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Dudley MZ, Taitel MS, Smith-Ray R, Singh T, Limaye RJ, Salmon DA. Effect of educational and financial incentive-based interventions on immunization attitudes, beliefs, intentions and receipt among close contacts of pregnant women. Vaccine 2021; 39:961-967. [PMID: 33423837 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cocooning, the vaccination of close contacts of a newborn, is a strategy to limit the risk of pertussis and influenza infection among vulnerable infants. METHODS Pregnant women in Colorado and Georgia referred close contacts to an app that provided tailored educational videos about vaccines along with a small pharmacy-based financial incentive for vaccine receipt. The primary objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of implementing this app-based cocooning intervention. RESULTS Two hundred seventy seven contacts were enrolled in this study. Of those who received the educational videos, 96% found them interesting, 100% found them clear to understand, 97% found them helpful, and 99% trusted them. Completion of the videos led to significant increases in influenza vaccine knowledge (p = 0.025), Tdap vaccine knowledge (p < 0.001), and intention to receive these vaccines (p = 0.046). Of the 136 participants who reported receiving influenza vaccine, 41 (30%) reported receiving it at a pharmacy, and of the 66 who reported receiving Tdap vaccine, 15 (23%) reported receiving it at a pharmacy. Of all participants, 80% reported being comfortable receiving vaccines at a pharmacy instead of a doctor's office. The provision of small pharmacy-based financial incentives combined with individually-tailored educational videos about vaccines led to 6.97 (95%CI: 2.25-21.64) times higher odds of self-reported receipt of influenza vaccine than providing small pharmacy-based financial incentives without these videos. No significant difference was found for Tdap vaccine. CONCLUSIONS Tailored vaccine education can positively impact vaccine knowledge and intentions among adults. An app-based referral program providing education and financial incentives for cocooning vaccination at pharmacies is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Z Dudley
- Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Michael S Taitel
- Walgreens Center for Health and Wellbeing Research, Walgreen Company, 200 Wilmot Rd, Deerfield, IL 60015, USA
| | - Renae Smith-Ray
- Walgreens Center for Health and Wellbeing Research, Walgreen Company, 200 Wilmot Rd, Deerfield, IL 60015, USA
| | - Tanya Singh
- Walgreens Center for Health and Wellbeing Research, Walgreen Company, 200 Wilmot Rd, Deerfield, IL 60015, USA
| | - Rupali J Limaye
- Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Daniel A Salmon
- Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Dudley MZ, Limaye RJ, Omer SB, O'Leary ST, Ellingson MK, Spina CI, Brewer SE, Chamberlain AT, Bednarczyk RA, Malik F, Frew PM, Salmon DA. Factors associated with referring close contacts to an app with individually-tailored vaccine information. Vaccine 2020; 38:2827-2832. [PMID: 32098739 PMCID: PMC10690757 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants too young to be fully vaccinated are vulnerable to potentially deadly influenza and pertussis infections. The cocooning strategy limits this risk by vaccinating those likely to interact with the infant and mother during this vulnerable time, such as close friends and family members. Distribution of accurate and accessible vaccine information through existing social networks could be an important tool in increasing vaccine confidence and coverage. METHODS We surveyed 1095 pregnant women from diverse prenatal care practices in Georgia and Colorado. These women were surveyed through a mobile app to assess vaccine intentions, attitudes, beliefs, norms, and levels of trust, and then presented brief individually-tailored educational videos about maternal and infant vaccines and the cocooning strategy. They were then given the opportunity to refer up to six contacts to enroll in the app and receive similar vaccine education. RESULTS Twenty-eight percent of these women referred at least one contact, with an average of 2.67 contacts per referring woman. Most referrals (93%) were partners, parents, siblings, relatives, or close friends. Attitudinal constructs significantly associated with increased likelihood of referring contacts included: intention to receive maternal influenza vaccine, perceived safety of maternal Tdap vaccine, perceived efficacy of maternal influenza vaccine, perceived susceptibility to and severity of influenza during pregnancy, and trust in vaccine information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and academic institutions. Uncertainty about infant vaccine intentions was associated with decreased likelihood of referring contacts. CONCLUSIONS Pregnant women who valued vaccination and trusted vaccine information from academic institutions were more likely to refer an educational app about vaccines than those who did not. Further research is needed to determine the potential impact of this strategy on vaccine coverage when implemented on a large scale. TRIAL REGISTRATION The survey informing this article was part of a randomized controlled trial funded by the National Institutes of Health [clinicaltrials.gov registration number NCT02898688].
