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Kooner AS, Yu H, Leviatan Ben-Arye S, Padler-Karavani V, Chen X. Broad-Spectrum Legionaminic Acid-Specific Antibodies in Pooled Human IgGs Revealed by Glycan Microarrays with Chemoenzymatically Synthesized Nonulosonosides. Molecules 2024; 29:3980. [PMID: 39203058 PMCID: PMC11356810 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence and the level of antibodies in human sera against bacterial glycans are indications of prior encounters with similar antigens and/or the bacteria that express them by the immune system. An increasing number of pathogenic bacteria that cause human diseases have been shown to express polysaccharides containing a bacterial nonulosonic acid called 5,7-di-N-acetyllegionaminic acid (Leg5,7Ac2). To investigate the immune recognition of Leg5,7Ac2, which is critical for the fight against bacterial infections, a highly effective chemoenzymatic synthon strategy was applied to construct a library of α2-3/6-linked Leg5,7Ac2-glycans via their diazido-derivatives (Leg5,7diN3-glycans) formed by efficient one-pot three-enzyme (OP3E) synthetic systems from a diazido-derivative of a six-carbon monosaccharide precursor. Glycan microarray studies using this synthetic library of a Leg5,7Ac2-capped collection of diverse underlying glycan carriers and their matched sialoside counterparts revealed specific recognition of Leg5,7Ac2 by human IgG antibodies pooled from thousands of healthy donors (IVIG), suggesting prior human encounters with Leg5,7Ac2-expressing pathogenic bacteria at the population level. These biologically relevant Leg5,7Ac2-glycans and their immune recognition assays are important tools to begin elucidating their biological roles, particularly in the context of infection and host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoopjit Singh Kooner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.S.K.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.S.K.); (H.Y.)
| | - Shani Leviatan Ben-Arye
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel;
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel;
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.S.K.); (H.Y.)
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2
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Arbatsky NP, Kasimova AA, Shashkov AS, Shneider MM, Popova AV, Perepelov AV, Hall RM, Kenyon JJ, Knirel YA. Revised structure of the polysaccharide from Acinetobacter baumannii LUH5551 assigned as the K63 type capsular polysaccharide. Carbohydr Res 2024; 535:109020. [PMID: 38150754 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.109020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
K63 capsular polysaccharide produced by Acinetobacter baumannii isolate LUH5551 (previously designated isolate O24) was re-examined using sugar analysis, Smith degradation, and one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Though previously reported as O24 consisting of linear tetrasaccharide units that include a 7-acetamido-5-acylamino form of 8-epilegionaminic acid [8eLeg5R7Ac, acylated at C5 with (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl or acetyl (1:1)], the elucidated structure of the K63 type capsule was found to include a derivative of 5,7-diamino-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-non-2-ulosonic (legionaminic) acid, Leg5Ac7R, where R is either (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl or an acetyl group (∼1:1 ratio). This finding is consistent with the presence of the lgaABCHIFG gene module for Leg5Ac7R biosynthesis in the KL63 gene cluster at the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) biosynthesis K locus in the LUH5551 genome. The glycosyltransferases (Gtrs) and Wzy polymerase encoded by KL63 were assigned to linkages in the linear K63 tetrasaccharide unit and linkage of the K63 units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay P Arbatsky
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya A Kasimova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Shashkov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail M Shneider
- M. M. Shemyakin and Y. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya V Popova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia; State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Andrey V Perepelov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ruth M Hall
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Johanna J Kenyon
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Health Group, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Abstract
Glycans, carbohydrate molecules in the realm of biology, are present as biomedically important glycoconjugates and a characteristic aspect is that their structures in many instances are branched. In determining the primary structure of a glycan, the sugar components including the absolute configuration and ring form, anomeric configuration, linkage(s), sequence, and substituents should be elucidated. Solution state NMR spectroscopy offers a unique opportunity to resolve all these aspects at atomic resolution. During the last two decades, advancement of both NMR experiments and spectrometer hardware have made it possible to unravel carbohydrate structure more efficiently. These developments applicable to glycans include, inter alia, NMR experiments that reduce spectral overlap, use selective excitations, record tilted projections of multidimensional spectra, acquire spectra by multiple receivers, utilize polarization by fast-pulsing techniques, concatenate pulse-sequence modules to acquire several spectra in a single measurement, acquire pure shift correlated spectra devoid of scalar couplings, employ stable isotope labeling to efficiently obtain homo- and/or heteronuclear correlations, as well as those that rely on dipolar cross-correlated interactions for sequential information. Refined computer programs for NMR spin simulation and chemical shift prediction aid the structural elucidation of glycans, which are notorious for their limited spectral dispersion. Hardware developments include cryogenically cold probes and dynamic nuclear polarization techniques, both resulting in enhanced sensitivity as well as ultrahigh field NMR spectrometers with a 1H NMR resonance frequency higher than 1 GHz, thus improving resolution of resonances. Taken together, the developments have made and will in the future make it possible to elucidate carbohydrate structure in great detail, thereby forming the basis for understanding of how glycans interact with other molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Fontana
- Departamento
de Química del Litoral, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Siyabalapitiya Arachchige S, Crich D. Syntheses of Legionaminic Acid, Pseudaminic Acid, Acetaminic Acid, 8- epi-Acetaminic Acid, and 8- epi-Legionaminic Acid Glycosyl Donors from N-Acetylneuraminic Acid by Side Chain Exchange. Org Lett 2022; 24:2998-3002. [PMID: 35420827 PMCID: PMC9066425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Metaperiodate cleavage of the glycerol side chain from an N-acetyl neuraminic acid-derived thioglycoside and condensation with the two enantiomers of the Ellman sulfinamide afford two diastereomeric N-sulfinylimines from which bacterial sialic acid donors with the legionaminic and acetaminic acid configurations and their 8-epi-isomers are obtained by samarium iodide-mediated coupling with acetaldehyde and subsequent manipulations. A variation on the theme, with inversion of the configuration at C5, similarly provides two differentially protected pseudaminic acid donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Siyabalapitiya Arachchige
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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5
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McDonald ND, Boyd EF. Structural and Biosynthetic Diversity of Nonulosonic Acids (NulOs) That Decorate Surface Structures in Bacteria. Trends Microbiol 2021; 29:142-157. [PMID: 32950378 PMCID: PMC7855311 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonulosonic acids (NulOs) are a diverse family of 9-carbon α-keto acid sugars that are involved in a wide range of functions across all branches of life. The family of NulOs includes the sialic acids as well as the prokaryote-specific NulOs. Select bacteria biosynthesize the sialic acid N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), and the ability to produce this sugar and its subsequent incorporation into cell-surface structures is implicated in a variety of bacteria-host interactions. Furthermore, scavenging of sialic acid from the environment for energy has been characterized across a diverse group of bacteria, mainly human commensals and pathogens. In addition to sialic acid, bacteria have the ability to biosynthesize prokaryote-specific NulOs, of which there are several known isomers characterized. These prokaryotic NulOs are similar in structure to Neu5Ac but little is known regarding their role in bacterial physiology. Here, we discuss the diversity in structure, the biosynthesis pathways, and the functions of bacteria-specific NulOs. These carbohydrates are phylogenetically widespread among bacteria, with numerous structurally unique modifications recognized. Despite the diversity in structure, the NulOs are involved in similar functions such as motility, biofilm formation, host colonization, and immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D McDonald
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - E Fidelma Boyd
