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Yao Z, Jiao Q, Du X, Jia F, Chen X, Yan C, Jiang H. Ferroptosis in Parkinson's disease -- The iron-related degenerative disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 101:102477. [PMID: 39218077 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent and advancing age-related neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Iron regional deposit in SNpc is a significant pathological characteristic of PD. Brain iron homeostasis is precisely regulated by iron metabolism related proteins, whereas disorder of these proteins can damage neurons and glial cells in the brain. Additionally, growing studies have reported iron metabolism related proteins are involved in the ferroptosis progression in PD. However, the effect of these proteins in the ferroptosis of PD has not been systematically summarized. This review focuses on the roles of iron metabolism related proteins in the ferroptosis of PD. Finally, we put forward the iron early diagnosis according to the observation of iron deposits in the brain and showed the recent advances in iron chelation therapy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Yao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Jiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fengju Jia
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunling Yan
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Neurorehabilitation, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, 266113, China.
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Liu Y, Qin K, Jiang C, Gao J, Hou B, Xie A. TMEM106B Knockdown Exhibits a Neuroprotective Effect in Parkinson's Disease via Decreasing Inflammation and Iron Deposition. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04373-4. [PMID: 39044012 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is closely related to iron accumulation and inflammation. Emerging evidence indicates that TMEM106B plays an essential role in PD. But whether TMEM106B could act on neuroinflammation and iron metabolism in PD has not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathological mechanisms of inflammation and iron metabolism of TMEM106B in PD. 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)- and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced SH-SY5Y cells and mice were treated with LV-shTMEM106B and AAV-shTMEM106B to construct PD cellular and mouse models. Pole tests and open-field test (OFT) were performed to evaluate the locomotion of the mice. Immunohistochemistry and iron staining were used to detect TH expression and iron deposition in the SN. Iron staining was used to measure the levels of iron. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6)), NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), and Ferroportin1 (FPN1)). Knockdown of TMEM106B improved motor ability and rescued dopaminergic (DA) neuron loss. TMEM106B knockdown attenuated the increases of TNF-α, IL-6, NLRP3 inflammasome, and DMT1 expression in the MPP+ and MPTP-induced PD models. Furthermore, TMEM106B knockdown also increases the expression of FPN1. This study provides the first evidence that knockdown of TMEM106B prevents dopaminergic neurodegeneration by modulating neuroinflammation and iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Kunpeng Qin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Chunyan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Jinzhao Gao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Binghui Hou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China.
| | - Anmu Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China.
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Xu M, Li Y, Meng D, Zhang D, Wang B, Xie J, Wang J. 6-Hydroxydopamine Induces Abnormal Iron Sequestration in BV2 Microglia by Activating Iron Regulatory Protein 1 and Inhibiting Hepcidin Release. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020266. [PMID: 35204767 PMCID: PMC8961664 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Disrupted iron homeostasis in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) is an important pathological mechanism in Parkinson’s disease (PD). It is unclear what role microglia play in iron metabolism and selective iron deposition in the SNpc of PD brain. In this study, we observed that 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced the expression of divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1) and iron influx in BV2 microglia cells, which might be associated with the upregulation of iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) expression. Moreover, we found that 6-OHDA had no significant effect on the expression of ferroportin 1 (FPN1) and iron efflux in BV2 microglial cells, which might be the combined action of IRP1 upregulation and reduced hepcidin levels. Furthermore, 6-OHDA treatment activated BV2 microglia and enhanced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, iron overloading suppressed IRP1 expression, thus downregulating DMT1 and upregulating FPN1 levels in these microglial cells. On the contrary, iron deficiency activated IRP1, leading to increased expression of DMT1 and decreased expression of FPN1—which indicates that activated IRP1 induces iron overloading in 6-OHDA-treated microglia, but not iron overloading modulates the expression of IRP1. Taken together, our data suggest that 6-OHDA can regulate the expression of DMT1 and FPN1 by activating IRP1 and inhibiting hepcidin release, thus leading to abnormal iron sequestration in microglia. In addition, 6-OHDA can activate microglia, which leads to increased release of pro-inflammatory factors that can further induce genome damage in dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Xu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.X.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (D.Z.); (B.W.)
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Medical Service Section, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.X.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (D.Z.); (B.W.)
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Dapeng Meng
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.X.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (D.Z.); (B.W.)
