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Sun H, Ni J, Yang G, Liu Z, Wang Z, Zhu S, Li Z, Jiang Y, Zhan X, Wang Y, Gao M. A novel coupled fermentation system for low-molecular-weight xanthan gum with diverse biological activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135283. [PMID: 39233163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Xanthan gum (XG) is a bacterial exopolysaccharide widely used in various industries due to its stability and rheological properties. Low-molecular-weight xanthan gum (LXG) exhibits enhanced properties and broader applications, but current degradation methods are limited. This study introduces an innovative coupled fermentation system for the efficient production of LXG. Endo-xanthanase from Microbacterium sp. XT11 was expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115, exhibiting optimal activity at pH 6.0 and 40 °C, with broad pH tolerance. The optimized coupled fermentation system used bean sprouts juice as nitrogen source, the inoculation quantity of X. campestris: P. pastoris was 1: 3, and the pH was controlled at 6.0. In the bioreactor, the total sugar concentration reached 12.12 g/L, the reducing sugar concentration reached 5.32 g/L, and the endo-xanthanase activity increased to 1150.26 U/L, which were 2.13, 2.3, and 3.71 times higher than those at the shake flask level, respectively. The prepared LXG had a molecular weight of 1093 Da and a monosaccharide ratio of 2.0:1.57:0.89 (glucose, mannose, and glucuronic acid). Bioactivity analysis revealed its antioxidant and prebiotic properties, promoting the growth of beneficial intestinal microbiota and metabolite production. This suggests the potential of LXG as a functional ingredient in intestinal health-focused foods and supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqing Sun
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jialin Ni
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guoshuai Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhilei Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zichao Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shengyong Zhu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhitao Li
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yun Jiang
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaobei Zhan
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Minjie Gao
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Hua Y, Huang W, Wang F, Jing Z, Li J, Wang Q, Zhao Y. Metabolites, gene expression, and gut microbiota profiles suggest the putative mechanisms via which dietary creatine increases the serum taurine and g-ABA contents in Megalobrama amblycephala. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:253-274. [PMID: 36897433 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A 90-day experiment was conducted to explore the effects of creatine on growth performance, liver health status, metabolites, and gut microbiota in Megalobrama amblycephala. There were 6 treatments as follows: control (CD, 29.41% carbohydrates), high carbohydrate (HCD, 38.14% carbohydrates), betaine (BET, 1.2% betaine + 39.76% carbohydrates), creatine 1 (CRE1, 0.5% creatine + 1.2% betaine + 39.29% carbohydrates), creatine 2 (CRE2, 1% creatine + 1.2% betaine + 39.50% carbohydrates), and creatine 3 (CRE3, 2% creatine + 1.2% betaine + 39.44% carbohydrates). The results showed that supplementing creatine and betaine together reduced the feed conversion ratio significantly (P < 0.05, compared to CD and HCD) and improved liver health (compared to HCD). Compared with the BET group, dietary creatine significantly increased the abundances of Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, ZOR0006, and Bacteroides and decreased the abundances of Proteobacteria, Fusobacteriota, Vibrio, Crenobacter, and Shewanella in the CRE1 group. Dietary creatine increased the content of taurine, arginine, ornithine, γ-aminobutyric acid (g-ABA), and creatine (CRE1 vs. BET group) and the expression of creatine kinase (ck), sulfinoalanine decarboxylase (csad), guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (gamt), glycine amidinotransferase (gatm), agmatinase (agmat), diamine oxidase1 (aoc1), and glutamate decarboxylase (gad) in the CRE1 group. Overall, these results suggested that dietary supplementation of creatine (0.5-2%) did not affect the growth performance, but it altered the gut microbial composition at the phylum and genus levels, which might be beneficial to the gut health of M. amblycephala; dietary creatine also increased the serum content of taurine by enhancing the expressions of ck and csad and increased the serum content of g-ABA by enhancing the arginine content and the expressions of gatm, agmat, gad, and aoc1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhuo Hua
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wangwang Huang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fan Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhao Jing
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Juntao Li
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Haikou, 570102, China
| | - Qingchao Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuhua Zhao
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Wu LX, Xu YC, Pantopoulos K, Tan XY, Wei XL, Zheng H, Luo Z. Glycophagy mediated glucose-induced changes of hepatic glycogen metabolism via OGT1-AKT1-FOXO1Ser238 pathway. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 117:109337. [PMID: 36990368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Glycophagy is the autophagy degradation of glycogen. However, the regulatory mechanisms for glycophagy and glucose metabolism remain unexplored. Herein, we demonstrated that high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) and high glucose (HG) incubation induced glycogen accumulation, AKT1 expression and AKT1-dependent phosphorylation of forkhead transcription factor O1 (FOXO1) at Ser238 in the liver tissues and hepatocytes. The glucose-induced FOXO1 phosphorylation at Ser238 prevents FOXO1 entry into the nucleus and the recruitment to the gabarapl1 promoter, reduces the gabarapl1 promoter activity, and inhibits glycophagy and glucose production. The glucose-dependent O-GlcNAcylation of AKT1 by OGT1 enhances the stability of AKT1 protein and promotes its binding with FOXO1. Moreover, the glycosylation of AKT1 is crucial for promoting FOXO1 nuclear translocation and inhibiting glycophagy. Our studies elucidate a novel mechanism for glycophagy inhibition by high carbohydrate and glucose via OGT1-AKT1-FOXO1Ser238 pathway in the liver tissues and hepatocytes, which provides critical insights into potential intervention strategies for glycogen storage disorders in vertebrates, as well as human beings.
