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Chen T. Unveiling the significance of inducible nitric oxide synthase: Its impact on cancer progression and clinical implications. Cancer Lett 2024; 592:216931. [PMID: 38701892 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The intricate role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cancer pathophysiology has garnered significant attention, highlighting the complex interplay between tumorigenesis, immune response, and cellular metabolism. As an enzyme responsible for producing nitric oxide (NO) in response to inflammatory stimuli. iNOS is implicated in various aspects of cancer development, including DNA damage, angiogenesis, and evasion of apoptosis. This review synthesizes the current findings from both preclinical and clinical studies on iNOS across different cancer types, reflecting the variability depending on cellular context and tumor microenvironment. We explore the molecular mechanisms by which iNOS modulates cancer cell growth, survival, and metastasis, emphasizing its impact on immune surveillance and response to treatment. Additionally, the potential of targeting iNOS as a therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment is examined. By integrating insights from recent advances, this review aims to elucidate the significant role of iNOS in cancer and pave the way for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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2
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Vidal-dos-Santos M, Anunciação LF, Armstrong-Jr R, Ricardo-da-Silva FY, Ramos IYT, Correia CJ, Moreira LFP, Leuvenink HGD, Breithaupt-Faloppa AC. 17β-estradiol and methylprednisolone association as a therapeutic option to modulate lung inflammation in brain-dead female rats. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1375943. [PMID: 38765005 PMCID: PMC11099279 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1375943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brain death (BD) is known to compromise graft quality by causing hemodynamic, metabolic, and hormonal changes. The abrupt reduction of female sex hormones after BD was associated with increased lung inflammation. The use of both corticoids and estradiol independently has presented positive results in modulating BD-induced inflammatory response. However, studies have shown that for females the presence of both estrogen and corticoids is necessary to ensure adequate immune response. In that sense, this study aims to investigate how the association of methylprednisolone (MP) and estradiol (E2) could modulate the lung inflammation triggered by BD in female rats. Methods Female Wistar rats (8 weeks) were divided into four groups: sham (animals submitted to the surgical process, without induction of BD), BD (animals submitted to BD), MP/E2 (animals submitted to BD that received MP and E2 treatment 3h after BD induction) and MP (animals submitted to BD that received MP treatment 3h after BD induction). Results Hemodynamics, systemic and local quantification of IL-6, IL-1β, VEGF, and TNF-α, leukocyte infiltration to the lung parenchyma and airways, and adhesion molecule expression were analyzed. After treatment, MP/E2 association was able to reinstate mean arterial pressure to levels close to Sham animals (p<0.05). BD increased leukocyte infiltration to the airways and MP/E2 was able to reduce the number of cells (p=0.0139). Also, the associated treatment modulated the vasculature by reducing the expression of VEGF (p=0.0616) and maintaining eNOS levels (p=0.004) in lung tissue. Discussion Data presented in this study show that the association between corticoids and estradiol could represent a better treatment strategy for lung inflammation in the female BD donor by presenting a positive effect in the hemodynamic management of the donor, as well as by reducing infiltrated leukocyte to the airways and release of inflammatory markers in the short and long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Vidal-dos-Santos
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulação (LIM-11), Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lucas F. Anunciação
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulação (LIM-11), Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Armstrong-Jr
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulação (LIM-11), Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Y. Ricardo-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulação (LIM-11), Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabella Yumi Taira Ramos
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulação (LIM-11), Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiano J. Correia
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulação (LIM-11), Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz F. P. Moreira
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulação (LIM-11), Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henri G. D. Leuvenink
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ana C. Breithaupt-Faloppa
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulação (LIM-11), Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a significant public health problem worldwide. It has long been noted that premenopausal women, compared to postmenopausal women and men, have lower rates for developing this disease, as well as subsequent morbidity and mortality. This difference has been attributed to estrogen playing a cardioprotective role in these women, though exactly how it does so remains unclear. In this review, we examine the presence of estrogen receptors within the cardiovascular system, as well as the role they play behind the cardioprotective effect attributed to estrogen. Furthermore, we highlight the underlying mechanisms behind their alleviation of HF, as well as possible treatment approaches, such as hormone replacement therapy and exercise regimens, to manipulate these mechanisms in treating and preventing HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyue Qian
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingjin Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Transformation, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
- Department of GeriatricsThe Second Clinical Medical CollegeThe First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen People's HospitalJinan UniversitySouthern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huadong Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Transformation, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
- Department of GeriatricsThe Second Clinical Medical CollegeThe First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen People's HospitalJinan UniversitySouthern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Delgado Spicuzza JM, Proctor DN, Thijssen DHJ, Somani YB. Menopausal stage differences in endothelial resistance to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15768. [PMID: 37734868 PMCID: PMC10513907 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In postmenopausal women, reduced ovarian function precedes endothelial dysfunction and attenuated endothelial resistance to ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. We hypothesized that IR injury would lower endothelial function, with premenopausal women demonstrating the greatest protection from injury, followed by early, then late postmenopausal women. METHODS Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was assessed at baseline and following IR injury in premenopausal (n = 11), early (n = 11; 4 ± 1.6 years since menopause), and late (n = 11; 15 ± 5.5 years since menopause) postmenopausal women. RESULTS There were significant group differences in baseline FMD (p = 0.007); post hoc analysis revealed a similar resting FMD between premenopausal (7.8% ± 2.1%) and early postmenopausal (7.1% ± 2.7%), but significantly lower FMD in late postmenopausal women (4.5% ± 2.3%). Results showed an overall decline in FMD after IR injury (p < 0.001), and a significant condition*time interaction (p = 0.048), with early postmenopausal women demonstrating the most significant decline in FMD following IR. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that endothelial resistance to IR injury is attenuated in healthy early postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn M. Delgado Spicuzza
- Integrative and Biomedical Physiology, Huck Life SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - David N. Proctor
- Integrative and Biomedical Physiology, Huck Life SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
- Kinesiology DepartmentThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Dick H. J. Thijssen
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise ScienceLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
- Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Department of PhysiologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Yasina B. Somani
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise ScienceLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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5
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The Breast Cancer Protooncogenes HER2, BRCA1 and BRCA2 and Their Regulation by the iNOS/NOS2 Axis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061195. [PMID: 35740092 PMCID: PMC9227079 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; NOS2) and derived NO in various cancers was reported to exert pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects depending on the levels of expression and the tumor types. In humans, the breast cancer level of iNOS was reported to be overexpressed, to exhibit pro-tumorigenic activities, and to be of prognostic significance. Likewise, the expression of the oncogenes HER2, BRCA1, and BRCA2 has been associated with malignancy. The interrelationship between the expression of these protooncogenes and oncogenes and the expression of iNOS is not clear. We have hypothesized that there exist cross-talk signaling pathways between the breast cancer protooncogenes, the iNOS axis, and iNOS-mediated NO mutations of these protooncogenes into oncogenes. We review the molecular regulation of the expression of the protooncogenes in breast cancer and their interrelationships with iNOS expression and activities. In addition, we discuss the roles of iNOS, HER2, BRCA1/2, and NO metabolism in the pathophysiology of cancer stem cells. Bioinformatic analyses have been performed and have found suggested molecular alterations responsible for breast cancer aggressiveness. These include the association of BRCA1/2 mutations and HER2 amplifications with the dysregulation of the NOS pathway. We propose that future studies should be undertaken to investigate the regulatory mechanisms underlying the expression of iNOS and various breast cancer oncogenes, with the aim of identifying new therapeutic targets for the treatment of breast cancers that are refractory to current treatments.