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Danyang Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.X.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (D.Z.); (B.W.)
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Bingjing Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.X.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (D.Z.); (B.W.)
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Correspondence: author: (J.X.); (J.W.)
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.X.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (D.Z.); (B.W.)
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Correspondence: author: (J.X.); (J.W.)
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Li Y, Liu Y, Xu Y, Chen H, Yan Z, Wang X. Aggravated behavioral and neurochemical deficits and redox imbalance in mice with enhanced neonatal iron intake: improvement by biochanin A and role of microglial p38 activation. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 24:161-172. [PMID: 31050314 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1611021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: We aim to investigate the joint effect of iron (enhanced neonatal iron intake), 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and biochanin A (BA, oral administration) and possible mechanisms for action on behavioral and neurochemical indicators in the mice. Methods: Rotarod test, pole test and swim test were used to evaluate animal behavior. The neurochemical analysis was conducted by HPLC-ECD. Oxidative stress was determined in this study. Further mechanism was investigated through in vitro experiments. Results: Iron and MPTP co-administration significantly induced behavioral deficits and decreased striatal dopamine content in the male and female mice. The co-administration of iron and MPTP also significantly induced redox imbalance in the substantia nigra (SN) of mice. Furthermore, BA significantly improved behavioral deficits and increased striatal dopamine content in the mice co-treated with iron and MPTP. BA also significantly improved redox imbalance in the SN of mice co-administered with iron and MPTP. Finally, we showed that iron and 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) co-treatment significantly increased superoxide production in microglial cultures by inducing p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. BA also significantly decreased superoxide production and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in the cultures co-treated with iron and MPP+. Conclusion: Iron and MPTP co-treatment may result in worsened behavioral and neurochemical deficits and aggravated redox imbalance through inducing microglial p38 MAPK activation. BA may improve behavioral and neurochemical deficits and redox imbalance through repressing microglial p38 MAPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhong Li
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaling Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanqing Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- Shanghai Laboratory Animal Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xijin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Xu M, Tan X, Li N, Wu H, Wang Y, Xie J, Wang J. Differential regulation of estrogen in iron metabolism in astrocytes and neurons. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:4232-4242. [PMID: 30132882 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated an effect of estrogen on iron metabolism in peripheral tissues. The role of estrogen on brain iron metabolism is currently unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect and mechanism of estrogen on iron transport proteins. We demonstrated that the iron exporter ferroportin 1 (FPN1) and iron importer divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) were upregulated and iron content was decreased after estrogen treatment for 12 hr in primary cultured astrocytes. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) was upregulated, but HIF-2α remained unchanged after estrogen treatment for 12 hr in primary cultured astrocytes. In primary cultured neurons, DMT1 was downregulated, FPN1 was upregulated, iron content decreased, iron regulatory protein (IRP1) was downregulated, but HIF-1α and HIF-2α remained unchanged after estrogen treatment for 12 hr. These results suggest that the regulation of iron metabolism by estrogen in astrocytes and neurons is different. Estrogen increases FPN1 and DMT1 expression by inducing HIF-1α in astrocytes, whereas decreased expression of IRP1 may account for the decreased DMT1 and increased FPN1 expression in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xu Tan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Clinical Medicine of Class Excellence, Grade 2013, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Clinical Medicine of Class 3, Grade 2014, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Yu L, Wang X, Chen H, Yan Z, Wang M, Li Y. Neurochemical and Behavior Deficits in Rats with Iron and Rotenone Co-treatment: Role of Redox Imbalance and Neuroprotection by Biochanin A. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:657. [PMID: 29217997 PMCID: PMC5703859 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidences show that the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is multifactorial. Studying the combined effect of several factors is becoming a hot topic in PD research. On one hand, iron is one of the essential trace metals for human body; on the other hand, iron may be involved in the etiopathogenesis of PD. In our present study, the rats with increased neonatal iron (120 μg/g bodyweight) supplementation were treated with rotenone (0.5 mg/kg) when they were aged to 14 weeks. We observed that iron and rotenone co-treatment induced significant behavior deficits (time-dependent) and striatal dopamine depletion in the male and female rats, while they did not do so when they were used alone. No significant change in striatal 5-hydroxytryptamine content was observed in the male and female rats with iron and rotenone co-treatment. Also, iron and rotenone co-treatment significantly decreased substantia nigra TH expression in the male rats. Furthermore, co-treatment with iron and rotenone significantly induced malondialdehyde increase and glutathione decrease in the substantia nigra of male and female rats. There was no significant change in cerebellar malondialdehyde and glutathione content of the rats co-treated with iron and rotenone. Interestingly, biochanin A significantly attenuated striatal dopamine depletion and improved behavior deficits (dose-dependently) in the male and female rats with iron and rotenone co-treatment. Biochanin A treatment also significantly alleviated substantia nigra TH expression reduction in the male rats co-treated with iron and rotenone. Finally, biochanin A significantly decreased malondialdehyde content and increased glutathione content in the substantia nigra of male and female rats with iron and rotenone co-treatment. Our results indicate that iron and rotenone co-treatment may result in aggravated neurochemical and behavior deficits through inducing redox imbalance and increased neonatal iron supplementation may participate in the etiopathogenesis of PD. Moreover, biochanin A may exert dopaminergic neuroprotection by maintaining redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Yu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xijin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanqing Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- Shanghai Laboratory Animal Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Meihua Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunhong Li