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Z Dudley
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States.
| | - Rupali J Limaye
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
| | - Saad B Omer
- Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, United States; Yale Institute for Global Health, United States; Yale School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Yale New Haven Hospital, United States
| | - Sean T O'Leary
- Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, United States
| | - Mallory K Ellingson
- Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, United States
| | - Christine I Spina
- Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, United States
| | - Sarah E Brewer
- Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, United States; Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, United States
| | - Allison T Chamberlain
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, United States
| | - Robert A Bednarczyk
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, United States; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, United States
| | - Fauzia Malik
- Yale School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Yale New Haven Hospital, United States; Global Health Leadership Initiative, Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, United States
| | - Paula M Frew
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, United States; School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, United States; Population Health & Health Equity Initiative, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Daniel A Salmon
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
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Dou M, Macias N, Shen F, Dien Bard J, Domínguez DC, Li X. Rapid and Accurate Diagnosis of the Respiratory Disease Pertussis on a Point-of-Care Biochip. EClinicalMedicine 2019; 8:72-77. [PMID: 31008450 PMCID: PMC6469871 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis). The infection is difficult to diagnose especially in underserved or resource-limited areas. We developed a low-cost and instrument-free diagnostic method for rapid and accurate detection of B. pertussis on a point-of-care (POC) testing device. METHODS We developed a paper/polymer hybrid microfluidic biochip integrated with loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for the rapid and accurate detection of B. pertussis. This microfluidic approach was validated by testing 100 de-identified remnant clinical nasopharyngeal swabs and aspirates, which were confirmed to be either positive or negative for B. pertussis by a validated real-time PCR assay at the Children's Hospital Los Angeles. FINDINGS The instrument-free detection results could be successfully read by the naked eye within 45 min with a limit of detection (LOD) of 5 DNA copies per well. Our optimized bacterial lysis protocol allowed the direct testing of clinical samples without any complicated sample processing/preparation (i.e. DNA extraction) or the use of any equipment (e.g. centrifuges). The validation of the microfluidic approach was accomplished by testing 100 clinical samples. High sensitivity (100%) and specificity (96%) with respect to real-time PCR were achieved. INTERPRETATION This microfluidic biochip shows great potential for point-of-care disease diagnosis in various venues including schools and physician's offices, especially in low-resource settings in developing nations. FUNDING NIH/NIAID under award number R21AI107415, NIH RCMI Pilot Grant, the Philadelphia Foundation, the Medical Center of the Americas Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maowei Dou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Natalie Macias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Feng Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer Dien Bard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Delfina C. Domínguez
- Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
- Corresponding authors.
| | - XiuJun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Border Biomedical Research Center, Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
- Corresponding authors.
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Lagousi T, Basdeki P, Routsias J, Spoulou V. Novel Protein-Based Pneumococcal Vaccines: Assessing the Use of Distinct Protein Fragments Instead of Full-Length Proteins as Vaccine Antigens. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7010009. [PMID: 30669439 PMCID: PMC6466302 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-serotype-specific protein-based pneumococcal vaccines have received extensive research focus due to the limitations of polysaccharide-based vaccines. Pneumococcal proteins (PnPs), universally expressed among serotypes, may induce broader immune responses, stimulating humoral and cellular immunity, while being easier to manufacture and less expensive. Such an approach has raised issues mainly associated with sequence/level of expression variability, chemical instability, as well as possible undesirable reactogenicity and autoimmune properties. A step forward employs the identification of highly-conserved antigenic regions within PnPs with the potential to retain the benefits of protein antigens. Besides, their low-cost and stable construction facilitates the combination of several antigenic regions or peptides that may impair different stages of pneumococcal disease offering even wider serotype coverage and more efficient protection. This review discusses the up-to-date progress on PnPs that are currently under clinical evaluation and the challenges for their licensure. Focus is given on the progress on the identification of antigenic regions/peptides within PnPs and their evaluation as vaccine candidates, accessing their potential to overcome the issues associated with full-length protein antigens. Particular mention is given of the use of newer delivery system technologies including conjugation to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and reformulation into nanoparticles to enhance the poor immunogenicity of such antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theano Lagousi
- First Department of Paediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Immunobiology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department "MAKKA," Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Paraskevi Basdeki
- First Department of Paediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Immunobiology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department "MAKKA," Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - John Routsias
