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Moerkens R, Mooiweer J, Ramírez-Sánchez AD, Oelen R, Franke L, Wijmenga C, Barrett RJ, Jonkers IH, Withoff S. An iPSC-derived small intestine-on-chip with self-organizing epithelial, mesenchymal, and neural cells. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114247. [PMID: 38907996 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived intestinal organoids are valuable tools for researching developmental biology and personalized therapies, but their closed topology and relative immature state limit applications. Here, we use organ-on-chip technology to develop a hiPSC-derived intestinal barrier with apical and basolateral access in a more physiological in vitro microenvironment. To replicate growth factor gradients along the crypt-villus axis, we locally expose the cells to expansion and differentiation media. In these conditions, intestinal epithelial cells self-organize into villus-like folds with physiological barrier integrity, and myofibroblasts and neurons emerge and form a subepithelial tissue in the bottom channel. The growth factor gradients efficiently balance dividing and mature cell types and induce an intestinal epithelial composition, including absorptive and secretory lineages, resembling the composition of the human small intestine. This well-characterized hiPSC-derived intestine-on-chip system can facilitate personalized studies on physiological processes and therapy development in the human small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Moerkens
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joram Mooiweer
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aarón D Ramírez-Sánchez
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Roy Oelen
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert J Barrett
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Iris H Jonkers
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sebo Withoff
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Mussard E, Pouzet C, Helies V, Pascal G, Fourre S, Cherbuy C, Rubio A, Vergnolle N, Combes S, Beaumont M. Culture of rabbit caecum organoids by reconstituting the intestinal stem cell niche in vitro with pharmacological inhibitors or L-WRN conditioned medium. Stem Cell Res 2020; 48:101980. [PMID: 32920507 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal organoids are self-organized 3-dimensional (3D) structures formed by a single layer of polarized epithelial cells. This innovative in vitro model is highly relevant to study physiology of the intestinal epithelium and its role in nutrition and barrier function. However, this model has never been developed in rabbits, while it would have potential applications for biomedical and veterinary research. Here, we cultured rabbit caecum organoids with either pharmacological inhibitors (2Ki medium) or L-WRN cells conditioned medium (L-WRN CM) to reconstitute the intestinal stem cell niche in vitro. Large spherical organoids were obtained with the 2Ki medium and this morphology was associated with a high level of proliferation and stem cells markers gene expression. In contrast, organoids cultured with L-WRN CM had a smaller diameter; a greater cell height and part of them were not spherical. When the L-WRN CM was used at low concentration (5%) for two days, the gene expression of stem cells and proliferation markers were very low, while absorptive and secretory cells markers and antimicrobial peptides were elevated. Epithelial cells within organoids were polarized in 3D cultures with 2Ki medium or L-WRN CM (apical side towards the lumen). We cultured dissociated organoid cells in 2D monolayers, which allowed accessibility to the apical compartment. Under these conditions, actin stress fibers were observed with the 2Ki medium, while perijonctionnal localization of actin was observed with the L-WRN CM suggesting, in 2D cultures as well, a higher differentiation level in the presence of L-WRN CM. In conclusion, rabbit caecum organoids cultured with the 2Ki medium were more proliferative and less differentiated than organoids cultured with L-WRN CM. We propose that organoids cultured with the 2Ki medium could be used to rapidly generate in vitro a large number of rabbit intestinal epithelial stem cells while organoids cultured with the L-WRN CM used at low concentration represent a suitable model to study differentiated rabbit epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Mussard
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Cécile Pouzet
- FRAIB-TRI Imaging Platform Facilities, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31320 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Virginie Helies
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Géraldine Pascal
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Sandra Fourre
- GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, INRAE, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Claire Cherbuy
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Aude Rubio
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, U1220, CHU Purpan, CS60039, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, U1220, CHU Purpan, CS60039, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Combes
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Martin Beaumont
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France.