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Gao G, You LH, Chang YZ. Iron Metabolism in Parkinson’s Disease. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND REDOX SIGNALLING IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622888-00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, iron is involved in many biologically important processes such as oxygen transport and storage, electron transport, energy metabolism, and antioxidant and DNA synthesis. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Extensive research has reported that iron is heavily accumulated in the dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra (SN) of PD patients. Changes in the expression of key iron transporters have also been observed in PD patients. Excessive iron accumulation can induce neuronal damage through reactive oxygen species production, which can cause oxidative stress increased membrane lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and protein oxidation and misfolding. This chapter provides a review about brain iron metabolism in PD, the role of iron transporters expression and function on brain iron homeostasis and distribution of intracellular iron. This knowledge will be of benefit to novel therapeutic targets for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofen Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang Hebei Province 050024 China
| | - Lin-Hao You
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang Hebei Province 050024 China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang Hebei Province 050024 China
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Du X, Xu H, Shi L, Jiang Z, Song N, Jiang H, Xie J. Activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels enhances DMT1-mediated iron uptake in SK-N-SH cells in vitro. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33674. [PMID: 27646472 PMCID: PMC5028757 DOI: 10.1038/srep33674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron importer divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) plays a crucial role in the nigal iron accumulation in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Membrane hyperpolarization is one of the factors that could affect its iron transport function. Besides iron, selective activation of the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels also contributes to the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in PD. Interestingly, activation of KATP channels could induce membrane hyperpolarization. Therefore, it is of vital importance to study the effects of activation of KATP channels on DMT1-mediated iron uptake function. In the present study, activation of KATP channels by diazoxide resulted in the hyperpolarization of the membrane potential and increased DMT1-mediated iron uptake in SK-N-SH cells. This led to an increase in intracellular iron levels and a subsequent decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in ROS production. Delayed inactivation of the Fe2+-evoked currents by diazoxide was recorded by patch clamp in HEK293 cells, which demonstrated that diazoxide could prolonged DMT1-facilitated iron transport. While inhibition of KATP channels by glibenclamide could block ferrous iron influx and the subsequent cell damage. Overexpression of Kir6.2/SUR1 resulted in an increase in iron influx and intracellular iron levels, which was markedly increased after diazoxide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixun Du
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Huamin Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Limin Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhifeng Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ning Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
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Jiang H, Wang J, Rogers J, Xie J. Brain Iron Metabolism Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3078-3101. [PMID: 27039308 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of iron metabolism, which includes its uptake, storage, and release, plays a key role in neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. Understanding how iron accumulates in the substantia nigra (SN) and why it specifically targets dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons is particularly warranted for PD, as this knowledge may provide new therapeutic avenues for a more targeted neurotherapeutic strategy for this disease. In this review, we begin with a brief introduction describing brain iron metabolism and its regulation. We then provide a detailed description of how iron accumulates specifically in the SN and why DAergic neurons are especially vulnerable to iron in PD. Furthermore, we focus on the possible mechanisms involved in iron-induced cell death of DAergic neurons in the SN. Finally, we present evidence in support that iron chelation represents a plausable therapeutic strategy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jack Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatric Neurosciences and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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CX3CL1/CX3CR1-mediated microglia activation plays a detrimental role in ischemic mice brain via p38MAPK/PKC pathway. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1623-31. [PMID: 25966946 PMCID: PMC4640309 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The exact roles of activated microglia and fractalkine (CX3CL1)/fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) signaling are not fully understood in brain ischemic injury and the findings reported are controversial. Here, we investigated the effects of CX3CR1 siRNA on the expression of CX3CR1, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), Protein Kinase C (PKC) and inflammatory cytokines, microglia activation, white matter lesions, and cognitive function in mice treated with bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) in vivo as well as effects of exogenous CX3CL1, CX3CR1 siRNA, and SB2035080 on expression of inflammatory cytokines in BV2 microglia treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in vitro. We showed that CX3CR1 siRNA significantly inhibited the increased expression of CX3CR1, p38MAPK, PKC as well as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, and also attenuated microglia activation, white matter lesions, and cognitive deficits induced by BCAS in mice brain. We also showed that exogenous CX3CL1 could induce a further enhancement in TNF-α and IL-1β expression, which could be suppressed by CX3CR1 siRNA or by the p38MAPK inhibitor in OGD-treated BV2 microglial cells in vitro. Our findings indicated that CX3CL1/CX3CR1-mediated microglial activation plays a detrimental role in ischemic brain via p38MAPK/PKC signaling and also suggested that CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis might be a putative therapeutic target to disrupt the cascade of deleterious events that lead to brain ischemic injury.