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Querio G, Antoniotti S, Geddo F, Tullio F, Penna C, Pagliaro P, Gallo MP. Ischemic heart disease and cardioprotection: Focus on estrogenic hormonal setting and microvascular health. Vascul Pharmacol 2021; 141:106921. [PMID: 34592428 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2021.106921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) is a clinical condition characterized by insufficient blood flow to the cardiac tissue, and the consequent inappropriate oxygen and nutrients supply and metabolic waste removal in the heart. In the last decade a broad scientific literature has underlined the distinct mechanism of onset and the peculiar progress of IHD between female and male patients, highlighting the estrogenic hormonal setting as a key factor of these sex-dependent divergences. In particular, estrogen-activated cardioprotective pathways exert a pivotal role for the microvascular health, and their impairment, both physiologically and pathologically driven, predispose to vascular dysfunctions. Aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the estrogen receptors localization and function in the cardiovascular system, particularly focusing on sex-dependent differences in microvascular vs macrovascular dysfunction and on the experimental models that allowed the researchers to reach the current findings and sketching the leading estrogen-mediated cardioprotective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Querio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Susanna Antoniotti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Geddo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Tullio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudia Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - Maria Pia Gallo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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7
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McCarty MF. Nutraceutical, Dietary, and Lifestyle Options for Prevention and Treatment of Ventricular Hypertrophy and Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073321. [PMID: 33805039 PMCID: PMC8037104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although well documented drug therapies are available for the management of ventricular hypertrophy (VH) and heart failure (HF), most patients nonetheless experience a downhill course, and further therapeutic measures are needed. Nutraceutical, dietary, and lifestyle measures may have particular merit in this regard, as they are currently available, relatively safe and inexpensive, and can lend themselves to primary prevention as well. A consideration of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the VH/HF syndrome suggests that measures which control oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, that support effective nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide bioactivity, that prevent a reduction in cardiomyocyte pH, and that boost the production of protective hormones, such as fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), while suppressing fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and marinobufagenin, may have utility for preventing and controlling this syndrome. Agents considered in this essay include phycocyanobilin, N-acetylcysteine, lipoic acid, ferulic acid, zinc, selenium, ubiquinol, astaxanthin, melatonin, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, berberine, citrulline, high-dose folate, cocoa flavanols, hawthorn extract, dietary nitrate, high-dose biotin, soy isoflavones, taurine, carnitine, magnesium orotate, EPA-rich fish oil, glycine, and copper. The potential advantages of whole-food plant-based diets, moderation in salt intake, avoidance of phosphate additives, and regular exercise training and sauna sessions are also discussed. There should be considerable scope for the development of functional foods and supplements which make it more convenient and affordable for patients to consume complementary combinations of the agents discussed here. Research Strategy: Key word searching of PubMed was employed to locate the research papers whose findings are cited in this essay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McCarty
- Catalytic Longevity Foundation, 811 B Nahant Ct., San Diego, CA 92109, USA
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8
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Teoh JP, Li X, Simoncini T, Zhu D, Fu X. Estrogen-Mediated Gaseous Signaling Molecules in Cardiovascular Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:773-784. [PMID: 32682630 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gender difference is well recognized as a key risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Estrogen, the primary female sex hormone, improves cardiovascular functions through receptor (ERα, ERβ, or G protein-coupled estrogen receptor)-initiated genomic or non-genomic mechanisms. Gaseous signaling molecules, including nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and carbon monoxide (CO), are important regulators of cardiovascular function. Recent studies have demonstrated that estrogen regulates the production of these signaling molecules in cardiovascular cells to exert its cardiovascular protective effects. We discuss current understanding of gaseous signaling molecules in cardiovascular disease (CVD), the underlying mechanisms through which estrogen exerts cardiovascular protective effects by regulating these molecules, and how these findings can be translated to improve the health of postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Peng Teoh
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511518, P.R. China; Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, P.R. China
| | - Xiaosa Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511518, P.R. China; Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, P.R. China
| | - Tommaso Simoncini
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Reproductive Medicine and Child Development, University of Pisa, Pisa 56100, Italy
| | - Dongxing Zhu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511518, P.R. China; Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaodong Fu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511518, P.R. China; Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, P.R. China.
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9
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Abstract
Purpose Oestrogen receptor β is believed to exert a cardioprotective effect against ischaemic injury. Nonetheless, the mechanism underlying its protective action remains to be fully elucidated. Recently, increased attention has been focused on Notch1 signalling for ameliorating cardiac ischaemic injury. Here, we hypothesised that oestrogen receptor β activation attenuates myocardial infarction (MI)-induced cardiac damage by modulating the Notch1 signalling pathway. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were used to establish an MI model through the ligation of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery. Two chemical drugs, 2,3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile (DPN) and N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-s-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT), a specific inhibitor of Notch1 signalling) were administered via intraperitoneal injection to change oestrogen receptor β and Notch1 activities. Immunohistochemistry, western blot analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) assessment and echocardiography were used in this study to analyse cardiac oxidative stress, apoptosis, infraction volume, fibrosis and cardiac function. Results DPN-mediated oestrogen receptor β activation effectively protected cardiomyocytes from MI-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis. Furthermore, oestrogen receptor β activation reduced the infarct size and lowered the levels of myocardial enzymes in the serum, thereby leading to greater overall cardiac function improvement. Ischaemic injury–induced myocardial fibrosis was attenuated by oestrogen receptor β activation. Nevertheless, all of these cardioprotective effects of oestrogen receptor β activation were almost abrogated by DAPT administration, i.e. DAPT attenuated the anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects and the decrease in infarct and fibrotic areas and reversed cardiac functional recovery. The levels of phospho-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and phospho-protein kinase B (Akt) were increased after DPN administration, and this change was reversed after DAPT was administered. Conclusions All of these new findings indicate that oestrogen receptor β activation is effective in ameliorating MI-induced cardiac dysfunction by enhancing Notch1 signalling and that PI3K/Akt signalling is the downstream mediator. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10557-020-06949-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Aryan L, Younessi D, Zargari M, Banerjee S, Agopian J, Rahman S, Borna R, Ruffenach G, Umar S, Eghbali M. The Role of Estrogen Receptors in Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124314. [PMID: 32560398 PMCID: PMC7352426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. More than 17 million people die worldwide from CVD per year. There is considerable evidence suggesting that estrogen modulates cardiovascular physiology and function in both health and disease, and that it could potentially serve as a cardioprotective agent. The effects of estrogen on cardiovascular function are mediated by nuclear and membrane estrogen receptors (ERs), including estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), and G-protein-coupled ER (GPR30 or GPER). Receptor binding in turn confers pleiotropic effects through both genomic and non-genomic signaling to maintain cardiovascular homeostasis. Each ER has been implicated in multiple pre-clinical cardiovascular disease models. This review will discuss current reports on the underlying molecular mechanisms of the ERs in regulating vascular pathology, with a special emphasis on hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, and atherosclerosis, as well as in regulating cardiac pathology, with a particular emphasis on ischemia/reperfusion injury, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
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11
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Li M, Parker BL, Pearson E, Hunter B, Cao J, Koay YC, Guneratne O, James DE, Yang J, Lal S, O'Sullivan JF. Core functional nodes and sex-specific pathways in human ischaemic and dilated cardiomyopathy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2843. [PMID: 32487995 PMCID: PMC7266817 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor access to human left ventricular myocardium is a significant limitation in the study of heart failure (HF). Here, we utilise a carefully procured large human heart biobank of cryopreserved left ventricular myocardium to obtain direct molecular insights into ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), the most common causes of HF worldwide. We perform unbiased, deep proteomic and metabolomic analyses of 51 left ventricular (LV) samples from 44 cryopreserved human ICM and DCM hearts, compared to age-, gender-, and BMI-matched, histopathologically normal, donor controls. We report a dramatic reduction in serum amyloid A1 protein in ICM hearts, perturbed thyroid hormone signalling pathways and significant reductions in oxidoreductase co-factor riboflavin-5-monophosphate and glycolytic intermediate fructose-6-phosphate in both; unveil gender-specific changes in HF, including nitric oxide-related arginine metabolism, mitochondrial substrates, and X chromosome-linked protein and metabolite changes; and provide an interactive online application as a publicly-available resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengbo Li
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Precision Cardiovascular Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Parker
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Evangeline Pearson
