldest-old age segment remains unclear. Although the idea that the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) decreases after age 90 has now been questioned, the oldest-old still represent a population relatively resistant to degenerative brain processes. Brain aging is characterised by the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and senile plaques (SPs) as well as neuronal and synaptic loss in both cognitively intact individuals and patients with AD. In nondemented cases NFTs are usually restricted to the hippocampal formation, whereas the progressive involvement of the association areas in the temporal neocortex parallels the development of overt clinical signs of dementia. In contrast, there is little correlation between the quantitative distribution of SP and AD severity. The pattern of lesion distribution and neuronal loss changes in extreme aging relative to the younger-old. In contrast to younger cases where dementia is mainly related to severe NFT formation within adjacent components of the medial and inferior aspects of the temporal cortex, oldest-old individuals display a preferential involvement of the anterior part of the CA1 field of the hippocampus whereas the inferior temporal and frontal association areas are relatively spared. This pattern suggests that both the extent of NFT development in the hippocampus as well as a displacement of subregional NFT distribution within the Cornu ammonis (CA) fields may be key determinants of dementia in the very old. Cortical association areas are relatively preserved. The progression of NFT formation across increasing cognitive impairment was significantly slower in nonagenarians and centenarians compared to younger cases in the CA1 field and entorhinal cortex. The total amount of amyloid and the neuronal loss in these regions were also significantly lower than those reported in younger AD cases. Overall, there is evidence that pathological substrates of cognitive deterioration in the oldest-old are different from those observed in the younger-old. Microvascular parameters such as mean capillary diameters may be key factors to consider for the prediction of cognitive decline in the oldest-old. Neuropathological particularities of the oldest-old may be related to "longevity-enabling" genes although little or nothing is known in this promising field of future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. von Gunten
- Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Age Avancé (SUPAA), Department of Psychiatry of CHUV, University of Lausanne, Route du Mont, 1008 Prilly, Switzerland
| | - K. Ebbing
- Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Age Avancé (SUPAA), Department of Psychiatry of CHUV, University of Lausanne, Route du Mont, 1008 Prilly, Switzerland
| | - A. Imhof
- Department of Psychiatry, HUG, Belle-Idée, University of Geneva School of Medicine, 1225 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P. Giannakopoulos
- Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Age Avancé (SUPAA), Department of Psychiatry of CHUV, University of Lausanne, Route du Mont, 1008 Prilly, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, HUG, Belle-Idée, University of Geneva School of Medicine, 1225 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E. Kövari
- Unité de Psychopathologie Morphologique, Department of Psychiatry of HUG, 1225 Genève, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Aizenstein HJ, Nebes RD, Saxton JA, Price JC, Mathis CA, Tsopelas ND, Ziolko SK, James JA, Snitz BE, Houck PR, Bi W, Cohen AD, Lopresti BJ, DeKosky ST, Halligan EM, Klunk WE. Frequent amyloid deposition without significant cognitive impairment among the elderly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 65:1509-17. [PMID: 19001171 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.65.11.1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 767] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the prevalence of amyloid deposition in a clinically unimpaired elderly population, as assessed by Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, and its relationship to cognitive function, measured with a battery of neuropsychological tests. DESIGN Subjects underwent cognitive testing and PiB PET imaging (15 mCi for 90 minutes with an ECAT HR+ scanner). Logan graphical analysis was applied to estimate regional PiB retention distribution volume, normalized to a cerebellar reference region volume, to yield distribution volume ratios (DVRs). SETTING University medical center. PARTICIPANTS From a community-based sample of volunteers, 43 participants aged 65 to 88 years who did not meet diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer disease or mild cognitive impairment were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Regional PiB retention and cognitive test performance. RESULTS Of 43 clinically unimpaired elderly persons imaged, 9 (21%) showed evidence of early amyloid deposition in at least 1 brain area using an objectively determined DVR cutoff. Demographic characteristics did not differ significantly between amyloid-positive and amyloid-negative participants, and neurocognitive performance was not significantly worse among amyloid-positive compared with amyloid-negative participants. CONCLUSIONS Amyloid deposition can be identified among cognitively normal elderly persons during life, and the prevalence of asymptomatic amyloid deposition may be similar to that of symptomatic amyloid deposition. In this group of participants without clinically significant impairment, amyloid deposition was not associated with worse cognitive function, suggesting that an elderly person with a significant amyloid burden can remain cognitively normal. However, this finding is based on relatively small numbers and needs to be replicated in larger cohorts. Longitudinal follow-up of these subjects will be required to support the potential of PiB imaging to identify preclinical Alzheimer disease, or, alternatively, to show that amyloid deposition is not sufficient to cause Alzheimer disease within some specified period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Howard Jay Aizenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