- Department of Microbiology, Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Vana Spoulou
- First Department of Paediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Immunobiology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department "MAKKA," Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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Pichichero ME. Pneumococcal whole-cell and protein-based vaccines: changing the paradigm. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 16:1181-1190. [PMID: 29130395 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1393335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidemiologic evaluations of Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal (NP) colonization and pneumococcal disease suggest that newer serotypes in future formulations of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are needed and there may need to be continued reformulations because there are many new emerging serotypes expressed by pneumococci. Areas covered: Mechanisms of protection by next-generation whole-cell vaccine (WCV) and/or multi-component pneumococcal purified protein vaccines (PPVs) in development for prevention of pneumococcal infections. Expert commentary: A long-term strategy for prevention of pneumococcal disease will likely include WCV and PPVs. However these vaccines will impact disease pathogenesis in a different manner than PCVs. Prevention of pneumococcal NP colonization should not be expected, nor is it desirable because risks for NP colonization by other replacement organisms into the ecological niche vacated by all pneumococci may have consequences. The expression biology of capsule and surface protein antigens are phase dependent. Therefore, the immune response will be different and the mechanism of protection divergent. WCVs and PPVs may be alternative strategies in low income developing countries to protect against invasive disease and reduce NP carriage load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Pichichero
- a Rochester General Hospital Research Institute , Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology , Rochester , NY , USA
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Kilgore PE, Salim AM, Zervos MJ, Schmitt HJ. Pertussis: Microbiology, Disease, Treatment, and Prevention. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 29:449-86. [PMID: 27029594 PMCID: PMC4861987 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00083-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis is a severe respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis, and in 2008, pertussis was associated with an estimated 16 million cases and 195,000 deaths globally. Sizeable outbreaks of pertussis have been reported over the past 5 years, and disease reemergence has been the focus of international attention to develop a deeper understanding of pathogen virulence and genetic evolution of B. pertussis strains. During the past 20 years, the scientific community has recognized pertussis among adults as well as infants and children. Increased recognition that older children and adolescents are at risk for disease and may transmit B. pertussis to younger siblings has underscored the need to better understand the role of innate, humoral, and cell-mediated immunity, including the role of waning immunity. Although recognition of adult pertussis has increased in tandem with a better understanding of B. pertussis pathogenesis, pertussis in neonates and adults can manifest with atypical clinical presentations. Such disease patterns make pertussis recognition difficult and lead to delays in treatment. Ongoing research using newer tools for molecular analysis holds promise for improved understanding of pertussis epidemiology, bacterial pathogenesis, bioinformatics, and immunology. Together, these advances provide a foundation for the development of new-generation diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Kilgore
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum Collage of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Abdulbaset M Salim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum Collage of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Marcus J Zervos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System and Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Heinz-Josef Schmitt
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, Paris, France Department of Pediatrics, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Incidence and Diagnosis of Pertussis in South African Children Hospitalized With Lower Respiratory Tract Infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2016; 35:611-6. [PMID: 26967813 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of pertussis in children in low- and middle-income countries is poorly described. This study aimed to prospectively investigate the incidence of pertussis in South African children hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). METHODS Children hospitalized with LRTI in Cape Town, South Africa were enrolled over 1 year. Clinical data were collected. A nasopharyngeal (NP) swab and induced sputum (IS) were taken, and polymerase chain reaction specific for Bordetella pertussis (IS481+/hIS1001-) and Bordetella parapertussis (IS1001+) was performed. RESULTS A total of 460 children with median age 8 [interquartile range (IQR), 4-18] months were studied. B. pertussis was detected in 17 (3.7%) while total Bordetella spp. were identified on 23 (5.0 %) of 460 NP. Adding IS testing increased the identification of B. pertussis to 32 of 460 cases (7.0%; 95% confidence interval, 4.8%-9.7%); P = 0.028 and total Bordetella to 41 of 460 (8.9%; 95% confidence interval, 4-10%); P = 0.020. Shorter duration of symptoms [median 2 (IQR, 2-3) days versus 5 (IQR, 3-7) days; P = 0.0008] was associated with detection of B. pertussis on IS versus NP. B. pertussis was detected in 15.8% (n=3/19) of HIV-infected children, 10.9% (n = 10/92) of HIV exposed uninfected and 5.4% (n = 19/349) of HIV-unexposed uninfected children. Risk of B. pertussis decreased with each additional dose of diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis vaccine [0 doses = 17.9%; 1 dose = 7.0%; 2 doses = 6.9%; and >3 doses = 6.2%]. CONCLUSIONS Pertussis is common in South African children hospitalized with LRTI particularly if HIV exposed or infected but decreases sequentially with vaccination doses. Polymerase chain reaction on IS specimen provides confirmation earlier than NP while increasing overall diagnostic yield.
