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Yan XY, Luo YY, Chen HJ, Hu XQ, Zheng P, Fang HT, Ding F, Zhang L, Li Z, Yan YE. IRX3 promotes adipose tissue browning and inhibits fibrosis in obesity-resistant mice. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 175:106638. [PMID: 39173825 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2024.106638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the threats to human health and survival. High fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity leads to adipose tissue fibrosis and a series of metabolic diseases. There are some people still thin under HFD, a phenomenon known as the "obesity resistance (OR) phenotype". It was found that Iroquois homeobox 3 (IRX3) is considered as a regulator in obesity, but the regulatory mechanism between OR and IRX3 is still unclear. In this study, we investigated OR on a HFD and the role of the IRX3 gene. Using mice, we observed that OR mice had lower body weights, reduced liver lipid synthesis, and increased white adipose tissue (WAT) lipolysis compared to obesity-prone (OP) mice. Additionally, OR mice exhibited spontaneous WAT browning and less fibrosis, correlating with higher Irx3 expression. Utilizing 3T3-L1 differentiated adipocytes, our study demonstrated that overexpression of Irx3 promoted thermogenesis-related gene expression and reduced adipocyte fibrosis. Therefore, Irx3 promotes WAT browning and inhibits fibrosis in OR mice. These results provide insight into the differences between obesity and OR, new perspectives on obesity treatment, and guidance for lessening adipose tissue fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Yue Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hui-Jian Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hong-Ting Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Fei Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medicine Education, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - You-E Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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2
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Bielczyk-Maczynska E, Zhao M, Zushin PJH, Schnurr TM, Kim HJ, Li J, Nallagatla P, Sangwung P, Park CY, Cornn C, Stahl A, Svensson KJ, Knowles JW. G protein-coupled receptor 151 regulates glucose metabolism and hepatic gluconeogenesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7408. [PMID: 36456565 PMCID: PMC9715671 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human genetics has been instrumental in identification of genetic variants linked to type 2 diabetes. Recently a rare, putative loss-of-function mutation in the orphan G-protein coupled receptor 151 (GPR151) was found to be associated with lower odds ratio for type 2 diabetes, but the mechanism behind this association has remained elusive. Here we show that Gpr151 is a fasting- and glucagon-responsive hepatic gene which regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis. Gpr151 ablation in mice leads to suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis genes and reduced hepatic glucose production in response to pyruvate. Importantly, the restoration of hepatic Gpr151 levels in the Gpr151 knockout mice reverses the reduced hepatic glucose production. In this work, we establish a previously unknown role of Gpr151 in the liver that provides an explanation to the lowered type 2 diabetes risk in individuals with nonsynonymous mutations in GPR151.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Bielczyk-Maczynska
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Meng Zhao
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter-James H Zushin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Theresia M Schnurr
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jiehan Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pratima Nallagatla
- Genetics Bioinformatics Service Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Panjamaporn Sangwung
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chong Y Park
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cameron Cornn
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Katrin J Svensson
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joshua W Knowles
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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3
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PPAR α Gene Is Involved in Body Composition Variation in Response to an Aerobic Training Program in Overweight/Obese. PPAR Res 2021; 2021:8880042. [PMID: 34422027 PMCID: PMC8371623 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8880042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of the polymorphism in Intron 7 G/C (rs 4253778) of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) gene with the magnitude of changes in the body composition of an overweight and obese population that underwent an aerobic training program. Fifty-eight previously inactive men and women, body mass index (BMI) 31.5 ± 2.8 kg/m2, 46.5% (n = 27) genotyped as CC genotype and 53.5% (n = 31) as CA+AA, underwent a 12-week aerobic training (walking/running). Aerobic capacity (ergospirometry), body composition (DXA), and nutritional assessment were made before and 48 h after the experimental protocol. Two-way ANOVA, chi-square test, and logistic regression were used (p < 0.05). Twenty-seven volunteers (46.5%) were identified as CC genotype and 31 (53.5%) as CA+AA genotype. Time-group interaction showed that there was no difference in these between two allele groups. However, differences in distribution of respondents or nonresponders according to allele A were identified for fat mass (p ≤ 0.003), percentage fat mass (p ≤ 0.002), the waist (p ≤ 0.009), abdomen (p ≤ 0.000), and hip (p ≤ 0.001), this difference being independent for the fat mass. Meanwhile, sex, age, and nutritional management have also been found to be influential factors. It is concluded that the PPARα gene is involved in varying body composition in response to an aerobic training program.
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Norris T, Hamer M, Hardy R, Li L, Ong KK, Ploubidis GB, Viner R, Johnson W. Changes over time in latent patterns of childhood-to-adulthood BMI development in Great Britain: evidence from three cohorts born in 1946, 1958, and 1970. BMC Med 2021; 19:96. [PMID: 33879138 PMCID: PMC8059270 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-01969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies on secular trends in body mass index (BMI) are cross-sectional and the few longitudinal studies have typically only investigated changes over time in mean BMI trajectories. We aimed to describe how the evolution of the obesity epidemic in Great Britain reflects shifts in the proportion of the population demonstrating different latent patterns of childhood-to-adulthood BMI development. METHODS We used pooled serial BMI data from 25,655 participants in three British cohorts: the 1946 National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD), 1958 National Child Development Study (NCDS), and 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS). Sex-specific growth mixture models captured latent patterns of BMI development between 11 and 42 years. The classes were characterised in terms of their birth cohort composition. RESULTS The best models had four classes, broadly similar for both sexes. The 'lowest' class (57% of males; 47% of females) represents the normal weight sub-population, the 'middle' class (16%; 15%) represents the sub-population who likely develop overweight in early/mid-adulthood, and the 'highest' class (6%; 9%) represents those who likely develop obesity in early/mid-adulthood. The remaining class (21%; 29%) reflects a sub-population with rapidly 'increasing' BMI between 11 and 42 years. Both sexes in the 1958 NCDS had greater odds of being in the 'highest' class compared to their peers in the 1946 NSHD but did not have greater odds of being in the 'increasing' class. Conversely, males and females in the 1970 BCS had 2.78 (2.15, 3.60) and 1.87 (1.53, 2.28), respectively, times higher odds of being in the 'increasing' class. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the obesity epidemic in Great Britain reflects not only an upward shift in BMI trajectories but also a more recent increase in the number of individuals demonstrating more rapid weight gain, from normal weight to overweight, across the second, third, and fourth decades of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Norris
- School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | - M Hamer
- UCL Institute Sport Exercise Health , Division Surgery Interventional Science, London, UK
| | - R Hardy
- UCL Institute of Education, London, UK
| | - L Li
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - K K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - G B Ploubidis
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Department of Social Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - R Viner
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - W Johnson
- School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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5
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Péronnet F, Haman F. Low capacity to oxidize fat and body weight. Obes Rev 2019; 20:1367-1383. [PMID: 31353786 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For a given positive energy balance, a low capacity to oxidize fat could contribute to weight gain (low fat oxidation hypothesis). This hypothesis is based on the arguments that for a given stable diet and food quotient (FQ), the respiratory quotient (RQ) is higher in obesity prone (OP) than in obesity resistant individuals (OR) and that a high RQ predicts higher future weight gain. A review of 42 studies shows that there is no convincing experimental support to these arguments and thus for the low fat oxidation hypothesis. A power analysis also shows that this hypothesis might be impossible to experimentally confirm because very large numbers of subjects would be needed to reject the null hypotheses that the 24-h RQ is not different in OP and OR or that future weight gain is not different in individuals with a low and high 24-h RQ at baseline. A re-examination of the significance of the 24-hour and fasting RQ also shows that the assumption underlying the low fat oxidation hypothesis that a high RQ reflects a low capacity to oxidize fat is not valid: For a stable diet, the 24-h RQ entirely depends on FQ and energy balance, and the fasting RQ mainly depends on the FQ and energy balance and on the size of glycogen stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Péronnet
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - François Haman
- École des sciences de l'activité physique, Faculté des sciences de la santé, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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6
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Control-theory models of body-weight regulation and body-weight-regulatory appetite. Appetite 2019; 144:104440. [PMID: 31494154 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human body weight (BW), or some variable related to it, is physiologically regulated. That is, negative feedback from changes in BW elicits compensatory influences on appetite, which may be called BW-regulatory appetite, and a component of energy expenditure (EE) called adaptive thermogenesis (AdEE). BW-regulatory appetite is of general significance because it appears to be related to a variety of aspects of human appetite beyond just energy intake. BW regulation, BW-regulatory appetite and AdEE are frequently discussed using concepts derived from control theory, which is the mathematical description of dynamic systems involving negative feedback. The aim of this review is to critically assess these discussions. Two general types of negative-feedback control have been invoked to describe BW regulation, set-point control and simple negative-feedback control, often called settling-point control in the BW literature. The distinguishing feature of set-point systems is the existence of an externally controlled target level of regulation, the set point. The performance of almost any negative-feedback regulatory system, however, can be modeled on the basis of feedback gain without including a set point. In both set-point and simple negative-feedback models of BW regulation, the precision of regulation is usually determined mainly by feedback gain, which refers to the transformations of feedback into compensatory changes in BW-regulatory appetite and AdEE. Stable BW most probably represents equilibria shaped by feedback gain and tonic open-loop challenges, especially obesogenic environments. Data indicate that simple negative-feedback control accurately models human BW regulation and that the set-point concept is superfluous unless its neuroendocrine representation is found in the brain. Additional research aimed at testing control-theory models in humans and non-human animals is warranted.