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Abstract
In recent years, the contribution of exposure to environmental toxicants has been recognized as a significant contributor to the etiopathogenesis of parkinsonism. Of these toxicants, exposure to pesticides, metals, solvents used in manufacturing processes, as well as flame-retardant chemicals used in consumer and commercial products, has received the greatest attention as possible risk factors. Related to this, individuals who are exposed to these compounds at high concentrations or for prolonged periods of time in an occupational setting appear to be one of the more vulnerable populations to these effects. Our understanding of which compounds are involved and the potential molecular pathways that are susceptible to these chemicals and may underlie the pathogenesis has greatly improved. However, there are still hundreds of chemicals that we are exposed to in the environment for which we do not have any information on their potential neurotoxicity on the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Thus, using our past accomplishments as a blueprint, future endeavors should focus on elaborating upon these initial findings in order to identify specific and relevant chemical toxicants in our environment that can impact the risk of parkinsonism and work towards a means to attenuate or abolish their effects on the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Michael Caudle
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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12
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ZHAO L, HE LX, HUANG SN, GONG LJ, LI L, LV YY, QIAN ZM. Protection of Dopamine Neurons by Vibration Training and Up-Regulation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in a MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Physiol Res 2014; 63:649-57. [PMID: 24908088 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unknown whether the longer duration of vibration training (VT) has a beneficial effect on Parkinson's disease (PD). And also, the mechanisms underlying the reported sensorimotor-improvement in PD induced by short-duration of VT has not been determined. Here, we investigated the effects of longer duration (4 weeks) of low amplitude vibration (LAV) training on the numbers of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra by immunostaining and the levels of dopamine (DA) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the striatum by HPLC and ELISA in the chronic MPTP lesion mouse. We demonstrated for the first time that the longer duration of VT could significantly increase the numbers of nigrostriatal DA neurons and the contents of striatal DA and BDNF in the MPTP mice. Our findings implied that longer duration of VT could protect dopaminergic neurons from the MPTP-induced damage probably by upregulating BDNF and also provided evidence for the beneficial effect of longer duration of VT on PD at the cellular and molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Z. M. QIAN
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Department of Neurosurgery, South-West Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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13
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You LH, Li F, Wang L, Zhao SE, Wang SM, Zhang LL, Zhang LH, Duan XL, Yu P, Chang YZ. Brain iron accumulation exacerbates the pathogenesis of MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2014; 284:234-246. [PMID: 25301748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain iron levels are significantly increased in Parkinson's disease (PD) and iron deposition is observed in the substantia nigra (SN) of PD patients. It is unclear whether iron overload is an initial cause of dopaminergic neuronal death or merely a byproduct that occurs in the SN of PD patients. In this study, ceruloplasmin knockout (CP-/-) mice and mice receiving an intracerebroventricular injection of ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) were selected as mouse models with high levels of brain iron. These mice were administered with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) by intraperitoneal injection. Their behavior and the dopaminergic neuron damage to their substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) were assessed. These findings suggest that the injection of FAC or the absence of the CP gene may exacerbate both the observed apoptosis of TH-positive neurons and the behavioral symptoms of the MPTP-treated mice. The intracerebroventricular injection of deferoxamine (DFO) significantly alleviated the neuronal damage caused by MPTP in CP-/- mice. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the increased nigral iron content exacerbates the oxidative stress levels, promoting apoptosis through the Bcl-2/Bax pathway and the activated caspase-3 pathway in the brain. Therefore, iron overload in the brain exacerbates dopaminergic neuronal death in SNpc and leads to the onset of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-H You
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - F Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - L Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - S-E Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China; Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - S-M Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - L-L Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - L-H Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - X-L Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - P Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Y-Z Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China.