- Precision Cardiovascular Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin Hunter
- Precision Cardiovascular Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacob Cao
- Precision Cardiovascular Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yen Chin Koay
- Precision Cardiovascular Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Oneka Guneratne
- Precision Cardiovascular Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David E James
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jean Yang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean Lal
- Precision Cardiovascular Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - John F O'Sullivan
- Precision Cardiovascular Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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Iorga A, Umar S, Ruffenach G, Aryan L, Li J, Sharma S, Motayagheni N, Nadadur RD, Bopassa JC, Eghbali M. Estrogen rescues heart failure through estrogen receptor Beta activation. Biol Sex Differ 2018; 9:48. [PMID: 30376877 PMCID: PMC6208048 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-018-0206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, we showed that exogenous treatment with estrogen (E2) rescues pre-existing advanced heart failure (HF) in mice. Since most of the biological actions of E2 are mediated through the classical estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and/or beta (ERβ), and both these receptors are present in the heart, we examined the role of ERα and ERβ in the rescue action of E2 against HF. Methods Severe HF was induced in male mice by transverse aortic constriction-induced pressure overload. Once the ejection fraction (EF) reached ~ 35%, mice were treated with selective agonists for ERα (PPT, 850 μg/kg/day), ERβ (DPN, 850 μg/kg/day), or E2 (30 μg/kg/day) together with an ERβ-antagonist (PHTPP, 850 μg/kg/day) for 10 days. Results EF of HF mice was significantly improved to 45.3 ± 2.1% with diarylpropionitrile (DPN) treatment, but not with PPT (31.1 ± 2.3%). E2 failed to rescue HF in the presence of PHTPP, as there was no significant improvement in the EF at the end of the 10-day treatment (32.5 ± 5.2%). The improvement of heart function in HF mice treated with ERβ agonist DPN was also associated with reduced cardiac fibrosis and increased cardiac angiogenesis, while the ERα agonist PPT had no significant effect on either cardiac fibrosis or angiogenesis. Furthermore, DPN improved hemodynamic parameters in HF mice, whereas PPT had no significant effect. Conclusions E2 treatment rescues pre-existing severe HF mainly through ERβ. Rescue of HF by ERβ activation is also associated with stimulation of cardiac angiogenesis, suppression of fibrosis, and restoration of hemodynamic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Iorga
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Present address: Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology/Liver, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Soban Umar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Gregoire Ruffenach
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Laila Aryan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jingyuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Salil Sharma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Negar Motayagheni
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Present Address: Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Rangarajan D Nadadur
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jean C Bopassa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Present address: Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Mansoureh Eghbali
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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13
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Zafirovic S, Sudar-Milovanovic E, Obradovic M, Djordjevic J, Jasnic N, Borovic ML, Isenovic ER. Involvement of PI3K, Akt and RhoA in Oestradiol Regulation of Cardiac iNOS Expression. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2018; 17:307-318. [PMID: 29437011 DOI: 10.2174/1570161116666180212142414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oestradiol is an important regulatory factor with several positive effects on the cardiovascular (CV) system. We evaluated the molecular mechanism of the in vivo effects of oestradiol on the regulation of cardiac inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) expression and activity. METHODS Male Wistar rats were treated with oestradiol (40 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and after 24 h the animals were sacrificed. The concentrations of NO and L-Arginine (L-Arg) were determined spectrophotometrically. For protein expressions of iNOS, p65 subunit of nuclear factor-κB (NFκB-p65), Ras homolog gene family-member A (RhoA), angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), p85, p110 and protein kinase B (Akt), Western blot method was used. Coimmunoprecipitation was used for measuring the association of IRS-1 with the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol- 3-kinase (PI3K). The expression of iNOS messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was measured with the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Immunohistochemical analysis of the tissue was used to detect localization and expression of iNOS in heart tissue. RESULTS Oestradiol treatment reduced L-Arg concentration (p<0.01), iNOS mRNA (p<0.01) and protein (p<0.001) expression, level of RhoA (p<0.05) and AT1R (p<0.001) protein. In contrast, plasma NO (p<0.05), Akt phosphorylation at Thr308 (p<0.05) and protein level of p85 (p<0.001) increased after oestradiol treatment. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that oestradiol in vivo regulates cardiac iNOS expression via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, through attenuation of RhoA and AT1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Zafirovic
- Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinca", Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Emina Sudar-Milovanovic
- Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinca", Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Obradovic
- Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinca", Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Djordjevic
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Jasnic
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Labudovic Borovic
- Institute of Histology and Embryology "Aleksandar D. Kostic", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Esma R Isenovic
- Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinca", Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Stomatology, Pancevo, University Business Academy, Novi Sad, Serbia
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14
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van Ewijk H, Bralten J, van Duin ED, Hakobjan M, Buitelaar JK, Heslenfeld DJ, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman C, Hoogman M, Oosterlaan J, Franke B. Female-specific association of NOS1 genotype with white matter microstructure in ADHD patients and controls. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:958-966. [PMID: 28589541 PMCID: PMC5513773 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS1) exon 1f (ex1f) VNTR is a known genetic risk factor for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), particularly in females. NOS1 plays an important role in neurite outgrowth and may thus influence brain development, specifically white matter (WM) microstructure, which is known to be altered in ADHD. The current study aimed to investigate whether NOS1 is associated with WM microstructure in (female) individuals with and without ADHD. METHODS Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) scans were collected from 187 participants with ADHD (33% female) and 103 controls (50% female), aged 8-26 years, and NOS1-ex1f VNTR genotype was determined. Whole-brain analyses were conducted for fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) to examine associations between NOS1 and WM microstructure, including possible interactions with gender and diagnosis. RESULTS Consistent with previous literature, NOS1-ex1f was associated with total ADHD and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms, but not inattention; this effect was independent of gender. NOS1-ex1f was also associated with MD values in several major WM tracts in females, but not males. In females, homozygosity for the short allele was linked to higher MD values than carriership of the long allele. MD values in these regions did not correlate with ADHD symptoms. Results were similar for participants with and without ADHD. CONCLUSIONS NOS1-ex1f VNTR is associated with WM microstructure in females in a large sample of participants with ADHD and healthy controls. Whether this association is part of a neurodevelopmental pathway from NOS1 to ADHD symptoms should be further investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke van Ewijk
- Section Clinical Neuropsychology, Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janita Bralten
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther D.A. van Duin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Hakobjan
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. Heslenfeld
- Section Clinical Neuropsychology, Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Section Clinical Neuropsychology, Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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Menazza S, Sun J, Appachi S, Chambliss KL, Kim SH, Aponte A, Khan S, Katzenellenbogen JA, Katzenellenbogen BS, Shaul PW, Murphy E. Non-nuclear estrogen receptor alpha activation in endothelium reduces cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 107:41-51. [PMID: 28457941 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormone receptors including estrogen receptors (ER) classically function as ligand-regulated transcription factors. However, estrogens also elicit cellular effects through binding to extra-nuclear ER (ERα, ERβ, and G protein-coupled ER or GPER) that are coupled to kinases. How extra-nuclear ER actions impact cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is unknown. We treated ovariectomized wild-type female mice with estradiol or an estrogen-dendrimer conjugate (EDC), which selectively activates extra-nuclear ER, or vehicle interventions for two weeks. I/R injury was then evaluated in isolated Langendorff perfused hearts. Two weeks of treatment with estradiol significantly decreased infarct size and improved post-ischemic contractile function. Similarly, EDC treatment significantly decreased infarct size and increased post-ischemic functional recovery compared to vehicle-treated hearts. EDC also caused an increase in myocardial protein S-nitrosylation, consistent with previous studies showing a role for this post-translational modification in cardioprotection. In further support of a role for S-nitrosylation, inhibition of nitric oxide synthase, but not soluble guanylyl cyclase blocked the EDC mediated protection. The administration of ICI182,780, which is an agonist of G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) and an antagonist of ERα and ERβ, did not result in protection; however, ICI182,780 significantly blocked EDC-mediated cardioprotection, indicating participation of ERα and/or ERβ. In studies determining the specific ER subtype and cellular target involved, EDC decreased infarct size and improved functional recovery in mice lacking ERα in cardiomyocytes. In contrast, protection was lost in mice deficient in endothelial cell ERα. Thus, extra-nuclear ERα activation in endothelium reduces cardiac I/R injury in mice, and this likely entails increased protein S-nitrosylation. Since EDC does not stimulate uterine growth, in the clinical setting EDC-like compounds may provide myocardial protection without undesired uterotrophic and cancer-promoting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Menazza
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Junhui Sun
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Swathi Appachi