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7
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Yang L, Li T, Zhao S, Zhang S. Expression of apolipoprotein M and its association with adiponectin in an obese mouse model. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:1685-1692. [PMID: 31410126 PMCID: PMC6676096 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the association between apolipoprotein M (ApoM) and adiponectin, and the underlying mechanism, via observation of ApoM expression in an obese mouse model. For in vivo experiments, mice were randomly distributed into four groups: Control group, obese group, obese group treated with adiponectin, and normal group treated with adiponectin. Body weight, plasma adiponectin, blood glucose and fasting insulin were measured and visceral adipose tissue was weighed at the end of the experiment. ApoM and transcription factor forkhead box A2 (Foxa2) mRNA expression in the mouse liver was evaluated and the protein level of ApoM detected. For in vitro experiments, an insulin-resistant (IR) hepatic cell model was established by inducing the HepG2 cell line with a high concentration of insulin. Following treatment with adiponectin, changes in ApoM and Foxa2 mRNA expression and ApoM protein expression were evaluated in the control and IR HepG2 cells. Results demonstrated that compared with the control group, body weight, visceral adipose tissue weight, blood glucose, fasting insulin and insulin-resistance index (HOMA-IR) were significantly increased in the obese group, whilst plasma adiponectin, ApoM mRNA expression, Foxa2 mRNA expression and ApoM protein in the mouse liver were all significantly decreased. Following intervention with adiponectin in obese mice, blood glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR were significantly decreased, whilst plasma adiponectin, ApoM mRNA expression, Foxa2 mRNA expression and ApoM protein were all significantly increased. However, no significant difference was observed in visceral adipose tissue weight following the intervention of adiponectin in obese mice. In vitro, in the absence of intervention, ApoM and Foxa2 mRNA expression and ApoM protein expression were significantly lower in IR HepG2 cells compared with HepG2 cells. Following intervention with adiponectin on IR HepG2 cells, ApoM and Foxa2 mRNA expression and ApoM protein expression were significantly increased. However, the intervention did not have any effect on HepG2 cells. In conclusion, intervention with adiponectin elevated ApoM mRNA expression, potentially via relieving IR and upregulating Foxa2 mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- International Medical Center, Geriatric Department, National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Tie Li
- Department of Cardiology, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P.R. China
| | - Shuiping Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Saidan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obesity in children can lead to morbidity and mortality due to metabolic and inflammatory comorbidities. AIMS The objective of the study was to investigate the alterations in acute inflammatory markers, serum amyloid P (SAP) and cortisol, and endocrine markers, leptin and insulin, in obese children. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum leptin, insulin, cortisol, and amyloid P concentrations were measured in obese (BMI percentile >85, n = 17) and nonobese (BMI percentile < 75, n = 20) children using ELISA and Bio-Plex Bead-based assay. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Serum concentrations of analytes were compared between normal and obese groups using 2-tailed student's t-test. RESULTS Mean leptin, insulin, and SAP serum concentrations were significantly higher in obese children as compared to the controls (97.19 vs. 4.06, P < 0.05; 21.31 vs 3.56, P < 0.05; 46.77 vs. 17.89, P < 0.05; respectively). No difference was found in mean serum cortisol levels of the two groups. However, cortisol values were higher in obese subjects compared to the control group (7.89 vs 6.30, P = 0.15). Leptin corelated with insulin (r = 0.42, P = 0.043) and cortisol (r = 0.48, P = 0.025) levels in the obese group. Furthermore, leptin, insulin, and SAP levels were corelated with BMI (r = 0.80, P < 0.000; r = 0.67, P = 0.015, respectively) and body weight (r = 0.52, P = 0.01; r = 0.52, P = 0.002; r = 0.54, P = 0.01, respectively) in the obese group but did not demonstrate a significant relationship in the nonobese group. CONCLUSION Elevated SAP levels and increase in leptin and insulin indicated a preeminent disposition of morbidly obese children to the development of low-grade inflammation and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish Anwer
- Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad J. Iqbal
- Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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9
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Rozenberg K, Rosenzweig T. Sarcopoterium spinosum extract improved insulin sensitivity in mice models of glucose intolerance and diabetes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196736. [PMID: 29768504 PMCID: PMC5955592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glucose lowering properties of Sarcopoterium spinosum, a traditional medicinal plant, were previously validated by us using KK-Ay mice as a genetic model for type 2 diabetes (T2D). OBJECTIVE To clarify the effects of Sarcopoterium spinosum extract (SSE) on diet-induced glucose intolerance and to investigate SSE effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in target tissues of both high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed and KK-Ay mice. RESULTS Mice were given SSE (70 mg/day) for 6 weeks. SSE improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in HFD-fed mice as was demonstrated previously in KK-Ay mice. Higher insulin sensitivity was validated by lower serum insulin and activation of the insulin signaling cascade in skeletal muscle and liver of SSE-treated mice in both models. H&E staining of the livers demonstrated lower severity of steatosis in SSE-treated mice. Several model-specific effects of SSE were observed-mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes and CD36 was reduced in SSE-treated KK-Ay mice. Hepatic mRNA expression of PEPCK was also reduced in SSE-treated KK-Ay mice, while other genes involved in carbohydrates and lipid metabolism were not affected. HFD-fed mice treated by SSE had elevated hepatic glycogen stores. Gluconeogenic gene expression was not affected, while GCK expression was increased. HFD-induced hepatic steatosis was not affected by SSE. However, while genes involved in lipid metabolism were downregulated by HFD, this was not found in HFD-fed mice given SSE, demonstrating an expression profile which is similar to that of standard diet-fed mice. CONCLUSION Our study supports the insulin sensitizing activity of SSE and suggests that this extract might improve other manifestations of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Rozenberg
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Nutritional Studies, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Tovit Rosenzweig
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Nutritional Studies, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- * E-mail:
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10
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Graff M, North KE, Richardson AS, Young KL, Mazul AL, Highland HM, Mohlke KL, Lange LA, Lange EM, Mullan Harris K, Gordon-Larsen P. BMI loci and longitudinal BMI from adolescence to young adulthood in an ethnically diverse cohort. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 41:759-768. [PMID: 28025578 PMCID: PMC5413409 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective The association of obesity susceptibility variants with change in
body mass index (BMI) across the life course is not well understood. Subjects In ancestry stratified models of 5,962 European American (EA), 2,080
African American (AA), and 1,582 Hispanic American (HA) individuals from the
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), we
examined associations between 34 obesity SNPs with per year change in BMI,
measured by the slope from a growth-curve analysis of two or more BMI
measurements between adolescence and young adulthood. For SNPs nominally
associated with BMI change (p<0.05), we interrogated age differences
within data collection Wave and time differences between age categories that
overlapped between Waves. Results We found SNPs in/near FTO, MC4R, MTCH2, TFAP2B, SEC16B, and
TMEM18 were significantly associated (p<0.0015
≈ 0.05/34) with BMI change in EA and the ancestry-combined
meta-analysis. Rs9939609 in FTO met genome-wide
significance at p<5e-08 in the EA and ancestry combined analysis,
respectively [Beta(se)=0.025(0.004);Beta(se)=0.021(0.003)]. No SNPs were
significant after Bonferroni correction in AA or HA, although 5 SNPs in AA
and 4 SNPs in HA were nominally significant (p<0.05). In EA and the
ancestry-combined meta-analysis, rs3817334 near MTCH2
showed larger effects in younger respondents, while rs987237 near
TFAP2B, showed larger effects in older respondents
across all Waves. Differences in effect estimates across time for
MTCH2 and TFAP2B are suggestive of