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14
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He Z, Jiang Y, Xu H, Jiang H, Jia W, Sun P, Xie J. High frequency stimulation of subthalamic nucleus results in behavioral recovery by increasing striatal dopamine release in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rat. Behav Brain Res 2014; 263:108-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Peptide hormone ghrelin enhances neuronal excitability by inhibition of Kv7/KCNQ channels. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1435. [PMID: 23385580 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut-derived orexigenic peptide hormone ghrelin enhances neuronal firing in the substantia nigra pars compacta, where dopaminergic neurons modulate the function of the nigrostriatal system for motor coordination. Here we describe a novel mechanism by which ghrelin enhances firing of nigral dopaminergic neurons by inhibiting voltage-gated potassium Kv7/KCNQ/M-channels through its receptor GHS-R1a and activation of the PLC-PKC pathway. Brain slice recordings of substantia nigra pars compacta neurons reveal that ghrelin inhibits native Kv7/KCNQ/M-currents. This effect is abolished by selective inhibitors of GHS-R1a, PLC and PKC. Transgenic suppression of native Kv7/KCNQ/M-channels in mice or channel blockade with XE991 abolishes ghrelin-induced hyperexcitability. In vivo, intracerebroventricular ghrelin administration causes increased dopamine release and turnover in the striatum. Microinjection of ghrelin or XE991 into substantia nigra pars compacta results in contralateral dystonic posturing, and attenuation of catalepsy elicited by systemic administration of the D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol. Our findings indicate that the ghrelin/KCNQ signalling is likely a common pathway utilized by the nervous system.
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He Q, Song N, Jia F, Xu H, Yu X, Xie J, Jiang H. Role of α-synuclein aggregation and the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway in iron-induced neurotoxicity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1019-30. [PMID: 23454680 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Iron is also believed to serve as a major contributor by inducing oxidative stress and α-syn aggregation. Here, we report that down-regulation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) may contribute to iron-induced α-syn aggregation. In this study, we show that ferrous iron down-regulates Nrf2 and HO-1 in a time-dependent manner in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells. Levels of both Nrf2 and HO-1 are decreased even more by ferrous iron in SK-N-SH cells that overexpress α-syn and results in greater cell toxicity. Consistent with these results, knockdown of α-syn expression prevents reduction of Nrf2 and HO-1 by ferrous iron, eliminates α-syn aggregates, and protects SK-N-SH cells against ferrous iron-induced cell damage. Furthermore, increased HO-1 expression exerts a protective role against ferrous iron. These results support a new hypothesis of synergistic α-syn/iron cytotoxicity, whereby ferrous iron induces α-syn aggregation and neurotoxicity by inhibiting Nrf2/HO-1. Inhibition of Nrf2/HO-1 leads to more α-syn aggregation and greater toxicity induced by iron, creating a vicious cycle of iron accumulation, α-syn aggregation and HO-1 disruption in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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17
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Industrial toxicants and Parkinson's disease. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:178-88. [PMID: 22309908 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The exposure of the human population to environmental contaminants is recognized as a significant contributing factor for the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other forms of parkinsonism. While pesticides have repeatedly been identified as risk factors for PD, these compounds represent only a subset of environmental toxicants that we are exposed to on a regular basis. Thus, non-pesticide contaminants, such as metals, solvents, and other organohalogen compounds have also been implicated in the clinical and pathological manifestations of these movement disorders and it is these non-pesticide compounds that are the subject of this review. As toxic exposures to these classes of compounds can result in a spectrum of PD or PD-related disorders, it is imperative to appreciate shared clinico-pathological characteristics or mechanisms of action of these compounds in order to further delineate the resultant disorders as well as identify improved preventive strategies or therapeutic interventions.