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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6
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Vinogradov E, Lindner B, Holst O. Structural analysis of the core and polysaccharide from the lipopolysaccharide produced by Chromobacterium violaceum strain ATCC 12472 (NCTC 9757). Carbohydr Res 2020; 498:108182. [PMID: 33137586 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the polysaccharide O-chain of the lipopolysaccharide isolated from the sequenced strain Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472 (NCTC 9757) was investigated by chemical and NMR analyses, and concluded to be -4-α-Leg5Ac7Ala-4-β-d-ManNAlaA3OAc-3-α-d-GlcNAc-where Leg5Ac7Ala indicates 5-acetamido-7-alanylamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic acid and ManNAlaA3OAc 3-O-acetyl-2-alanylamido-2-deoxymannopyranuronic acid. The structure of the core with one repeating unit of the polysaccharide attached was also analyzed, and it was found that the O-chain polysaccharide is linked to the core via β-GlcpNAc, as opposite to α-GlcpNAc inside the O-chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Vinogradov
- Human Health Therapeutic Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Buko Lindner
- Divisions of Analytical Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Parkallee, 10, D-23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Otto Holst
- Divisions of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Parkallee, 4a, D-23845, Borstel, Germany
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7
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Flack EKP, Chidwick HS, Guchhait G, Keenan T, Budhadev D, Huang K, Both P, Mas Pons J, Ledru H, Rui S, Stafford GP, Shaw JG, Galan MC, Flitsch S, Thomas GH, Fascione MA. Biocatalytic Transfer of Pseudaminic Acid (Pse5Ac7Ac) Using Promiscuous Sialyltransferases in a Chemoenzymatic Approach to Pse5Ac7Ac-Containing Glycosides. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. P. Flack
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kindgom
| | | | - Goutam Guchhait
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kindgom
| | - Tessa Keenan
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kindgom
| | - Darshita Budhadev
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kindgom
| | - Kun Huang
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kindgom
| | - Peter Both
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kindgom
| | - Jordi Mas Pons
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kindgom
| | - Helene Ledru
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kindgom
| | - Shengtao Rui
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kindgom
| | - Graham P. Stafford
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, United Kindgom
| | - Jonathan G. Shaw
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kindgom
| | - M. Carmen Galan
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kindgom
| | - Sabine Flitsch
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kindgom
| | - Gavin H. Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kindgom
| | - Martin A. Fascione
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kindgom
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8
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Sequence analysis of nonulosonic acid biosynthetic gene clusters in Vibrionaceae and Moritella viscosa. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11995. [PMID: 32686701 PMCID: PMC7371886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonulosonic acid (NulO) biosynthesis in bacteria is directed by nab gene clusters that can lead to neuraminic, legionaminic or pseudaminic acids. Analysis of the gene content from a set mainly composed of Aliivibrio salmonicida and Moritella viscosa strains reveals the existence of several unique nab clusters, for which the NulO products were predicted. This prediction method can be used to guide tandem mass spectrometry studies in order to verify the products of previously undescribed nab clusters and identify new members of the NulOs family.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabita Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay 400076 Powai Mumbai India
| | - Suvarn S. Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay 400076 Powai Mumbai India
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10
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Everson J, Kiefel MJ. Synthesis of Butenolides via a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons Cascading Dimerization Reaction. J Org Chem 2019; 84:15226-15235. [PMID: 31657574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The efficient synthesis of a range of structurally related butenolides has been observed while we were exploring the substrate-scope of a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) reaction. While aliphatic aldehydes gave the expected HWE product, aromatic aldehydes furnished butenolides, resulting from the dimerization of the HWE product during desilylation of the initially formed HWE adduct. In addition to isolating butenolides in a high yield, we have also determined precisely when dimerization occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Everson
- Institute for Glycomics , Griffith University Gold Coast Campus , Southport , Queensland 4222 , Australia
| | - Milton J Kiefel
- Institute for Glycomics , Griffith University Gold Coast Campus , Southport , Queensland 4222 , Australia
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11
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Arbatsky NP, Kenyon JJ, Kasimova AA, Shashkov AS, Shneider MM, Popova AV, Knirel YA, Hall RM. K units of the K8 and K54 capsular polysaccharides produced by Acinetobacter baumannii BAL 097 and RCH52 have the same structure but contain different di-N-acyl derivatives of legionaminic acid and are linked differently. Carbohydr Res 2019; 483:107745. [PMID: 31349142 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The K8 and K54 capsular polysaccharides were isolated from Acinetobacter baumannii BAL 097 and RCH52, respectively, and studied by sugar analysis, partial acid hydrolysis and selective solvolysis with CF3CO2H in the presence of 2-methyl-1-propanol, along with 1D and 2D 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The following structures of related branched tetrasaccharide repeats (K units) of the polysaccharides were established: where Leg indicates 5,7-diamino-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-non-2-ulosonic (legionaminic) acid and R indicates (R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl or acetyl in the ratio ~2.5:1. The sequences of the KL8 and KL54 capsule gene clusters were closely related. The difference in the acyl group at O-7 on the sidechain legionaminic acid is due to differences in two genes in the legionaminic acid biosynthesis cluster. The wzy genes encoding the K unit polymerases are also different and make different linkages between the K units, allowing the first sugar of both K units to be identified as d-GlcpNAc. The shared Gtr20 glycosyltransferase, also encoded in KL63, forms the α-l-FucpNAc-(1 → 3)-d-GlcpNAc linkage, and Gtr19 was predicted to form α-d-GalpNAc-(1 → 3)-l-FucpNAc. Gtr18 from KL8 is 75% identical to Gtr108 from KL54 and both would link the Leg derivative to d-GalpNAc. Hence the genes present at the K locus were consistent with the composition and structures of the K8 and K54 capsular polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay P Arbatsky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Johanna J Kenyon
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Anastasiya A Kasimova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Higher Chemical College of the Russian Academy of Sciences, D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Shashkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail M Shneider
- M. M. Shemyakin & Y. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya V Popova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia; State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ruth M Hall
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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12
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Gintner M, Yoneda Y, Schmölzer C, Denner C, Kählig H, Schmid W. A versatile de novo synthesis of legionaminic acid and 4-epi-legionaminic acid starting from d-serine. Carbohydr Res 2019; 474:34-42. [PMID: 30711766 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Legionaminic acid and 4-epi-legionaminic acid are 5,7-diacetamido nonulosonic acids and are assumed to play a crucial role in the virulence of Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease. Moreover, they are ideal target motifs for the development of vaccines and pathogen detection. Herein, we present a versatile de novo synthesis of legionaminic acid and 4-epi-legionaminic acid. Starting from simple d-serine, the C9-backbone is built up by two CC-bond formation reactions. First, the protected d-serine motif is elongated utilizing a highly stereoselective nitroaldol reaction to give a C6-precursor of desired d-rhamno configuration. Second, an indium-mediated allylation is employed to further elongate the carbon backbone and introduce a masked α-keto acid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gintner
- AG Schmid, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Yuko Yoneda
- Facultiy of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836, Ohya, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Christoph Schmölzer