either era or cohort effects. Conclusion The observed association between variants in/near FTO, MC4R,
MTCH2, TFAP2B, SEC16B, and TMEM18 with change in BMI from
adolescence to young adulthood suggest that the genetic effect of BMI loci
varies over time in a complex manner, highlighting the importance of
investigating loci influencing obesity risk across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K E North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - K L Young
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A L Mazul
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - H M Highland
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K L Mohlke
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - L A Lange
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - E M Lange
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K Mullan Harris
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - P Gordon-Larsen
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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11
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Liu H, Guo G. Lifetime Socioeconomic Status, Historical Context, and Genetic Inheritance in Shaping Body Mass in Middle and Late Adulthood. AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW 2015; 80:705-737. [PMID: 27231400 PMCID: PMC4878452 DOI: 10.1177/0003122415590627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates body mass in middle and late adulthood as a consequence of the complex interplay among individuals' genes, lifetime socioeconomic experiences, and the historical context in which they live. Drawing on approximately 9,000 genetic samples from the Health and Retirement Study, we first investigate how socioeconomic status (SES) over the life course moderates the impact of 32 established obesity-related genetic variants on body mass index (BMI) in middle and late adulthood. Further, we consider differences across birth cohorts in the genetic influence on BMI and cohort variations in the moderating effects of life-course SES on the genetic influence. Our analyses suggest that persistently low SES over the life course or downward mobility (e.g., high SES in childhood but low SES in adulthood) amplified the genetic influence on BMI, while persistently high SES or upward mobility (e.g., low SES in childhood but high SES in adulthood) compensated for such influence. For more recent birth cohorts, while the genetic influence on BMI became stronger, the moderating effects of lifetime SES on the genetic influence were weaker compared to earlier cohorts. We discuss these findings in light of social changes during the obesity epidemic in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexuan Liu
- Department of Sociology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill
- Carolina Population Center, the University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill
| | - Guang Guo
- Department of Sociology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, the University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Carolina Population Center, the University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill
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Fam BC, Sgambellone R, Ruan Z, Proietto J, Andrikopoulos S. Contribution of the hypothalamus and gut to weight gain susceptibility and resistance in mice. J Endocrinol 2015; 225:191-204. [PMID: 25934705 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity susceptibility in humans and in rodent strains varies in response to the consumption of high-energy density (HED) diets. However, the exact mechanism(s) involved in this susceptibility remain(s) unresolved. The aim of the present study was to gain greater insight into this susceptibility by using C57BL/6J (B6) mice that were separated into obesity-prone (diet-induced obese (DIO)) and obesity-resistant (diet-induced resistant (DR)) groups following an HED diet for 6 weeks. Physiological, biochemical and gene expression assessments of energy balance were performed in the DIO and DR mice on an HED diet and chow-fed mice. The increased weight gain of the DIO mice as compared to the DR mice was associated with increased energy intake and higher plasma leptin and adiponectin levels but not with reduced physical activity or resting energy expenditure. Hypothalamic Pomc gene expression was elevated, but there were no changes in Npy or Agrp expression. Adipose tissue leptin and adiponectin gene expression were significantly reduced in the DIO group as compared to the DR group. Interestingly, ileum expression of G protein-coupled receptor (Gpr) 40 (Gpr40) was significantly increased, whereas Gpr120, Gpr119, Gpr41, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (Glp1) were reduced. Contrastingly, the lower weight gain of the DR group was associated with elevated adipose tissue leptin and adiponectin gene expression, but there were no differences in plasma hormone or hypothalamic gene expression levels as compared to chow-fed mice. Therefore, the present data demonstrate that susceptibility and resistance to diet-induced weight gain in B6 mice appears to be predominantly driven by peripheral rather than hypothalamic modifications, and changes in gut-specific receptors are a potentially important contributor to this variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C Fam
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health) Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Rebecca Sgambellone
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health) Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Zheng Ruan
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health) Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Joseph Proietto
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health) Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Sofianos Andrikopoulos
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health) Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
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APOA2 -256T>C polymorphism interacts with saturated fatty acids intake to affect anthropometric and hormonal variables in type 2 diabetic patients. GENES AND NUTRITION 2015; 10:464. [PMID: 25904114 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-015-0464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have established the interaction between APOA2 -256T>C polymorphism and dietary saturated fatty acids intake in relation to obesity on healthy individuals. In the current study, we investigate the effects of this interaction on anthropometric variables and serum levels of leptin and ghrelin in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this cross-sectional study, 737 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (290 males and 447 females) were recruited from diabetes clinics in Tehran. The usual dietary intake of all participants during the last year was obtained by validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. APOA2 genotyping was performed by real-time PCR on genomic DNA. No significant relation was obtained by univariate analysis between anthropometric variables and APOA2 genotypes. However, after adjusting for age, gender, physical activity and total energy intake, we identified a significant interaction between APOA2-saturated fatty acids intake and body mass index (BMI). After adjusting for potential confounders, serum levels of ghrelin in CC genotype patients were significantly higher than T allele carriers (p = 0.03), whereas the case with leptin did not reveal a significant difference. The result of this study confirmed the interaction between APOA2 -256T>C polymorphism and SFAs intake with BMI in type 2 diabetic patients. In fact, homozygous patients for the C allele with high saturated fatty acids intake had higher BMI. The APOA2 -256T>C polymorphism was associated with elevated levels of serum ghrelin.
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Albuquerque D, Stice E, Rodríguez-López R, Manco L, Nóbrega C. Current review of genetics of human obesity: from molecular mechanisms to an evolutionary perspective. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 290:1191-221. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Osteopontin-induced brown adipogenesis from white preadipocytes through a PI3K-AKT dependent signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 459:553-9. [PMID: 25749339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that OPN (osteopontin) plays critical roles in cell survival, differentiation, bio-mineralization, cancer and cardiovascular remodeling. However, its roles in the differentiation of brown adipocytes and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the roles of OPN in the brown adipogenesis and the underlying mechanisms. It was shown that the OPN successfully induced the differentiation of 3T3-L1 white preadipocytes into the PRDM16(+) (PRD1-BF1-RIZ1 homologous domain containing 16) and UCP-1(+) (uncoupling protein-1) brown adipocytes in a concentration and time-dependent manner. Also, activation of PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)-AKT pathway was required for the OPN-induced brown adipogenesis. The findings suggest OPN plays an important role in promoting the differentiation of the brown adipocytes and might provide a potential novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of obesity and related disorders.