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18
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Cong WN, Golden E, Pantaleo N, White CM, Maudsley S, Martin B. Ghrelin receptor signaling: a promising therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome and cognitive dysfunction. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2011; 9:557-63. [PMID: 20632971 DOI: 10.2174/187152710793361513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine hormone ghrelin is an octanoylated 28-residue peptide that exerts numerous physiological functions. Ghrelin exerts its effects on the body mainly through a highly conserved G protein-coupled receptor known as the growth hormone secretagagogue receptor subtype 1a (GHS-R1a). Ghrelin and GSH-R1a are widely expressed in both peripheral and central tissues/organs, and ghrelin signaling plays a critical role in maintaining energy balance and neuronal health. The multiple orexigenic effects of ghrelin and its receptor have been studied in great detail, and GHS-R1a-mediated ghrelin signaling has long been a promising target for the treatment of metabolic disorders, such as obesity. In addition to its well-characterized metabolic effects, there is also mounting evidence that ghrelin-mediated GHS-R1a signaling exerts neuroprotective effects on the brain. In this review, we will summarize some of the effects of ghrelin-mediated GSH-R1a signaling on peripheral energy balance and cognitive function. We will also discuss the potential pharmacotherapeutic role of GSH-R1a-mediated ghrelin signaling for the treatment of complex neuroendocrine disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-na Cong
- Metabolism Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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19
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Zhou ZD, Lan YH, Tan EK, Lim TM. Iron species-mediated dopamine oxidation, proteasome inhibition, and dopaminergic cell demise: implications for iron-related dopaminergic neuron degeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:1856-71. [PMID: 20854902 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Iron species have been suggested to be highly involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. However, the detailed mechanism of iron-induced dopaminergic degeneration is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that free iron ions (trivalent or bivalent) and iron ions in stable complex with cyanide ions (K(4)Fe(CN)(6) and K(3)Fe(CN)(6)) can induce dopamine (DA) oxidation with different profiles and subsequently lead to proteasome inhibition and even dopaminergic MN9D cell demise via different mechanisms. The free iron ions could mediate extensive DA oxidation in an iron-DA complex-dependent manner. However, iron ions in stable complex with cyanide ions could not induce, or could induce only brief, DA oxidation. Deferoxamine, a specific iron ion chelator, could disrupt iron-DA complex formation and thus abrogate free iron ion-catalyzed DA oxidation and subsequent cell toxicity. Glutathione could neither disrupt iron-DA complex formation nor influence free iron ion-catalyzed DA oxidation but could protect against iron-mediated toxicity via detoxification of toxic by-products of iron-mediated DA oxidation. The resulting DA oxidation could inhibit chymotrypsin-like, trypsin-like, and caspase-like proteasome activities. However, we demonstrated that oxidative damage was not the major toxic mechanism of MN9D cell degeneration, but it was the DA quinones derived from iron-induced DA oxidation that contributed significantly to proteasome inhibition and even dopaminergic cell demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Dong Zhou
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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20
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Du T, Li L, Song N, Xie J, Jiang H. Rosmarinic acid antagonized 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced neurotoxicity in MES23.5 dopaminergic cells. Int J Toxicol 2010; 29:625-33. [PMID: 20966113 DOI: 10.1177/1091581810383705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound found in various plant families. We previously reported that RA exerted protective effects against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neurotoxicity through antioxidative properties. In this study, we investigated whether RA could prevent effects of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced insult in MES23.5 dopamineric cells. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium treatment decreased cell viability and dopamine content, as well as caused apoptotic morphological changes. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, indicated by inhibition of activity associated with mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, suggested mitochondrial transmembrane potential collapse and generation of reactive oxygen species. Decreased Bcl-2/Bax ratio and caspase 3 activation were also observed. Rosmarinic acid pretreatment restored the complex I activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and partially reversed the other damaging effects of MPP(+). Our results indicate that RA plays a neuroprotective role by ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction against MPP(+)-induced cell apoptosis and suggest that RA has the potential to be considered an aid for prevention of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