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The characteristics of polysaccharide from Gracilaria chouae and its application in food packaging with carboxymethyl cellulose and lysozyme. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhao W, Wei HL, Wang ZQ, He XS, Niu J. Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate Levels on Growth Performance, Body Composition, Antioxidant Capacity, Immunity, and Liver Morphology in Oncorhynchus mykiss under Cage Culture with Flowing Freshwater. AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2022; 2022:7820017. [PMID: 36860473 PMCID: PMC9973123 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7820017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate levels on growth performance, body composition, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and liver morphology in Oncorhynchus mykiss under cage culture with flowing freshwater. Fish (initial body weight 25.70 ± 0.24 g) were fed five isonitrogenous (420 g/kg protein) and isolipidic (150 g/kg lipid) diets containing 50.6, 102.1, 151.3, 200.9 and 251.8 g/kg carbohydrate levels, respectively. The results indicated that fish fed diets containing 50.6-200.9 g/kg carbohydrate showed significantly higher growth performance, feed utilization, and feed intake than those fed 251.8 g/kg dietary carbohydrate levels. Based on the analysis of the quadratic regression equation for weight gain rate, the appropriate dietary carbohydrate requirement of O. mykiss was estimated to be 126.2 g/kg. 251.8 g/kg carbohydrate level activated Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway, suppressed superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity, and increased MDA content in the liver. Besides, fish fed a diet containing 251.8 g/kg carbohydrate showed a certain degree of hepatic sinus congestion and dilatation in the liver. Dietary 251.8 g/kg carbohydrate upregulated the mRNA transcription level of proinflammatory cytokines and downregulated the mRNA transcription level of lysozyme and complement 3. Whole-body compositions were not affected by dietary carbohydrate levels. In conclusion, 251.8 g/kg carbohydrate level suppressed the growth performance, antioxidant capacity and innate immunity, resulting in liver injury and inflammatory response of O. mykiss. A diet containing more than 200.9 g/kg carbohydrate is not efficiently utilized by O. mykiss under cage culture with flowing freshwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Han-Lin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zi-Qiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xuan-Shu He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, China
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Yuan XC, Liang XF, Li AX, Cai WJ. The feedback regulation of carbohydrates intake on food intake and appetite in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:1395-1403. [PMID: 34286404 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00914-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Improving carbohydrate utilization can contribute to sustainability of aquaculture. In order to explore the feedback mechanism of glucose homeostasis in fish, one control diet (25% carbohydrate and 40% protein), one relatively high carbohydrate diet named HG (42% carbohydrate and 40% protein), and one high dietary carbohydrate coupled with relatively low protein diet named HGP (42% carbohydrate and 25% protein) were fed to grass carp for 40 days. After the feeding trial, HG group impeded the food intake and growth performance of fish compared with the other two groups. Meanwhile, the serum glucose and insulin level were both significantly elevated under the condition of high carbohydrates intake when compared HG with control group. However, although no significant difference was observed in peripheral glucose or insulin between HG and HGP groups, fish fed with HGP diet increased growth performance and food intake compared with the HG group. Gene expression data indicated that fish selectively regulated the expressions of the cerebral anorexigenic genes (cart and pomc) to adapt to the HG and HGP intake. Therefore, the HGP diet with high carbohydrate and low protein was more suitable for grass carp feeding and growth when compared with the other two diets, possibly because the diet composition was closer to the natural food of this fish. In addition, the serum leptin level was highly consistent with changes in food intake and anorexigenic gene expressions when comparing the three experimental diets, indicating that leptin might be the key to mediate the feedback regulation of carbohydrates intake on food intake and appetite in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Chen Yuan
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
- Innovation Base for Chinese Perch Breeding, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xu-Fang Liang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China.
- Innovation Base for Chinese Perch Breeding, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Ai-Xuan Li
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
- Innovation Base for Chinese Perch Breeding, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wen-Jing Cai
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
- Innovation Base for Chinese Perch Breeding, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Bioethanol Production from Cassava Peel Treated with Sulfonated Carbon Catalyzed Hydrolysis. JURNAL KIMIA SAINS DAN APLIKASI 2021. [DOI: 10.14710/jksa.24.1.1-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A large amount of Cassava peel as biomass waste is generated by agricultural activities, and it led to a new pursuit to exploit the utilization of biomass waste. This research aimed to study the potential of Cassava peel as raw material for bioethanol production. This study was performed in 2 main processes, acid hydrolysis, and fermentation. The experiment was initiated by conducting acid hydrolysis (100°C and 60 min) on Cassava peel’s starch using sulfonated carbon catalyst palm oil empty fruit bunch (5%-w/v) to produce 13.53 g/L glucose. The glucose contained hydrolysates then continued to ferment at 30°C. The effect of fermentation time (h), pH, and shaking rate (rpm) of cassava peel’s starch fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae was analyzed. The best result was found at pH 4.5 and 50 rpm for a 24 h reaction with 3.75 g/L of bioethanol concentration. This study revealed that Cassava peel is a promising feedstock for biofuel production.
