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Blažević I, Montaut S, Burčul F, Olsen CE, Burow M, Rollin P, Agerbirk N. Glucosinolate structural diversity, identification, chemical synthesis and metabolism in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 169:112100. [PMID: 31771793 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The glucosinolates (GSLs) is a well-defined group of plant metabolites characterized by having an S-β-d-glucopyrano unit anomerically connected to an O-sulfated (Z)-thiohydroximate function. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the sulfated aglucone can undergo rearrangement to an isothiocyanate, or form a nitrile or other products. The number of GSLs known from plants, satisfactorily characterized by modern spectroscopic methods (NMR and MS) by mid-2018, is 88. In addition, a group of partially characterized structures with highly variable evidence counts for approximately a further 49. This means that the total number of characterized GSLs from plants is somewhere between 88 and 137. The diversity of GSLs in plants is critically reviewed here, resulting in significant discrepancies with previous reviews. In general, the well-characterized GSLs show resemblance to C-skeletons of the amino acids Ala, Val, Leu, Trp, Ile, Phe/Tyr and Met, or to homologs of Ile, Phe/Tyr or Met. Insufficiently characterized, still hypothetic GSLs include straight-chain alkyl GSLs and chain-elongated GSLs derived from Leu. Additional reports (since 2011) of insufficiently characterized GSLs are reviewed. Usually the crucial missing information is correctly interpreted NMR, which is the most effective tool for GSL identification. Hence, modern use of NMR for GSL identification is also reviewed and exemplified. Apart from isolation, GSLs may be obtained by organic synthesis, allowing isotopically labeled GSLs and any kind of side chain. Enzymatic turnover of GSLs in plants depends on a considerable number of enzymes and other protein factors and furthermore depends on GSL structure. Identification of GSLs must be presented transparently and live up to standard requirements in natural product chemistry. Unfortunately, many recent reports fail in these respects, including reports based on chromatography hyphenated to MS. In particular, the possibility of isomers and isobaric structures is frequently ignored. Recent reports are re-evaluated and interpreted as evidence of the existence of "isoGSLs", i.e. non-GSL isomers of GSLs in plants. For GSL analysis, also with MS-detection, we stress the importance of using authentic standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Blažević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Sabine Montaut
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Programme, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Franko Burčul
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Meike Burow
- DynaMo Center and Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Patrick Rollin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans et CNRS, UMR 7311, BP 6759, F-45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Niels Agerbirk
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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A building block approach to the synthesis of a family of S-linked α-1,6-oligomannosides. Carbohydr Res 2016; 429:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Marroun S, Montaut S, Marquès S, Lafite P, Coadou G, Rollin P, Jousset G, Schuler M, Tatibouët A, Oulyadi H, Daniellou R. UGT74B1 from Arabidopsis thaliana as a versatile biocatalyst for the synthesis of desulfoglycosinolates. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:6252-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01003b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A glucosyltransferase is able to catalyze the formation of the thioglycosidic bond and lead to desulfoglycosinolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Marroun
- Normandie Univ
- COBRA
- UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Univ Rouen; INSA Rouen; CNRS
- IRCOF
- 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex
| | - Sabine Montaut
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Biomolecular Sciences Programme
- Laurentian University
- Sudbury
- Canada
| | | | | | - Gaël Coadou
- Normandie Univ
- COBRA
- UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Univ Rouen; INSA Rouen; CNRS
- IRCOF
- 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex
| | | | | | | | | | - Hassan Oulyadi
- Normandie Univ
- COBRA
- UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Univ Rouen; INSA Rouen; CNRS
- IRCOF
- 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex
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Vo QV, Trenerry C, Rochfort S, Wadeson J, Leyton C, Hughes AB. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of aromatic glucosinolates. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5945-54. [PMID: 23978357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic GLs are important members of the glucosinolate family of compounds because of their potential biological activity and medicinal properties. This study has shown success in the high yielding synthesis of some important aromatic GLs as well as the results of testing for anti-inflammatory properties of the synthetic GLs. 3,4-Dimethoxyphenylglucosinolate was found to be the most active anti-inflammatory of the seven glucosinolates assayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan V Vo
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Rollin P, Tatibouët A. Sulfur Metabolites in Brassicales: From Daily Vegetables to Thiofunctional Chemistry. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2010.507729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Rollin
- a Université d’Orléans , ICOA, UMR 6005, Orléans, France
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Cerniauskaite D, Gallienne E, Karciauskaite H, Farinha AS, Rousseau J, Armand S, Tatibouët A, Sackus A, Rollin P. A simple O-sulfated thiohydroximate molecule to be the first micromolar range myrosinase inhibitor. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mays JR, Weller Roska RL, Sarfaraz S, Mukhtar H, Rajski SR. Identification, synthesis, and enzymology of non-natural glucosinolate chemopreventive candidates. Chembiochem 2008; 9:729-47. [PMID: 18327862 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are one of the many classes of breakdown products of glucosinolates found in crucifers such as broccoli and are thought to be partially responsible for the reduced risk of degenerative diseases associated with the consumption of vegetables. The production of ITCs such as L-sulforaphane is dependent on the hydrolytic bioactivities of myrosinase, localized both within vegetable tissues and within flora of the human GI tract, and is associated with important cancer chemopreventive activities. We hypothesized that novel isothiocyanates with enhanced chemopreventive properties relative to L-sulforaphane could be identified and that their glucosinolate precursors could be synthesized. From a library of 30 synthetic ITCs, we identified several with bioactivities equal or superior to those of L-sulforaphane. The corresponding non-natural glucosinolate precursors to these novel ITCs were constructed and found to be substrates for myrosinase. By utilizing a novel RP-HPLC assay to monitor myrosinase-dependent hydrolysis reactions, 2,2-diphenylethyl glucosinolate and (biphenyl-2-yl)methyl glucosinolate were shown to exhibit 26.5 and 2.8 %, respectively, of the relative activity of sinigrin and produced their corresponding ITCs in varying yields. These data support the notion that non-natural glucosinolates can act as prodrugs for novel ITCs, with a mechanism of action reliant on their hydrolytic cleavage by myrosinase. Such non-natural glucosinolates may serve as very economical chemopreventive agents for individuals at risk for cancers of and around the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared R Mays
