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A correlation between secondary structure and rheological properties of low-density lipoproteins at air/water interfaces. J Biol Phys 2017. [PMID: 28647778 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-017-9458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The secondary structure of apolipoprotein B-100 is studied within the bulk phase and at the air/water interface. In these "in viro" experiments, infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) study was performed at the air/water interface while circular dichroism (CD) was conducted in the bulk phase. In the bulk phase, the conformational structure containing a significant amount of β-structure, whereas varying amount of α-helix, unordered structures, and β-sheet were observed at the air/water interface depending on the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) film interfacial pressure. The present IRRAS results demonstrate the importance of interfacial pressure-induced structural conformations on the apoB-100. A correlation between the secondary structure of the apoB-100 protein and the monomolecular film elasticity at the air/water interface was also established. The orientation of apoB-100 with respect to the LDL film-normal was found to depend on the interfacial pressure exhibited by the monomolecular film. These results may shed light on LDL's pivotal role in the progression of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease as demonstrated previously by clinical trials.
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Borén J, Williams KJ. The central role of arterial retention of cholesterol-rich apolipoprotein-B-containing lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a triumph of simplicity. Curr Opin Lipidol 2016; 27:473-83. [PMID: 27472409 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Today, it is no longer a hypothesis, but an established fact, that increased plasma concentrations of cholesterol-rich apolipoprotein-B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins are causatively linked to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and that lowering plasma LDL concentrations reduces cardiovascular events in humans. Here, we review evidence behind this assertion, with an emphasis on recent studies supporting the 'response-to-retention' model - namely, that the key initiating event in atherogenesis is the retention, or trapping, of cholesterol-rich apoB-containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. RECENT FINDINGS New clinical trials have shown that ezetimibe and anti-PCSK9 antibodies - both nonstatins - lower ASCVD events, and they do so to the same extent as would be expected from comparable plasma LDL lowering by a statin. These studies demonstrate beyond any doubt the causal role of apoB-containing lipoproteins in atherogenesis. In addition, recent laboratory experimentation and human Mendelian randomization studies have revealed novel information about the critical role of apoB-containing lipoproteins in atherogenesis. New information has also emerged on mechanisms for the accumulation in plasma of harmful cholesterol-rich and triglyceride-rich apoB-containing remnant lipoproteins in states of overnutrition. Like LDL, these harmful cholesterol-rich and triglyceride-rich apoB-containing remnant lipoprotein remnants become retained and modified within the arterial wall, causing atherosclerosis. SUMMARY LDL and other cholesterol-rich, apoB-containing lipoproteins, once they become retained and modified within the arterial wall, cause atherosclerosis. This simple, robust pathophysiologic understanding may finally allow us to eradicate ASCVD, the leading killer in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borén
- aDepartment of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg bSahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden cSection of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Khattari Z. Adsorption kinetics of low-density lipoproteins with Langmuir monolayer. J Biol Phys 2016; 42:539-550. [PMID: 27435195 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-016-9422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work utilizes the Langmuir monolayer technique to detect the adsorption kinetics of native low-density lipoproteins and their oxidized form with the lipid monolayer. We found that low-density lipoproteins and oxidized low-density lipoproteins are able to penetrate the LM up to pressure π = 9.9 and 11.6 mN/m. Also, the adsorption constants of both particles were found to depend strongly on the monolayer initial pressure. It is found that less compressed lipid monolayers could accommodate more native low-density lipoproteins than the oxidized ones due their higher binding affinity toward monolayers. The probable α-helical regions along the apoproteinB-100 secondary structure and average hydrophobicity could explain partially their adsorption kinetics into lipid monolayers. This simplified 'in vitro' study of low-density lipoprotein-monolayer interaction may serve as a step further to understand the mechanism and bioactivity of the atherosclerotic process. Also, it may shed light on the oxidized low-density lipoprotein's role in plaque formation in the innermost arterial wall in blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Khattari
- Department of Physics, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan.