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ken L Chambliss
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, United States
| | - Angel Aponte
- Proteomics Core, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sohaib Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | | | | | - Philip W Shaul
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth Murphy
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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16
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Zaitseva M, Yue DS, Katzenellenbogen JA, Rogers PAW, Gargett CE. Estrogen Receptor-α Agonists Promote Angiogenesis in Human Myometrial Microvascular Endothelial Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:529-35. [PMID: 15582497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsgi.2004.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relative role of the two estrogen receptors, ERalpha and ERbeta, in mediating angiogenic responses in adult human endothelium is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether novel ERalpha-selective agonists, propyl pyrazole triol (PPT) and the tetrahydrochrysene (R,R-THC), up-regulate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), and promote VEGF-stimulated endothelial cell proliferation in primary cultures of adult female microvascular endothelial cells co-expressing endogenous ERalpha and ERbeta. METHODS Confluent primary cultures of microvascular endothelial cells isolated from human myometrium were incubated with 17beta-estradiol (1 and 10 nM), PPT (10 nM to 3 microM), or R,R-THC (10 nM to 3 microM) for 18 hours and VEGFR-2 expression measured by biotin-VEGF165 binding and flow cytometry. Endothelial cell proliferation was assessed in microvascular endothelial cells after incubation with 17beta-estradiol (10 nM), PPT (100 nM), and R,R-THC (100 nM) for 6 days using a tetrazolium-based bioassay. RESULTS Both PPT and R,R-THC increased VEGFR-2 expression on myometrial microvascular endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner, reaching a maximum at 1 microM. Approximately 40% of myometrial microvascular endothelial cell isolates only express ERbeta and do not express ERalpha, and in these neither PPT, R,R-THC, nor 17beta-estradiol increased VEGF binding. PPT- or R,R-THC-stimulated increase in VEGF binding was significantly different between ERalpha+ and ERalpha- microvascular endothelial cell samples (P < .001 and P < .05, respectively). PPT, R,R-THC, and 17beta-estradiol significantly augmented VEGF-stimulated microvascular endothelial cell proliferation in ERalpha+ (P < .05), but not in ERalpha- samples. CONCLUSIONS This angiogenic effect of 17beta-estradiol on adult female microvascular endothelial cells is mediated by ERalpha, rather than ERbeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Zaitseva
- Centre for Women's Health Research, Monash University Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Pinceti E, Shults CL, Rao YS, Pak TR. Differential Effects of E2 on MAPK Activity in the Brain and Heart of Aged Female Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160276. [PMID: 27487271 PMCID: PMC4972350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging and the coincident loss of circulating estrogens at menopause lead to increased risks for neurological and cardiovascular pathologies. Clinical studies show that estrogen therapy (ET) can be beneficial in mitigating these negative effects, in both the brain and heart, when it is initiated shortly after the perimenopausal transition. However, this same therapy is detrimental when initiated >10 years postmenopause. Importantly, the molecular mechanisms underlying this age-related switch in ET efficacy are unknown. Estrogen receptors (ERs) mediate the neuroprotective and cardioprotective functions of estrogens by modulating gene transcription or, non-genomically, by activating second messenger signaling pathways, such as mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK). These kinases are critical regulators of cell signaling pathways and have widespread downstream effects. Our hypothesis is that age and estrogen deprivation following menopause alters the expression and activation of the MAPK family members p38 and ERK in the brain and heart. To test this hypothesis, we used a surgically induced model of menopause in 18 month old rats through bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) followed by an acute dose of 17β-estradiol (E2) administered at varying time points post-OVX (1 week, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks). Age and E2 treatment differentially regulated kinase activity in both the brain and heart, and the effects were also brain region specific. MAPK signaling plays an integral role in aging, and the aberrant regulation of those signaling pathways might be involved in age-related disorders. Clinical studies show benefits of ET during early menopause but detrimental effects later, which might be reflective of changes in kinase expression and activation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pinceti
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Health Science Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Cody L. Shults
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Health Science Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yathindar S. Rao
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Health Science Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Toni R. Pak
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Health Science Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Shao Q, Fallica J, Casin KM, Murphy E, Steenbergen C, Kohr MJ. Characterization of the sex-dependent myocardial S-nitrosothiol proteome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H505-15. [PMID: 26702143 PMCID: PMC4796614 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00681.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Premenopausal women exhibit endogenous cardioprotective signaling mechanisms that are thought to result from the beneficial effects of estrogen, which we have shown to increase protein S-nitrosylation in the heart. S-nitrosylation is a labile protein modification that increases with a number of different forms of cardioprotection, including ischemic preconditioning. Herein, we sought to identify a potential role for protein S-nitrosylation in sex-dependent cardioprotection. We utilized a Langendorff-perfused mouse heart model of ischemia-reperfusion injury with male and female hearts, and S-nitrosylation-resin-assisted capture with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to identify S-nitrosylated proteins and modification sites. Consistent with previous studies, female hearts exhibited resilience to injury with a significant increase in functional recovery compared with male hearts. In a separate set of hearts, we identified a total of 177 S-nitrosylated proteins in female hearts at baseline compared with 109 S-nitrosylated proteins in male hearts. Unique S-nitrosylated proteins in the female group included the F1FO-ATPase and cyclophilin D. We also utilized label-free peptide analysis to quantify levels of common S-nitrosylated identifications and noted that the S-nitrosylation of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase 2a was nearly 70% lower in male hearts compared with female, with no difference in expression. Furthermore, we found a significant increase in endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression, phosphorylation, and total nitric oxide production in female hearts compared with males, likely accounting for the enhanced S-nitrosylation protein levels in female hearts. In conclusion, we identified a number of novel S-nitrosylated proteins in female hearts that are likely to contribute to sex-dependent cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shao
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jonathan Fallica
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Kevin M Casin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Elizabeth Murphy
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Charles Steenbergen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark J Kohr
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and
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19
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Salla RF, Gamero FU, Rissoli RZ, Dal-Medico SE, Castanho LM, Carvalho CDS, Silva-Zacarin ECM, Kalinin AL, Abdalla FC, Costa MJ. Impact of an environmental relevant concentration of 17α-ethinylestradiol on the cardiac function of bullfrog tadpoles. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1862-1868. [PMID: 26539711 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated if a concentration of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2 - 10 ng L(-1) for 96 h) normally found in Brazilian surface waters exerts any impact on cardiac function of bullfrog tadpoles (25 Gosner stage), Lithobates catesbeianus. During exposure, the animals' activity level (AL -% of active individuals) was monitored twice a day. Then, the in loco heart rate (f(H) - bpm) was determined, as well as the relative ventricular mass (RVM - % of body mass). Afterwards, cardiac ventricles were mounted for isometric force recordings (CS - mN mm(-2)), and determination of the cardiac pumping capacity (CPC - mN mm(-2) min(-1)). EE2 did not affect tadpoles' AL, although it resulted in a tachycardia in animals exposed to EE2 (f(H) = 66 bpm) when compared to controls (f(H) = 52 bpm), suggesting that EE2 acts directly on the cardiac muscle of tadpoles, rather than being a result of an increased cardiac demand due to a higher activity level (i.e., avoidance response). Additionally, EE2 exerted a positive inotropic response, which resulted in a higher CPC, which occurred independently of an increase in the number of myofibrils of EE2-exposed animals, since RVM remained similar between experimental groups. Thus, the increase on cardiac demand induced by the exposure to EE2 elevates considerably the animal energy expenditure, diverting a large amount of energy that tadpoles could use for their growth and development. These alterations can make amphibians more susceptible to predators and reduce the likelihood to reach reproductive stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel F Salla
- Laboratory of Conservation Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos (SP-264), Km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando U Gamero
- Laboratory of Conservation Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos (SP-264), Km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Z Rissoli
- Laboratory of Conservation Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos (SP-264), Km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel E Dal-Medico
- Laboratory of Conservation Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos (SP-264), Km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Mendes Castanho
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, Rua Joubert Wey, 290, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleoni dos Santos Carvalho
- Laboratory of Conservation Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos (SP-264), Km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine C M Silva-Zacarin
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos (SP-264), Km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana L Kalinin
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís (SP-310), km 235, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio C Abdalla
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos (SP-264), Km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica J Costa
- Laboratory of Conservation Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos (SP-264), Km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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20