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Buzzelli JN, Ouaret D, Brown G, Allen PD, Muschel RJ. Colorectal cancer liver metastases organoids retain characteristics of original tumor and acquire chemotherapy resistance. Stem Cell Res 2018; 27:109-120. [PMID: 29414601 PMCID: PMC5842239 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastasis is highly unfavorable for patient outcome and is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Pre-clinical research of CRC liver metastasis predominately utilizes CRC cell lines grown in tissue culture. Here, we demonstrate that CRC liver metastases organoids derived from human specimens recapitulate some aspects of human disease. METHODS Human CRC liver metastases pathological specimens were obtained following patient consent. Tumor disaggregates were plated and organoids were allowed to expand. CRC markers were identified by immunofluorescence. Stem cell genes were analysed by QPCR and flow cytometry. Response to drug therapy was quantified using time-lapse imaging and MATLAB analysis. RESULTS Organoids showed global expression of the epithelial marker, EpCAM and the adenocarcinoma marker, CEA CAM1. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that organoids express the stem cell surface markers CD24 and CD44. Finally, we demonstrated that CRC liver metastases organoids acquire chemotherapy resistance and can be utilized as surrogates for drug testing. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that CRC liver metastases organoids recapitulate some aspects of human disease and may provide an invaluable resource for investigating novel drug therapies, chemotherapy resistance and mechanism of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon N Buzzelli
- Old Road Research Campus Building, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Djamila Ouaret
- Cancer and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Graham Brown
- Old Road Research Campus Building, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip D Allen
- Old Road Research Campus Building, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruth J Muschel
- Old Road Research Campus Building, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Wong NACS, Adamczyk LA, Evans S, Cullen J, Oniscu A, Oien KA. A33 shows similar sensitivity to but is more specific than CDX2 as an immunomarker of colorectal carcinoma. Histopathology 2017; 71:34-41. [DOI: 10.1111/his.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shanna Evans
- Department of Cellular Pathology; Southmead Hospital; Bristol UK
| | - Jayne Cullen
- Department of Cellular Pathology; Southmead Hospital; Bristol UK
| | - Anca Oniscu
- Department of Pathology; Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Karin A Oien
- Institute of Cancer Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
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Zheng H, Yang Y, Wang MC, Yuan SX, Tian T, Han J, Ni JS, Wang J, Xing H, Zhou WP. Low CDX1 expression predicts a poor prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma patients after hepatectomy. Surg Oncol 2016; 25:171-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Teschendorff AE, Zheng SC, Feber A, Yang Z, Beck S, Widschwendter M. The multi-omic landscape of transcription factor inactivation in cancer. Genome Med 2016; 8:89. [PMID: 27562343 PMCID: PMC4997779 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-016-0342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypermethylation of transcription factor promoters bivalently marked in stem cells is a cancer hallmark. However, the biological significance of this observation for carcinogenesis is unclear given that most of these transcription factors are not expressed in any given normal tissue. METHODS We analysed the dynamics of gene expression between human embryonic stem cells, fetal and adult normal tissue, as well as six different matching cancer types. In addition, we performed an integrative multi-omic analysis of matched DNA methylation, copy number, mutational and transcriptomic data for these six cancer types. RESULTS We here demonstrate that bivalently and PRC2 marked transcription factors highly expressed in a normal tissue are more likely to be silenced in the corresponding tumour type compared with non-housekeeping genes that are also highly expressed in the same normal tissue. Integrative multi-omic analysis of matched DNA methylation, copy number, mutational and transcriptomic data for six different matching cancer types reveals that in-cis promoter hypermethylation, and not in-cis genomic loss or genetic mutation, emerges as the predominant mechanism associated with silencing of these transcription factors in cancer. However, we also observe that some silenced bivalently/PRC2 marked transcription factors are more prone to copy number loss than promoter hypermethylation, pointing towards distinct, mutually exclusive inactivation patterns. CONCLUSIONS These data provide statistical evidence that inactivation of cell fate-specifying transcription factors in cancer is an important step in carcinogenesis and that it occurs predominantly through a mechanism associated with promoter hypermethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Teschendorff
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Statistical Cancer Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
- Department of Women's Cancer, University College London, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Shijie C Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Andy Feber
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Zhen Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Stephan Beck
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Martin Widschwendter
- Department of Women's Cancer, University College London, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Wlochowitz D, Haubrock M, Arackal J, Bleckmann A, Wolff A, Beißbarth T, Wingender E, Gültas M. Computational Identification of Key Regulators in Two Different Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines. Front Genet 2016; 7:42. [PMID: 27092172 PMCID: PMC4820448 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are gene regulatory proteins that are essential for an effective regulation of the transcriptional machinery. Today, it is known that their expression plays an important role in several types of cancer. Computational identification of key players in specific cancer cell lines is still an open challenge in cancer research. In this study, we present a systematic approach which combines colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines, namely 1638N-T1 and CMT-93, and well-established computational methods in order to compare these cell lines on the level of transcriptional regulation as well as on a pathway level, i.e., the cancer cell-intrinsic pathway repertoire. For this purpose, we firstly applied the Trinity platform to detect signature