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Li WJ, Jiang H, Song N, Xie JX. Dose- and time-dependent alpha-synuclein aggregation induced by ferric iron in SK-N-SH cells. Neurosci Bull 2010; 26:205-10. [PMID: 20502498 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-010-1117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intracellular formation of Lewy body (LB) is one of the hallmarks of Parkinson's disease. The main component of LB is aggregated alpha-synuclein, present in the substantia nigra where iron accumulation also occurs. The present study aimed to study the relationship between iron and alpha-synuclein aggregation. METHODS SK-N-SH cells were treated with different concentrations of ferric iron for 24 h or 48 h. MTT assay was conducted to determine the cell viability. Thioflavine S staining was used to detect alpha-synuclein aggregation. RESULTS With the increase of iron concentration, the cell viability decreased significantly. At the concentrations of 5 mmol/L and 10 mmol/L, iron induced alpha-synuclein aggregation more severely than at the concentration of 1 mmol/L. Besides, 48-h treatment-induced aggregation was more severe than that induced by 24-h treatment, at the corresponding iron concentrations. CONCLUSION Ferric iron can induce alpha-synuclein aggregation, which is toxic to the cells, in a dose- and time-dependent way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Li
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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He Q, Song N, Xu H, Wang R, Xie J, Jiang H. Alpha-synuclein aggregation is involved in the toxicity induced by ferric iron to SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 118:397-406. [PMID: 20690031 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Increased nigral iron levels and intracytoplasmic Lewy bodies (LBs) in the degenerating neurons are found in Parkinson's disease (PD). Whether LBs formation is involved in the toxicity of iron is largely unknown. In the present study, we observed that the toxicity of ferric iron was enhanced when SK-N-SH cells were overexpressed with wild-type alpha-synuclein. The mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψ(m)) and cell viability were decreased in these cells, while the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased, compared with that of control. More aggregated alpha-synuclein was observed in these cells. However, while silencing the expression of alpha-synuclein in SK-N-SH cells with siRNA, iron-induced toxicity could be partially alleviated, indicated by the returned Δψ(m) and cell viability and reduced ROS formation compared with that of control. No alpha-synuclein aggregation could be observed in these cells. The results suggest that alpha-synuclein aggregation was involved in the toxicity of iron to SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells. Targeting the aggregation of alpha-synuclein might provide a therapeutic strategy for PD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
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Ghrelin antagonized 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced apoptosis in MES23.5 cells. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 37:182-9. [PMID: 19052922 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-008-9162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) acting to stimulate growth hormone release. In the previous study, we have observed the neuroprotective effects of ghrelin on dopaminergic neurons in vivo in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine -treated Parkinson's disease mice. In order to illustrate the underlying mechanisms, in the present study, we conducted our experiment in vitro in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-treated MES23.5 cells that could express GHS-R1a. Ten- to 1,000-micromol/L MPP(+) treatment caused decreased cell viability, with increased lactate dehydrogenase leakage. A 200-micromol/L MPP(+) treatment was chosen to do the further experiments. MES23.5 cells treated with 200 micromol/L MPP(+) showed decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential, an elevated level of reactive oxidative species production and activation of caspase-3. Additionally, these cells also showed apoptotic morphological changes. Pretreatment with different doses of ghrelin (10(-12)-10(-7) mol/L) could abolish the MPP(+)-induced apoptotic changes in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that ghrelin could antagonize MPP(+)-induced apoptosis in MES23.5 cells. The protective effects of ghrelin involved the restoration of mitochondria function.