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Miao S, Hu J, Wan W, Xia S, Han B, Zhou Y, Dong X, Sun L. Effects of graded levels of starch on the non-specific immune responses, antioxidant capacities and intestinal health in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir inensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:402-409. [PMID: 32562867 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A 9-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of graded levels of dietary starch (12%, 17%, 22%, 27% and 32%) on growth, non-specific immune responses, antioxidant capacities, immunity genes expression levels and pathogen resistance in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir inensis (initial body weight: 10.5 ± 0.5 g). Results showed that the highest weight gain rate of crabs was obtained in group containing 22% dietary starch. The highest activity of acid phosphatase, phenoloxidase and lysozyme in blood was found in crabs fed with 22-27% dietary starch. Additionally, 17%-27% dietary starch significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, reduced malondinaldehyde content and then increased the total antioxidant capacities in hepatopancreas of crabs. The highest activity of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase was found in crabs fed with 32% dietary starch, indicating that excess starch had a negative effect on the liver function of crabs. With the dietary starch level increased, the transcription factors gene expression of the pro-inflammatory factors were significantly up-regulated, and the highest ILF2, IL-16, Relish and ADAM10 was found in crabs fed with dietary 32% starch, which may potentially promote the inflammatory response in intestines. Moreover, with the dietary starch increased, the activity of phenoloxidase and lysozyme, as well as the gene expression of crustin, were all increased in crabs after challenge against Citrobacter freundii, which demonstrated that additional dietary starch could provide immune-protection and help crabs improve their resistance against pathogens. In conclusion, these results suggest that adequate dietary starch can increase growth, enhance innate immune responses and promote disease resistance, reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory response in E. inensis. Taken together, 22-27% dietary starch (25.9-30.8% dietary carbohydrate) was suggested as a digestible energy source in crabs feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Miao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui east Road, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Juntao Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui east Road, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wenlong Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui east Road, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Sudong Xia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Aquaculture, Fisheries College of Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Bei Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui east Road, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yuchen Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui east Road, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojing Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui east Road, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Longsheng Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui east Road, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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Khattab MM, Dahman Y. Production and recovery of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate bioplastics using agro-industrial residues of hemp hurd biomass. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:1115-1127. [PMID: 30993443 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes production and recovery of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) P(3HB) from agro-industrial residues. Production was conducted using Ralstonia eutropha strain with hemp hurd biomass hydrolysates sugars as a carbon source and ammonium chloride as the nitrogen source. Results show that maximum hydrolysis yield of 72.4% was achieved with total sugar hydrolysate concentration (i.e., glucose and xylose) of 53.0 g/L. Sugar metabolism by R. eutropha showed preference for glucose metabolism over xylose. Under optimum conditions, cells can accumulate P(3HB) polymer in quantity up to 56.3 wt% of the dry cell weight. This corresponds to total production of 13.4 g/L (productivity of 0.167 g/L h). Nitrogen source showed no adverse effect on P(3HB) biosynthesis, but rather on cell growth. Among several examined recovery techniques, ultrasonic-assisted sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) recovered bioplastic directly from the broth cell concentrate with P(3HB) content of 92%. Number average molecular weights (Mn) of final recovered bioplastic were in the range of 150-270 kDa with polydispersity index (Mw/Mn) in the range of 2.1-2.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Khattab
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Yaser Dahman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.
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Xu J, Wang F, Jakovlić I, Prisingkorn W, Li JT, Wang WM, Zhao YH. Metabolite and gene expression profiles suggest a putative mechanism through which high dietary carbohydrates reduce the content of hepatic betaine in Megalobrama amblycephala. Metabolomics 2018; 14:94. [PMID: 30830423 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-carbohydrate diets (HCD) are favoured by the aquaculture industry for economic reasons, but they can produce negative impacts on growth and induce hepatic steatosis. We hypothesised that the mechanism behind this is the reduction of hepatic betaine content. OBJECTIVE We further explored this mechanism by supplementing betaine (1%) to the diet of a farmed fish Megalobrama amblycephala. METHODS Four diet groups were designed: control (CD, 27.11% carbohydrates), high-carbohydrate (HCD, 36.75% carbohydrates), long-term betaine (LBD, 35.64% carbohydrates) and short-term betaine diet (SBD; 12 weeks HCD + 4 weeks LBD). We analysed growth performance, body composition, liver condition, and expression of genes and profiles of metabolites associated with betaine metabolism. RESULTS HCD resulted in poorer growth and liver health (compared to CD), whereas LBD improved these parameters (compared to HCD). HCD induced the expression of genes associated with glucose, serine and cystathionine metabolisms, and (non-significantly, p = .20) a betaine-catabolizing enzyme betaine-homocysteine-methyltransferase; and decreased the content of betaine, methionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine and carnitine. Betaine supplementation (LBD) reversed these patterns, and elevated betaine-homocysteine-methyltransferase, S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine (all p ≤ .05). CONCLUSION We hypothesise that HCD reduced the content of hepatic betaine by enhancing the activity of metabolic pathways from glucose to homocysteine, reflected in increased glycolysis, serine metabolism, cystathionine metabolism and homocysteine remethylation. Long-term dietary betaine supplementation improved the negative impacts of HCD, inculding growth parameters, body composition, liver condition, and betaine metabolism. However, betaine supplementation may have caused a temporary disruption in the metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- College of Fisheries Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wang
- College of Fisheries Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ivan Jakovlić
- Bio-Transduction Lab, Wuhan, 430075, People's Republic of China
| | - Wassana Prisingkorn
- College of Fisheries Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Tao Li
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Haikou, 570102, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Min Wang
- College of Fisheries Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hua Zhao
- College of Fisheries Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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Khosravi C, Battaglia E, Kun RS, Dalhuijsen S, Visser J, Aguilar-Pontes MV, Zhou M, Heyman HM, Kim YM, Baker SE, de Vries RP. Blocking hexose entry into glycolysis activates alternative metabolic conversion of these sugars and upregulates pentose metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:214. [PMID: 29566661 PMCID: PMC5863803 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4609-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plant biomass is the most abundant carbon source for many fungal species. In the biobased industry fungi, are used to produce lignocellulolytic enzymes to degrade agricultural waste biomass. Here we evaluated if it would be possible to create an Aspergillus nidulans strain that releases, but does not metabolize hexoses from plant biomass. For this purpose, metabolic mutants were generated that were impaired in glycolysis, by using hexokinase (hxkA) and glucokinase (glkA) negative strains. To prevent repression of enzyme production due to the hexose accumulation, strains were generated that combined these mutations with a deletion in creA, the repressor involved in regulating preferential use of different carbon catabolic pathways. Results Phenotypic analysis revealed reduced growth for the hxkA1 glkA4 mutant on wheat bran. However, hexoses did not accumulate during growth of the mutants on wheat bran, suggesting that glucose metabolism is re-routed towards alternative carbon catabolic pathways. The creAΔ4 mutation in combination with preventing initial phosphorylation in glycolysis resulted in better growth than the hxkA/glkA mutant and an increased expression of pentose catabolic and pentose phosphate pathway genes. This indicates that the reduced ability to use hexoses as carbon sources created a shift towards the pentose fraction of wheat bran as a major carbon source to support growth. Conclusion Blocking the direct entry of hexoses to glycolysis activates alternative metabolic conversion of these sugars in A. nidulans during growth on plant biomass, but also upregulates conversion of other sugars, such as pentoses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4609-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Khosravi
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Evy Battaglia
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roland S Kun
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha Dalhuijsen
- Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Visser
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Fungal Genetics and Technology Consultancy, P.O. Box 396, 6700, AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - María Victoria Aguilar-Pontes
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Heino M Heyman
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Young-Mo Kim
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Scott E Baker
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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12
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Li H, Yang S, Saravanamurugan S, Riisager A. Glucose Isomerization by Enzymes and Chemo-catalysts: Status and Current Advances. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Li
- State-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Song Yang
- State-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | | | - Anders Riisager
- Centre
for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Abraham RE, Wong CS, Puri M. Enrichment of Cellulosic Waste Hemp (Cannabis sativa) Hurd into Non-Toxic Microfibres. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 9:E562. [PMID: 28773682 PMCID: PMC5456901 DOI: 10.3390/ma9070562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study a largely available lignocellulose feedstock hemp (Cannabis sativa), obtained as an industrial waste, was used for cellulose extraction. The extraction of cellulose microfibres from hemp biomass was conducted by alkaline treatment and an acidification process. The extracted cellulose microfibres were characterised using Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The viability of the study was determined by growing human fibroblasts on the preparation which resulted in being non-toxic; indicating its potential in preparing biological scaffolds. Upon enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose microfibre using cellulase from Trichoderma reesei, a maximum of 909 mg/g of reducing sugars were obtained, which endorses its suitability for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinu E Abraham
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environment Science, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong 3217, Australia.