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Modification of genetic influences on adiposity between 36 and 63 years of age by physical activity and smoking in the 1946 British Birth Cohort Study. Nutr Diabetes 2014; 4:e136. [PMID: 25198238 PMCID: PMC4183974 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2014.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies reporting on the interaction between physical activity and genetic susceptibility on obesity have been cross-sectional and have not considered the potential influences of other lifestyle behaviours. The aim of this study was to examine modification of genetic influences on changes across age in adiposity during mid-adulthood by physical activity and smoking. Methods: The sample comprised 2444 participants who were genotyped for 11 obesity variants and had body mass index (BMI), waist circumference-to-height ratio (WHtR), physical activity and smoking measures at 36, 43, 53 and 60–64 years of age. A genetic risk score (GRS) comprising the sum of risk alleles was computed. Structural equation models investigated modification of the longitudinal GRS associations by physical activity (active versus inactive) and smoking (non-smoker versus smoker), using a latent linear spline to summarise BMI or WHtR (multiplied by 100) at the age of 36 years and their subsequent rates of change over age. Results: Physical activity at the age of 36 years attenuated the GRS associations with BMI and WHtR at the same age (P-interaction 0.009 and 0.004, respectively). Further, physical activity at the age of 53 years attenuated the GRS association with rate of change in BMI between 53 and 63 years of age (by 0.012 kg m−2 per year (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.001, 0.024), P-interaction 0.004). Conversely, smoking at the age of 43 years showed a trend towards augmenting the GRS association with rate of change in WHtR between 43 and 63 years of age (by 0.012 (95% CI: 0.001, 0.026), P-interaction 0.07). Estimated GRS effect sizes were lowest at all ages in the healthiest group (e.g., active non-smokers). Conclusions: Healthy lifestyle behaviours appeared to attenuate the genetic influence on changes across age in BMI and central adiposity during mid-adulthood. An active lifestyle and not smoking may have additive effects on reducing the genetic susceptibility to obesity in adults.
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da Silva CJ, Montaldi AP, Dos Santos JE, Takahashi CS. Evaluation of the toxic activity of anorectic diethylpropion in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 34:300-7. [PMID: 25005806 DOI: 10.1177/0960327114542884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Diethylpropion has been available in the market for treating obesity for over 50 years. Refined studies are lacking to fully elucidate its action spectrum. The aim of our study was to evaluate possible toxic effects of anorectic diethylpropion in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Comet assay (detects breaks in the DNA strand), micronucleus test (detects clastogenic/aneugenic damage), and cell survival test (detects cytotoxic damage) were used to evaluate the toxic effects. In comet assay, we found that the damage scores with diethylpropion treatments at the concentrations of 20 and 40 μg/mL were more significant ( p < 0.05) than that of the negative control. When assessing the possible aneugenic and/or clastogenic damage caused by the drug in CHO cells, we found no difference ( p > 0.05) in the values of micronucleated cells when comparing different diethylpropion treatments and the negative control. Regarding the cell viability, for all the diethylpropion concentrations tested, higher values ( p < 0.05) of apoptosis were found compared with those of the negative control. In relation to the number of necrotic cells, no difference ( p > 0.05) was noted between the means of the three concentrations of diethylpropion evaluated and the negative control. In the experimental conditions, we conclude that diethylpropion has weak genotoxic and cytotoxic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J da Silva
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Goiás, City of Goiás, Goiás, Brazil Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A P Montaldi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J E Dos Santos
- Department of Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University, Brazil
| | - C S Takahashi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
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Brennan L, Murphy KD, Shaw KA, McKenzie JE. WITHDRAWN: Psychological interventions for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 2014:CD003818. [PMID: 24800726 PMCID: PMC10680412 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003818.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Since the last update of this review multiple changes like new methods and other standards make it necessary to withdraw this review and register a new title on the same topic. The editorial group responsible for this previously published document have withdrawn it from publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Brennan
- Monash UniversityCentre for Obesity Research and EducationLevel 6, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial RoadMelbourneVICAustralia3004
| | - Kylie D Murphy
- Monash UniversityCentre for Obesity Research and EducationLevel 6, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial RoadMelbourneVICAustralia3004
| | - Kelly A Shaw
- Tasmanian GovernmentDepartment of Health and Human Services3/25 Argyle StreetHobartTasmaniaAustralia7000
| | - Joanne E McKenzie
- Monash UniversitySchool of Public Health & Preventive MedicineThe Alfred Centre99 Commercial RoadMelbourneVictoriaAustralia3004
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Demerath EW, Choh AC, Johnson W, Curran JE, Lee M, Bellis C, Dyer TD, Czerwinski SA, Blangero J, Towne B. The positive association of obesity variants with adulthood adiposity strengthens over an 80-year period: a gene-by-birth year interaction. Hum Hered 2013; 75:175-85. [PMID: 24081233 DOI: 10.1159/000351742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the statistical effect of obesity-related genetic variants on adulthood adiposity traits depends on birth year. METHODS The study sample included 907 related, non-Hispanic White participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study, born between 1901 and 1986, and aged 25-64.99 years (474 females; 433 males) at the time of measurement. All had both genotype data from which a genetic risk score (GRS) composed of 32 well-replicated obesity-related common single nucleotide polymorphisms was created, and phenotype data [including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and the sum of four subcutaneous skinfolds]. Maximum likelihood-based variance components analysis was used to estimate trait heritabilities, main effects of GRS and birth year, GRS-by-birth year interaction, sex, and age. RESULTS Positive GRS-by-birth year interaction effects were found for BMI (p < 0.001), waist circumference (p = 0.007), and skinfold thickness (p < 0.007). For example, each one-allele increase in GRS was estimated to result in a 0.16 increase in BMI among males born in 1930 compared to a 0.47 increase among those born in 1970. CONCLUSIONS These novel findings suggest the influence of common obesity susceptibility variants has increased during the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen W Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., USA
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Abstract
Obesity is a complex multifaceted disease resulting from interactions between genetics and lifestyle. The proportion of phenotypic variance ascribed to genetic variance is 0.4 to 0.7 for obesity and recent years have seen considerable success in identifying disease-susceptibility variants. Although with the advent of genome-wide association studies the list of genetic variants predisposing to obesity has significantly increased the identified variants only explain a fraction of disease heritability. Studies of gene-environment interactions can provide more insight into the biological mechanisms involved in obesity despite the challenges associated with such designs. Epigenetic changes that affect gene function without DNA sequence modifications may be a key factor explaining interindividual differences in obesity, with both genetic and environmental factors influencing the epigenome. Disentangling the relative contributions of genetic, environmental and epigenetic marks to the establishment of obesity is a major challenge given the complex interplay between these determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana V. van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vasiliki Lagou
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
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González-Castejón M, Rodriguez-Casado A. Dietary phytochemicals and their potential effects on obesity: A review. Pharmacol Res 2011; 64:438-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Peroxisome Proliferators-Activated Receptor (PPAR) Modulators and Metabolic Disorders. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:679137. [PMID: 18566691 PMCID: PMC2430035 DOI: 10.1155/2008/679137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity lead to an increased risk for metabolic disorders such as impaired glucose regulation/insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Several molecular drug targets with potential to prevent or treat metabolic disorders have been revealed. Interestingly, the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), which belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily, has many beneficial clinical effects. PPAR directly modulates gene expression by binding to a specific ligand. All PPAR subtypes (alpha, gamma, and sigma) are involved in glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and energy balance. PPAR agonists play an important role in therapeutic aspects of metabolic disorders. However, undesired effects of the existing PPAR agonists have been reported. A great deal of recent research has focused on the discovery of new PPAR modulators with more beneficial effects and more safety without producing undesired side effects. Herein, we briefly review the roles of PPAR in metabolic disorders, the effects of PPAR modulators in metabolic disorders, and the technologies with which to discover new PPAR modulators.