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Pharmacy, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2222, USA
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Bourderioux A, Lefoix M, Gueyrard D, Tatibouét A, Cottaz S, Arzt S, Burmeister WP, Rollin P. The glucosinolate-myrosinase system. New insights into enzyme-substrate interactions by use of simplified inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:1872-9. [PMID: 15889170 DOI: 10.1039/b502990b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Myrosinase, a thioglucoside glucohydrolase, is the only enzyme able to hydrolyse glucosinolates, a unique family of molecules bearing an anomeric O-sulfated thiohydroximate function. Non-hydrolysable myrosinase inhibitors have been devised and studied for their biological interaction. Diverse modifications of the O-sulfate moiety did not result in a significant inhibitory effect, whereas replacing the D-glucopyrano residue by its carba-analogue allowed inhibition to take place. X-Ray experiments carried out after soaking allowed for the first time inclusion of a non-hydrolysable inhibitor inside the enzymatic pocket. Structural tuning of the aglycon part in its pocket is being used as a guide for the development of simplified and more potent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Bourderioux
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), UMR 6005, Université d'Orléans, BP 6759, F-45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
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Lefoix M, Tatibouët A, Cottaz S, Driguez H, Rollin P. Carba-glucotropaeolin: the first non-hydrolyzable glucosinolate analogue, to inhibit myrosinase. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00463-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Fahey JW, Zalcmann AT, Talalay P. The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 56:5-51. [PMID: 11198818 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1493] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (beta-thioglucoside-N-hydroxysulfates), the precursors of isothiocyanates, are present in sixteen families of dicotyledonous angiosperms including a large number of edible species. At least 120 different glucosinolates have been identified in these plants, although closely related taxonomic groups typically contain only a small number of such compounds. Glucosinolates and/or their breakdown products have long been known for their fungicidal, bacteriocidal, nematocidal and allelopathic properties and have recently attracted intense research interest because of their cancer chemoprotective attributes. Numerous reviews have addressed the occurrence of glucosinolates in vegetables, primarily the family Brassicaceae (syn. Cruciferae; including Brassica spp and Raphanus spp). The major focus of much previous research has been on the negative aspects of these compounds because of the prevalence of certain "antinutritional" or goitrogenic glucosinolates in the protein-rich defatted meal from widely grown oilseed crops and in some domesticated vegetable crops. There is, however, an opposite and positive side of this picture represented by the therapeutic and prophylactic properties of other "nutritional" or "functional" glucosinolates. This review addresses the complex array of these biologically active and chemically diverse compounds many of which have been identified during the past three decades in other families. In addition to the Brassica vegetables, these glucosinolates have been found in hundreds of species, many of which are edible or could provide substantial quantities of glucosinolates for isolation, for biological evaluation, and potential application as chemoprotective or other dietary or pharmacological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Fahey
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Burmeister WP, Cottaz S, Rollin P, Vasella A, Henrissat B. High resolution X-ray crystallography shows that ascorbate is a cofactor for myrosinase and substitutes for the function of the catalytic base. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:39385-93. [PMID: 10978344 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006796200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myrosinase, an S-glycosidase, hydrolyzes plant anionic 1-thio-beta-d-glucosides (glucosinolates) considered part of the plant defense system. Although O-glycosidases are ubiquitous, myrosinase is the only known S-glycosidase. Its active site is very similar to that of retaining O-glycosidases, but one of the catalytic residues in O-glycosidases, a carboxylate residue functioning as the general base, is replaced by a glutamine residue. Myrosinase is strongly activated by ascorbic acid. Several binary and ternary complexes of myrosinase with different transition state analogues and ascorbic acid have been analyzed at high resolution by x-ray crystallography along with a 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-glucosyl enzyme intermediate. One of the inhibitors, d-gluconhydroximo-1,5-lactam, binds simultaneously with a sulfate ion to form a mimic of the enzyme-substrate complex. Ascorbate binds to a site distinct from the glucose binding site but overlapping with the aglycon binding site, suggesting that activation occurs at the second step of catalysis, i.e. hydrolysis of the glycosyl enzyme. A water molecule is placed perfectly for activation by ascorbate and for nucleophilic attack on the covalently trapped 2-fluoro-glucosyl-moiety. Activation of the hydrolysis of the glucosyl enzyme intermediate is further evidenced by the observation that ascorbate enhances the rate of reactivation of the 2-fluoro-glycosyl enzyme, leading to the conclusion that ascorbic acid substitutes for the catalytic base in myrosinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Burmeister
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility and Forschungszentrum Jülich, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble cedex, France.