- AG Schmid, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Denner
- AG Schmid, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanspeter Kählig
- AG Schmid, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walther Schmid
- AG Schmid, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
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13
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McDonald ND, DeMeester KE, Lewis AL, Grimes CL, Boyd EF. Structural and functional characterization of a modified legionaminic acid involved in glycosylation of a bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19113-19126. [PMID: 30315110 PMCID: PMC6295735 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonulosonic acids (NulOs) are a diverse family of α-keto acid carbohydrates present across all branches of life. Bacteria biosynthesize NulOs among which are several related prokaryotic-specific isomers and one of which, N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid), is common among all vertebrates. Bacteria display various NulO carbohydrates on lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the identities of these molecules tune host-pathogen recognition mechanisms. The opportunistic bacterial pathogen Vibrio vulnificus possesses the genes for NulO biosynthesis; however, the structures and functions of the V. vulnificus NulO glycan are unknown. Using genetic and chemical approaches, we show here that the major NulO produced by a clinical V. vulnificus strain CMCP6 is 5-N-acetyl-7-N-acetyl-d-alanyl-legionaminic acid (Leg5Ac7AcAla). The CMCP6 strain could catabolize modified legionaminic acid, whereas V. vulnificus strain YJ016 produced but did not catabolize a NulO without the N-acetyl-d-alanyl modification. In silico analysis suggested that Leg5Ac7AcAla biosynthesis follows a noncanonical pathway but appears to be present in several bacterial species. Leg5Ac7AcAla contributed to bacterial outer-membrane integrity, as mutant strains unable to produce or incorporate Leg5Ac7AcAla into the LPS have increased membrane permeability, sensitivity to bile salts and antimicrobial peptides, and defects in biofilm formation. Using the crustacean model, Artemia franciscana, we demonstrate that Leg5Ac7AcAla-deficient bacteria have decreased virulence potential compared with WT. Our data indicate that different V. vulnificus strains produce multiple NulOs and that the modified legionaminic acid Leg5Ac7AcAla plays a critical role in the physiology, survivability, and pathogenicity of V. vulnificus CMCP6.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristen E DeMeester
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 and
| | - Amanda L Lewis
- the Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Catherine Leimkuhler Grimes
- From the Departments of Biological Sciences and
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 and
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14
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Abstract
Sialic acids are cytoprotectors, mainly localized on the surface of cell membranes with multiple and outstanding cell biological functions. The history of their structural analysis, occurrence, and functions is fascinating and described in this review. Reports from different researchers on apparently similar substances from a variety of biological materials led to the identification of a 9-carbon monosaccharide, which in 1957 was designated "sialic acid." The most frequently occurring member of the sialic acid family is N-acetylneuraminic acid, followed by N-glycolylneuraminic acid and O-acetylated derivatives, and up to now over about 80 neuraminic acid derivatives have been described. They appeared first in the animal kingdom, ranging from echinoderms up to higher animals, in many microorganisms, and are also expressed in insects, but are absent in higher plants. Sialic acids are masks and ligands and play as such dual roles in biology. Their involvement in immunology and tumor biology, as well as in hereditary diseases, cannot be underestimated. N-Glycolylneuraminic acid is very special, as this sugar cannot be expressed by humans, but is a xenoantigen with pathogenetic potential. Sialidases (neuraminidases), which liberate sialic acids from cellular compounds, had been known from very early on from studies with influenza viruses. Sialyltransferases, which are responsible for the sialylation of glycans and elongation of polysialic acids, are studied because of their significance in development and, for instance, in cancer. As more information about the functions in health and disease is acquired, the use of sialic acids in the treatment of diseases is also envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schauer
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Johannis P Kamerling
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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15
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Dhakal B, Crich D. Synthesis and Stereocontrolled Equatorially Selective Glycosylation Reactions of a Pseudaminic Acid Donor: Importance of the Side-Chain Conformation and Regioselective Reduction of Azide Protecting Groups. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15008-15015. [PMID: 30351022 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pseudaminic acid is an amino deoxy sialic acid whose glycosides are essential components of many pathogenic Gram-negative bacterial cell walls including those from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Vibrio vulnificus, and Pseudoalteromonas distincta. The study of pseudaminic acid glycosides is however hampered by poor availability from nature and the paucity of good synthetic methods and limited to no understanding of the factors controlling stereoselectivity. Conformational analysis of the side chains of various stereoisomeric sialic acids suggested that the side chain of pseudaminic acid would take up the most electron-withdrawing trans, gauche-conformation, as opposed to the gauche, gauche conformation of N-acetyl neuraminic acid and the gauche, trans-conformtion of 7- epi N-acetyl neuraminic acid, leading to the prediction of high equatorial selectivity. This prediction is borne out by the synthesis of a suitably protected pseudaminic acid donor from N-acetyl neuraminic acid in 20 steps and 5% overall yield and by the exquisite equatorial selectivity it displays in coupling reactions with typical glycosyl acceptors. The selectivity of the glycosylation reactions is further buttressed by the development and implementation of conditions for the regioselective release of the two amines from the corresponding azides, such as required for the preparation of the lipopolysaccharides. These findings open the way to the synthesis and study of pseudaminic acid-based bacterial lipopolysaccharides and, importantly in the broader context of glycosylation reactions in general, underline the significant role played by side-chain conformation in the control of reactivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Dhakal
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - David Crich
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
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16
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Santra A, Xiao A, Yu H, Li W, Li Y, Ngo L, McArthur JB, Chen X. A Diazido Mannose Analogue as a Chemoenzymatic Synthon for Synthesizing Di-N
-acetyllegionaminic Acid-Containing Glycosides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Santra
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - An Xiao
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Wanqing Li
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Linh Ngo
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - John B. McArthur
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
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17
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Santra A, Xiao A, Yu H, Li W, Li Y, Ngo L, McArthur JB, Chen X. A Diazido Mannose Analogue as a Chemoenzymatic Synthon for Synthesizing Di-N-acetyllegionaminic Acid-Containing Glycosides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2929-2933. [PMID: 29349857 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A chemoenzymatic synthon was designed to expand the scope of the chemoenzymatic synthesis of carbohydrates. The synthon was enzymatically converted into carbohydrate analogues, which were readily derivatized chemically to produce the desired targets. The strategy is demonstrated for the synthesis of glycosides containing 7,9-di-N-acetyllegionaminic acid (Leg5,7Ac2 ), a bacterial nonulosonic acid (NulO) analogue of sialic acid. A versatile library of α2-3/6-linked Leg5,7Ac2 -glycosides was built by using chemically synthesized 2,4-diazido-2,4,6-trideoxymannose as a chemoenzymatic synthon for highly efficient one-pot multienzyme (OPME) sialylation followed by downstream chemical conversion of the azido groups into acetamido groups. The syntheses required 10 steps from commercially available d-fucose and had an overall yield of 34-52 %, thus representing a significant improvement over previous methods. Free Leg5,7Ac2 monosaccharide was also synthesized by a sialic acid aldolase-catalyzed reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Santra
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - An Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Wanqing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Linh Ngo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - John B McArthur