| | - Cynthia S Wong
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Geelong Technology Precinct, Deakin University, Geelong 3217, Australia.
| | - Munish Puri
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environment Science, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong 3217, Australia.
- Bioprocessing Laboratory, CCB, Deakin University, Geelong3217, Australia.
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14
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Wu C, Ye J, Gao J, Chen L, Lu Z. The effects of dietary carbohydrate on the growth, antioxidant capacities, innate immune responses and pathogen resistance of juvenile Black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:132-142. [PMID: 26723263 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study was focused on the growth, antioxidant capacities, innate immune responses and pathogen resistance in juvenile Black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus fed with graded levels of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) (0.6, 106.5, 194.3, 288.4, 379.1 and 473.8 g kg(-1)) for 9 weeks. Results showed that highest weight gain and special growth ratio was obtained at 288.4 g kg(-1) dietary CHO. And adequate dietary CHO content (288.4 g kg(-1)) could significantly increase the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), promote reduced glutathione (GSH) content and then increase the total antioxidant capacities (TAOC) in the liver of M. piceus. However, the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the fish liver could be significantly aggravated by excessive dietary CHO. Serum cortisol (COL) levels could be significantly increased in juvenile Black carp M. piceus fed with 379.1 g kg(-1) dietary CHO compared with CHO-deficient diets. Activities of alanine transaminase (GPT) and aspartate transaminase (GOT) were both decreased in the serum of juvenile Black carp M. piceus fed with 194.3 g kg(-1) dietary CHO compared with CHO-deficient diets (0.6 and 106.5 g kg(-1)) or CHO-excess diets (379.1 and 473.8 g kg(-1)). In addition, 288.4 g kg(-1) dietary CHO could significantly up-regulate the mRNA expression levels of hepcidin (HEPC), natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon (IFN), lysozyme (LYZ) and complement component 3 (C3) in the blood and liver samples of juvenile Black carp M. piceus compared with the CHO-deficient diets (0.6 and 106.5 g kg(-1)). Moreover, 288.4 g kg(-1) dietary CHO could also enhance the contents of C3 and plasma nitrogen monoxide (NO), and increase the activities of LYZ and total nitric oxide synthase (t-NOS) in the serum compared with the CHO-deficient or CHO-excess diets. Furthermore, the survival rates were also increased by adequate dietary CHO (194.3 and 288.4 g kg(-1)) fed to juvenile Black carp M. piceus after infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. In conclusion, these results suggest that adequate dietary CHO (288.4 g kg(-1)) could increase growth, reduce oxidative stress, enhance innate immune responses, improve the health states and then promote disease resistance in juvenile Black carp M. piceus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, PR China.
| | - Jinyun Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, PR China.
| | - Jun'e Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, PR China
| | - Lian Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, PR China
| | - Zhibin Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, PR China
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15
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Zhou C, Ge X, Liu B, Xie J, Chen R, Ren M. Effect of High Dietary Carbohydrate on the Growth Performance, Blood Chemistry, Hepatic Enzyme Activities and Growth Hormone Gene Expression of Wuchang Bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) at Two Temperatures. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:207-14. [PMID: 25557816 PMCID: PMC4283165 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.13.0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of high carbohydrate diet on growth, serum physiological response, and hepatic heat shock protein 70 expression in Wuchang bream were determined at 25°C and 30°C. At each temperature, the fish fed the control diet (31% CHO) had significantly higher weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activities, lower feed conversion ratio and hepatosomatic index (HSI), whole crude lipid, serum glucose, hepatic glucokinase (GK) activity than those fed the high-carbohydrate diet (47% CHO) (p<0.05). The fish reared at 25°C had significantly higher whole body crude protein and ash, serum cholesterol and triglyceride, hepatic G-6-Pase activity, lower glycogen content and relative levels of hepatic growth hormone (GH) gene expression than those reared at 30°C (p<0.05). Significant interaction between temperature and diet was found for HSI, condition factor, hepatic GK activity and the relative levels of hepatic GH gene expression (p<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanpeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China ; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianping Ge
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China
| | - Ruli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China
| | - Mingchun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China
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16
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Maneesan J, Matsuura H, Tagami T, Mori H, Kimura A. Production of 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose by an α-glucosidase belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 31. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:2064-8. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.943651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
α-1,4-Glucan lyases [glycoside hydrolase family (GH) 31] catalyze an elimination reaction to form 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose (AF), while GH31 α-glucosidases normally catalyze a hydrolytic reaction. We determined that a small amount of AF was produced by GH31 Aspergillus niger α-glucosidase from maltooligosaccharides by elimination reaction, likely via an oxocarbenium ion intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janjira Maneesan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Tagami
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haruhide Mori
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuo Kimura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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17