von Gunten A, Bouras C, Kövari E, Giannakopoulos P, Hof PR. Neural substrates of cognitive and behavioral deficits in atypical Alzheimer's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 51:176-211. [PMID: 16413610 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive cognitive decline that typically affects first memory and later executive functions, language, and visuospatial skills. This sequence of cognitive deterioration is thought to reflect the progressive invasion of the cerebral cortex by the two major pathological hallmarks of AD, neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and senile plaques (SP), as well as degree of neuronal and synaptic loss. In atypical AD, prominent and early deficits are found in language, motor abilities, frontal and executive capacities, or visuospatial skills. These atypical clinical features are associated with an unusual pattern of NFT or SP formation that predominantly involves cortical areas usually spared in the course of the degenerative process. In an attempt to classify this highly heterogeneous subgroup, the present article provides an overview of clinicopathological analyses in patients with atypical progression of AD symptomatology with special reference to the relationship between specific cognitive and behavioral deficits and hierarchical patterns of AD lesion distribution within the cerebral cortex. On the basis of these representative examples of a cortical circuit-based approach to explore the mechanisms giving rise to AD neuropsychological expression, we also critically discuss the possibility to develop a matrix linking clinical presentations to degeneration of forward and backward long corticocortical pathways in this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armin von Gunten
- Division of Old Age Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry-CHUV, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Haroutunian V, Davies P, Vianna C, Buxbaum JD, Purohit DP. Tau protein abnormalities associated with the progression of alzheimer disease type dementia. Neurobiol Aging 2005; 28:1-7. [PMID: 16343696 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Revised: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The degree to which neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), the hallmark lesions of Alzheimer disease (AD), contribute to the development of the cognitive symptoms of AD has been debated. NFTs are comprised of abnormally phosphorylated and conformationally altered tau proteins. Conformational changes in tau have been proposed to be among the earliest neurobiological changes in AD. This study examined whether conformational changes detected by antibodies MC1 and TG3 represent early abnormalities in the disease process by assessing their presence at different stages of dementia in multiple brain regions. Postmortem specimens from several neocortical regions were examined for conformational changes in tau by ELISA in subjects [n=81] who died at different stages of cognitive impairment. Concentrations of conformationally altered tau increased with increasing dementia severity and the levels of MC1 immunoreactivity increased in the frontal cortex of mildly demented subjects before the appearance of NFT bearing neurons, suggesting that conformational alterations in tau occur early in the course of AD and its cognitive symptoms and may precede histologically identified NFTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lalonde R, Strazielle C. PS1 knockin mice with the Japanese I213T mutation: Effects on exploratory activity, motor coordination, and spatial learning. Behav Brain Res 2005; 162:182-90. [PMID: 15908021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Revised: 02/20/2005] [Accepted: 02/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Knockin (KI) mice with a PS1/I213T mutation were compared to wild-type controls on the SHIRPA primary screening battery and for exploratory activity, motor coordination, and spatial learning. By comparison to non-transgenic controls, PS1/I213T KI mice had retarded acquisition of place learning in the Morris water maze without being impaired in the probe trial and in the visible platform subtest. PS1/I213T KI mice were more likely to display whole-body startle to an auditory stimulus and a tighter grip on a horizontal grid. PS1/I213T KI mice also had fewer enclosed arm entries in the elevated plus-maze, but did not differ from controls in open-field, photocell actimeter, and T-maze spontaneous alternation tests. No intergroup difference was seen in three motor coordination tests. The dissociation between hidden and visible platform versions in the water maze is consistent with the hypothesis that elevated Abeta42 concentrations cause cognitive disturbances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Lalonde
- Université de Rouen, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 22 bld Gambetta, Bâtiment de Recherche, INSERM U614, Salle 1D18, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lechowski L, Forette B, Teillet L. Démarche diagnostique devant un syndrome démentiel. Rev Med Interne 2004; 25:363-75. [PMID: 15110954 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2003.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2003] [Accepted: 07/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The high prevalence of dementia, particularly of Alzheimer's disease, the increase of their incidence with age, and the population aging make this group of diseases a major problem for public health. Nevertheless, diagnosis is difficult because it depends on evolution of disturbances that patients often cannot precisely relate, on complex neuropsychological explorations, and on pathological examination difficult to obtain. Today in France, geriatricians are fully implicated in the diagnosis of dementia and all the physicians who give care to elderly, should lead easily a diagnosis of dementia. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS In February 2000 ANAES (French governmental agency for accreditation and evaluation of health system) published recommendations called "practical recommendations for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease". These recommendations allow physicians to standardize their practices and consist of a rigorous clinical history and examination, a neuropsychological analysis, standard investigations and application of diagnostic criteria already widely diffused and used. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND PROJECTS Deepening of knowledge, in particular in the domains of neuropsychology and functional cerebral imagery, should allow physicians to diagnose early dementia. These early diagnosis should allow to initiate a multidisciplinary, preventive and effective care for patients. Specific drugs, that will be available, will be intended mostly for patients with early diagnosis, ideally at a pre-dementia state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Lechowski