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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18
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Carter JR, Kiefel MJ. A new approach to the synthesis of legionaminic acid analogues. RSC Adv 2018; 8:35768-35775. [PMID: 35547932 PMCID: PMC9088180 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07771a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionaminic acid is a member of the nonulosonic acids, which are a class of sugars considered to be a virulence factor within a wide variety of pathogenic bacteria. We have developed a synthetic pathway towards C-7 analogues of legionaminic acid starting from Neu5Ac, resulting in the complete synthesis of both legionaminic acid, and its C-7 epimer, from a common precurser. Our approach involves the late-stage introduction of the requisite C-7 nitrogen functionality, thus making our strategy amenable to the introduction of a range of different amide groups at C-7 of legionaminic acid. We report the synthesis of the bacterial nonulosonic acid legionaminic acid, together with its C-7 epimer, from a common precursor derived from N-acetylneuraminic acid.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Carter
- Institute for Glycomics
- Griffith University Gold Coast Campus
- Australia
| | - Milton J. Kiefel
- Institute for Glycomics
- Griffith University Gold Coast Campus
- Australia
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19
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Popik O, Dhakal B, Crich D. Stereoselective Synthesis of the Equatorial Glycosides of Legionaminic Acid. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6142-6152. [PMID: 28530837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a legionaminic acid donor from N-acetylneuraminic acid in 15 steps and 17% overall yield is described. Activation of the adamantanyl thioglycoside in the donor with N-iodosuccinimide and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid in dichloromethane and acetonitrile at -78 °C in the presence of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols affords the corresponding glycosides in excellent yield and good to excellent equatorial selectivity. In particular, coupling to the 4-OH of a suitably protected neuraminic acid derivative affords a disaccharide that closely resembles the glycosidic linkage in the polylegionaminic acid from the lipopolysaccharide of the Legionella pneumophila virulence factor. A straightforward deprotection sequence enables conversion of the protected glycosides to the free N,N-diacetyllegionaminic acid glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Popik
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Bibek Dhakal
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - David Crich
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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20
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Dhakal B, Buda S, Crich D. Stereoselective Synthesis of 5-epi-α-Sialosides Related to the Pseudaminic Acid Glycosides. Reassessment of the Stereoselectivity of the 5-Azido-5-deacetamidosialyl Thioglycosides and Use of Triflate as Nucleophile in the Zbiral Deamination of Sialic Acids. J Org Chem 2016; 81:10617-10630. [PMID: 27806203 PMCID: PMC5148678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
With a view to the eventual synthesis of glycosyl donors for the stereocontrolled synthesis of pseudaminic acid glycosides, the stereocontrolled synthesis of a d-glycero-d-gulo sialic acid adamantanylthioglycoside carrying an axial azide at the 5-position is described. The synthesis employs levulinic acid as nucleophile in the oxidative deamination of an N-acetylneuraminic acid thioglycoside leading to the formation of a 3-deoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid (KDN) derivative selectively protected as 5-O-levulinate. Replacement of the levulinate by triflate enables introduction of the axial azide and hence formation of the glycosyl donor. A shorter synthesis uses trifluoromethanesulfonate as nucleophile in the oxidative deamination step when the 5-O-triflyl KDN derivative is obtained directly. Glycosylation reactions conducted with the 5-azido-d-glycero-d-gulo-configured sialyl adamantanylthioglycoside at -78 °C are selective for the formation of the equatorial glycosides, suggesting that the synthesis of equatorial pseudaminic acid glycosides will be possible as suitable donors become available. A comparable N-acetylneuraminic acid adamantanylthioglycoside carrying an equatorial azide at the 5-position was also found to be selective for equatorial glycoside formation under the same conditions, suggesting that reinvestigation of other azide-protected NeuAc donors is merited. Glycosylation stereoselectivity in the d-glycero-d-gulo series is discussed in terms of the side-chain conformation of the donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Dhakal
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Szymon Buda
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - David Crich
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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21
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Shashkov AS, Senchenkova SN, Popova AV, Mei Z, Shneider MM, Liu B, Miroshnikov KA, Volozhantsev NV, Knirel YA. Revised structure of the capsular polysaccharide of Acinetobacter baumannii LUH5533 (serogroup O1) containing di-N-acetyllegionaminic acid. Russ Chem Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-015-1000-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Cao B, Tian Z, Wang S, Zhu Z, Sun Y, Feng L, Wang L. Structural comparison of O-antigen gene clusters of Legionella pneumophila and its application of a serogroup-specific multiplex PCR assay. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2015; 108:1405-1423. [PMID: 26415652 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-015-0594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Legionella pneumophila serogroups O1, O4, O6, O7, O10 and O13 are pathogenic strains associated with pneumonia. The surface O-antigen gene clusters of L. pneumophila serogroups O4, O6, O7, O10 and O13 were sequenced and analyzed, with the function annotated on the basis of homology to that of the genes of L. pneumophila serogroup O1 (L. pneumophila subsp. pneumophila str. Philadelphia 1). The gene locus of the six L. pneumophila serogroups contains genes of yvfE, neuABCD, pseA-like for nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, wecA for sugar transfer, and wzm as well as wzt for O-antigen processing. The detection of O-antigen genes allows the fine differentiation at species and serogroup level without the neccessity of nucleotide sequencing. The O-antigen-processing genes wzm and wzt, which were found to be distinctive for different for different serogroups, have been used as the target genes for the detection and identification of L. pneumophila strains of different O serogroups. In this report, a multiplex PCR assay based on wzm or wzt that diferentiates all the six serogroups by amplicon size was developed with the newly designed specific primer pairs for O1 and O7, and the specific primer pairs for O4, O6, O10, and O13 reported previously. The array was validated by analysis of 34 strains including 15 L. pneumophila O-standard reference strains, eight reference strains of other Legionella non-pneumophila species, six other bacterial species, and five L. pneumophila environmental isolates. The detection sensitivity was one ng genomic DNA. The accurate and sensitive assay is suitable for the identification and detection of strains of these serogroups in environmental and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China. .,TEDA Institue of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China. .,Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochips, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenyang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.,TEDA Institue of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochips, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Suwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.,TEDA Institue of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochips, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyan Zhu
- Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yamin Sun
- Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochips, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.,TEDA Institue of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochips, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China. .,TEDA Institue of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China. .,Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochips, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Zunk M, Williams J, Carter J, Kiefel MJ. A new approach towards the synthesis of pseudaminic acid analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:2918-25. [PMID: 24687140 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42491j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pseudaminic acids are a family of 5,7-diamino-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxynonulosonic acids that are essential components of bacterial polysaccharides and glycoproteins. This paper describes our approach towards the synthesis of analogues of pseudaminic acid, and involves the efficient introduction of the requisite nitrogen functionalities from a readily available precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Zunk
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia.