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Zhou C, Ge X, Lin H, Niu J. Effect of dietary carbohydrate on non-specific immune response, hepatic antioxidative abilities and disease resistance of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:183-190. [PMID: 25181652 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) levels on non-specific immune responses, hepatic antioxidative status and disease resistance of juvenile golden pompano. Fish were fed six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing various CHO levels for 8 weeks. After the feeding trial, fish were challenged by Vibrio harveyi and survival rate was recorded for the next 12 days. Plasma total protein and albumin content, respiratory burst activity, alkaline phosphatase, slightly increased with dietary starch level from 0% to 16.8%, but significantly decreased at dietary starch levels of 16.8%-28%. Plasma lysozyme, complement 3 and complement 4 levels increased with increasing dietary carbohydrate up to 11.2% and then declined (P < 0.05). Contrary to glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and triiodothyronine, plasma cortisol content increased with increasing dietary carbohydrate up to 22.4%, and then levelled off. The hepatic total antioxidative capacity, reduced glutathione and catalase levels reached the peak at the fish fed diet with 16.8% carbohydrate (P < 0.05). This also held true for hepatic superoxide dismutase activities, whereas the hepatic malondialdehyde content of fish fed dietary starch level of 16.8% was significantly lower than that of fish fed no CHO diet, but showed little difference (P > 0.05) with those of the other treatments. After challenge, fish fed 11.2% and 16.8% dietary CHO showed higher survival rate than that of fish in 0% CHO group (P < 0.05). However, survival rate showed little difference among 0%, 5.6%, 22.4% and 28% CHO groups (P > 0.05). The results of this study suggest that ingestion of 11.2-16.8% dietary CHO can enhance the non-specific immune responses, increase the hepatic antioxidant abilities, and improve resistance to V. harveyi infection of juvenile golden pompano.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanpeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, the South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, PR China.
| | - Xianping Ge
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, PR China.
| | - Heizhao Lin
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, the South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China.
| | - Jin Niu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, the South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
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18
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Rozeboom HJ, Yu S, Madrid S, Kalk KH, Zhang R, Dijkstra BW. Crystal structure of α-1,4-glucan lyase, a unique glycoside hydrolase family member with a novel catalytic mechanism. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:26764-74. [PMID: 23902768 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.485896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
α-1,4-Glucan lyase (EC 4.2.2.13) from the red seaweed Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis cleaves α-1,4-glucosidic linkages in glycogen, starch, and malto-oligosaccharides, yielding the keto-monosaccharide 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose. The enzyme belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 31 (GH31) but degrades starch via an elimination reaction instead of hydrolysis. The crystal structure shows that the enzyme, like GH31 hydrolases, contains a (β/α)8-barrel catalytic domain with B and B' subdomains, an N-terminal domain N, and the C-terminal domains C and D. The N-terminal domain N of the lyase was found to bind a trisaccharide. Complexes of the enzyme with acarbose and 1-dexoynojirimycin and two different covalent glycosyl-enzyme intermediates obtained with fluorinated sugar analogues show that, like GH31 hydrolases, the aspartic acid residues Asp(553) and Asp(665) are the catalytic nucleophile and acid, respectively. However, as a unique feature, the catalytic nucleophile is in a position to act also as a base that abstracts a proton from the C2 carbon atom of the covalently bound subsite -1 glucosyl residue, thus explaining the unique lyase activity of the enzyme. One Glu to Val mutation in the active site of the homologous α-glucosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus resulted in a shift from hydrolytic to lyase activity, demonstrating that a subtle amino acid difference can promote lyase activity in a GH31 hydrolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriëtte J Rozeboom
- From the Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Niu J, Lin HZ, Jiang SG, Chen X, Wu KC, Tian LX, Liu YJ. Effect of seven carbohydrate sources on juvenile Penaeus monodon growth performance, nutrient utilization efficiency and hepatopancreas enzyme activities of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, hexokinase and amylase. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Lundt I, Yu S. 1,5-Anhydro-d-fructose: biocatalytic and chemical synthetic methods for the preparation, transformation and derivatization. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:181-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Yu S, Andreassen M, Lundt I. Enzymatic production of microthecin by aldos-2-ulose dehydratase from 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose and stability studies of microthecin. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420701799477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Ngo DN, Lee SH, Kim MM, Kim SK. Production of chitin oligosaccharides with different molecular weights and their antioxidant effect in RAW 264.7 cells. J Funct Foods 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Hypolipidaemic effects of fenofibrate and fasting in the herbivorous grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed a high-fat diet. Br J Nutr 2008; 100:1200-12. [PMID: 18445306 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508986840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether the hypolipidaemic effect of fenofibrate and fasting observed in most omnivorous mammals may also apply to herbivorous fish. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed a high-fat (8 %) diet exhibited a marked increase in blood lipids and body fat after 6 weeks. They were then treated with fenofibrate (100 mg/kg body weight) in the same high-fat diet for 2 weeks, followed by fasting for 1 week. Plasma lipid concentration, body fat amount, fatty acid composition, plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and some parameters related to hepatic fatty acid oxidation were measured, and liver samples were stained for histological examination. Fenofibrate treatment decreased TAG and cholesterol concentrations in plasma, total lipids of the whole body and liver, and EPA and DHA contents in tissues. Further, a mobilisation of mesenteric fat concomitant with an increase in hepatic peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation and lipid peroxidation was observed. Compared with fenofibrate treatment, fasting decreased body weight and plasma TAG, but not plasma cholesterol. It also reduced the fat content of the whole body and increased the EPA and DHA contents in the liver and other tissues. Fatty acid oxidation was stimulated by fasting in mitochondria, but not in peroxisomes. These data suggest that fenofibrate and fasting regulate the lipid metabolism in grass carp through different metabolic pathways. The grass carp is moderately responsive to a fibrate derivative in comparison with the well-known excess responsiveness of the rat model, and so it could be used for the study of lipid abnormalities as a herbivorous model.