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Muka T, Vargas KG, Jaspers L, Wen KX, Dhana K, Vitezova A, Nano J, Brahimaj A, Colpani V, Bano A, Kraja B, Zaciragic A, Bramer WM, van Dijk GM, Kavousi M, Franco OH. Estrogen receptor β actions in the female cardiovascular system: A systematic review of animal and human studies. Maturitas 2016; 86:28-43. [PMID: 26921926 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Five medical databases were searched for studies that assessed the role of ERβ in the female cardiovascular system and the influence of age and menopause on ERβ functioning. Of 9472 references, 88 studies met our inclusion criteria (71 animal model experimental studies, 15 human model experimental studies and 2 population based studies). ERβ signaling was shown to possess vasodilator and antiangiogenic properties by regulating the activity of nitric oxide, altering membrane ionic permeability in vascular smooth muscle cells, inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation and by regulating adrenergic control of the arteries. Also, a possible protective effect of ERβ signaling against left ventricular hypertrophy and ischemia/reperfusion injury via genomic and non-genomic pathways was suggested in 27 studies. Moreover, 5 studies reported that the vascular effects of ERβ may be vessel specific and may differ by age and menopause status. ERβ seems to possess multiple functions in the female cardiovascular system. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether isoform-selective ERβ-ligands might contribute to cardiovascular disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taulant Muka
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Kris G Vargas
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Loes Jaspers
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ke-xin Wen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klodian Dhana
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Vitezova
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Nano
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adela Brahimaj
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Veronica Colpani
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjola Bano
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bledar Kraja
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine, Tirana, Albania; University Clinic of Gastrohepatology, University Hospital Center Mother Teresa, Tirana, Albania
| | - Asija Zaciragic
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gaby M van Dijk
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Menazza S, Murphy E. The Expanding Complexity of Estrogen Receptor Signaling in the Cardiovascular System. Circ Res 2016; 118:994-1007. [PMID: 26838792 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.305376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen has important effects on cardiovascular function including regulation of vascular function, blood pressure, endothelial relaxation, and the development of hypertrophy and cardioprotection. However, the mechanisms by which estrogen mediates these effects are still poorly understood. As detailed in this review, estrogen can regulate transcription by binding to 2 nuclear receptors, ERα and ERβ, which differentially regulate gene transcription. ERα and ERβ regulation of gene transcription is further modulated by tissue-specific coactivators and corepressors. Estrogen can bind to ERα and ERβ localized at the plasma membrane as well as G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor to initiate membrane delimited signaling, which enhances kinase signaling pathways that can have acute and long-term effects. The kinase signaling pathways can also mediate transcriptional changes and can synergize with the ER to regulate cell function. This review will summarize the beneficial effects of estrogen in protecting the cardiovascular system through ER-dependent mechanisms with an emphasis on the role of the recently described ER membrane signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Menazza
- From the Systems Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Elizabeth Murphy
- From the Systems Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Tian H, Gao Z, Wang G, Li H, Zheng J. Estrogen potentiates reactive oxygen species (ROS) tolerance to initiate carcinogenesis and promote cancer malignant transformation. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:141-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Tada Y, Makino H, Furukawa H, Shimada K, Wada K, Liang EI, Murakami S, Kudo M, Kung DK, Hasan DM, Kitazato KT, Nagahiro S, Lawton MT, Hashimoto T. Roles of estrogen in the formation of intracranial aneurysms in ovariectomized female mice. Neurosurgery 2014; 75:690-5; discussion 695. [PMID: 25181430 PMCID: PMC4399640 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have indicated that postmenopausal women have a higher incidence of intracranial aneurysms than men in the same age group. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether estrogen or estrogen receptors (ERs) mediate protective effects against the formation of intracranial aneurysms. METHODS Intracranial aneurysms were induced in mice by combining a single injection of elastase into the cerebrospinal fluid with deoxycorticosterone acetate salt hypertension. The mice were treated with estrogen (17β-estradiol), an ERα agonist (propyl pyrazole triol), and an ERβ agonist (diarylpropionitrile) with and without a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. RESULTS The ovariectomized female mice had a significantly higher incidence of aneurysms than the male mice, which was consistent with findings in previous epidemiological studies. In ovariectomized female mice, an ERβ agonist, but not an ERα agonist or 17β-estradiol, significantly reduced the incidence of aneurysms. The protective effect of the ERβ agonist was absent in the ovariectomized ERβ knockout mice. The protective effect of the ERβ agonist was negated by treatment with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. CONCLUSION The effects of sex, menopause, and estrogen treatment observed in this animal study were consistent with previous epidemiological findings. Stimulation of estrogen receptor-β was protective against the formation of intracranial aneurysms in ovariectomized female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiteru Tada
- ‡Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, §Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California; ¶Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa; ‖Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima City, Japan
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Jackson CL, Lucas JS, Walker WT, Owen H, Premadeva I, Lackie PM. Neuronal NOS localises to human airway cilia. Nitric Oxide 2014; 44:3-7. [PMID: 25460324 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway NO synthase (NOS) isoenzymes are responsible for rapid and localised nitric oxide (NO) production and are expressed in airway epithelium. We sought to determine the localisation of neuronal NOS (nNOS) in airway epithelium due to the paucity of evidence. METHODS AND RESULTS Sections of healthy human bronchial tissue in glycol methacrylate resin and human nasal polyps in paraffin wax were immunohistochemically labelled and reproducibly demonstrated nNOS immunoreactivity, particularly at the proximal portion of cilia; this immunoreactivity was blocked by a specific nNOS peptide fragment. Healthy human epithelial cells differentiated at an air-liquid interface (ALI) confirmed the presence of all three NOS isoenzymes by immunofluorescence labelling. Only nNOS immunoreactivity was specific to the ciliary axonemeand co-localised with the cilia marker β-tubulin in the proximal part of the ciliary axoneme. CONCLUSIONS We report a novel localisation of nNOS at the proximal portion of cilia in airway epithelium and conclude that its independent and local regulation of NO levels is crucial for normal cilia function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Jackson
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
| | - Jane S Lucas
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Woolf T Walker
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Holly Owen
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Irnthu Premadeva
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Peter M Lackie
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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Harman SM. Menopausal hormone treatment cardiovascular disease: another look at an unresolved conundrum. Fertil Steril 2014; 101:887-97. [PMID: 24680648 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of death in women. Before the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) hormone trials, evidence favored the concept that menopausal hormone treatment (MHT) protects against CVD. WHI studies failed to demonstrate CVD benefit, with worse net outcomes for MHT versus placebo in the population studied. We review evidence regarding the relationship between MHT and CVD with consideration of mechanisms and risk factors for atherogenesis and cardiac events, results of observational case-control and cohort studies, and outcomes of randomized trials. Estrogen effects on CVD risk factors favor delay or amelioration of atherosclerotic plaque development but may increase risk of acute events when at-risk plaque is present. Long-term observational studies have shown ∼40% reductions in risk of myocardial infarction and all-cause mortality. Analyses of data from randomized control trials other than the WHI show a ∼30% cardioprotective effect in recently menopausal women. Review of the literature as well as WHI data suggests that younger and/or more recently menopausal women may have a better risk-benefit ratio than older or remotely menopausal women and that CVD protection may only occur after >5 years; WHI women averaged 63 years of age (12 years postmenopausal) and few were studied for >6 years. Thus, a beneficial effect of long-term MHT on CVD and mortality is still an open question and is likely to remain controversial for the foreseeable future.
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Tada Y, Wada K, Shimada K, Makino H, Liang EI, Murakami S, Kudo M, Shikata F, Pena Silva RA, Kitazato KT, Hasan DM, Kanematsu Y, Nagahiro S, Hashimoto T. Estrogen protects against intracranial aneurysm rupture in ovariectomized mice. Hypertension 2014; 63:1339-44. [PMID: 24732889 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Clinical observations suggest that postmenopausal women have a higher incidence of aneurysmal rupture than premenopausal women. We hypothesize that a relative deficiency in estrogen may increase the risks of aneurysmal growth and subarachnoid hemorrhage in postmenopausal women. We assessed the effects of estrogen and selective estrogen receptor subtype agonists on the development of aneurysmal rupture in ovariectomized female mice. We used an intracranial aneurysm mouse model that recapitulates the key features of human intracranial aneurysms, including spontaneous rupture. Ten- to 12-week-old ovariectomized female mice received treatment with estrogen, nonselective estrogen receptor antagonist, estrogen receptor-α agonist, or estrogen receptor-β agonist starting 6 days after aneurysm induction so that the treatments affected the development of aneurysmal rupture without affecting aneurysmal formation. Estrogen significantly reduced the incidence of ruptured aneurysms and rupture rates in ovariectomized mice. Nonselective estrogen receptor antagonist abolished the protective effect of estrogen. Although estrogen receptor-α agonist did not affect the incidence of ruptured aneurysms or rupture rates, estrogen receptor-β agonist prevented aneurysmal rupture without affecting the formation of aneurysms. The protective role of estrogen receptor-β agonist was abolished by the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase. We showed that estrogen prevented aneurysmal rupture in ovariectomized female mice. The protective effect of estrogen seemed to occur through the activation of estrogen receptor-β, a predominant subtype of estrogen receptor in human intracranial aneurysms and cerebral arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiteru Tada
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave, No 3C-38, San Francisco, CA 94110.