genes, and then applied analyses of the geneXplain platform to these for detection of upstream transcriptional regulators and their regulatory networks. We created a CRC-specific position weight matrix (PWM) library based on the TRANSFAC database (release 2014.1) to minimize the rate of false predictions in the promoter analyses. Using our proposed workflow, we specifically focused on revealing the similarities and differences in transcriptional regulation between the two CRC cell lines, and report a number of well-known, cancer-associated TFs with significantly enriched binding sites in the promoter regions of the signature genes. We show that, although the signature genes of both cell lines show no overlap, they may still be regulated by common TFs in CRC. Based on our findings, we suggest that canonical Wnt signaling is activated in 1638N-T1, but inhibited in CMT-93 through cross-talks of Wnt signaling with the VDR signaling pathway and/or LXR-related pathways. Furthermore, our findings provide indication of several master regulators being present such as MLK3 and Mapk1 (ERK2) which might be important in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of 1638N-T1 and CMT-93, respectively. Taken together, we provide new insights into the invasive potential of these cell lines, which can be used for development of effective cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Wlochowitz
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Haubrock
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jetcy Arackal
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annalen Bleckmann
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Wolff
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Beißbarth
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Edgar Wingender
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mehmet Gültas
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
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Zhou X, Merchak K, Lee W, Grande JP, Cascalho M, Platt JL. Cell Fusion Connects Oncogenesis with Tumor Evolution. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2049-60. [PMID: 26066710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell fusion likely drives tumor evolution by undermining chromosomal and DNA stability and/or by generating phenotypic diversity; however, whether a cell fusion event can initiate malignancy and direct tumor evolution is unknown. We report that a fusion event involving normal, nontransformed, cytogenetically stable epithelial cells can initiate chromosomal instability, DNA damage, cell transformation, and malignancy. Clonal analysis of fused cells reveals that the karyotypic and phenotypic potential of tumors formed by cell fusion is established immediately or within a few cell divisions after the fusion event, without further ongoing genetic and phenotypic plasticity, and that subsequent evolution of such tumors reflects selection from the initial diverse population rather than ongoing plasticity of the progeny. Thus, one cell fusion event can both initiate malignancy and fuel evolution of the tumor that ensues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhou
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin Merchak
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Woojin Lee
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joseph P Grande
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeffrey L Platt
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Song HP, Li RL, Zhou C, Cai X, Huang HY. Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz stimulates intestinal epithelial cell migration through a polyamine dependent mechanism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 159:23-35. [PMID: 25446597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (AMK), a valuable traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has been widely used in clinical practice for treating patients with disorders of the digestive system. AMK has shown noteworthy promoting effect on improving gastrointestinal function and immunity, which might represent a promising candidate for the treatment of intestinal mucosa injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of AMK on intestinal mucosal restitution and the underlying mechanisms via intestinal epithelial (IEC-6) cell migration model. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cell migration model of IEC-6 cells was induced by a single-edge razor blade along the diameter of the cell layers in six-well polystyrene plates. After wounding, the cells were grown in control cultures and in cultures containing spermidine (5μM, SPD, reference drug), alpha-difluoromethylornithine (2.5mM, DFMO, polyamine inhibitor), AMK (50, 100, and 200mg/L), DFMO plus SPD and DFMO plus AMK for 12h. The polyamines content was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with pre-column derivatization. The Rho mRNAs expression levels were assessed by Q-RT-PCR. The Rho and non-muscle myosin II proteins expression levels were analyzed by Western blot. The formation and distribution of non-muscle myosin II stress fibers were monitored with immunostaining techniques using specific antibodies and observed by confocal microscopy. Cell migration assay was carried out using inverted microscope and the Image-Pro Plus software. All of these indexes were used to evaluate the effectiveness of AMK. RESULTS (1) Treatment with AMK caused significant increases in cellular polyamines content and Rho mRNAs and proteins expression levels, as compared to control group. Furthermore, AMK exposure increased non-muscle myosin II protein expression levels and formation of non-muscle myosin II stress fibers, and resulted in an acceleration of cell migration in IEC-6 cells. (2) Depletion of cellular polyamines by DFMO resulted in a decrease of cellular polyamines levels, Rho mRNAs and proteins expression, non-muscle myosin II protein formation and distribution, thereby inhibiting IEC-6 cell migration. AMK not only reversed the inhibitory effects of DFMO on the polyamines content, Rho mRNAs and proteins expression, non-muscle myosin II protein formation and distribution, but also restored cell migration to control levels. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained from this study revealed that AMK significantly stimulates the migration of IEC-6 cells through a polyamine dependent mechanism, which could accelerate the healing of intestinal injury. These findings suggest the potential value of AMK in curing intestinal diseases characterized by injury and ineffective repair of the intestinal mucosa in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Pan Song
- Institute of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 300 Xueshi Road, Yuelu District, Changsha 410208, PR China; Spleen and Stomach Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Airport Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510405, PR China.