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Microbial transformation of polydatin and emodin-8-β-d-glucoside of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc into resveratrol and emodin respectively by Rhizopus microsporus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-007-9551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Du ZY, Clouet P, Zheng WH, Degrace P, Tian LX, Liu YJ. Biochemical hepatic alterations and body lipid composition in the herbivorous grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed high-fat diets. Br J Nutr 2007; 95:905-15. [PMID: 16611380 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20061733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
High-fat diets may have favourable effects on growth of some carnivorous fish because of the protein-sparing effect of lipids, but high-fat diets also exert some negative impacts on flesh quality. The goal of the study was therefore to determine the effects of fat-enriched diets in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) as a typical herbivorous fish on growth and possible lipid metabolism alterations. Three isonitrogenous diets containing 2, 6 or 10% of a mixture of lard, maize oil and fish oil (1:1:1, by weight) were applied to fish for 8 weeks in a recirculation system. Data show that feeding diets with increasing lipid levels resulted in lowered feed intake, decreased growth and feed efficiency, and increased mesenteric fat tissue weight. Concomitantly, alteration of lipoprotein synthesis and greater level of lipid peroxidation were apparent in blood. In liver, muscle and mesenteric fat tissue, the percentages of α-linolenic acid and DHA were significantly increased or tended to increase with higher dietary lipid levels. Biochemical activity measurements performed on liver showed that, with the increase in dietary lipid level, there was a decrease in both mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation capacities, which might contribute, at least in part, to the specific accumulation of α-linolenic acid and DHA into cells more active in membrane building. On the whole, grass carp have difficulty in energetically utilising excess dietary fat, especially when enriched in n−3 PUFA that are susceptible to peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Du
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Yu S, Fiskesund R. The anhydrofructose pathway and its possible role in stress response and signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1760:1314-22. [PMID: 16822618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Anhydrofructose (AF) pathway describes the catabolism of alpha-1,4-glucans of glycogen, starch and maltosaccharides to various metabolites via the central intermediate AF. The reaction sequence of the pathway consists of more than 10 enzymatic steps. This pathway occurs in certain bacteria, fungi, algae and mammals. In this communication, the AF pathway and its regulatory mechanisms in these organisms are presented and the metabolites of this pathway as antioxidants and antimicrobials in biotic and abiotic stress responses and in carbon starvation signaling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukun Yu
- Danisco Innovation, Danisco A/S, Langebrogade 1, PO box 17, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Mei J, Yu S, Ahrén B. A 90-day toxicological evaluation of 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose in Sprague-Dawley rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2005; 28:263-72. [PMID: 16051552 DOI: 10.1081/dct-200064458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
1,5-anhydro-d-fructose (1,5-AF) is a novel monosaccharide produced by the action of alpha-1,4-glucan lyase (EC 4.2.2.13) on glycogen, starch, or related substrates such as maltose and maltosaccharides. 1,5-AF is of interest as a compound to be used as a food supplement because of its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic properties. This enforces the safety of 1,5-AF and therefore, in the current study, four groups of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were provided with 1,5-AF in the drinking water (at 0 or 1.0 g/kg body weight daily) for a period of 90 days (n=10 in each group). All the animals survived, and no clinical signs of toxicity or alterations in hematological or clinical chemistry parameters were observed. Furthermore, organ weight and histopathological examination of brain, heart, urinary bladder, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas were normal after 1,5-AF treatment. Moreover, there was no change in food consumption, water intake, or body weight gain in rats receiving 1,5-AF. In conclusion, administration of 1,5-AF did not induce any significant toxicological effects and, therefore, 1,5-AF seems safe to administer in vivo over a long period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mei
- Department of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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28
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Yu S. Enzymatic description of the anhydrofructose pathway of glycogen degradation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2005; 1723:63-73. [PMID: 15716041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2004] [Revised: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The anhydrofructose pathway describes the degradation of glycogen and starch to metabolites via 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose (1,5AnFru). Enzymes that form 1,5AnFru, ascopyrone P (APP), and ascopyrone M (APM) have been reported from our laboratory earlier. In the present study, APM formed from 1,5AnFru was found to be the intermediate to the antimicrobial microthecin. The microthecin forming enzyme from the fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium proved to be aldos-2-ulose dehydratase (AUDH, EC 4.2.1.-), which was purified and characterized for its enzymatic and catalytic properties. The purified AUDH showing a molecular mass of 97.4 kDa on SDS-PAGE was partially sequenced. Total 332 amino acid residues in length were obtained, representing some 37% of the AUDH protein. The obtained amino acid sequences showed no homology to known proteins but to an unannotated DNA sequence in Scaffold 62 of the published genome of the fungus. The alignment revealed three introns of the identified AUDH gene (Audh; ph.chr), thus the first gene coding for a neutral sugar dehydratase is identified. AUDH was found to be a bi-functional enzyme, being able to dehydrate 1,5AnFru to APM and further isomerizing the APM formed to microthecin. The optimal pH for the formation of APM and microthecin was pH 5.8 and 6.8, respectively. AUDH showed 5 fold higher activity toward 1,5AnFru than toward its analogue glucosone, when tested at concentrations from 0.6 mM to 0.2 M. Based on the characteristic UV absorbance of microthecin (230 nm) and APM (262 nm) assay methods were developed for the microthecin forming enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukun Yu
- Danisco Innovation, Danisco A/S, Langebrogade 1, PO box 17, DK 1001, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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Wu DQ, Zhang GL, Shen C, Zhao Q, Li H, Meng Q. Evaluation of diffusion in gel entrapment cell culture within hollow fibers. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:1599-604. [PMID: 15786534 PMCID: PMC4305938 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i11.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate diffusion in mammalian cell culture by gel entrapment within hollow fibers.
METHODS: Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes or human oral epidermoid carcinoma (KB) cells were entrapped in type I collagen solutions and statically cultured inside microporous and ultrafiltration hollow fibers. During the culture time collagen gel contraction, cell viability and specific function were assessed. Effective diffusion coefficients of glucose in cell-matrix gels were determined by lag time analysis in a diffusion cell.