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24
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Ou HY, Kuang SN, He X, Molgora BM, Ewing PJ, Deng Z, Osby M, Chen W, Xu HH. Complete genome sequence of hypervirulent and outbreak-associated Acinetobacter baumannii strain LAC-4: epidemiology, resistance genetic determinants and potential virulence factors. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8643. [PMID: 25728466 PMCID: PMC4345345 DOI: 10.1038/srep08643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an important human pathogen due to its multi-drug resistance. In this study, the genome of an ST10 outbreak A. baumannii isolate LAC-4 was completely sequenced to better understand its epidemiology, antibiotic resistance genetic determinants and potential virulence factors. Compared with 20 other complete genomes of A. baumannii, LAC-4 genome harbors at least 12 copies of five distinct insertion sequences. It contains 12 and 14 copies of two novel IS elements, ISAba25 and ISAba26, respectively. Additionally, three novel composite transposons were identified: Tn6250, Tn6251 and Tn6252, two of which contain resistance genes. The antibiotic resistance genetic determinants on the LAC-4 genome correlate well with observed antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Moreover, twelve genomic islands (GI) were identified in LAC-4 genome. Among them, the 33.4-kb GI12 contains a large number of genes which constitute the K (capsule) locus. LAC-4 harbors several unique putative virulence factor loci. Furthermore, LAC-4 and all 19 other outbreak isolates were found to harbor a heme oxygenase gene (hemO)-containing gene cluster. The sequencing of the first complete genome of an ST10 A. baumannii clinical strain should accelerate our understanding of the epidemiology, mechanisms of resistance and virulence of A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences &Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan N Kuang
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xinyi He
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences &Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Brenda M Molgora
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Peter J Ewing
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences &Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Melanie Osby
- Department of Pathology, LAC+USC Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Wangxue Chen
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - H Howard Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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25
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Matthies S, Stallforth P, Seeberger PH. Total synthesis of legionaminic acid as basis for serological studies. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2848-51. [PMID: 25668389 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Legionaminic acid is a nine-carbon diamino monosaccharide that is found coating the surface of various bacterial human pathogens. Its unique structure makes it a valuable biological probe, but access via isolation is difficult and no practical synthesis has been reported. We describe a stereoselective synthesis that yields a legionaminic acid building block as well as linker-equipped conjugation-ready legionaminic acid starting from cheap d-threonine. To set the desired amino and hydroxyl group pattern of the target, we designed a concise sequence of stereoselective reactions. The key transformations rely on chelation-controlled organometallic additions and a Petasis multicomponent reaction. The legionaminic acid was synthesized in a form that enables attachment to surfaces. Glycan microarray containing legionaminic acid revealed that human antibodies bind the synthetic glycoside. The synthetic bacterial monosaccharide is a valuable probe to detect an immune response to bacterial pathogens such as Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaire's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Matthies
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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26
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Kenyon JJ, Marzaioli AM, De Castro C, Hall RM. 5,7-di-N-acetyl-acinetaminic acid: A novel non-2-ulosonic acid found in the capsule of an Acinetobacter baumannii isolate. Glycobiology 2015; 25:644-54. [PMID: 25595948 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
An Acinetobacter baumannii global clone 1 (GC1) isolate was found to carry a novel capsule biosynthesis gene cluster, designated KL12. KL12 contains genes predicted to be involved in the synthesis of simple sugars, as well as ones for N-acetyl-L-fucosamine (L-FucpNAc) and N-acetyl-D-fucosamine (D-FucpNAc). It also contains a module of 10 genes, 6 of which are required for 5,7-di-N-acetyl-legionaminic acid synthesis. Analysis of the composition of the capsule revealed the presence of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, L-FucpNAc and D-FucpNAc, confirming the role of fnlABC and fnr/gdr genes in the synthesis of L-FucpNAc and D-FucpNAc, respectively. A non-2-ulosonic acid, shown to be 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-L-glycero-L-altro-non-2-ulosonic acid, was also detected. This sugar has not previously been recovered from biological source, and was designated 5,7-di-N-acetyl-acinetaminic acid (Aci5Ac7Ac). Proteins encoded by novel genes, named aciABCD, were predicted to be involved in the conversion of 5,7-di-N-acetyl-legionaminic acid to Aci5Ac7Ac. A pathway for 5,7-di-N-acetyl-8-epilegionaminic acid biosynthesis was also proposed. In available A. baumannii genomes, genes for the synthesis of 5,7-di-N-acetyl-acinetaminic acid were only detected in two closely related capsule gene clusters, KL12 and KL13, which differ only in the wzy gene. KL12 and KL13 are carried by isolates belonging to clinically important clonal groups, GC1, GC2 and ST25. Genes for the synthesis of N-acyl derivatives of legionaminic acid were also found in 10 further A. baumannii capsule gene clusters, and three carried additional genes for production of 5,7-di-N-acetyl-8-epilegionaminic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna J Kenyon
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | | | - Ruth M Hall
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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27
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The structure of the polysaccharide isolated from Acinetobacter baumannii strain LAC-4. Carbohydr Res 2014; 390:42-5. [PMID: 24690675 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the surface polysaccharide from a hypervirulent for mice Acinetobacter baumannii strain LAC-4 was studied. The polysaccharide was built of trisaccharide repeating units containing α-l-fucosamine, α-d-glucosamine, and α-8-epi-legionaminic acid. The structure interpretation was based mostly on NMR data. Polysaccharide was obtained using a procedure of LPS O-chain preparation, although whether it is an LPS O-chain or capsular polysaccharide remained unclear.
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28
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Morrison MJ, Imperiali B. The renaissance of bacillosamine and its derivatives: pathway characterization and implications in pathogenicity. Biochemistry 2014; 53:624-38. [PMID: 24383882 PMCID: PMC3951908 DOI: 10.1021/bi401546r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Prokaryote-specific
sugars, including N,N′-diacetylbacillosamine
(diNAcBac) and pseudaminic
acid, have experienced a renaissance in the past decade because of
their discovery in glycans related to microbial pathogenicity. DiNAcBac
is found at the reducing end of oligosaccharides of N- and O-linked
bacterial protein glycosylation pathways of Gram-negative pathogens,
including Campylobacter jejuni and Neisseria
gonorrhoeae. Further derivatization of diNAcBac results in
the nonulosonic acid known as legionaminic acid, which was first characterized
in the O-antigen of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Legionella
pneumophila. Pseudaminic acid, an isomer of legionaminic
acid, is also important in pathogenic bacteria such as Helicobacter
pylori because of its occurrence in O-linked glycosylation
of flagellin proteins, which plays an important role in flagellar
assembly and motility. Here, we present recent advances in the characterization
of the biosynthetic pathways leading to these highly modified sugars
and investigation of the roles that each plays in bacterial fitness
and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Morrison
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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29
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Zunk M, Kiefel MJ. The occurrence and biological significance of the α-keto-sugars pseudaminic acid and legionaminic acid within pathogenic bacteria. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44924f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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30
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Vinogradov E, Frimmelova M, Toman R. Chemical structure of the carbohydrate backbone of the lipopolysaccharide from Piscirickettsia salmonis. Carbohydr Res 2013; 378:108-13. [PMID: 23673236 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the carbohydrate backbone structure of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Piscirickettsia salmonis, the etiological agent of the salmonid rickettsial septicemia, is described. Structural information was established by a combination of monosaccharide and methylation analyses of LPS, and by NMR and mass spectrometries of oligosaccharides obtained through the use of various chemical degradations of the native polymer. The following structure of the backbone sugars was determined on the basis of the combined data from these experiments: [formula see text] The presence of two consecutive residues of diacetylated pseudaminic acid (Pse5,7Ac, 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-l-glycero-l-manno-non-2-ulosonic acid) in the LPS appears to be unique among polysaccharides containing this acidic sugar. Similarly, the presence of 4-aminoarabinose (Ara4N, 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinopyranose) on O-4 of the α-GlcN1P of the lipid A moiety is a unique feature of this LPS.
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MacLean LL, Vinogradov E, Pagotto F, Perry MB. Characterization of the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen of Cronobacter turicensis HPB3287 as a polysaccharide containing a 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid (legionaminic acid) residue. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:2589-94. [PMID: 21963342 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter turicensis, previously known as Enterobacter sakazakii, is a Gram-negative opportunistic food-borne pathogen that has been reported as a cause of life-threatening neonatal infections. From chemical and physical analyses involving composition analysis, methylation, two-dimensional high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry methods, the antigenic O-polysaccharide in the smooth-type lipopolysaccharide of C. turicensis (strain HPB 3287) was determined to be a high molecular mass polymer of a repeating pentasaccharide unit composed of D-galactose, D-glucose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose, and 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid (legionaminic acid), in a molar ratio 2:1:1:1, and having the structure: [see formula in text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Leann L MacLean
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
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32
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Knirel YA, Shevelev SD, Perepelov AV. Higher aldulosonic acids: components of bacterial glycans. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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33
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Structural and genetic characterization of the O-antigen of Escherichia coli O161 containing a derivative of a higher acidic diamino sugar, legionaminic acid. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1581-7. [PMID: 20510395 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The O-antigen is an essential component of lipopolysaccharide on the surface of Gram-negative bacteria and plays an important role in its pathogenicity. Composition and structure of the O-antigens of Escherichia coli are highly diverse mainly due to genetic variations in the O-antigen gene cluster. In this work, the chemical structure and the gene cluster of the O-antigen of E. coli O161 were studied. Chemical degradations, sugar analyses, and NMR spectroscopy showed that the O161 antigen possesses a trisaccharide O-repeating unit containing a 5-N-acetyl-7-N-(d-alanyl) derivative of 5,7-diamino-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-non-2-ulosonic (legionaminic) acid (Leg5Ac7Ala) and having the following structure: The O-antigen gene cluster of E. coli O161 was sequenced. In addition to the genes encoding sugar transferases, O-repeating unit flippase (Wzx) and O-antigen polymerase (Wzy), the genes involved in the biosynthesis of a legionaminic acid derivative were identified based on database similarities.