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Hospitalizations and deaths due to pertussis in children from 1996 to 2013. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Mançaneira JF, Benedetti JR, Zhang L. Hospitalizations and deaths due to pertussis in children from 1996 to 2013. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2016; 92:40-5. [PMID: 26235829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess temporal trends of hospitalizations and deaths from pertussis in Brazilian children in the period of 1996-2013. METHODS This was a descriptive ecological study of temporal trends, based on the DATASUS database. The number of hospitalizations and deaths from pertussis in children up to 19 years of age from January 1996 to December 2013 was obtained. Descriptive statistics were applied for data analysis. RESULTS During the study period, a total of 19,047 hospital admissions from pertussis were recorded, of which 88.2% occurred in infants younger than 1 year. In the period 1996-2010, the mean annual number of admissions was 755, ranging from a maximum of 1179 in 2004 to a minimum of 400 in 2010. There was an increase of admissions in the last three consecutive years (2011, 2012, and 2013) with 1177, 2954 and 3589 hospitalizations, respectively. There were 498 deaths from pertussis throughout the study period, of which 96.8% occurred in children younger than one year. There was an increase in the number of deaths from pertussis in children in the years 2011, 2012, and 2013, with 40, 93, and 87 recorded deaths, respectively. The increase in hospitalizations and deaths from pertussis in children occurred in all regions of the country, with the highest increase observed in the Southeast, North and Northeast regions. CONCLUSIONS There was a substantial increase in hospitalizations and deaths from pertussis in children for three consecutive years (2011, 2012, and 2013) in all Brazilian regions. The most affected age group was that of children younger than one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janayne F Mançaneira
- Medical School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana R Benedetti
- Medical School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Linjie Zhang
- Medical School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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Efectividad a corto plazo de la vacuna antipertusis en adolescentes: revisión sistemática. INFECTIO 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.infect.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Muloiwa R, Kagina BM, Engel ME, Hussey GD. The burden of pertussis in low- and middle-income countries since the inception of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in 1974: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev 2015; 4:62. [PMID: 25930111 PMCID: PMC4419482 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-015-0053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccine against pertussis has been in use for several decades. Despite the widespread use of pertussis vaccine, evidence shows resurgence of pertussis in high-income countries. Pertussis surveillance data is largely missing from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Without data on trends of pertussis, it is difficult to review and amend pertussis control policies in any country. We propose conducting a systematic review to evaluate the burden and trends of pertussis in LMICs since 1974. METHODS/DESIGN Common and medical subject heading (MeSH) terms for pertussis and LMICs will be used to search electronic databases for the relevant literature published between 1974 and December 2014. Only studies from LMICs that fulfils World Health Organisation (WHO) or CDC pertussis case definitions will be included. The studies must have a clear numerator and denominator in a well-defined population. Risk of bias will be evaluated by assessing all qualifying full-text articles for quality and eligibility using a modified quality score assessment tool. Standardised data extraction will be carried out after which descriptions of trends in the prevalence, incidence, as well as mortality rate and case fatality rate, will be done. Where sufficient data is available, the results will be stratified by age group, geography, location, vaccination and HIV status. DISCUSSION The systematic review proposed by this protocol seeks to address the knowledge gap in the epidemiology of pertussis in LMICs for the first time. It is anticipated that the background epidemiological trends of pertussis in LMICs that our study will provide could be used in the planning for the control of pertussis. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42015015159.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudzani Muloiwa
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
| | - Benjamin M Kagina
- Vaccines for Africa Initiative, Division of Medical Microbiology & Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
| | - Mark E Engel
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
| | - Gregory D Hussey
- Vaccines for Africa Initiative, Division of Medical Microbiology & Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
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Zhang L, Prietsch SOM, Axelsson I, Halperin SA. Acellular vaccines for preventing whooping cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 2014:CD001478. [PMID: 25228233 PMCID: PMC9722541 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd001478.pub6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Routine use of whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines was suspended in some countries in the 1970s and 1980s because of concerns about adverse effects. Following this action, there was a resurgence of whooping cough. Acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines, containing purified or recombinant Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) antigens, were developed in the hope that they would be as effective, but less reactogenic than the whole-cell vaccines. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 1999, and previously updated in 2012. In this update, we included no new studies. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of acellular pertussis vaccines in children and to compare them with the whole-cell vaccines. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL (2013, Issue 12), MEDLINE (1950 to January week 2, 2014), EMBASE (1974 to January 2014), Biosis Previews (2009 to January 2014) and CINAHL (2009 to January 2014). SELECTION CRITERIA We selected double-blind randomised efficacy and safety trials of aP vaccines in children up to six years old, with active follow-up of participants and laboratory verification of pertussis cases. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias in the studies. Differences in trial design precluded a meta-analysis of the efficacy data. We pooled the safety data from individual trials using a random-effects meta-analysis model. MAIN RESULTS We included six efficacy trials with a total of 46,283 participants and 52 safety trials with a total of 136,541 participants. Most of the safety trials did not report the methods for random sequence generation, allocation concealment and blinding, which made it difficult to assess the risk of bias in the studies. The efficacy of multi-component (≥ three) vaccines varied from 84% to 85% in preventing typical whooping cough (characterised by 21 or more consecutive days of paroxysmal cough with confirmation of B. pertussis infection by culture, appropriate serology or contact with a household member who has culture-confirmed pertussis), and from 71% to 78% in preventing mild pertussis disease (characterised by seven or more consecutive days of cough with confirmation of B. pertussis infection by culture or appropriate serology). In contrast, the efficacy of one- and two-component vaccines varied from 59% to 78% against typical whooping cough and from 41% to 58% against mild pertussis disease. Multi-component acellular vaccines are more effective than low-efficacy whole-cell vaccines, but may be less effective than the highest-efficacy whole-cell vaccines. Most systemic and local adverse events were significantly less common with aP vaccines than with wP vaccines for the primary series as well as for the booster dose. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Multi-component (≥ three) aP vaccines are effective in preventing whooping cough in children. Multi-component aP vaccines have higher efficacy than low-efficacy wP vaccines, but they may be less efficacious than the highest-efficacy wP vaccines. Acellular vaccines have fewer adverse effects than whole-cell vaccines for the primary series as well as for booster doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Zhang
- Federal University of Rio GrandeFaculty of MedicineRua Visconde Paranaguá 102CentroRio GrandeRSBrazil96201‐900
| | - Sílvio OM Prietsch
- Federal University of Rio GrandeFaculty of MedicineRua Visconde Paranaguá 102CentroRio GrandeRSBrazil96201‐900
| | - Inge Axelsson
- Östersund County HospitalÖstersundSweden
- Mid Sweden UniversityDepartment of Health SciencesÖstersundSwedenSE‐831 25
| | - Scott A Halperin
- Halifax Dalhousie University, IWK Health CentreCanadian Center for Vaccinology5850/5980 University AvenueHalifaxNSCanadaB3K 6R8
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13
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Abstract
Vaccine administration is the second leading cause of febrile seizures (FS). FS occurrence in children is a serious concern because it leads to public apprehension of vaccinations. This review discusses the clinical implications of FS, its potential link to vaccinations and its impact on official recommendations for vaccinations in children. Vaccines such as the pertussis antigen-containing vaccine, the measles-containing vaccine and the influenza vaccine have been linked to FS. However, FS events are very rare and are not usually associated with downstream complications or severe neurologic diseases. Considering their significant health benefits, vaccinations have not been restricted in the pediatric population. Nevertheless, vaccine-induced FS could be a problem, particularly in genetically predisposed children. Therefore, post-marketing surveillance studies are required to accurately assess the incidence of FS and identify individuals who are particularly susceptible to FS after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Principi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Pediatric Clinic 1, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122 Milano, Italy
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Cashmore AW, Muscatello DJ, Merrifield A, Spokes P, Macartney K, Jalaludin BB. Relationship between the population incidence of pertussis in children in New South Wales, Australia and emergency department visits with cough: a time series analysis. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2013; 13:40. [PMID: 23537222 PMCID: PMC3637193 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6947-13-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the potential of syndromic surveillance to provide early warning of pertussis outbreaks. We conducted a time series analysis to assess whether an emergency department (ED) cough syndrome would respond to changes in the incidence of pertussis in children aged under 10 years in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, and to evaluate the timing of any association. A further aim was to assess the lag between the onset of pertussis symptoms and case notification in the infectious diseases surveillance system in NSW. Methods Using routinely collected data, we prepared a daily count time series of visits to NSW EDs assigned a provisional diagnosis of cough. Separate daily series were prepared for three independent variables: notifications of cases of pertussis and influenza and ED visits with bronchiolitis (a proxy measure of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection). The study period was 1/1/2007-31/12/2010. A negative binomial multivariate model was used to assess associations between the outcome and independent variables. We also evaluated the median delay in days between the estimated onset of a case of pertussis and the date the local public health authority was notified of that case. Results When notified pertussis increased by 10 cases in one day, ED visits with cough increased by 5.