RESULTS: Significant gel contractions occurred in the collagen gels by entrapment of either viable hepatocytes or KB cells. And the gel contraction caused a significant reduction on effective diffusion coefficient of glucose. The cell viability assay of both hepatocytes and KB cells statically cultured in hollow fibers by collagen entrapment further confirmed the existence of the inhibited mass transfer by diffusion. Urea was secreted about 50% more by hepatocytes entrapped in hollow fibers with pore size of 0.1 µm than that in hollow fibers with MWCO of 100 ku.
CONCLUSION: Cell-matrix gel and membrane pore size are the two factors relevant to the limited mass transfer by diffusion in such gel entrapment of mammalian cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Qing Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang Province, China
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30
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Richard G, Yu S, Monsan P, Remaud-Simeon M, Morel S. A novel family of glucosyl 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose derivatives synthesised by transglucosylation with dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:395-401. [PMID: 15680594 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2004] [Accepted: 10/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1,5-Anhydro-d-fructose (AF), a metabolite of starch/glycogen degradation, is a good antioxidant. With the prospect of increasing its applications and use as a food ingredient, AF glucosylation catalysed by the dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F was performed in the presence of sucrose. This led to AF glucosylated derivatives containing alpha-(1-->6) linkages named 1,5-anhydro-d-fructo-glucooligosaccharides (AFGOS). LC-MS analyses showed that AFGOS with a degree of polymerisation (DP) of up to 7 were synthesised. The amount of AFGOS produced and the average DP increased by using a high sucrose/AF molar ratio and high total sugar concentration. AFGOS were proved to present antioxidant properties quite similar to AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Richard
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie-Bioprocédés UMR CNRS 5504, UMR INRA 792, INSA DGBA 135 avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
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31
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Yu S, Refdahl C, Lundt I. Enzymatic description of the anhydrofructose pathway of glycogen degradation; I. Identification and purification of anhydrofructose dehydratase, ascopyrone tautomerase and alpha-1,4-glucan lyase in the fungus Anthracobia melaloma. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2004; 1672:120-9. [PMID: 15110094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2004] [Accepted: 03/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The anhydrofructose pathway describes the degradation of glycogen and starch to metabolites via 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose (1,5AnFru). The enzyme catalyzing the first reaction step of this pathway, i.e., alpha-1,4-glucan lyase (EC 4.2.1.13), has been purified, cloned and characterized from fungi and red algae in our laboratory earlier. In the present study, two 1,5AnFru metabolizing enzymes were discovered in the fungus Anthracobia melaloma for the formation of ascopyrone P (APP), a fungal secondary metabolite exhibiting antibacterial and antioxidant activity. These are 1,5AnFru dehydratase (AFDH) and ascopyrone tautomerase (APTM). AFDH catalyzed the conversion of 1,5AnFru to ascopyrone M (APM), a compound that has been earlier presumed to occur biologically, while APTM isomerized the APM formed to APP. Both enzymes were purified 400-fold by (NH(4))(2)SO(4) fractionation, hydrophobic interaction, ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The purified AFDH showed a molecular mass of 98 kDa on SDS-PAGE and 230 kDa by gel filtration. The corresponding values for APTM was 60 and 140 kDa. Spectrophotometric and HPLC methods were developed for the assay of these two enzymes. To confirm that A. melaloma possessed all enzymes needed for conversion of glycogen to APP, an alpha-1,4-glucan lyase from this fungus was isolated and partially sequenced. Based on this work, a scheme of the enzymatic description of the anhydrofructose pathway in A. melaloma was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukun Yu
- Danisco Innovation, Danisco A/S, Langebrogade 1, P.O. Box 17, DK 1001 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Thomas LV, Yu S, Ingram RE, Refdahl C, Elsser D, Delves-Broughton J. Ascopyrone P, a novel antibacterial derived from fungi. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 93:697-705. [PMID: 12234354 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the antimicrobial efficacy of ascopyrone P (APP), a secondary metabolite formed by the fungi Anthracobia melaloma, Plicaria anthracina, Plic. leiocarpa and Peziza petersi belonging to the order Pezizales. METHODS AND RESULTS In vitro testing using a well diffusion procedure showed that APP at a high concentration (approximately 5%) inhibited the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Using an automated microbiology reader, growth curve analysis showed that 2000-4000 mg l(-1) APP caused total or significant bacterial inhibition after incubation for 24 h at 30 degrees C. Against certain yeast strains, 1000- 2000 mg l(-1) APP enhanced growth, although at higher concentrations inhibition of some yeasts was observed. Clostridium and fungal strains were not sensitive to 2000 mg l(-1) APP. No significant cidal effect was observed after 2 h against Listeria monocytogenes or Escherichia coli. Results were identical whether the APP samples tested had been produced enzymatically or chemically. CONCLUSIONS At a level of 2000 mg l(-1), APP demonstrated growth inhibitory activity against a broad range of bacteria, but not yeasts or moulds. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY A possible application for this novel natural antimicrobial is in food preservation, to control the growth of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in raw and cooked foods. Effective dosage levels would be 500-4000 mg kg(-1), depending on food type. The efficacy, organoleptic and safety aspects of this compound in food still need to be assessed.
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Wu H, Shimoi H, Ito K. Purification and characterization of beta-1,6-glucanase of Streptomyces rochei application in the study of yeast cell wall proteins. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2002; 66:2515-9. [PMID: 12507000 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.66.2515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A beta-1,6-glucanase was purified to apparent homogeneity from a commercial yeast digestive enzyme prepared from Streptomyces rochei by a series of column chromatographies. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was 60 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The purified enzyme had an optimum pH range from 4.0 to 6.0 and was stable in the same pH range. The enzyme was stable under 50 degrees C but lost almost all activity at 60 degrees C. The enzyme was specific to beta-1,6-glucan and had little activity towards beta-1,3-glucan and beta-1,4-glucan. When the beta-1,6-glucan was hydrolyzed with the purified enzyme for 5 h, the reaction products contained 20% glucose, 36% gentiobiose, and 44% other oligosaccharides, suggesting that the enzyme is an endo-type glucanase. When the purified enzyme was used for the digestion of the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cell-wall proteins covalently bound to the cell-wall glucan were recovered as soluble forms, suggesting that this enzyme is useful for analysis of yeast-cell wall proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wu
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-0046, Japan.