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Schoenhofen IC, Vinogradov E, Whitfield DM, Brisson JR, Logan SM. The CMP-legionaminic acid pathway in Campylobacter: biosynthesis involving novel GDP-linked precursors. Glycobiology 2009; 19:715-25. [PMID: 19282391 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The sialic acid-like sugar 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulosonic acid, or legion-aminic acid, is found as a virulence-associated cell-surface glycoconjugate in the Gram-negative bacteria Legionella pneumophila and Campylobacter coli. L. pneumophila serogroup 1 strains, causative agents of Legionnaire's disease, contain an alpha2,4-linked homopolymer of legionaminic acid within their lipopolysaccharide O-chains, whereas the gastrointestinal pathogen C. coli modifies its flagellin with this monosaccharide via O-linkage. In this work, we have purified and biochemically characterized 11 candidate biosynthetic enzymes from Campylobacter jejuni, thereby fully reconstituting the biosynthesis of legionaminic acid and its CMP-activated form, starting from fructose-6-P. This pathway involves unique GDP-linked intermediates, likely providing a cellular mechanism for differentiating between this and similar UDP-linked pathways, such as UDP-2,4-diacetamido-bacillosamine biosynthesis involved in N-linked protein glycosylation. Importantly, these findings provide a facile method for efficient large-scale synthesis of legionaminic acid, and since legionaminic acid and sialic acid share the same D-glycero-D-galacto absolute configuration, this sugar may now be evaluated for its potential as a sialic acid mimic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Schoenhofen
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6 Canada.
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Twine SM, Paul CJ, Vinogradov E, McNally DJ, Brisson JR, Mullen JA, McMullin DR, Jarrell HC, Austin JW, Kelly JF, Logan SM. Flagellar glycosylation in Clostridium botulinum. FEBS J 2008; 275:4428-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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36
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Glaze PA, Watson DC, Young NM, Tanner ME. Biosynthesis of CMP-N,N'-diacetyllegionaminic acid from UDP-N,N'-diacetylbacillosamine in Legionella pneumophila. Biochemistry 2008; 47:3272-82. [PMID: 18275154 DOI: 10.1021/bi702364s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Legionaminic acid is a nine-carbon alpha-keto acid that is similar in structure to other members of the sialic acid family that includes neuraminic acid and pseudaminic acid. It is found as a component of the lipopolysaccharide in several bacterial species and is perhaps best known for its presence in the O-antigen of the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, Legionella pneumophila. In this work, the enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis and activation of N, N'-diacetyllegionaminic acid are identified for the first time. A cluster of three L. pneumophila genes bearing homology to known sialic acid biosynthetic genes ( neuA,B,C) were cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The NeuC homologue was found to be a hydrolyzing UDP- N, N'-diacetylbacillosamine 2-epimerase that converts UDP- N, N'-diacetylbacillosamine into 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxymannose and UDP. Stereochemical and isotopic labeling studies showed that the enzyme utilizes a mechanism involving an initial anti elimination of UDP to form a glycal intermediate and a subsequent syn addition of water to generate product. This is similar to the hydrolyzing UDP- N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase (NeuC) of sialic acid biosynthesis, but the L. pneumophila enzyme would not accept UDP-GlcNAc as an alternate substrate. The NeuB homologue was found to be a N, N'-diacetyllegionaminic acid synthase that condenses 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxymannose with phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), although the in vitro activity of the recombinant enzyme (isolated as a MalE fusion protein) was very low. The synthase activity was dependent on the presence of a divalent metal ion, and the reaction proceeded via a C-O bond cleavage process, similar to the reactions catalyzed by the sialic acid and pseudaminic acid synthases. Finally, the NeuA homologue was shown to possess the CMP- N, N'-diacetyllegionaminic acid synthetase activity that generates the activated form of legionaminic acid used in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Together, the three enzymes constitute a pathway that converts a UDP-linked bacillosamine derivative into a CMP-linked legionaminic acid derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Glaze
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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37
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Mazumder K, Choudhury BP, Nair GB, Sen AK. Identification of a novel sugar 5,7-diacetamido-8-amino-3,5,7,8,9-pentadeoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid present in the lipooligosaccharide of Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6. Glycoconj J 2007; 25:345-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-007-9080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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McNally DJ, Aubry AJ, Hui JPM, Khieu NH, Whitfield D, Ewing CP, Guerry P, Brisson JR, Logan SM, Soo EC. Targeted metabolomics analysis of Campylobacter coli VC167 reveals legionaminic acid derivatives as novel flagellar glycans. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:14463-75. [PMID: 17371878 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611027200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of Campylobacter flagellin is required for the biogenesis of a functional flagella filament. Recently, we used a targeted metabolomics approach using mass spectrometry and NMR to identify changes in the metabolic profile of wild type and mutants in the flagellar glycosylation locus, characterize novel metabolites, and assign function to genes to define the pseudaminic acid biosynthetic pathway in Campylobacter jejuni 81-176 (McNally, D. J., Hui, J. P., Aubry, A. J., Mui, K. K., Guerry, P., Brisson, J. R., Logan, S. M., and Soo, E. C. (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281, 18489-18498). In this study, we use a similar approach to further define the glycome and metabolomic complement of nucleotide-activated sugars in Campylobacter coli VC167. Herein we demonstrate that, in addition to CMP-pseudaminic acid, C. coli VC167 also produces two structurally distinct nucleotide-activated nonulosonate sugars that were observed as negative ions at m/z 637 and m/z 651 (CMP-315 and CMP-329). Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry yielded suitable amounts of the pure sugar nucleotides for NMR spectroscopy using a cold probe. Structural analysis in conjunction with molecular modeling identified the sugar moieties as acetamidino and N-methylacetimidoyl derivatives of legionaminic acid (Leg5Am7Ac and Leg5AmNMe7Ac). Targeted metabolomic analyses of isogenic mutants established a role for the ptmA-F genes and defined two new ptm genes in this locus as legionaminic acid biosynthetic enzymes. This is the first report of legionaminic acid in Campylobacter sp. and the first report of legionaminic acid derivatives as modifications on a protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J McNally
- National Research Council, Institute for Biological Sciences, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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39