- Service de gérontologie II, AP-HP, hôpital Sainte-Périne, 11, rue Chardon-Lagache, 75781 Paris cedex 16, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rainville C, Marchand N, Passini R. Performances of patients with a dementia of the Alzheimer type in the Standardized Road-Map test of Direction Sense. Neuropsychologia 2002; 40:567-73. [PMID: 11749986 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3932(01)00133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Standardised Road-Map test of Direction Sense of money (A Standardised Road-Map Test of Direction Sense, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976) was applied to a group of 14 patients diagnosed with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and to a group of 14 healthy controls matched in terms of age and education. Subjects were tested with two forms of the Money test. In the first form, the standard procedure was used. It requires patients to perform mental rotations and right or left discrimination. In the second form, the examiner turned the test sheet at each intersection to align the route with the subject. In contrast to the first condition, no mental rotation was necessary to distinguish right from left turns. This procedure has been introduced to investigate the impact of the graphic material in the map display on performance. The subjects were also given a right-left discrimination test. The results show a significant difference between DAT patients and the control group in the original form of the Money test. DAT patients also showed a deficit compared to the control subjects in the modified form of the test. The right-left discrimination test revealed no dysfunction in either group tested on problems referring to their own body parts. The designation of the body parts of somebody facing them was deficient with DAT patients. The capacity of right-left discrimination, at least with respect to parts of their own body, does not play a central role in the poor test performance of the Money test. We conclude that the Money test has a clinical value, but not specifically in the evaluation of right-left discrimination. This test should rather be viewed in terms of mental rotations and limited attention resources in DAT patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Rainville
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, 4565 chemin de la Reine-Marie, Montreal, Canada H3W 1W5.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mufson EJ, Chen EY, Cochran EJ, Beckett LA, Bennett DA, Kordower JH. Entorhinal cortex beta-amyloid load in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Exp Neurol 1999; 158:469-90. [PMID: 10415154 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1999.7086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The deposition of beta-amyloid within the entorhinal cortex (EC) may play a key role in the development of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in the elderly. To examine the relationship of beta-amyloid deposition to MCI, EC tissue immunostained for this protein was quantitated from a cohort of aged Catholic religious clergy with a clinical diagnosis of MCI and compared to those with no cognitive impairment (NCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). beta-amyloid staining was seen in 12 of the 20 NCI, in 10 of 12 MCI, and in all 12 AD cases within the EC. beta-amyloid immunoreactivity displayed two patterns within the EC: (1) a crescent-shaped band within layers 3-4 or (2) bilaminar staining mainly within layers 2-3 and 5-6. Ten cases failed to display any detectable beta-amyloid imunoreactivity. Despite the heterogeneity of beta-amyloid loads within the clinical groups, decomposing an analysis of variance revealed a significant difference across groups in mean beta-amyloid load within the EC based upon a linear trend analysis. Multiple comparisons testing revealed that NCI individuals had a significantly lower mean beta-amyloid load (1.32) than AD individuals (4.55). The MCI individuals had a mean intermediate (2.60) load between NCI and AD, but not statistically distinguishable from the mean for either NCI or AD. Spearman rank correlation showed a trend for decreasing MMSE with increasing amyloid load that failed to reach statistical significance. Since many NCI cases displayed beta-amyloid loads equal to or greater than that seen in some MCI and some AD cases, it is mostly likely that deposition of this protein is not the sole pathogenic event underlying cognitive impairment in the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Mufson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
|
24
|
Abstract
This article reviews the possible relationships between the localization of cellular pathologic changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the distribution of neuronal components of the neocortical circuitry that are affected by these alterations. In particular, evidence from the study of large autopsy series supporting the role of the inferior temporal cortex as a key area in the progression of the dementing process is presented. The notion of selective vulnerability in AD at the level of affected neocortical association areas, layers, and specific cell populations is discussed to provide insight into the molecular background of the development of neurofibrillary tangles within the cerebral cortex. Moreover, recent data on pathological correlates of apraxia in AD are examined in the light of the hypothesis of global corticocortical disconnection in this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Giannakopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, HUG Belle-Idée, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Morrison J, Hof P, Huntley G. Neurochemical organization of the primate visual cortex. HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL NEUROANATOMY 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8196(98)80004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|