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Soetens B, Braet C. Information processing of food cues in overweight and normal weight adolescents. Br J Health Psychol 2010; 12:285-304. [PMID: 17456287 DOI: 10.1348/135910706x107604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Based on cognitive theory (CT), the aim of this study is to investigate the cognitive processing of food cues in clinically overweight adolescents. DESIGN An experimental design with performance-based measures. METHODS Eighty-seven (45 overweight, 42 normal weight) adolescents between the ages of 12 and 18 years were examined. All completed an imbedded word task (IWT), containing high caloric food words and matched control words, as a measure of attention interference. A free-recall task was used to detect explicit memory biases. To study the effects of cognitive avoidance, participants were instructed to suppress thoughts about food or merely to monitor them, prior to completing the IWT and memory task. RESULTS No evidence was found for interference in the attention processing of food cues. Also, no effects of thought suppression were found. However, consistent with hypotheses, the overweight adolescents did show an explicit memory bias for food stimuli, not due to a more general negative evaluation of food words. CONCLUSIONS The results provide at least partial support for the applicability of CT to adolescent obesity. The study was the first to reveal a memory bias for high caloric food cues in overweight youngsters, which may well reflect a later-stage activation of food-related schemata. These may play a role in food-related preoccupations and overeating. The existence of an early-stage attention bias is less clear and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Soetens
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Ostan I, Poljšak B, Simčič M, Tijskens L. Appetite for the Selfish Gene. Appetite 2010; 54:442-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 01/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.
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Lovasi GS, Hutson MA, Guerra M, Neckerman KM. Built environments and obesity in disadvantaged populations. Epidemiol Rev 2009; 31:7-20. [PMID: 19589839 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxp005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, health disparities in obesity and obesity-related illnesses have been the subject of growing concern. To better understand how obesity-related health disparities might relate to obesogenic built environments, the authors conducted a systematic review of the published scientific literature, screening for studies with relevance to disadvantaged individuals or areas, identified by low socioeconomic status, black race, or Hispanic ethnicity. A search for related terms in publication databases and topically related resources yielded 45 studies published between January 1995 and January 2009 with at least 100 participants or area residents that provided information on 1) the built environment correlates of obesity or related health behaviors within one or more disadvantaged groups or 2) the relative exposure these groups had to potentially obesogenic built environment characteristics. Upon consideration of the obesity and behavioral correlates of built environment characteristics, research provided the strongest support for food stores (supermarkets instead of smaller grocery/convenience stores), places to exercise, and safety as potentially influential for disadvantaged groups. There is also evidence that disadvantaged groups were living in worse environments with respect to food stores, places to exercise, aesthetic problems, and traffic or crime-related safety. One strategy to reduce obesity would involve changing the built environment to be more supportive of physical activity and a healthy diet. Based on the authors' review, increasing supermarket access, places to exercise, and neighborhood safety may also be promising strategies to reduce obesity-related health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina S Lovasi
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health and Society Scholars Program, Institute of Social and Economic Research and Policy, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Weale RA. A note on age-related comorbidity. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009; 49:93-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2008.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hietaniemi M, Jokela M, Rantala M, Ukkola O, Vuoristo JT, Ilves M, Rysä J, Kesäniemi Y. The effect of a short-term hypocaloric diet on liver gene expression and metabolic risk factors in obese women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2009; 19:177-183. [PMID: 18804985 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Most gene expression studies examining the effect of obesity and weight loss have been performed using adipose tissue. However, the liver also plays a central role in maintaining energy balance. We wanted to study the effects of a hypocaloric diet on overall hepatic gene expression and metabolic risk factors. METHODS AND RESULTS The study subjects were middle-aged, obese women. The diet intervention subjects (n=12) were on a hypocaloric, low-fat diet for 8 weeks with a daily energy intake of 5.0 MJ (1200 kcal), while the control subjects (n=19) maintained their weight. Liver biopsies were taken at the end of the diet period during a gallbladder operation. Hepatic gene expression was analyzed using microarrays by comparing the gene expression profiles from four subjects per group. A global decrease in gene expression was observed with 142 down-regulated genes and only one up-regulated gene in the diet intervention group. The diet resulted in a mean weight loss of 5% of body weight. Triglyceride and fasting insulin concentrations decreased significantly after the diet. CONCLUSIONS The global decrease in hepatic gene expression was unexpected but the results are interesting, since they included several genes not previously linked to weight reduction. However, since the comparison was made only after the weight reduction, other factors in addition to weight loss may also have been involved in the differences in gene expression between the groups. The decrease in triglyceride and fasting plasma insulin concentrations is in accordance with results from previous weight-loss studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hietaniemi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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Economos CD, Hyatt RR, Goldberg JP, Must A, Naumova EN, Collins JJ, Nelson ME. A community intervention reduces BMI z-score in children: Shape Up Somerville first year results. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:1325-36. [PMID: 17495210 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to test the hypothesis that a community-based environmental change intervention could prevent weight gain in young children (7.6 +/- 1.0 years). RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted in three culturally diverse urban cities in Massachusetts. Somerville was the intervention community; two socio-demographically-matched cities were control communities. Children (n = 1178) in grades 1 to 3 attending public elementary schools participated in an intervention designed to bring the energy equation into balance by increasing physical activity options and availability of healthful foods within the before-, during-, after-school, home, and community environments. Many groups and individuals within the community (including children, parents, teachers, school food service providers, city departments, policy makers, healthcare providers, before- and after-school programs, restaurants, and the media) were engaged in the intervention. The main outcome measure was change in BMI z-score. RESULTS At baseline, 44% (n = 385), 36% (n = 561), and 43% (n = 232) of children were above the 85th percentile for BMI z-score in the intervention and the two control communities, respectively. In the intervention community, BMI z-score decreased by -0.1005 (p = 0.001, 95% confidence interval, -0.1151 to -0.0859) compared with children in the control communities after controlling for baseline covariates. DISCUSSION A community-based environmental change intervention decreased BMI z-score in children at high risk for obesity. These results are significant given the obesigenic environmental backdrop against which the intervention occurred. This model demonstrates promise for communities throughout the country confronted with escalating childhood obesity rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Economos
- New Balance Chair in Childhood Nutrition, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Avenue, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Hendee WR, Banovac F, Carson PL, DeFronzo RA, Eckelman WC, Fullerton GD, Larson SM, McLennan G, Welch MJ. Biomedical imaging research opportunities workshop IV: a white paper. Med Phys 2007; 34:673-9. [PMID: 17388185 DOI: 10.1118/1.2405838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fourth Biomedical Imaging Research Opportunities Workshop (BIROW IV) was held on February 24-25, 2006, in North Bethesda, MD. The workshop focused on opportunities for research and development in four areas of imaging: imaging of rodent models; imaging in drug development; imaging of chronic metabolic disease: diabetes; and image guided intervention in the fourth dimension-time. These topics were examined by four keynote speakers in plenary sessions and then discussed in breakout sessions devoted to identifying research opportunities and challenges in the individual topics. This paper synthesizes these discussions into a strategy for future research directions in biomedical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Hendee
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
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Economos CD, Irish-Hauser S. Community interventions: a brief overview and their application to the obesity epidemic. THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2007; 35:131-7. [PMID: 17341221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720x.2007.00117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Community-based interventions built on theory and informed by community members produce potent, sustainable change. This intervention model mobilizes inherent community assets and pinpoints specific needs. Advancing community-based research to address obesity will require training of future leaders in this methodology, funding to conduct rigorous trials, and scientific acceptance of this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Economos
- John Hancock Center for Physical Activity and Nutrition, and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, MA, USA