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.5%-10.0%) seven days later. Daily increases in the other independent variables had a smaller impact on cough visits. When notified influenza increased by 10 cases in one day, ED visits with cough increased by 0.8% (95% CI: 0%-1.7%) seven days later. When ED visits with bronchiolitis increased by 10 visits in one day, ED visits with cough increased by 4.8% (95% CI: 1.2%-8.6%) one day earlier. The median interval between estimated onset of pertussis and case notification was seven days. Conclusions Pertussis appears to be an important driver of ED visits with cough in children aged under 10 years. However, the median delay in notification of cases of pertussis was similar to the lag in the pertussis-associated short-term increases in ED visits with cough. Elevations in RSV and influenza activity may also explain increases in the ED cough syndrome. Real time monitoring of ED visits with cough in children is therefore unlikely to consistently detect a potential outbreak of pertussis before passive surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W Cashmore
- New South Wales Public Health Officer Training Program, New South Wales Ministry of Health, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Medina-Marino A, Reynolds D, Finley C, Hays S, Jones J, Soyemi K. Communication and mass vaccination strategies after pertussis outbreak in rural Amish communities-Illinois, 2009-2010. J Rural Health 2013; 29:413-9. [PMID: 24088215 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE During January 2010, 2 infants from an Amish community in east-central Illinois were hospitalized with pertussis. The local health department (LDH) intervened to control disease transmission, identify contributing factors, and determine best communications methods to improve vaccination coverage. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted using public health surveillance data to determine the extent of the outbreak; the standard Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists case definition for pertussis was used. The standardized Illinois Department of Public Health pertussis patient interview form was used to collect demographic, symptom, vaccination history, and treatment history information. To control disease transmission, LDH staff worked with the Amish community to promote a vaccination campaign during February 6-April 30, 2010. FINDINGS Forty-seven cases were identified, with onsets during December 2009-March 2010. Median age was 7 (interquartile range 1-12) years. Nineteen (40%) patients were male; 39 (83%) were aged <18 years; 37 (79%) had not received any pertussis-containing vaccine. Presenting symptoms did not differ substantially between vaccinated and unvaccinated patients. Duration of cough was longer among unvaccinated than vaccinated patients (32 vs. 15.5 days, P = .002). Compared with vaccinated patients, proportionately more unvaccinated patients reported secondary household transmission (30% vs. 72%; P = .012). Through enhanced vaccination campaigns, 251 (∼10%) Amish community members were administered 254 pertussis-containing vaccines. CONCLUSIONS Targeted health communication and outreach resulted in a successful vaccine campaign and long-running monthly vaccination clinic. Amish do not universally reject vaccines, and their practices regarding vaccination are not static.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Medina-Marino
- Illinois Department of Public Health, Chicago, Illinois; Epidemic Intelligence Service Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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16
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Williamson YM, Moura H, Simmons K, Whitmon J, Melnick N, Rees J, Woolfitt A, Schieltz DM, Tondella ML, Ades E, Sampson J, Carlone G, Barr JR. A gel-free proteomic-based method for the characterization of Bordetella pertussis clinical isolates. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 90:119-33. [PMID: 22537821 PMCID: PMC5687064 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis (Bp) is the etiologic agent of pertussis or whooping cough, a highly contagious respiratory disease occurring primarily in infants and young children. Although vaccine preventable, pertussis cases have increased over the years leading researchers to re-evaluate vaccine control strategies. Since bacterial outer membrane proteins, comprising the surfaceome, often play roles in pathogenesis and antibody-mediated immunity, three recent Bp circulating isolates were examined using proteomics to identify any potential changes in surface protein expression. Fractions enriched for outer membrane proteins were digested with trypsin and the peptides analyzed by nano liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (nLC-ESI-MS), followed by database analysis to elucidate the surfaceomes of our three Bp isolates. Furthermore, a less labor intensive non-gel based antibody affinity capture technology in conjunction with MS was employed to assess each Bp strains' immunogenic outer membrane proteins. This novel technique is generally applicable allowing for the identification of immunogenic surface expressed proteins on pertussis and other pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulanda M. Williamson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, USA
| | - Hercules Moura
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, USA
| | - Kaneatra Simmons
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Jennifer Whitmon
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Nikkol Melnick
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Jon Rees
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, USA
| | - Adrian Woolfitt
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, USA
| | - David M. Schieltz
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, USA
| | - Maria L. Tondella
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Edwin Ades
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Sampson
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - George Carlone
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - John R. Barr
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, USA