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Vindigni JD, Wien F, Giuliani A, Erpapazoglou Z, Tache R, Jagic F, Chardot T, Gohon Y, Froissard M. Fold of an oleosin targeted to cellular oil bodies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:1881-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Kumar V, Butcher SJ, Öörni K, Engelhardt P, Heikkonen J, Kaski K, Ala-Korpela M, Kovanen PT. Three-dimensional cryoEM reconstruction of native LDL particles to 16Å resolution at physiological body temperature. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18841. [PMID: 21573056 PMCID: PMC3090388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, the major carriers of cholesterol in the human circulation, have a key role in cholesterol physiology and in the development of atherosclerosis. The most prominent structural components in LDL are the core-forming cholesteryl esters (CE) and the particle-encircling single copy of a huge, non-exchangeable protein, the apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100). The shape of native LDL particles and the conformation of native apoB-100 on the particles remain incompletely characterized at the physiological human body temperature (37°C). Methodology/Principal Findings To study native LDL particles, we applied cryo-electron microscopy to calculate 3D reconstructions of LDL particles in their hydrated state. Images of the particles vitrified at 6°C and 37°C resulted in reconstructions at ∼16 Å resolution at both temperatures. 3D variance map analysis revealed rigid and flexible domains of lipids and apoB-100 at both temperatures. The reconstructions showed less variability at 6°C than at 37°C, which reflected increased order of the core CE molecules, rather than decreased mobility of the apoB-100. Compact molecular packing of the core and order in a lipid-binding domain of apoB-100 were observed at 6°C, but not at 37°C. At 37°C we were able to highlight features in the LDL particles that are not clearly separable in 3D maps at 6°C. Segmentation of apoB-100 density, fitting of lipovitellin X-ray structure, and antibody mapping, jointly revealed the approximate locations of the individual domains of apoB-100 on the surface of native LDL particles. Conclusions/Significance Our study provides molecular background for further understanding of the link between structure and function of native LDL particles at physiological body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhor Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science, School of Science and Technology, Centre of Excellence in Computational Complex Systems Research, Aalto University Aalto, Finland
- Computational and Mathematical Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Sarah J. Butcher
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Wihuri Research Institute, Kalliolinnantie 4, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Engelhardt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science, School of Science and Technology, Centre of Excellence in Computational Complex Systems Research, Aalto University Aalto, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, Haartmaninkatu 3, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Nanomicroscopy Center, School of Science and Technology, Puumiehenkuja 2, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jukka Heikkonen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science, School of Science and Technology, Centre of Excellence in Computational Complex Systems Research, Aalto University Aalto, Finland
- Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kimmo Kaski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science, School of Science and Technology, Centre of Excellence in Computational Complex Systems Research, Aalto University Aalto, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine Research Group, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, Clinical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Petri T. Kovanen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Kalliolinnantie 4, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Prassl R. Human low density lipoprotein: the mystery of core lipid packing. J Lipid Res 2010; 52:187-8. [PMID: 21131533 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.e013417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Prassl
- Institute of Biophysics and Nanosystems Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria.
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Molecular structure of low density lipoprotein: current status and future challenges. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2008; 38:145-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-008-0368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Gómez SL, Turchiello RF, Jurado MC, Boschcov P, Gidlund M, Figueiredo Neto AM. Thermal‐lens effect of low‐density lipoprotein lyotropic‐like aggregates investigated by using the Z‐scan technique. LIQUID CRYSTALS TODAY 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/14645180600912093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Coronado-Gray A, van Antwerpen R. Lipid composition influences the shape of human low density lipoprotein in vitreous ice. Lipids 2005; 40:495-500. [PMID: 16094859 PMCID: PMC1249495 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Earlier cryo-electron microscopic studies have indicated that the normal low density lipoprotein (N-LDL) has a discoid shape when its core is in the liquid-crystalline state. In the present study, we investigated whether the shape of LDL depends on the physical state and/or the lipid composition of the lipoprotein core. Using a custom-built freezing device, we vitrified NLDL samples from either above or below the phase-transition temperature of the core (42 and 24 degrees C, respectively). Cryo-electron microscopy revealed no differences between these samples and indicated a discoid shape of the N-LDL particle. In contrast, TG-enriched LDL (T-LDL) did not have discoid features and appeared to be quasi-spherical in preparations that were vitrified from either 42 or 24 degrees C. These results suggest that the shape of NLDL is discoid, regardless of the physical state of its core, whereas T-LDL is more spherical. Aspects that may influence the shape of LDL are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rik van Antwerpen