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Korzick DH, Lancaster TS. Age-related differences in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury: effects of estrogen deficiency. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:669-85. [PMID: 23525672 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite conflicting evidence for the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy in cardioprotection of postmenopausal women, numerous studies have demonstrated reductions in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury following chronic or acute exogenous estradiol (E2) administration in adult male and female, gonad-intact and gonadectomized animals. It has become clear that ovariectomized adult animals may not accurately represent the combined effects of age and E2 deficiency on reductions in ischemic tolerance seen in the postmenopausal female. E2 is known to regulate the transcription of several cardioprotective genes. Acute, non-genomic E2 signaling can also activate many of the same signaling pathways recruited in cardioprotection. Alterations in cardioprotective gene expression or cardioprotective signal transduction are therefore likely to result within the context of aging and E2 deficiency and may help explain the reduced ischemic tolerance and loss of cardioprotection in the senescent female heart. Quantification of the mitochondrial proteome as it adapts to advancing age and E2 deficiency may also represent a key experimental approach to uncover proteins associated with disruptions in cardiac signaling contributing to age-associated declines in ischemic tolerance. These alterations have important ramifications for understanding the increased morbidity and mortality due to ischemic cardiovascular disease seen in postmenopausal females. Functional perturbations that occur in mitochondrial respiration and Ca(2+) sensitivity with age-associated E2 deficiency may also allow for the identification of alternative therapeutic targets for reducing I/R injury and treatment of the leading cause of death in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna H Korzick
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Maron BA, Tang SS, Loscalzo J. S-nitrosothiols and the S-nitrosoproteome of the cardiovascular system. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:270-87. [PMID: 22770551 PMCID: PMC3518544 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Since their discovery in the early 1990's, S-nitrosylated proteins have been increasingly recognized as important determinants of many biochemical processes. Specifically, S-nitrosothiols in the cardiovascular system exert many actions, including promoting vasodilation, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and regulating Ca(2+) channel function that influences myocyte contractility and electrophysiologic stability. RECENT ADVANCES Contemporary developments in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods, the development of biotin- and His-tag switch assays, and the availability of cyanide dye-labeling for S-nitrosothiol detection in vitro have increased significantly the identification of a number of cardiovascular protein targets of S-nitrosylation in vivo. CRITICAL ISSUES Recent analyses using modern S-nitrosothiol detection techniques have revealed the mechanistic significance of S-nitrosylation to the pathophysiology of numerous cardiovascular diseases, including essential hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and congestive heart failure, among others. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Despite enhanced insight into S-nitrosothiol biochemistry, translating these advances into beneficial pharmacotherapies for patients with cardiovascular diseases remains a primary as-yet unmet goal for investigators within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Maron
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Bernelot Moens SJ, Schnitzler GR, Nickerson M, Guo H, Ueda K, Lu Q, Aronovitz MJ, Nickerson H, Baur WE, Hansen U, Iyer LK, Karas RH. Rapid estrogen receptor signaling is essential for the protective effects of estrogen against vascular injury. Circulation 2012; 126:1993-2004. [PMID: 22997253 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.124529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trial and epidemiological data support that the cardiovascular effects of estrogen are complex, including a mixture of both potentially beneficial and harmful effects. In animal models, estrogen protects females from vascular injury and inhibits atherosclerosis. These effects are mediated by estrogen receptors (ERs), which, when bound to estrogen, can bind to DNA to directly regulate transcription. ERs can also activate several cellular kinases by inducing a rapid nonnuclear signaling cascade. However, the biological significance of this rapid signaling pathway has been unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS In the present study, we develop a novel transgenic mouse in which rapid signaling is blocked by overexpression of a peptide that prevents ERs from interacting with the scaffold protein striatin (the disrupting peptide mouse). Microarray analysis of ex vivo treated mouse aortas demonstrates that rapid ER signaling plays an important role in estrogen-mediated gene regulatory responses. Disruption of ER-striatin interactions also eliminates the ability of estrogen to stimulate cultured endothelial cell migration and to inhibit cultured vascular smooth muscle cell growth. The importance of these findings is underscored by in vivo experiments demonstrating loss of estrogen-mediated protection against vascular injury in the disrupting peptide mouse after carotid artery wire injury. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results support the concept that rapid, nonnuclear ER signaling contributes to the transcriptional regulatory functions of ER and is essential for many of the vasoprotective effects of estrogen. These findings also identify the rapid ER signaling pathway as a potential target for the development of novel therapeutic agents.
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Sandra N, Ester P, Marie-Agnès P, Robert M, Olivier H. The DHEA metabolite 7β-hydroxy-epiandrosterone exerts anti-estrogenic effects on breast cancer cell lines. Steroids 2012; 77:542-51. [PMID: 22342541 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
7β-Hydroxy-epiandrosterone (7β-OH-EpiA), an endogenous androgenic derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone, has previously been shown to exert anti-inflammatory action in vitro and in vivo via a shift from prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-PGJ2 production. This modulation in prostaglandin production was obtained with low concentrations of 7β-OH-EpiA (1-100nM) and suggested that it might act through a specific receptor. Inflammation and prostaglandin synthesis is important in the development and survival of estrogen-dependent mammary cancers. Estrogen induced PGE2 production and cell proliferation via its binding to estrogen receptors (ERs) in these tumors. Our objective was to test the effects of 7β-OH-EpiA on the proliferation (by counting with trypan blue exclusion), cell cycle and cell apoptosis (by flow cytometry) of breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 (ERα+, ERβ+, G-protein coupled receptor 30: GPR30+) and MDA-MB-231 (ERα-, ERβ+, GPR30+) and to identify a potential target of this steroid in these cell lineages (by transactivations) and in the nuclear ER-negative SKBr3 cells (GPR30+) (by proliferation assays). 7β-OH-EpiA exerted anti-estrogenic effects in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells associated with cell proliferation inhibition and cell cycle arrest. Moreover, transactivation and proliferation with ER agonists assays indicated that 7β-OH-EpiA interacted with ERβ. Data from proliferation assays on the MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and SKBr3 cell lines suggested that 7β-OH-EpiA may also act through the membrane GPR30 receptor. These results support that this androgenic steroid acts as an anti-estrogenic compound. Moreover, this is the first evidence that low doses of androgenic steroid exert antiproliferative effects in these mammary cancer cells. Further investigations are needed to improve understanding of the observed actions of endogenous 7β-OH-EpiA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niro Sandra
- Laboratoire de Biologie, EA3199, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, 75003 Paris, France
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Tanaka R, Tsutsui H, Kobuchi S, Sugiura T, Yamagata M, Ohkita M, Takaoka M, Yukimura T, Matsumura Y. Protective effect of 17β-estradiol on ischemic acute kidney injury through the renal sympathetic nervous system. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 683:270-5. [PMID: 22426161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced renal sympathetic nerve activity during an ischemic period and renal venous norepinephrine overflow after reperfusion play important roles in the development of ischemic acute kidney injury. In this study, we examined the effect of 17β-estradiol on the renal sympathetic nervous system and kidney function in ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury in anesthetized rats. Ischemic acute kidney injury was induced by clamping the left renal artery and vein for 45 min followed by reperfusion, 2 weeks after a contralateral nephrectomy. Intravenous injection of 17β-estradiol (100 μg/kg) 15 min before reperfusion suppressed enhanced renal sympathetic nerve activity during renal ischemia, also suppressed renal venous norepinephrine overflow after reperfusion, and attenuated ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal dysfunction with histological damage. The above renoprotective effects of 17β-estradiol were reversed by pretreatment with tamoxifen (5 mg/kg), an estrogen receptor antagonist, or N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (0.3 mg/kg), a non-selective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. These results indicate that 17β-estradiol can suppress enhanced renal sympathetic nerve activity during renal ischemia, and its consequent effect on norepinephrine overflow from nerve endings, by nitric oxide production via estrogen receptors. These effects appear to contribute to renoprotection against ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Tanaka
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
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Regitz-Zagrosek V, Seeland U. Sex and gender differences in myocardial hypertrophy and heart failure. Wien Med Wochenschr 2011; 161:109-16. [PMID: 21461800 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-011-0892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in men and women worldwide. Men develop most, but not all, cardiovascular diseases at an earlier age while the number of affected women significantly increases with higher age. Heart failure (HF) is a common cause of cardiovascular death and carries a poor prognosis in both genders. Risk factors and myocardial adaptations in HF in men and women are different. Female hearts develop a more favorable physiological form of myocardial remodeling than male hearts. This may be related to sex hormones, estrogens and testosterone. A clinical study for gender differences in human aortic stenosis supports the hypotheses. HF management differs between both sexes, with underdiagnosis and undertreatment and less use of invasive therapies in women. Nevertheless, women frequently have better outcomes than men. Gender research will contribute directly to patient-oriented benefit by suggesting clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Regitz-Zagrosek
- Institute of Gender in Medicine (GiM) and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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Jessup JA, Zhang L, Chen AF, Presley TD, Kim-Shapiro DB, Chappell M, Wang H, Groban L. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition improves diastolic function and reduces oxidative stress in ovariectomized mRen2.Lewis rats. Menopause 2011; 18:698-708. [PMID: 21293310 PMCID: PMC3123430 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31820390a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The loss of estrogen in mRen2.Lewis rats leads to an exacerbation of diastolic dysfunction. Because specific neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibition reverses renal damage in the same model, we assessed the effects of inhibiting neuronal nitric oxide on diastolic function, left ventricular remodeling, and the components of the cardiac nitric oxide system in ovariectomized (OVX) and sham-operated mRen2.Lewis rats treated with N5-(1-imino-3-butenyl)-L-ornithine (L-VNIO; 0.5 mg/kg per day for 28 d) or vehicle (saline). METHODS Female mRen2.Lewis rats underwent either bilateral oophorectomy (OVX; n = 15) or sham operation (or surgical procedure) (sham; n = 19) at 4 weeks of age. Beginning at 11 weeks of age, the rats were randomized to receive either L-VNIO or vehicle. RESULTS The surgical loss of ovarian hormones, particularly estrogen, led to exacerbated hypertension, impaired myocardial relaxation, diminished diastolic compliance, increased perivascular fibrosis, and increased relative wall thickness. The cardiac tetrahydrobiopterin-to-dihydrobiopterin levels were lower among OVX rats compared with sham-operated rats, and this altered cardiac biopterin profile was associated with enhanced myocardial superoxide production and decreased nitric oxide release. L-VNIO decreased myocardial reactive oxygen species production, increased nitrite concentrations, attenuated cardiac remodeling, and improved diastolic function. CONCLUSIONS Impaired relaxation, diastolic stiffness, and cardiac remodeling were found among OVX mRen2.Lewis rats. A possible mechanism for this unfavorable cardiac phenotype may have resulted from a deficiency in available tetrahydrobiopterin and subsequent increase in nNOS-derived superoxide and reduction in nitric oxide synthase metabolites within the heart. Selective nNOS inhibition with L-VNIO attenuated cardiac superoxide production and limited remodeling, leading to improved diastolic function in OVX mRen2.Lewis rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewell A. Jessup
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Vascular Surgery Research, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alex F. Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Vascular Surgery Research, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tennille D. Presley
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Translational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Daniel B. Kim-Shapiro
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Translational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Mark Chappell
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leanne Groban
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Deschamps AM, Murphy E, Sun J. Estrogen receptor activation and cardioprotection in ischemia reperfusion injury. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2011; 20:73-8. [PMID: 21130949 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Premenopausal females have a comparably lower incidence of cardiovascular disease than their male counterparts. Although estrogen and activation of estrogen receptors (ERs) have been found to contribute to female protection, the complex mechanisms involved are unclear. Besides altering gene transcription, estrogen could elicit its cardioprotective effect via ER-mediated nongenomic signaling pathways. In addition to the two classic nuclear ER isoforms, ERα and ERβ, a G-protein coupled ER (GPR30 or GPER) has been found to be expressed in cardiomyocytes and plays an acute cardioprotective role in ischemia reperfusion injury. By using isoform-specific ER knockout mouse models and/or their specific modulators, the mechanisms of the different ERs involved in cardioprotection have been explored. In this review, we will focus on the signaling pathways leading to cardioprotection in ischemia reperfusion injury after ER activation and discuss the possibility and promise of specific ER modulators to treat ischemic heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Deschamps
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
This review examines the mechanism of estrogen signaling in cardiomyocytes, with an emphasis on mechanisms that might be important in cardioprotection. It investigates estrogen signaling mediated by the nuclear estrogen receptors alpha and beta and the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR 30/GPER). Estrogen signaling via nitric oxide and the PI3K pathway are discussed.