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Riha RL. Genetic Aspects of the Obstructive Sleep Apnoea–Hypopnoea Syndrome. Genetische Aspekte des obstruktiven Schlafapnoe-Hypopnoe-Syndroms. SOMNOLOGIE 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-054x.2006.00092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Salopuro T, Pulkkinen L, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hämäläinen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Tuomilehto J, Laakso M, Uusitupa M. Genetic variation in leptin receptor gene is associated with type 2 diabetes and body weight: The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 29:1245-51. [PMID: 15997246 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic variation in leptin receptor (LEPR) gene has been reported to associate with insulin and glucose metabolism and adiposity in different study settings and various populations. We wanted to evaluate the association between LEPR polymorphisms, diabetes risk and body weight in Finnish subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). METHODS We investigated the associations of the three LEPR polymorphisms (Lys109Arg, Gln223Arg, 3'UTR Del/Ins) with the conversion to type 2 diabetes and the changes in body weight in 507 individuals with IGT participating in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Participants were randomized to either an intensive diet and exercise intervention group or a control group. RESULTS After 3 years, the odds ratio for the development of type 2 diabetes in individuals in the control group with the Lys109Lys genotype was 2.38-fold higher than in individuals with other genotype combinations (P=0.016). Irrespective of group individuals with the Gln223Gln genotype had higher conversion to type 2 diabetes (OR 2.01 (95% CI 1.03-3.93)) than the Arg223 allele carriers (P=0.042). The risk was more pronounced in the control group than in the intervention group. Individuals having the 3'UTR Del/Del genotype had a slightly higher body weight throughout the study than those with the insertion allele (P=0.020), although no difference in weight change was observed. CONCLUSION Two polymorphisms (Lys109Arg, Gln223Arg) in the extracellular domain of the leptin receptor predicted the conversion to type 2 diabetes in high-risk individuals with IGT. The Del/Ins polymorphism in the 3'UTR of LEPR was associated with body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Salopuro
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food and Health Research Center, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
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Abstract
Childhood obesity has been deemed epidemic, a term usually reserved for infectious diseases that sweep populations. This review begins with guidance regarding obesity definitions and a review of the data on global prevalence. The next section details the myriad health consequences for immediate and long-term physical and psychosocial health outcomes. The authors then discuss what is known regarding distal and proximal causes and correlates at the individual and contextual levels of family, health care, schools and community. The final sections provide a summary of interventions in diverse settings and some current thinking on how the field is likely to evolve over the next several years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Must
- a Tufts University, Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, School of Medicine,136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Susan A Hollander
- b Tufts University, Gerald J and Dorothy R Friedman School of Nutrition, Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Avenue, 2nd floor,Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Christina D Economos
- c Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition, Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Avenue, 2nd floor, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Mehler-Wex C, Grünblatt E, Zeiske S, Gille G, Rausch D, Warnke A, Gerlach M. Microarray analysis reveals distinct gene expression patterns in the mouse cortex following chronic neuroleptic and stimulant treatment: implications for body weight changes. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2006; 113:1383-93. [PMID: 16465460 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-005-0425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2005] [Accepted: 11/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Atypical neuroleptics are associated with clinical significant weight gain, whereas stimulants are used as anorexiant drugs. The aim of this study was to examine gene expression changes in the mouse frontal cortex following chronic oral treatment with antipsychotics and a stimulant by microarray assessments. Twenty 10-12-week-old male C57BL6 mice received daily for 31 days either the typical neuroleptic haloperidol (1 mg/kg), the atypical neuroleptic clozapine (10 mg/kg) or the stimulant phenylpropanolamine (3 mg/kg). We identified a set of genes that was differently expressed between the neuroleptic-treated groups and the stimulant-treated group. Importantly, we found in the majority of gene alterations down-regulation in genes involved in ATP biosynthesis and lipid metabolism following the stimulant treatment, suggesting these genes as candidates that may regulate body weight. We also identified remarkable expression patterns of genes that encode signalling molecules (e.g. insulin, mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1) that are implicated in the control of food intake and are differently expressed in the neuroleptic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mehler-Wex
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Germany.
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Douette P, Navet R, Gerkens P, de Pauw E, Leprince P, Sluse-Goffart C, Sluse FE. Steatosis-induced proteomic changes in liver mitochondria evidenced by two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis. J Proteome Res 2006; 4:2024-31. [PMID: 16335947 DOI: 10.1021/pr050187z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Steatosis encompasses the accumulation of droplets of fats into hepatocytes. In this work, we performed a comparative analysis of mitochondrial protein patterns found in wild-type and steatosis-affected liver using the novel technique two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). A total of 56 proteins exhibiting significant difference in their abundances were unambiguously identified. Interestingly, major proteins that regulate generation and consumption of the acetyl-CoA pool were dramatically changed during steatosis. Many proteins involved in the response to oxidative stress were also affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Douette
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Bât. B6c, Allée de la Chimie 3, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Ehrich TH, Hrbek T, Kenney-Hunt JP, Pletscher LS, Wang B, Semenkovich CF, Cheverud JM. Fine-mapping gene-by-diet interactions on chromosome 13 in a LG/J x SM/J murine model of obesity. Diabetes 2005; 54:1863-72. [PMID: 15919810 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.6.1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most serious threats to human health today. Although there is general agreement that environmental factors such as diet have largely caused the current obesity pandemic, the environmental changes have not affected all individuals equally. To model gene-by-environment interactions in a mouse model system, our group has generated an F(16) advanced intercross line (AIL) from the SM/J and LG/J inbred strains. Half of our sample was fed a low-fat (15% energy from fat) diet while the other half was fed a high-fat (43% energy from fat) diet. The sample was assayed for a variety of obesity- and diabetes-related phenotypes such as growth rate, response to glucose challenge, organ and fat pad weights, and serum lipids and insulin. An examination in the F(16) sample of eight adiposity quantitative trait loci previously identified in an F(2) intercross of SM/J and LG/J mouse strains reveals locus-by-diet interactions for all previously mapped loci. Adip7, located on proximal chromosome 13, demonstrated the most interactions and therefore was selected for fine mapping with microsatellite markers. Three phenotypic traits, liver weight in male animals, serum insulin in male animals, and reproductive fat pad weight, show locus-by-diet interactions in the 127-kb region between markers D13Mit1 and D13Mit302. The phosphofructokinase (PFK) C (Pfkp) and the pitrilysin metalloprotease 1 (Pitrm1) genes are compelling positional candidate genes in this region that show coding sequence differences between the parental strains in functional domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Ehrich
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Terra SG, McGorray SP, Wu R, McNamara DM, Cavallari LH, Walker JR, Wallace MR, Johnson BD, Bairey Merz CN, Sopko G, Pepine CJ, Johnson JA. Association between β-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and their G-protein-coupled receptors with body mass index and obesity in women: a report from the NHLBI-sponsored WISE study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29:746-54. [PMID: 15917856 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The beta-adrenergic receptor (betaAR) genes are candidate genes for obesity because of their roles in energy homeostasis and promotion of lipolysis in human adipose tissue. Objective is to determine the association between obesity and polymorphisms in genes of the beta(1)AR (ADRB1), beta(2)AR (ADRB2), beta(3)AR (ADRB3), Gs protein alpha (GNAS1), to which all three beta-receptors couple and the G protein beta3 subunit (GNB3), to which beta(3)ARs couple. DESIGN A case-control genetic association study. SUBJECTS A total of 643 black or white women enrolled in Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. MEASUREMENTS Genotypes were determined by PCR with single primer extension. Associations between genotype and body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference, and obesity were made. RESULTS Polymorphisms in the three betaAR genes, GNAS1, and GNB3 were not associated with BMI, WHR, waist circumference, or obesity. Linear and logistic regression analyses found no contribution of either genotype or haplotype with anthropometric measurements or obesity. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that among American women with suspected coronary heart disease, polymorphisms in the betaARs and their G-protein-coupled receptors do not contribute to increased BMI, WHR, waist circumference, or obesity. Given that 50% of all women die from coronary heart disease, and a higher percentage have heart disease during their lifetime, our results are likely generalizable to many American women.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Terra