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Abstract
Recent advances in structural and conformational analysis of fluorinated carbohydrates by NMR spectroscopy are reviewed. Characteristic 1H, 13C, and 19F NMR chemical shifts and coupling constants for selected examples are given and the spectral data of a series of fluorinated carbohydrates were collected in continuation of the review of Csuk and Glänzer [Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem., 46 (1988) 73-177].
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michalik
- Institut für Organische Katalyseforschung an der Universität Rostock eV, Germany.
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Aucagne V, Gueyrard D, Tatibouët A, Quinsac A, Rollin P. Synthetic Approaches to C-Glucosinolates. Tetrahedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Aucagne V, Gueyrard D, Tatibouët A, Cottaz S, Driguez H, Lafosse M, Rollin P. The first synthesis of C-glucotropaeolin. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cassel S, Casenave B, Déléris G, Latxague L, Rollin P. Exploring an alternative approach to the synthesis of arylalkyl and indolylmethyl glucosinolates. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00465-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Burmeister WP, Cottaz S, Driguez H, Iori R, Palmieri S, Henrissat B. The crystal structures of Sinapis alba myrosinase and a covalent glycosyl-enzyme intermediate provide insights into the substrate recognition and active-site machinery of an S-glycosidase. Structure 1997; 5:663-75. [PMID: 9195886 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(97)00221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myrosinase is the enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of a variety of plant anionic 1-thio-beta-D-glucosides called glucosinolates. Myrosinase and glucosinolates, which are stored in different tissues of the plant, are mixed during mastication generating toxic by-products that are believed to play a role in the plant defence system. Whilst O-glycosidases are extremely widespread in nature, myrosinase is the only known S-glycosidase. This intriguing enzyme, which shows sequence similarities with O-glycosidases, offers the opportunity to analyze the similarities and differences between enzymes hydrolyzing S- and O-glycosidic bonds. RESULTS The structures of native myrosinase from white mustard seed (Sinapis alba) and of a stable glycosyl-enzyme intermediate have been solved at 1.6 A resolution. The protein folds into a (beta/alpha)8-barrel structure, very similar to that of the cyanogenic beta-glucosidase from white clover. The enzyme forms a dimer stabilized by a Zn2+ ion and is heavily glycosylated. At one glycosylation site the complete structure of a plant-specific heptasaccharide is observed. The myrosinase structure reveals a hydrophobic pocket, ideally situated for the binding of the hydrophobic sidechain of glucosinolates, and two arginine residues positioned for interaction with the sulphate group of the substrate. With the exception of the replacement of the general acid/base glutamate by a glutamine residue, the catalytic machinery of myrosinase is identical to that of the cyanogenic beta-glucosidase. The structure of the glycosyl-enzyme intermediate shows that the sugar ring is bound via an alpha-glycosidic linkage to Glu409, the catalytic nucleophile of myrosinase. CONCLUSIONS The structure of myrosinase shows features which illustrate the adaptation of the plant enzyme to the dehydrated environment of the seed. The catalytic mechanism of myrosinase is explained by the excellent leaving group properties of the substrate aglycons, which do not require the assistance of an enzymatic acid catalyst. The replacement of the general acid/base glutamate of O-glycosidases by a glutamine residue in myrosinase suggests that for hydrolysis of the glycosyl-enzyme, the role of this residue is to ensure a precise positioning of a water molecule rather than to provide general base assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Burmeister
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble cedex, France.
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