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Zhang L, Prietsch SOM, Axelsson I, Halperin SA. Acellular vaccines for preventing whooping cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012:CD001478. [PMID: 22419280 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd001478.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Routine use of whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines was suspended in some countries in the 1970s and 1980s because of concerns about adverse effects. Following such action, there was a resurgence of whooping cough. Acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines, containing purified or recombinant Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) antigens, were developed in the hope that they would be as effective, but less reactogenic than the whole-cell vaccines. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of acellular pertussis vaccines in children. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 4) which contains the Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group's Specialised Register, MEDLINE (1950 to December week 4, 2011), EMBASE (1974 to January 2012), Biosis Previews (2009 to January 2012), and CINAHL (2009 to January 2012). SELECTION CRITERIA We selected double-blind randomised efficacy and safety trials of aP vaccines in children up to six years old, with active follow-up of participants and laboratory verification of pertussis cases. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias in the studies. Differences in trial design precluded a meta-analysis of the efficacy data. We pooled the safety data from individual trials using a random-effects meta-analysis model. MAIN RESULTS We included six efficacy trials with a total of 46,283 participants and 52 safety trials with a total of 136,541 participants. Most of the safety trials did not report the methods for random sequence generation, allocation concealment and blinding, which made it difficult to assess the risk of bias in the studies. The efficacy of multi-component (≥ three) vaccines varied from 84% to 85% in preventing typical whooping cough (characterised by 21 or more consecutive days of paroxysmal cough with confirmation of B. pertussis infection by culture, appropriate serology or contact with a household member who has culture-confirmed pertussis), and from 71% to 78% in preventing mild pertussis disease (characterised by seven or more consecutive days of cough with confirmation of B. pertussis infection by culture or appropriate serology). In contrast, the efficacy of one- and two-component vaccines varied from 59% to 75% against typical whooping cough and from 13% to 54% against mild pertussis disease. Multi-component acellular vaccines are more effective than low-efficacy whole-cell vaccines, but may be less effective than the highest-efficacy whole-cell vaccines. Most systemic and local adverse events were significantly less common with aP vaccines than with wP vaccines for the primary series as well as for the booster dose. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Multi-component (≥ three) aP vaccines are effective and show less adverse effects than wP vaccines for the primary series as well as for booster doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rua Visconde Paranaguá 102, Centro, RioGrande, RS, Brazil.
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Hewitt M, Canning BJ. Coughing precipitated by Bordetella pertussis infection. Lung 2010; 188 Suppl 1:S73-9. [PMID: 19936982 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-009-9196-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Infections with the gram-negative bacteria Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) have long been recognized as a significant threat to children and are increasingly recognized as a cause of cough in adolescents and adults. Antibiotic therapy, when administered during the virulent stages of the disease, can reduce the duration and severity of symptoms. Unfortunately, there are no effective treatments for the persistent coughing that accompanies and follows the infection. The pathogenesis of B. pertussis infection is briefly reviewed. Also discussed is the evidence supporting the hypothesis that the inflammatory peptide bradykinin may be responsible for the persistent, paroxysmal coughing associated with B. pertussis-initiated illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hewitt
- Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Tanaka H, Kaji M, Higuchi K, Shinohara N, Norimatsu M, Kawazoe H, Ninomiya M, Fukuoka N, Ishii N, Fujita J, Okabe A, Houchi H. Problems associated with prophylactic use of erythromycin in 1566 staff to prevent hospital infection during the outbreak of pertussis. J Clin Pharm Ther 2010; 34:719-22. [PMID: 20175806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Pertussis developed in Kagawa University Medical School and University Hospital in May 2007. To control the outbreak and prevent the infection of hospital inpatients, the Infection Control Team (ICT) carried out the prophylactic administration of erythromycin (EM) to hospital staff (1566 staff) who might be exposed to Bordetella pertussis. METHODS An oral dose of 1000 mg/day EM was given for 10 days. To assess compliance and estimate the frequency of adverse effect, the ICT conducted a questionnaire survey. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Of 942 respondents (response rate: 60.2%), 264 (28.0%) experienced some form of EM adverse effects, of which the most commonly reported involved digestive organ symptoms, e.g. diarrhoea (15.6%), stomachache (7.5%), nausea (3.6%), epigastric distress (2.1%) and abdominal distention (1.8%). More importantly, 246 participants (26.1%) stopped taking the EM before completing 10 days because of perceived adverse effects. CONCLUSION These results indicate that EM appears to cause adverse effects more frequently than reported in the package insert in Japan. The prophylactic use of EM for pertussis infection is recognized in the guideline of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. However, this study suggests that attention should be paid to EM non-compliance during a pertussis outbreak, which could extend the duration of the outbreak and increase the number of affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacy, Kagawa University Hospital, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan.