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Kim JH, Stewart TP, Zhang W, Kim HY, Nishina PM, Naggert JK. Type 2 diabetes mouse model TallyHo carries an obesity gene on chromosome 6 that exaggerates dietary obesity. Physiol Genomics 2005; 22:171-81. [PMID: 15870394 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00197.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The TallyHo (TH) mouse strain is a polygenic model for Type 2 diabetes with obesity. Genetic analysis in backcross progeny from a cross between F1 [C57BL/6J (B6) x TH] and TH mice mapped a quantitative trait locus (QTL) named TH-associated body weight 2 (tabw2) to chromosome 6. The TH-derived allele is associated with increased body weight. As a first step to identify the molecular basis of this obesity QTL, we constructed a congenic line of mice on the B6 genetic background that carries a genomic region from TH mice containing tabw2. Congenic mice homozygous for tabw2 (B6.TH-tabw2/tabw2) fed a chow diet exhibited slightly, but significantly, higher body weight and body fat and plasma leptin levels compared with controls (B6.TH-+/+). This difference was exacerbated when the animals were maintained on a high-fat and high-sucrose (HFS) diet. The diet-induced obesity in tabw2 congenic mice is accompanied by hyperleptinemia, mild hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and reduced glucose uptake in adipose tissue in response to insulin administration. Using F2 progeny fed a HFS diet from an intercross of B6.TH-tabw2/+ mice, we were able to refine the map position of the tabw2 obesity susceptibility locus to a 15-cM region (95% confidence interval) extending distally from the marker D6Mit102. In summary, tabw2 congenic mice are a new animal model for diet-induced obesity that will be valuable for the study of gene-diet interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Han Kim
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996-1920, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight and obesity are global health problems which are increasing throughout the industrialised world. If left unchecked, they will continue to contribute to the ever increasing noncommunicable disease burden. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of psychological interventions for overweight or obesity as a means of achieving sustained weight loss. SEARCH STRATEGY Studies were obtained from searches of multiple electronic bibliographic databases. The date of the latest search was June 2003. SELECTION CRITERIA Trials were included if the fulfilled the following criteria: 1) they were randomised controlled clinical trials of a psychological intervention versus a comparison intervention, 2) one of the outcome measures of the study was weight change measured by any method, 3) participants were followed for at least three months, 4) the study participants were adults (18 years or older) who were overweight or obese (BMI > 25 kg/m(2)) at baseline. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two people independently applied the inclusion criteria to the studies identified and assessed study quality. Disagreement was resolved by discussion or by intervention of a third party. Meta-analyses were performed using a fixed effect model. MAIN RESULTS A total of 36 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Overall, 3495 participants were evaluated. The majority of studies assessed behavioural and cognitive-behavioural weight reduction strategies. Cognitive therapy, psychotherapy, relaxation therapy and hypnotherapy were assessed in a small number of studies. Behaviour therapy was found to result in significantly greater weight reductions than placebo when assessed as a stand-alone weight loss strategy (WMD -2.5 kg; 95% CI -1.7 to -3.3). When behaviour therapy was combined with a diet / exercise approach and compared with diet / exercise alone, the combined intervention resulted in a greater weight reduction. Studies were heterogeneous however the majority of studies favoured combining behaviour therapy with dietary and exercise interventions to improve weight loss. Increasing the intensity of the behavioural intervention significantly increased the weight reduction (WMD -2.3 kg; 95% CI -1.4 to - 3.3). Cognitive-behaviour therapy, when combined with a diet / exercise intervention, was found to increase weight loss compared with diet / exercise alone (WMD -4.9 kg; 95% CI -7.3 to - 2.4). No data on mortality, morbidity or quality of life were found. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS People who are overweight or obese benefit from psychological interventions, particularly behavioural and cognitive-behavioural strategies, to enhance weight reduction. They are predominantly useful when combined with dietary and exercise strategies. The bulk of the evidence supports the use of behavioural and cognitive-behavioural strategies. Other psychological interventions are less rigorously evaluated for their efficacy as weight loss treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shaw
- Public and Environmental Health Unit, Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Unit, 3 / 90 Davey Street, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 7000.
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Archila L, Bartizek RD, Winston JL, Biesbrock AR, McClanahan SF, He T. The Comparative Efficacy of Stabilized Stannous Fluoride/Sodium Hexametaphosphate Dentifrice and Sodium Fluoride/Triclosan/Copolymer Dentifrice for the Control of Gingivitis: A 6-Month Randomized Clinical Study. J Periodontol 2004; 75:1592-9. [PMID: 15732859 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.12.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial agents such as stannous fluoride and triclosan have been incorporated into dentifrice formulations and have been shown to be effective in reducing gingivitis. The objective of this study was to compare the anti-gingivitis efficacy of a 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice to a positive control triclosan/copolymer dentifrice. METHODS This was a 6-month, randomized, double-masked, parallel-group study conducted according to the American Dental Association guidelines for evaluating chemotherapeutic products for the control of gingivitis. A 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice was tested against a commercially available positive control dentifrice (0.30% triclosan/2.0% Gantrez copolymer). Following baseline measurements, subjects received a dental prophylaxis. Subjects were then instructed to brush twice daily for 60 seconds using their assigned product. Tooth brushing was supervised for 3 days of each week. Clinical examinations using a gingival index were performed at baseline and at 3 and 6 months. RESULTS A total of 199 subjects were enrolled and 186 completed the 6-month study. Average baseline gingivitis and bleeding scores were similar for the two treatment groups. After 6 months, the experimental group had statistically significantly less gingivitis (25.8%) and statistically significantly less bleeding (27.4%) on average compared to the control group. Neither adverse oral soft tissue effects nor tooth staining were reported. CONCLUSION Within the limits of the study protocol, the results demonstrated superior therapeutic benefits for the stabilized 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice in reducing gingivitis compared to the triclosan/copolymer control in this partially supervised study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Archila
- Department of Dental Diagnostic Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Dental School, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Philip-Couderc P, Smih F, Hall JE, Pathak A, Roncalli J, Harmancey R, Massabuau P, Galinier M, Verwaerde P, Senard JM, Rouet P. Kinetic analysis of cardiac transcriptome regulation during chronic high-fat diet in dogs. Physiol Genomics 2004; 19:32-40. [PMID: 15226482 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00001.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated, using custom dog cDNA arrays, the time course of transcriptional changes in the left ventricle of dogs fed a normal diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 9-24 wk. Array hybridizations were performed with complex probes representing mRNAs expressed in left ventricles from obese hypertensive and lean control dogs. We identified 63 differentially expressed genes, and expression of 17 of 20 randomly chosen genes was confirmed by real-time PCR. Transcripts were categorized into groups involved in metabolism, cell signaling, tissue remodeling, ionic regulation, cell proliferation, and protein synthesis. Hierarchical clustering indicated that the pattern of coregulated genes depends on duration of the HFD, suggesting that HFD-induced obesity hypertension is associated with continuous cardiac transcriptome adaptation despite stability of both body weight and blood pressure. GenMAPP analysis of the data pointed out the crucial importance of the ventricle TGF-beta pathway. Our results suggest that this system may be involved in molecular remodeling during HFD and in changes observed in the transcription profile, reflecting functional and morphological abnormalities that arise during prolonged HFD. These results also suggest some novel regulatory pathways for cardiac adaptation to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Philip-Couderc
- Unité de Recherches sur les Obésités, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U586, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Yu PH, Wang M, Fan H, Deng Y, Gubisne-Haberle D. Involvement of SSAO-mediated deamination in adipose glucose transport and weight gain in obese diabetic KKAy mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 286:E634-41. [PMID: 14656718 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00272.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is located on outer surfaces of adipocytes and endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. This enzyme catalyzes deamination of methylamine and aminoacetone, leading to production of toxic formaldehyde and methylglyoxal, respectively, as well as hydrogen peroxide and ammonium. Several lines of evidence suggest that increased SSAO activity is related to chronic inflammation and vascular disorders related to diabetic complications. We found that a highly potent and selective SSAO inhibitor, (E)-2-(4-fluorophenethyl)-3-fluoroallylamine (FPFA), was capable of reducing numbers of atherosclerotic lesions as well as weight gain in obese KKAy mice fed an atherogenic diet. SSAO inhibitors cause a moderate and long-lasting hyperglycemia. Such an increase in serum glucose is a result of reduction of glucose uptake by adipocytes. SSAO-mediated deamination of endogenous methylamine substrates induces adipocyte glucose uptake and lipogenesis. Highly selective SSAO inhibitors can effectively block induced glucose uptake. The results suggest that increased SSAO-mediated deamination may be concomitantly related to obesity and vascular disorders associated with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Yu