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Jiang H, Li LJ, Wang J, Xie JX. Ghrelin antagonizes MPTP-induced neurotoxicity to the dopaminergic neurons in mouse substantia nigra. Exp Neurol 2008; 212:532-7. [PMID: 18577498 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a stomach-derived hormone which induces growth hormone release and promotes positive energy balance, has been reported to inhibit cell apoptosis in endotheliocytes, osteoblasts and cardiocytes. Recent evidence has shown that ghrelin can also inhibit neuronal apoptosis of the hypothalamus and the hippocampus. However, little is known about the effects of ghrelin on the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) neurons in which ghrelin's receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR)-1a, is highly expressed. In the present study, we investigated whether ghrelin could protect nigral dopaminergic neurons against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity in mice. We observed that ghrelin, acting through GHS-R 1a, inhibited MPTP-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss in the SNpc as well as dopamine depletion in the striatum. Ghrelin could also reverse the down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2, up-regulated the expression of Bax, and caspase-3 activation caused by MPTP. This study demonstrated that ghrelin might be a potential protector of dopaminergic neurons in a therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- State Key Disciplines: Physiology (in incubation), Department of Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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25
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Zhang S, Wang J, Song N, Xie J, Jiang H. Up-regulation of divalent metal transporter 1 is involved in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced apoptosis in MES23.5 cells. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 30:1466-76. [PMID: 18191877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis has been identified as one of the important mechanisms involved in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). Our previous study showed increased iron levels in the substantia nigra as well as loss of dopaminergic neurons in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced PD mouse models. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) is commonly used to establish a cellular model of PD. Although intracellular iron plays a crucial role in MPP(+)-induced apoptosis, the molecular mechanism linking increased iron and MPP(+)-induced neurodegeneration is largely unknown. In the present study, we investigate the involvement of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) that accounts for the ferrous iron transport in MPP(+)-treated MES23.5 cells. In the treated cells, a significant influx of ferrous iron was observed. This resulted in a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Additionally, an elevated level of ROS production and activation of caspase-3 were also detected, as well as the subsequent cell apoptosis. These effects could be fully abolished by iron chelator desferal (DFO). Increased DMT1 (-IRE) expression but not DMT1 (+IRE) accounted for the increased iron influx. However, there were no changes for iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1), despite decreased expression of IRP2. Iron itself had no effect on IRP1 and IRP2 expression. Our data suggest that although DMT1 mRNA contains an iron responsive element, its expression is not totally controlled by this. MPP(+) could up-regulate the expression of DMT1 (-IRE) in an IRE/IRP-independent manner. Our findings also show that MPP(+)-induced apoptosis in MES23.5 cells involves DMT1-dependent iron influx and mitochondria dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, China
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26
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Ke Y, Qian ZM. Brain iron metabolism: neurobiology and neurochemistry. Prog Neurobiol 2007; 83:149-73. [PMID: 17870230 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
New findings obtained during the past years, especially the discovery of mutations in the genes associated with brain iron metabolism, have provided key insights into the homeostatic mechanisms of brain iron metabolism and the pathological mechanisms responsible for neurodegenerative diseases. The accumulated evidence demonstrates that misregulation in brain iron metabolism is one of the initial causes for neuronal death in some neurodegenerative disorders. The errors in brain iron metabolism found in these disorders have a multifactorial pathogenesis, including genetic and nongenetic factors. The disturbances of iron metabolism might occur at multiple levels, including iron uptake and release, storage, intracellular metabolism and regulation. It is the increased brain iron that triggers a cascade of deleterious events, leading to neuronal death in these diseases. In the article, the recent advances in studies on neurochemistry and neuropathophysiology of brain iron metabolism were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Ke
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong
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Jiang H, Song N, Wang J, Ren LY, Xie JX. Peripheral iron dextran induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in rat substantia nigra. Neurochem Int 2007; 51:32-6. [PMID: 17490790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron accumulation is considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. To demonstrate the relationship between peripheral iron overload and dopaminergic neuron loss in rat substantia nigra (SN), in the present study we used fast cyclic voltammetry, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry, Perls' iron staining, and high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection to study the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and increased iron content in the SN of iron dextran overloaded animals. The findings showed that peripheral iron dextran overload increased the iron staining positive cells and reduced the number of TH-immunoreactive neurons in the SN. As a result, dopamine release and content, as well as its metabolites contents were decreased in caudate putamen. Even more dramatic changes were found in chronic overload group. These results suggest that peripheral iron dextran can increase the iron level in the SN, where excessive iron causes the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. The chronic iron overload may be more destructive to dopaminergic neurons than the acute iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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Wang J, Jiang H, Xie JX. Time dependent effects of 6-OHDA lesions on iron level and neuronal loss in rat nigrostriatal system. Neurochem Res 2005; 29:2239-43. [PMID: 15672545 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-004-7031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The early changes in iron level and neuronal loss in rat nigrostriatal system were investigated using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) unilaterally lesioned rats. The results showed that: 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days of postlesion, there was a progressive reduction in the density of the tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH-ir) cells in the lesioned substantia nigra (SN). Iron level increased in the lesioned SN from 1-14 days following 6-OHDA lesions, but there were no differences in iron level among them. Only on 14 days of postlesion, did the DA release decrease in striatum (Str) of the lesioned side, while there were no changes in other groups. These results implied that the increased iron level in SN occured when there was a moderate reduction of DA neurons. However, the DA release in Str was unchanged until TH-ir cells were highly reduced due to the immense compensatory mechanism of the DA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, PR China
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