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Pautz A, Art J, Hahn S, Nowag S, Voss C, Kleinert H. Regulation of the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Nitric Oxide 2010; 23:75-93. [PMID: 20438856 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) generated by the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is involved in complex immunomodulatory and antitumoral mechanisms and has been described to have multiple beneficial microbicidal, antiviral and antiparasital effects. However, dysfunctional induction of iNOS expression seems to be involved in the pathophysiology of several human diseases. Therefore iNOS has to be regulated very tightly. Modulation of expression, on both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level, is the major regulation mechanism for iNOS. Pathways resulting in the induction of iNOS expression vary in different cells or species. Activation of the transcription factors NF-kappaB and STAT-1alpha and thereby activation of the iNOS promoter seems to be an essential step for the iNOS induction in most human cells. However, at least in the human system, also post-transcriptional mechanisms involving a complex network of RNA-binding proteins build up by AUF1, HuR, KSRP, PTB and TTP is critically involved in the regulation of iNOS expression. Recent data also implicate regulation of iNOS expression by non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pautz
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany
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Kumar S, Lata K, Mukhopadhyay S, Mukherjee TK. Role of estrogen receptors in pro-oxidative and anti-oxidative actions of estrogens: a perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1800:1127-35. [PMID: 20434525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogens are steroid hormones responsible for the primary and secondary sexual characteristics in females. While pre-menopausal women use estrogens as the main constituents of contraceptive pills, post-menopausal women use the same for Hormone Replacement Therapy. Estrogens produce reactive oxygen species by increasing mitochondrial activity and redox cycling of estrogen metabolites. The phenolic hydroxyl group present at the C3 position of the A ring of estrogens can get oxidized either by accepting an electron or by losing a proton. Thus, estrogens might act as pro-oxidant in some settings, resulting in complicated non-communicable diseases, namely, cancer and cardiovascular disorders. However, in some other settings the phenolic hydroxyl group of estrogens may be responsible for the anti-oxidative beneficial functions and thus protect against cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. SCOPE OF REVIEW To date, no single review article has mentioned the implication of estrogen receptors in both the pro-oxidative and anti-oxidative actions of estrogens. MAJOR CONCLUSION The controversial role of estrogens as pro-oxidant or anti-oxidant is largely dependent on cell types, ratio of different types of estrogen receptors present in a particular cell and context specificity of the estrogen hormone responses. Both pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant effects of estrogens might involve different estrogen receptors that can have either genomic or non-genomic action to manifest further hormonal response. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review highlights the role of estrogen receptors in the pro-oxidative and anti-oxidative actions of estrogens with special emphasis on neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhdeep Kumar
- Department of Biology, Indiana Institute of Science Eduaction and Research (IISER), Transit Campus, Chandigarh, India
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Lin J, Steenbergen C, Murphy E, Sun J. Estrogen receptor-beta activation results in S-nitrosylation of proteins involved in cardioprotection. Circulation 2009; 120:245-54. [PMID: 19581491 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.868729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been shown that the activation of estrogen receptor-beta (ER-beta) plays an important cardioprotective role against ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, the mechanism for this protection is not clear. We hypothesize that estrogen protects by ER-beta activation, which leads to S-nitrosylation (SNO) of key cardioprotective proteins. METHODS AND RESULTS We treated ovariectomized C57BL/6J mice with the ER-beta selective agonist 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-proprionitrile (DPN), 17beta-estradiol (E2), or vehicle using Alzet minipumps for 2 weeks. Isolated hearts were Langendorff perfused and subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. Compared with vehicle-treated hearts, DPN- and E2-treated hearts had significantly better postischemic functional recovery and decreased infarct size. To test the specificity of DPN, we treated ER-beta-knockout mice with DPN. However, no cardioprotective effect of DPN was found in ER-beta-knockout mice, indicating that the DPN-induced cardioprotection occurs through the activation of ER-beta. Using DyLight-maleimide fluors and a modified biotin switch method, we used a 2-dimensional DyLight fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis proteomic method to quantify differences in SNO of proteins. DPN- and E2-treated hearts showed an increase in SNO of a number of proteins. Interestingly, many of these proteins also had been shown to have increased SNO in preconditioned hearts. In addition, the DPN-induced cardioprotection and increased SNO were abolished by treatment with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS The activation of ER-beta by DPN treatment leads to increased protein SNO and cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury, suggesting that long-term estrogen exposure protects hearts largely via activation of ER-beta and nitric oxide/SNO signaling.