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Andersen SM, Lundt I, Marcussen J, Yu S. 1,5-Anhydro-D-fructose; a versatile chiral building block: biochemistry and chemistry. Carbohydr Res 2002; 337:873-90. [PMID: 12007470 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a steadily increasing need to expand sustainable resources, and carbohydrates are anticipated to play an important role in this respect, both for bulk and fine chemical preparation. The enzyme alpha-(1-->4)-glucan lyase degrades starch to 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose. This compound, which has three different functional properties, a prochiral center together with a permanent pyran ring, renders it a potential chiral building block for the synthesis of valuable and potentially biologically active compounds. 1,5-Anhydro-D-fructose is found in natural materials as a degradation product of alpha-(1-->4)-glucans. The occurrence of lyases and the metabolism of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose are reviewed in the biological part of this article. In the chemical part, the elucidated structure of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose will be presented together with simple stereoselective conversions into hydroxy/amino 1,5-anhydro hexitols and a nojirimycin analogue. Synthesis of 6-O-acylated derivatives of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose substituted with long fatty acid residues is carried out using commercially available enzymes. Those reactions lead to compounds with potential emulsifying properties. The use of protected derivatives of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose for the synthesis of natural products is likewise reviewed. The potential utilization of this chemical building block is far from being exhausted. Since 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose now is accessible in larger amounts through a simple-enzyme catalyzed degradation of starch by alpha-(1-->4)-glucan lyase, the application of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose may be considered a valuable contribution to the utilization of carbohydrates as the most abundant resource of sustainable raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren M Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Building 201, DK-2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
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35
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Yu S, Bojsen K, Svensson B, Marcussen J. alpha-1,4-glucan lyases producing 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose from starch and glycogen have sequence similarity to alpha-glucosidases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1433:1-15. [PMID: 10446355 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years a novel enzyme alpha-1,4-glucan lyase (EC 4.2. 2.13), which releases 1,5-anhydrofructose from starch and glycogen, has been cloned and characterized from red algae and fungi. Accumulated evidence indicates that the lytic degradation of starch and glycogen also occurs in other organisms. The present review focuses on the biochemical and molecular aspects of eight known alpha-1,4-glucan lyases and their genes from red algae and fungi. While the amino acid sequence identity is 75-80% among the alpha-1, 4-glucan lyases from each of the taxonomic groups, the identity between the algal and fungal alpha-1,4-glucan lyases is only 25-28%. Notably database searches disclosed that the alpha-1,4-glucan lyases have a clear identity of 23-28% with alpha-glucosidases of glycoside hydrolase family 31, thus for the first time linking enzymes from the class of hydrolases with that of lyases. The alignment of lyases and alpha-glucosidases revealed seven well-conserved regions, three of which have been reported to be involved in catalysis and substrate binding in alpha-glucosidases. The shared substrate and inhibitor specificity and sequence similarity of alpha-1,4-glucan lyases with alpha-glucosidases suggest that related structural elements are involved in the two different catalytic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yu
- Danisco Biotechnology, Danisco A/S, Langebrogade 1, PO Box 17, DK 1001, Copenhagen K, Denmark
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36
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Bojsen K, Yu S, Kragh KM, Marcussen J. A group of alpha-1,4-glucan lyases and their genes from the red alga Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis: purification, cloning, and heterologous expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1430:396-402. [PMID: 10082967 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We present here the first report of a group of alpha-1,4-glucan lyases (EC 4.2.2.13) and their genes. The lyases produce 1, 5-anhydro-D-fructose from starch and related oligomers and polymers. The enzymes were isolated from the red alga Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis from the Pacific coasts of China and USA, and the Atlantic Coast of Venezuela. Three lyase isozymes (GLq1, GLq2 and GLq3) from the Chinese subspecies, two lyase isozymes (GLs1 and GLs2) from the USA subspecies and one lyase (GLa1) from the Venezuelan subspecies were identified and investigated. GLq1, GLq3, GLs1 and GLa1 were purified and partially sequenced. Based on the amino acid sequences obtained, three lyase genes or their cDNAs (GLq1, GLq2 and GLs1) were cloned and completely sequenced and two other genes (GLq3 and GLs2) were partially sequenced. The coding sequences of the lyase genes GLq1, GLq2 and GLs1 are 3267, 3276 and 3279 bp, encoding lyases of 1088, 1091 and 1092 amino acids, respectively. The deduced molecular masses of the mature lyases from the coding sequences are 117030, 117667 and 117790 Da, respectively, close to those determined by mass spectrometry using purified lyases. The amino acid sequence identity is more than 70% among the six algal lyase isozymes. The algal GLq1 gene was expressed in Pichia pastoris and Aspergillus niger, and the expression product was identical to the wild-type enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bojsen
- Danisco Biotechnology, Danisco AS, Langebrogade 1, PO Box 17, DK 1001, Copenhagen K, Denmark
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37
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Broberg A, Kenne L, Pedersén M. Analysis of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose, microthecin, and 4-deoxy-glycero-hexo-2,3-diulose in algae using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode. Anal Biochem 1999; 268:35-42. [PMID: 10036159 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.3013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective method for detection and quantification of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose, microthecin, and 4-deoxy-glycero-hexo-2, 3-diulose using GC-MS in selected ion monitoring mode has been developed. These compounds, which occur in many biological systems, have here been quantified in the red alga Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis. A screening of other algae showed the occurrence of 1, 5-anhydro-D-fructose in several other species of red algae as well as in some green and brown algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Broberg
- Department of Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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