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Le Quéré AJL, Deakin WJ, Schmeisser C, Carlson RW, Streit WR, Broughton WJ, Forsberg LS. Structural characterization of a K-antigen capsular polysaccharide essential for normal symbiotic infection in Rhizobium sp. NGR234: deletion of the rkpMNO locus prevents synthesis of 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-non-2-ulosonic acid. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:28981-92. [PMID: 16772294 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m513639200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many early molecular events in symbiotic infection have been documented, although factors enabling Rhizobium to progress within the plant-derived infection thread and ultimately survive within the intracellular symbiosome compartment as mature nitrogen-fixing bacteroids are poorly understood. Rhizobial surface polysaccharides (SPS), including the capsular polysaccharides (K-antigens), exist in close proximity to plant-derived membranes throughout the infection process. SPSs are essential for bacterial survival, adaptation, and as potential determinants of nodulation and/or host specificity. Relatively few studies have examined the role of K-antigens in these events. However, we constructed a mutant that lacks genes essential for the production of the K-antigen strain-specific sugar precursor, pseudaminic acid, in the broad host range Rhizobium sp. NGR234. The complete structure of the K-antigen of strain NGR234 was established, and it consists of disaccharide repeating units of glucuronic and pseudaminic acid having the structure -->4)-beta-d-glucuronic acid-(1-->4)-beta-5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-l-glycero-l-manno-nonulosonic acid-(2-->. Deletion of three genes located in the rkp-3 gene cluster, rkpM, rkpN, and part of rkpO, abolished pseudaminic acid synthesis, yielding a mutant in which the strain-specific K-antigen was totally absent: other surface glycoconjugates, including the lipopolysaccharides, exopolysaccharides, and flagellin glycoprotein appeared unaffected. The NGRDeltarkpMNO mutant was symbiotically defective, showing reduced nodulation efficiency on several legumes. K-antigen production was found to decline after rhizobia were exposed to plant flavonoids, and the decrease coincided with induction of a symbiotically active (bacteroid-specific) rhamnan-LPS, suggesting an exchange of SPS occurs during bacterial differentiation in the developing nodule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine J-L Le Quéré
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes Supérieures (LBMPS), Université de Genève, 1292 Genève, Switzerland
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40
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Chou WK, Dick S, Wakarchuk WW, Tanner ME. Identification and Characterization of NeuB3 from Campylobacter jejuni as a Pseudaminic Acid Synthase. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:35922-8. [PMID: 16120604 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507483200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are the main causes of bacterial diarrhea worldwide, and Helicobacter pylori is known to cause duodenal ulcers. In all of these pathogenic organisms, the flagellin proteins are heavily glycosylated with a 2-keto-3-deoxy acid, pseudaminic acid (5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-L-glycero-L-manno-nonulosonic acid). The presence of pseudaminic acid is required for the proper development of the flagella and is thereby necessary for motility in, and invasion of, the host. In this study we report the first characterization of NeuB3 from C. jejuni as a pseudaminic acid synthase; the enzyme directly responsible for the biosynthesis of pseudaminic acid. Pseudaminic acid synthase catalyzes the condensation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) with the hexose, 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-L-altrose (6-deoxy-AltdiNAc), to form pseudaminic acid and phosphate. The enzymatic activity was monitored using 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy, and the product was isolated and characterized. Kinetic analysis reveals that pseudaminic acid synthase requires the presence of a divalent metal ion for catalysis and that optimal catalysis occurs at pH 7.0. A coupled enzymatic assay gave the values for k(cat) of 0.65 +/- 0.01 s(-1), K(m)PEP of 6.5 +/- 0.4 microM, and K(m)6-deoxy-AltdiNAc of 9.5 +/- 0.7 microM. A mechanistic study on pseudaminic acid synthase, using [2-18O]PEP, shows that catalysis proceeds through a C-O bond cleavage mechanism similar to other PEP condensing synthases such as sialic acid synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne K Chou
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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41
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Nazarenko EL, Komandrova NA, Gorshkova RP, Tomshich SV, Zubkov VA, Kilcoyne M, Savage AV. Structures of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides of some Gram-negative marine Proteobacteria. Carbohydr Res 2004; 338:2449-57. [PMID: 14670708 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2003.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The chemical structures of polysaccharides and LPS core oligosaccharides, isolated from various Gram-negative marine bacteria from the genera Pseudoalteromonas and Shewanella belonging to the Alteromonadaceae family and gamma-subclass of Proteobacteria, are reviewed. The polysaccharides are distinguished by the acidic character (e.g., due to the presence of hexuronic and aldulosonic acids and their derivatives) and the occurrence of unusual sugars, including N-acyl derivatives of 6-deoxyamino sugars, such as N-acetyl-D-quinovosamine, N-acetyl-L-fucosamine and N-acetyl-6-deoxy-L-talosamine, and higher sugars like 2,6-dideoxy-2-acetamido-4-C-(3'-carboxamide-2',2'-dihydroxypropyl)-D-galactopyranose (shewanellose). Many constituent sugars have various uncommon non-sugar substituents, such as alanine, formic, lactic and hydroxybutyric acids, sulfate, phosphate, and 2-aminopropane-1,3-diol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny L Nazarenko
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russian Federation
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42
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Vimr ER, Kalivoda KA, Deszo EL, Steenbergen SM. Diversity of microbial sialic acid metabolism. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2004; 68:132-53. [PMID: 15007099 PMCID: PMC362108 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.68.1.132-153.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids are structurally unique nine-carbon keto sugars occupying the interface between the host and commensal or pathogenic microorganisms. An important function of host sialic acid is to regulate innate immunity, and microbes have evolved various strategies for subverting this process by decorating their surfaces with sialylated oligosaccharides that mimic those of the host. These subversive strategies include a de novo synthetic pathway and at least two truncated pathways that depend on scavenging host-derived intermediates. A fourth strategy involves modification of sialidases so that instead of transferring sialic acid to water (hydrolysis), a second active site is created for binding alternative acceptors. Sialic acids also are excellent sources of carbon, nitrogen, energy, and precursors of cell wall biosynthesis. The catabolic strategies for exploiting host sialic acids as nutritional sources are as diverse as the biosynthetic mechanisms, including examples of horizontal gene transfer and multiple transport systems. Finally, as compounds coating the surfaces of virtually every vertebrate cell, sialic acids provide information about the host environment that, at least in Escherichia coli, is interpreted by the global regulator encoded by nanR. In addition to regulating the catabolism of sialic acids through the nan operon, NanR controls at least two other operons of unknown function and appears to participate in the regulation of type 1 fimbrial phase variation. Sialic acid is, therefore, a host molecule to be copied (molecular mimicry), eaten (nutrition), and interpreted (cell signaling) by diverse metabolic machinery in all major groups of mammalian pathogens and commensals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Vimr
- Laboratory of Sialobiology and Microbial Metabolomics, Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA.