- * Address correspondence to: Rik van Antwerpen, Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980614, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA. Telephone: 804-828-3509; Fax: 804-828-1473; E-mail:
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Gómez SL, Turchiello RF, Jurado MC, Boschcov P, Gidlund M, Neto AMF. Characterization of native and oxidized human low-density lipoproteins by the Z-scan technique. Chem Phys Lipids 2005; 132:185-95. [PMID: 15555604 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2004.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Revised: 07/05/2004] [Accepted: 07/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nonlinear optical response of human normal and oxidized by Cu2+ low-density lipoproteins particles (LDL), were investigated by the Z-scan technique as a function of temperature and concentration of LDL particles. The Z-scan signals increase linearly with concentration of normal LDL particles, following the usual Beer-Lambert law in a broad range of concentrations. The oxidized LDL particles do not show nonlinear optical response. On the other hand, normal LDL increases its nonlinear optical response as a function of temperature. These behaviors can be attributed to an absorbing element that is modified by the oxidative process. Contrarily, changes in the physical state of the cores and conformation of the ApoB100 protein due to an increase in temperature seems to enhance their nonlinear optical properties. This tendency is not due to aggregation of particles. The main contribution to the nonlinear optical response of normal LDL particles comes from the phospholipid fraction of the particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Gómez
- Complex Fluids Group, Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Caixa Postal 66318, 05315-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Dergunov AD, Novoselov AV, Visvikis S, Siest G, Yakushkin VV, Tsibulsky V. The composition, structural properties and binding of very-low-density and low-density lipoproteins to the LDL receptor in normo- and hypertriglyceridemia: relation to the apolipoprotein E phenotype. Biol Chem 2005; 386:441-52. [PMID: 15927888 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2005.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The composition, apolipoprotein structure and lipoprotein binding to the LDL receptor were studied for very-low-density (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles isolated from subjects with apoE phenotype E3/3 (E3), E2/2 or E2/3 (E2+) and E3/4 or E4/4 (E4+) and a wide range of plasma triglyceride (TG) contents. The data combined for all three phenotype groups can be summarized as follows. (i) A decrease in accessibility of VLDL tryptophan residues to I- anions with a decrease in tryptophan surface density, concomitant with an increase in VLDL dimensions, reflects the increased efficiency of protein-protein interactions. (ii) A gradual increase in the quenching constant for LDL apoB fluorescence with an increase in TG/cholesterol (Chol) ratio reflects the 'freezing' effect of Chol molecules on apoB dynamics. (iii) Different mechanisms specific for a particular lipoprotein from E3/3 or E2/3 subjects are responsible for apoE-mediated VLDL binding and apoB-mediated LDL binding to the LDL receptor in a solid-phase binding assay. (iv) The 'spacing' effect of apoC-III molecules on apoE-mediated VLDL binding results in a decrease in the number of binding sites. (v) The maximum of the dependence of the LDL binding affinity constant on relative tryptophan density corresponds to LDL intermediate size. VLDL particles from hypertriglyceridemic E2/3 heterozygotic individuals had remnant-like properties (increased cholesterol, apoE and decreased apoC-III content) while their binding efficiency was unchanged. Based on the affinity constant value and LDL-Chol content, increased competition between VLDL and LDL for the binding to the LDL receptor upon increase in plasma TG is suggested, and LDL from hypertriglyceridemic E3/3 homozygotic individuals is the most efficient competitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Dergunov
- National Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Petroverigsky Street 10, 101953 Moscow, Russia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Considerable evidence suggests that the subendothelial retention of atherogenic lipoproteins is a key early step in atherogenesis. In humans and experimental animals, elevated levels of plasma lipoproteins are associated with increased atherosclerosis, and lipoproteins with higher affinity for arterial proteoglycans are more atherogenic. Here we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying lipoprotein retention in the arterial wall and how this interaction can be modulated. RECENT FINDINGS Functional proteoglycan binding sites in lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein B have been identified and shown to have atherogenic potential in vivo. In addition to apolipoprotein B, novel bridging molecules, those that can interact with both proteoglycans and lipoproteins, have been identified that mediate the retention of atherogenic particles in the vessel wall. The interaction between lipoproteins and proteoglycans can be enhanced by the modification of lipoproteins in the circulation and in the arterial wall, by alterations in the subendothelium, and by changes in proteoglycan synthesis that result in a more atherogenic profile. The retention of atherogenic lipoproteins is a potential target for therapies to reverse atherosclerosis, and in-vitro studies have identified compounds that decrease the affinity of proteoglycans for lipoproteins. SUMMARY Considerable progress has been made in understanding the association between lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease. This review highlights the importance of the interaction between lipoproteins and the arterial matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gustafsson