- Neuropsychiatry Research Unit, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E4
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Ehrich TH, Kenney JP, Vaughn TT, Pletscher LS, Cheverud JM. Diet, obesity, and hyperglycemia in LG/J and SM/J mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 11:1400-10. [PMID: 14627762 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2003.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the differential response of obesity- and diabetes-related traits to a high- or low-fat diet in LG/J and SM/J mice. We also examined food consumption in these strains. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Mice were placed on a high- or low-fat diet after weaning. Animals were weighed once per week and subjected to glucose tolerance tests at 20 weeks. At sacrifice, fat pads and internal organs were removed along with serum samples. For food consumption, LG/J and SM/J mice of each sex were assigned to a high-fat or low-fat diet after reaching maturity. Mice were weighed three times per week, and food consumed was determined by subtraction. RESULTS LG/J animals consume more total food, but SM/J animals consume more food per gram of body weight. LG/J mice grow faster to 10 weeks but slower from 10 to 20 weeks, have higher cholesterol and free fatty acid levels, and have lower basal glucose levels and better response to a glucose challenge than SM/J mice. For most traits, SM/J mice respond more strongly to a high-fat diet than LG/J mice, including body weight and growth, basal glucose levels, organ weights, fat distribution, and circulating triglycerides and cholesterol levels. DISCUSSION Obesity-related phenotypes, as well as response to increased dietary fat, differ genetically between LG/J and SM/J and can, therefore, be mapped. This study indicates that the cross of SM/J and LG/J mice would be an excellent model system for the study of gene-by-diet interaction in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Ehrich
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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de Castro JM. The Control of Eating Behavior in Free-Living Humans. NEUROBIOLOGY OF FOOD AND FLUID INTAKE 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/0-306-48643-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Moraes RC, Blondet A, Birkenkamp-Demtroeder K, Tirard J, Orntoft TF, Gertler A, Durand P, Naville D, Bégeot M. Study of the alteration of gene expression in adipose tissue of diet-induced obese mice by microarray and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses. Endocrinology 2003; 144:4773-82. [PMID: 12960083 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we developed a model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) in male C57 BL/6J mice using an 8-wk high fat diet. This model should better reflect the physiology of the majority of the human obese patients than mouse genetic models of obesity with defects in leptin or leptin signaling. At the end of the diet, DIO mice displayed an increased weight (20%) and higher leptin, insulin, glucose, and corticosterone plasma levels compared with mice fed a standard diet during the same period. Moreover, they became resistant to the central effect of peripheral administration of leptin. Oligonucleotide microarray studies were conducted in adipose tissue. They showed that a great number of genes are differentially expressed. The majority of these genes (69%) are down-regulated in DIO mice. Among those are genes encoding enzymes of the lipid metabolism or markers of adipocyte differentiation, enzymes involved in detoxification processes, as well as structural components of the cytoskeleton. Some other groups of genes displayed increased expression, such as those encoding inflammatory markers. The results of the microarray analysis were confirmed by semiquantitative RT-PCR studies run on a selected number of genes that were differentially expressed or not modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Moraes
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 418-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1245, and Institut Fédérif de Recherche 62, Hôpital Debrousse and Claude Bernard University, 69005 Lyon, France
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German JB, Roberts MA, Watkins SM. Genomics and metabolomics as markers for the interaction of diet and health: lessons from lipids. J Nutr 2003; 133:2078S-2083S. [PMID: 12771369 DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.6.2078s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Foods are not purified compounds acting on single molecular targets, but complex mixtures of molecules that modulate many biochemical pathways simultaneously. Diet affects the probability of developing various diseases. Nevertheless, specific recommendations for individual diets are not simple. Recommending nutrient intakes above and beyond those needed to provide adequacy requires scientific knowledge and regulatory scrutiny to ensure the efficacy and safety even of essential nutrients. Designing a diet to improve metabolic health is a bold and ambitious goal. It is possible to design foods that will alter metabolism, but what change will make everyone who is otherwise healthy even healthier? Changing one aspect of metabolism to lower the risk of one disease does not improve overall health if it comes at the expense of disrupting another aspect of metabolism that increases the risk of another disease. This issue has: 1) frustrated nutritional recommendations that could provide benefits to the health of large subsets of the population, 2) caused the recall of drugs with many beneficial effects and 3) caused harm by implying that single nutrients/foods could be healthy for everyone. An individualized system for metabolic assessment would establish the efficacy and safety of nutrients such as amino acids or fatty acids when these are designed to be consumed at levels providing improved metabolic health. The need to document the lack of an adverse effect of a food or drug on physiology necessitates a global, i.e. metabolomic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Baptista T, Beaulieu S. Are leptin and cytokines involved in body weight gain during treatment with antipsychotic drugs? CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2002; 47:742-9. [PMID: 12420652 DOI: 10.1177/070674370204700805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To critically review published literature on the causal association between leptin, cytokines, and excessive body weight gain (BWG) induced by antipsychotic drugs (APs). METHODS We completed a Medline search using the words leptin, cytokines, antipsychotic drugs, neuroleptics, psychotropic drugs, weight gain, and obesity. We also included our empirical research on this topic in the discussion. We examined the relation between leptin, cytokines (mainly tumour necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha] and its soluble receptors), and AP-induced BWG, using the biological sciences' current theories of causality. RESULTS In the general field of weight regulation, there is scarce experimental evidence that leptin or TNF-alpha by themselves can induce obesity. Serum levels of leptin and TNF-alpha rather increase simultaneously as BWG occurs. This has also been reported during AP-induced BWG, with the equivocal exception of a study with clozapine. Some researchers have suggested that the absence of the expected correlation between leptin and body mass index (BMI) or serum insulin levels, and the lack of sex-related differences in leptin levels in AP-treated patients, may point to a causal relation. This contention requires more experimental support. In addition, future clinical studies must carefully control for sex and BMI. CONCLUSIONS No conclusive evidence has been provided that leptin or TNF-alpha may induce obesity either in drug-free subjects or in AP-treated patients. In most cases, the elevated serum levels of these hormones appear to be a consequence rather than a cause of obesity. That does not mean that such an elevation is innocuous, since it may impair blood pressure and also carbohydrate and lipid metabolism regulation. Hence, all efforts should be made to prevent or attenuate BWG during treatment with APs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trino Baptista
- Los Andes University Medical School, Department of Physiology, Mérida, Venezuela.
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Abstract
Previously proposed models of intake regulation focus on specific variables thought to influence overall intake, and include factors involved in negative feedback loops with intake as well as genetic influences on intake. Recent evidence, however, suggests that these models although informative, are incomplete. They cannot account for the observations of prolonged and increasing deviations from defended levels, weakness and transitoriness of compensatory responses, the presence of powerful factors that are not compensated, and behavioral genetic data suggesting that there are a wide variety of independent genetic influences on numerous factors that influence intake. As a result we propose a new general model of intake regulation in which intake is influenced by both a set of uncompensated factors that are not influenced by intake and by a set of compensated factors that are. The preferred levels of intake and both sets of factors are specified as influenced by heredity. Further, the model includes impact factors, weights, which specify the magnitude of the effect each factor has on intake. The weights are assumed to be different for different individuals and their values are determined by heredity. A computer simulation of the new model demonstrated that it maintains different levels depending upon the external and internal environments, that changes in these environments result in new levels, and that inherited individual differences in responsiveness to these factors can markedly influence the levels obtained. The proposed general model appears to fit existing knowledge and is parsimonious and widely applicable. Future work should be directed to testing the general model and further developing specific models within the conceptual framework employing known physiological systems and uncompensated stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M de Castro
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, University Plaza, Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA.
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