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Bystrova OV, Lindner B, Moll H, Kocharova NA, Knirel YA, Zähringer U, Pier GB. Structure of the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O-12 with a randomly O-acetylated core region. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:1895-905. [PMID: 12932374 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(03)00290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O-12 was studied by strong alkaline and mild acid degradations and dephosphorylation followed by fractionation of the products by GPC and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography and analyses by ESI FT-MS and NMR spectroscopy. The structures of the lipopolysaccharide core and the O-polysaccharide repeating unit were elucidated and the site and the configuration of the linkage between the O-polysaccharide and the core established. The core was found to be randomly O-acetylated, most O-acetyl groups being located on the terminal rhamnose residue of the outer core region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Bystrova
- ND Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Hashii N, Isshiki Y, Iguchi T, Hisatsune K, Kondo S. Structure and serological characterization of 5,7-diamino-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-non-2-ulosonic acid isolated from lipopolysaccharides of Vibrio parahaemolyticus O2 and O-untypable strain KX-V212. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:1055-62. [PMID: 12706971 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(03)00077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus O2 and O-untypable (OUT) strain (KX-V212) isolated from an individual patient were shown to contain 5,7-diamino-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-non-2-ulosonic acid (NonlA), which was readily released from LPS by mild acid hydrolysis. In the present study, we investigated the chemical and serological properties of NonlA isolated from LPS of V. parahaemolyticus O2 and OUT KX-V212. GC-MS and NMR analysis identified the NonlA from LPS of O2 to be 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid (5NAc7NAcNonlA) and that from LPS of KX-V212 to be 5-acetamido-7-(N-acetyl-D-alanyl)amido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid (5NAc7NAlaNAcNonlA). In ELISA inhibition analysis, 5NAc7NAcNonlA inhibited the O2 LPS/anti-O2 antiserum system, whereas, 5NAc7NAlaNAcNonlA did not show any inhibitory activity. However, after N-deacylation of 5NAc7NAlaNAcNonlA followed by N-acetylation, the product (5NAc7NAcNonlA) inhibited the O2 LPS/anti-O2 antiserum system to the same extent as that of 5NAc7NAcNonlA obtained from O2 LPS. These results suggest that 5NAc7NAcNonlA might be related to the serological specificity of O2 LPS as one of main epitope(s) involved in O2 LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Hashii
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
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Vinogradov E, MacLean LL, Crump EM, Perry MB, Kay WW. Structure of the polysaccharide chain of the lipopolysaccharide from Flexibacter maritimus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:1810-5. [PMID: 12694194 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Flexibacter maritimus, a Gram-negative bacterium, is a fish pathogen responsible for disease in finfish species and a cause of cutaneous erosion disease in sea-caged salmonids. For the development of serology based diagnostics, protective vaccines, and a study of pathogenesis, the structural analysis of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produced by the bacterium has been undertaken. We now report that an acidic O-specific polysaccharide, obtained by mild acid degradation of the F. maritimus LPS was found to be composed of a disaccharide repeating unit built of 2-acetamido-3-O-acetyl-4-[(S)-2-hydroxyglutar-5-ylamido]-2,4,6-trideoxy-beta-glucose and 5-acetamido-7-[(S)-3-hydroxybutyramido]-8-amino-3,5,7,8,9-pentadeoxynonulopyranosonic acid (Sug) having the structure: The configuration of the C-2-C-7 fragment of the latter monosaccharide (B) was assigned beta-manno; however, the configuration at C-8 could not be established. NMR data indicate that the two monosaccharides have opposite absolute configurations. The repeating unit includes a linkage via a (S)-2-hydroxyglutaric acid residue, reported here for the first time as a component of a bacterial polysaccharide. The LPS was also found to contain a minor amount of a disaccharide beta-Sug-(2-3)-l-Rha, isolated from the products of the acidic methanolysis of the LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Vinogradov
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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46
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Knirel YA, Shashkov AS, Tsvetkov YE, Jansson PE, Zãhringer U. 5,7-DIAMINO-3,5,7,9-TETRADEOXYNON-2-ULOSONIC ACIDS IN BACTERIAL GLYCOPOLYMERS: CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2003; 58:371-417. [PMID: 14719362 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(03)58007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy A Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Kilcoyne M, Shashkov AS, Senchenkova SA, Knirel YA, Vinogradov EV, Radziejewska-Lebrecht J, Galimska-Stypa R, Savage AV. Structural investigation of the O-specific polysaccharides of Morganella morganii consisting of two higher sugars. Carbohydr Res 2002; 337:1697-702. [PMID: 12423973 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide of the bacterium Morganella morganii (strain KF 1676, RK 4222) yielded two polysaccharides, PS1 and PS2, when subjected to mild acid degradation followed by GPC. The polysaccharides were studied by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, including two-dimensional COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, 1H,(13)C HMQC, and HMBC experiments. Each polysaccharide was found to contain a disaccharide repeating unit consisting of two higher sugars, 5-acetamidino-7-acetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-L-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid (a derivative of 8-epilegionaminic acid, 8eLeg5Am7Ac) and 2-acetamido-4-C-(3'-carboxamide-2',2'-dihydroxypropyl)-2,6-dideoxy-D-galactose (shewanellose, She). The two polysaccharides differ only in the ring size of shewanellose and have the following structures:Shewanellose has been previously identified in a phenol-soluble polysaccharide from Shewanella putrefaciens A6, which shows a close structural similarity to PS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Kilcoyne
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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48
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Angata T, Varki A. Chemical diversity in the sialic acids and related alpha-keto acids: an evolutionary perspective. Chem Rev 2002; 102:439-69. [PMID: 11841250 DOI: 10.1021/cr000407m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 935] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Angata
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687, USA
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Kooistra O, Herfurth L, Lüneberg E, Frosch M, Peters T, Zähringer U. Epitope mapping of the O-chain polysaccharide of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 lipopolysaccharide by saturation-transfer-difference NMR spectroscopy. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:573-82. [PMID: 11856316 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two modifications of 5-acetimidoylamino-7-acetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid (5-N-acetimidoyl-7-N-acetyllegionaminic acid) in the O-chain polysaccharide (OPS) of the Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concern N-methylation of the 5-N-acetimidoyl group in legionaminic acid. Both N-methylated substituents, the (N,N-dimethylacetimidoyl) amino and acetimidoyl(N-methyl)amino group, could be allocated to one single legionaminic acid residue in the long- and middle-chain OPS, respectively. Using mutants devoid of N-methylated legionaminic acid derivatives, it could be shown that N-methylation of legionaminic acid correlated with the expression of the mAb 2625 epitope. In the present study we investigated the binding of the LPS-specific monoclonal antibody mAb 2625 to isolated OPS with surface-plasmon-resonance biomolecular interaction analysis and saturation-transfer-difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy in order to map the mAb 2625 epitope on a molecular level. It could be demonstrated that the binding affinity of the N-methylated legionaminic acid derivatives was independent from the size of the isolated OPS molecular species. In addition, STD NMR spectroscopic studies with polysaccharide ligands with an average molecular mass of up to 14 kDa revealed that binding was mainly mediated via the N-methylated acetimidoylamino group and via the closely located 7-N-acetyl group of the respective legionaminic acid residue, thus indicating these derivatives to represent the major epitope of mAb 2625.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kooistra
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Germany
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Kooistra O, Lüneberg E, Knirel YA, Frosch M, Zähringer U. N-Methylation in polylegionaminic acid is associated with the phase-variable epitope of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 lipopolysaccharide. Identification of 5-(N,N-dimethylacetimidoyl)amino and 5-acetimidoyl(N-methyl)amino-7-acetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxynon-2-ulosonic acid in the O-chain polysaccharide. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:560-72. [PMID: 11856315 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previously, a phase-variable epitope was detected in the virulent wild-type strain RC1 of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 subgroup OLDA using a lipopolysaccharide-specific monoclonal antibody, mAb 2625 [Lüneberg, E., Zähringer, U., Knirel, Y. A., Steinmann, D., Hartmann, M., Steinmetz, I., Rohde, M., Kohl, J. & Frosch, M. (1998) J.Exp. Med. 188, 49-60]. In the present study, an isogenic mutant strain, termed 5215, was constructed by deletion of genes involved in the biosynthesis of the mAb 2625 epitope. Mutant 5215 was as virulent as the parental wild-type RC1 but did not bind mAb 2625. The two strains showed no difference in the core oligosaccharide and lipid A but in the O-chain polysaccharide structure, which is a homopolymer of 5-acetimidoylamino-7-acetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid (a derivative of legionaminic acid). NMR spectroscopic studies revealed a hitherto unknown modification of bacterial polysaccharides in the wild-type strain, namely N-methylation of the 5-acetimidoylamino group on a single legionaminic acid residue that is located, most likely, proximal to the core oligosaccharide. Two major N-methylated substituents, the (N,N-dimethylacetimidoyl)amino and acetimidoyl(N-methyl) amino groups, could be allocated to the long- and middle-chain O-polysaccharide species, respectively. N-Methylation of legionaminic acid that was absent from the isogenic mutant 5215 and from the spontaneous phase variant 811, correlated with the presence of the mAb 2625 epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kooistra
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
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