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Poirrier AL, Gillard-Tromme N, Lefebvre PP, El-Shazly A. Pertussis in adulthood. Laryngoscope 2009; 119:1720-2. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.20566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Glanz JM, McClure DL, Magid DJ, Daley MF, France EK, Salmon DA, Hambidge SJ. Parental refusal of pertussis vaccination is associated with an increased risk of pertussis infection in children. Pediatrics 2009; 123:1446-51. [PMID: 19482753 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine if children who contracted pertussis infection were more likely to have parents who refused pertussis vaccinations than a similar group of children who did not develop pertussis infection. METHODS We conducted a case-control study of children enrolled in the Kaiser Permanente of Colorado health plan between 1996 and 2007. Each pertussis case was matched to 4 randomly selected controls. Pertussis case status and vaccination status were ascertained by medical chart review. RESULTS We identified 156 laboratory-confirmed pertussis cases and 595 matched controls. There were 18 (12%) pertussis vaccine refusers among the cases and 3 (0.5%) pertussis vaccine refusers among the controls. Children of parents who refused pertussis immunizations were at an increased risk for pertussis compared with children of parents who accepted vaccinations. In a secondary case-control analysis of children continuously enrolled in Kaiser Permanente of Colorado from 2 to 20 months of age, vaccine refusal was associated with a similarly increased risk of pertussis. In the entire Kaiser Permanente of Colorado pediatric population, 11% of all pertussis cases were attributed to parental vaccine refusal. CONCLUSIONS Children of parents who refuse pertussis immunizations are at high risk for pertussis infection relative to vaccinated children. Herd immunity does not seem to completely protect unvaccinated children from pertussis. These findings stress the need to further understand why parents refuse immunizations and to develop strategies for conveying the risks and benefits of immunizations to parents more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Glanz
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Institute for Health Research, PO Box 378066, Denver, CO 80237-8066, USA.
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Emergence of quinolone-resistant Bordetella pertussis in Japan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:3147-9. [PMID: 19414571 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00023-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Six Bordetella pertussis strains isolated from children in Japan from 2004 to 2006 showed high-level resistance to nalidixic acid (NAL; MIC, >256 microg/ml) and decreased susceptibilities to fluoroquinolones. All of the NAL-resistant strains had the same D87G mutation in gyrA.
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Melo N, Dias AC, Isidoro L, Duarte R. Bordetella pertussis, an agent not to forget: a case report. CASES JOURNAL 2009; 2:128. [PMID: 19200362 PMCID: PMC2644295 DOI: 10.1186/1757-1626-2-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Introduction In the past, pertussis affected particularly children under 6 years of age, but recent trends show that there is a shift toward the older age group. The clinical presentation can be atypical in the adolescent age group, and the disease is often misdiagnosed. Case presentation We present a case of an 11-year-old male patient oriented to our unit with anorexia, weight loss and persistent cough with nocturnal paroxysms for 4 weeks. He also reported occasional wheezing and chest tightness. He denied fever, chills, myalgia, sore throat, or rhinorrhea. The patient presented to his primary care physician 1 week prior with the same complaint and was treated with amoxicillin and ebastine. Facing the persistence of the complaints he was oriented to our unit in order to exclude tuberculosis. Further study confirmed Bordetella pertussis infection and he started clarithromycin (15 mg/kg/day for 14 days). The patient's symptoms resolved after two weeks. Two of the patient's family members have developed symptoms of Bordetella pertussis infection and were treated after convenient study. Conclusion Cough is one of the most common complaints among children and its causes are multiple. Active immunization and early diagnosis are crucial in the management of pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Melo
- Centro de Diagnóstico Pneumológico de Vila Nova de Gaia, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal.
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