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Oertelt-Prigione S, Regitz-Zagrosek V. Gender Aspects in Cardiovascular Pharmacology. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2009; 2:258-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-009-9114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Chung TH, Wang SM, Liang JY, Yang SH, Wu JC. The interaction of estrogen receptor alpha and caveolin-3 regulates connexin43 phosphorylation in metabolic inhibition-treated rat cardiomyocytes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:2323-33. [PMID: 19523531 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Caveolin-3, the major caveolin isoform in cardiomyocytes, plays an important role in the rapid signaling pathways initiated by stimulation of the membrane-associated molecules. To examine the role of caveolin-3 in regulating estrogen receptor alpha in cardiomyocytes, we investigate whether the membrane estrogen receptor alpha associates with caveolin-3 and whether this association is linked to the 17beta-estradiol-mediated signals. In control cardiomyocytes, following discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation, caveolin-3 was found predominantly in the lipid raft buoyant fractions, whereas it was distributed to both the buoyant and non-lipid raft heavy fractions following metabolic inhibition treatment. Confocal microscopy showed that estrogen receptor alpha co-localized with caveolin-3 on the plasma membrane of neonatal and adult rat cardiomyocytes. This membrane labeling of estrogen receptor alpha was not seen following treatment with the cholesterol-depleting agent methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (5mM), whereas metabolic inhibition had little effect on the membrane distribution of estrogen receptor alpha. Metabolic inhibition induced tyrosine phosphorylation of caveolin-3 and decreased its association with estrogen receptor alpha, both effects being mediated via a Src activation mechanism, since they were inhibited by the selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP2. Metabolic inhibition also induced tyrosine phosphorylation of connexin43 and increased its association with c-Src, both effects being prevented by 17beta-estradiol (200 nM). The effect of 17beta-estradiol on metabolic inhibition-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of connexin43 was inhibited by the specific estrogen receptor antagonist ICI182780. These data identify cardiac caveolin-3 as juxtamembrane scaffolding for estrogen receptor alpha docking at caveolae, which provide a unique compartment for conveying 17beta-estradiol-elicited, rapid signaling to regulate connexin43 phosphorylation during ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tun-Hui Chung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1-1 Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
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Balligand JL, Feron O, Dessy C. eNOS activation by physical forces: from short-term regulation of contraction to chronic remodeling of cardiovascular tissues. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:481-534. [PMID: 19342613 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide production in response to flow-dependent shear forces applied on the surface of endothelial cells is a fundamental mechanism of regulation of vascular tone, peripheral resistance, and tissue perfusion. This implicates the concerted action of multiple upstream "mechanosensing" molecules reversibly assembled in signalosomes recruiting endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in specific subcellular locales, e.g., plasmalemmal caveolae. Subsequent short- and long-term increases in activity and expression of eNOS translate this mechanical stimulus into enhanced NO production and bioactivity through a complex transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of the enzyme, including by shear-stress responsive transcription factors, oxidant stress-dependent regulation of transcript stability, eNOS regulatory phosphorylations, and protein-protein interactions. Notably, eNOS expressed in cardiac myocytes is amenable to a similar regulation in response to stretching of cardiac muscle cells and in part mediates the length-dependent increase in cardiac contraction force. In addition to short-term regulation of contractile tone, eNOS mediates key aspects of cardiac and vascular remodeling, e.g., by orchestrating the mobilization, recruitment, migration, and differentiation of cardiac and vascular progenitor cells, in part by regulating the stabilization and transcriptional activity of hypoxia inducible factor in normoxia and hypoxia. The continuum of the influence of eNOS in cardiovascular biology explains its growing implication in mechanosensitive aspects of integrated physiology, such as the control of blood pressure variability or the modulation of cardiac remodeling in situations of hemodynamic overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-L Balligand
- Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Mak S. Intracoronary 17 β-Estradiol and the Inotropic Response to Dobutamine in Postmenopausal Women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2008; 17:1499-503. [DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2007.0768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Mak
- Clinical Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Mount Sinai Hospital, and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Arias-Loza PA, Jazbutyte V, Pelzer T. Genetic and pharmacologic strategies to determine the function of estrogen receptor alpha and estrogen receptor beta in cardiovascular system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5 Suppl A:S34-45. [PMID: 18395682 DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biological functions of estrogens extend beyond the female and male reproductive tract, affecting the cardiovascular and renal systems. Traditional views on the role of postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) in protecting against heart disease, which were challenged by clinical end point studies that found adverse effects of combined HT, are now being replaced by more differentiated concepts suggesting a beneficial role of early and unopposed HT that does not include a progestin. OBJECTIVE We reviewed recent insights, concepts, and research results on the biology of both estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ERalpha and ERbeta, in cardiac and vascular tissues. Knowledge of these ER subtypes is crucial to understanding gender and estrogen effects and to developing novel, exciting strategies that may have a profound clinical impact. METHODS This review focuses on in vivo studies and includes data presented at the August 2007 meeting of the American Physiological Society as well as data from a search of the MEDLINE and Ovid databases from January 1986 to November 2007. Search results were restricted to English-language publications, using the following search terms: estrogen, estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta, estrogen receptor alpha agonist, estrogen receptor alpha antagonist, estrogen receptor beta agonist, estrogen receptor beta antagonist, PPT, DPN, heart, vasculature, ERKO mice, BERKO mice, transgenic mice, and knockout mice. RESULTS Genetic mouse models and pharmacologic studies that employed selective as well as nonselective ER agonists support the concept that both ER subtypes confer protective effects in experimental models of human heart disease, including hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and chronic heart failure. CONCLUSIONS Genetic models and novel ligands hold the promise of further improving our understanding of estrogen action in multiple tissues and organs. These efforts will ultimately enhance the safety and efficacy of HT and may also result in new applications for synthetic female sex hormone analogues.
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Booth EA, Lucchesi BR. Estrogen-mediated protection in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2008; 8:101-13. [PMID: 18683081 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-008-9022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Before menopause, a woman has a relatively low risk for developing cardiovascular disease. After menopause, however, the risk increases nearly twofold and cardiovascular disease remains the number one cause of death among women. Observational trials and studies in animal models of cardiovascular disease suggested that females have reduced injury after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. However, two large clinical trials, the women's health initiative (WHI) and the heart estrogen and progestin replacement study (HERS), found an increase in cardiovascular incidences in women taking hormone replacement therapy. The discrepancy between these data highlights the need for further research on the mechanism of estrogen in the cardiovascular system. Animal studies have demonstrated protective effects by endogenous estrogen (gender differences) and also by the administration of exogenous estrogen. In vivo studies suggest a possible anti-inflammatory mechanism of estrogen. Exogenous estrogen has been shown to have anti-oxidant activities. Pre-treatment with estrogen prior to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion causes a decrease in neutrophil infiltration into the irreversibly injured myocardium, decrease in C-reactive protein expression, and deposition of the membrane attack complex. This review will summarize the protection afforded by estrogen as well as discuss several possible mechanisms of protection for exogenous estrogen administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Booth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301C Medical Science Research Building III, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5632, USA.
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Groban L, Yamaleyeva LM, Westwood BM, Houle TT, Lin M, Kitzman DW, Chappell MC. Progressive diastolic dysfunction in the female mRen(2). Lewis rat: influence of salt and ovarian hormones. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2008; 63:3-11. [PMID: 18245755 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/63.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the contribution of chronic salt loading and early loss of ovarian hormones on diastolic function in the hypertensive female mRen(2). Lewis rat, a monogenetic strain that expresses the mouse renin-2 gene in various tissues. Estrogen-intact mRen2 rats fed a high salt (HS) (8% sodium chloride) diet exhibited early diastolic dysfunction when compared to normal salt-fed (NS) (1% sodium chloride) rats. In contrast, ovariectomized (OVX) rats on either NS or HS diets showed impaired relaxation with evidence of elevated left ventricular filling pressures (E/e') or pseudonormalization. This more advanced stage of diastolic dysfunction was associated with increases in interstitial cardiac fibrosis and high circulating levels of aldosterone, two factors leading to reduced ventricular compliance. These findings may explain the preponderance of diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure in postmenopausal women and provide a potential animal model for evaluating prevention and treatment interventions for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Groban
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27127-1009, USA.
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Satake A, Takaoka M, Nishikawa M, Yuba M, Shibata Y, Okumura K, Kitano K, Tsutsui H, Fujii K, Kobuchi S, Ohkita M, Matsumura Y. Protective effect of 17β-estradiol on ischemic acute renal failure through the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway. Kidney Int 2008; 73:308-17. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liu D, Deschamps A, Korach KS, Murphy E. Estrogen-enhanced gene expression of lipoprotein lipase in heart is antagonized by progesterone. Endocrinology 2008; 149:711-6. [PMID: 17974624 PMCID: PMC2219300 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although estrogen has effects on the heart, little is known regarding which genes in the heart are directly responsive to estrogen. We have shown previously that lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression was increased in female hearts compared with male hearts. To test whether LPL gene expression in heart is regulated by estrogen, we perfused mouse hearts from ovariectomized females with 100 nM 17beta-estradiol or vehicle for 2 h, after which hearts were frozen, and RNA was isolated. The SYBR green real-time PCR method was used to detect LPL gene expression. We found that addition of 17beta-estradiol to hearts from ovariectomized females resulted in a significant increase in LPL mRNA. This estrogen effect on LPL gene expression in mouse heart can be blocked by the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182,780 or by progesterone. We also identified a potential estrogen receptor element (ERE) enhancer sequence located in the first intron of the mouse LPL gene. The potential ERE sequence was linked to a TATA-luciferase (LUC) reporter plasmid in HeLa cells. Both ERalpha and ERbeta stimulated strong activity on the heterologous promoter reporter in Hela cells upon estrogen addition. Both ERalpha and ERbeta activities on the LPL ERE reporter were abrogated by the ER antagonist ICI 182,780. Progesterone also dose dependently inhibited the estrogen-mediated increase in LPL ERE reporter activity. These results show that heart LPL is an estrogen-responsive gene exhibiting an intronic regulatory sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianxin Liu
- Laboratories of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Omori N, Fukata H, Sato K, Yamazaki K, Aida-Yasuoka K, Takigami H, Kuriyama M, Ichinose M, Mori C. Polychlorinated biphenyls alter the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2008; 26:811-6. [PMID: 18025053 DOI: 10.1177/0960327107072394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of persistent pollutants that are detected in maternal serum and umbilical cord, suggesting that fetal exposure also needs to be considered. The effects of dioxin-like PCB congeners 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77) and 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) and a non-dioxin-like compound 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB153) on the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), known to maintain blood flow to the fetus, in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were investigated. The mRNA levels of eNOS, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 in cells treated with 5 microM PCBs for 24 hours were analysed by real-time RT-PCR. Cells were also treated with alpha-naphthoflavone (alpha NF), an AhR antagonist or ICI 182780, an estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist, one hour prior to PCB exposure, to observe the effects of these receptors on eNOS modulation. Each PCB increased the eNOS mRNA level by 4.5-fold that was markedly inhibited by alphaNF. ERs were also suspected of altering eNOS levels because ICI 182780 treatment resulted in a decrease in the eNOS level. These results suggest that the eNOS mRNA expression increases due to the action of PCBs related to both AhR and ERs in HUVECs, and that maternal PCB exposure could influence fetal circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Omori
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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