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research and the Cardiovascular Institute, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Teerlink T, Scheffer PG, Bakker SJL, Heine RJ. Combined data from LDL composition and size measurement are compatible with a discoid particle shape. J Lipid Res 2004; 45:954-66. [PMID: 14967822 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m300521-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The size of LDL is usually reported as particle diameter, with the implicit assumption that it is a spherical particle. On the other hand, data obtained by cryoelectron microscopy and crystallographic analysis suggest that LDL shape may be discoid. We have investigated LDL particle geometry by combining data on LDL lipid composition with size measurement. The mean LDL diameter of 160 samples was measured by high-performance gel-filtration chromatography (HPGC), and particle volume was calculated from its lipid composition. Assuming a spherical shape, diameters calculated from volume correlated poorly with values obtained by HPGC (R(2) = 0.36). Assuming a discoid shape, particle height was calculated from volume and HPGC diameter. Diameter (20.9 +/- 0.5 nm) and height (12.1 +/- 0.8 nm) were not significantly related to each other (r = 0.14, P = 0.09) and accounted for 23% and 77%, respectively, of the variation in particle volume. In multivariate regression models, LDL core lipids were the main determinants of height (R(2) = 0.83), whereas free cholesterol in the shell, which contributes only 5-9% to LDL mass, was the main determinant of diameter (R(2) = 0.54). We conclude that combined data from composition and size measurements are compatible with a discoid particle shape and propose a structural model for LDL in which free cholesterol plays a major role in determining particle shape and diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Teerlink
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Flood C, Gustafsson M, Pitas RE, Arnaboldi L, Walzem RL, Borén J. Molecular Mechanism for Changes in Proteoglycan Binding on Compositional Changes of the Core and the Surface of Low-Density Lipoprotein–Containing Human Apolipoprotein B100. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:564-70. [PMID: 14726411 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000117174.19078.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism for changes in proteoglycan binding and LDL receptor affinity on two compositional changes in LDL that have been associated with atherosclerosis: cholesterol enrichment of the core and modification by secretory group IIA phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) of the surface. METHODS AND RESULTS Transgenic mice expressing recombinant apolipoprotein (apo) B and sPLA2 were generated. Recombinant LDL were isolated and tested for their proteoglycan and LDL receptor-binding activity. The results show site A (residues 3148-3158) in apoB100 becomes functional in sPLA2-modified LDL and that site A acts cooperatively with site B (residues 3359-3369), the primary proteoglycan-binding site in native LDL, in the binding of sPLA2-modified LDL to proteoglycans. Our results also show that cholesterol enrichment of LDL is associated with increased affinity for proteoglycans and for the LDL receptor. This mechanism is likely mediated by a conformational change of site B and is independent of site A in apoB100. CONCLUSIONS Site A in apoB100 becomes functional in sPLA2-modified LDL and acts cooperatively with site B resulting in increased proteoglycan-binding activity. The increased binding for proteoglycans of cholesterol-enriched LDL is solely dependent on site B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christofer Flood
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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Morita SY, Kawabe M, Nakano M, Handa T. Pluronic L81 affects the lipid particle sizes and apolipoprotein B conformation. Chem Phys Lipids 2003; 126:39-48. [PMID: 14580709 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(03)00090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The chylomicron assembly has been proposed to involve the core expansion of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing primordial lipoproteins by fusing with triglyceride-rich lipid droplets. We examined the effects of an inhibitor of chylomicron secretion, Pluronic L81, on triolein-phosphatidylcholine emulsions and low density lipoproteins (LDL) which were used for the models of lipid droplets and primordial lipoproteins, respectively. We showed by dynamic light scattering that the sizes of lipid emulsions and LDL were increased in the presence of Pluronic L81. The binding of apoB-100 to lipid emulsions was enhanced by Pluronic L81. CD and fluorescence lifetime measurements revealed that Pluronic L81 altered the secondary structure of apoB-100 with an increased local hydration. The proper hydrophilic-to-hydrophobic balance of Pluronic L81 is important for these actions. It is proposed that Pluronic L81 inhibits the secretion of chylomicrons by leading the excess core expansion of the primordial lipoproteins and the conformational modification of apoB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ya Morita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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