| | - Ru-Liu Li
- Spleen and Stomach Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Airport Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510405, PR China.
| | - Chi Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Airport Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Xiong Cai
- Institute of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 300 Xueshi Road, Yuelu District, Changsha 410208, PR China
| | - Hui-Yong Huang
- Institute of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 300 Xueshi Road, Yuelu District, Changsha 410208, PR China
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Song HP, Li RL, Chen X, Wang YY, Cai JZ, Liu J, Chen WW. Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz promotes intestinal epithelial restitution via the polyamine--voltage-gated K+ channel pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 152:163-172. [PMID: 24417867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (AMK) has been used widely as a digestive and tonic in traditional Chinese medicine. AMK has shown noteworthy promoting effect on intestinal epithelial cell migration, which might represent a promising candidate for the treatment of intestinal mucosa injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of AMK on intestinal mucosal restitution and the underlying mechanisms via IEC-6 cell migration model. MATERIALS AND METHODS A wounding model of IEC-6 cells was induced by a single-edge razor blade along the diameter of six-well polystyrene plates. The cells were grown in control cultures and in cultures containing spermidine (5 μmol/L, SPD, reference drug), alpha-difluoromethylornithine (2.5 mmol/L, DFMO, polyamine inhibitor), AMK (50, 100, and 200 μg/mL), DFMO plus SPD and DFMO plus AMK for 24h. The membrane potential (MP) and cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]cyt) were detected by flow cytometry, and polyamines content was determined via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The expression of Kv1.1 mRNA and protein levels were assessed by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. Cell migration assay was carried out using the Image-Pro Plus software. All of these indexes were used to evaluate the effectiveness of AMK. RESULTS (1) Treatment with AMK caused significant increases in cellular polyamines content, membrane hyperpolarization, an elevation of [Ca(2+)]cyt and an acceleration of cell migration in IEC-6 cells, as compared to control group. (2) AMK not only reversed the inhibitory effects of DFMO on the polyamines content, MP, and [Ca(2+)]cyt but also restored IEC-6 cell migration to control levels. (3) The Kv1.1 mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased by AMK treatment in control and polyamine-deficient IEC-6 cells. CONCLUSIONS The results of our current studies revealed that treatment with AMK significantly stimulates the migration of intestinal epithelial cells through polyamine-Kv1.1 channel signaling pathway, which could promote the healing of intestinal injury. These results suggest the potential usefulness of AMK to cure intestinal disorders characterized by injury and ineffective repair of the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Pan Song
- Spleen and Stomach Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Airport Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Ru-Liu Li
- Spleen and Stomach Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Airport Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510405, PR China.
| | - Xu Chen
- Spleen and Stomach Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Airport Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Yi-Yu Wang
- Spleen and Stomach Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Airport Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Jia-Zhong Cai
- Spleen and Stomach Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Airport Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Jia Liu
- Spleen and Stomach Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Airport Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Wei-Wen Chen
- Spleen and Stomach Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Airport Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510405, PR China; Research Center of Medicinal Plant Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 WaiHuan East Road, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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Yamagishi H, Imai Y, Okamura T, Fukuda K, Ono Y, Ban S, Inoue T, Ueda Y. Aberrant cytokeratin expression as a possible prognostic predictor in poorly differentiated colorectal carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28:1815-22. [PMID: 23808938 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The cytokeratin (CK)7(-) /CK20(+) immunoprofile is characteristic of colorectal carcinoma (CRC), although CK7(+) or CK20(-) phenotypes are occasionally encountered, particularly in histologically variant CRCs. We analyzed CK7/CK20 profiles in variant CRCs in association with clinicopathologic parameters and prognosis. METHODS CK expression in well- and moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma (WMDA) (n = 63), poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (PDA) (n = 91), mucinous adenocarcinoma (MUA) (n = 81), signet-ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) (n = 15), undifferentiated carcinoma (UDC) (n = 12), and adenosquamous carcinoma (n = 2) was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Cut-off scores were set at 1% for CK7 and 25% for CK20 using the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of PDA. Association between CK20(-) and better prognosis in PDA was validated in the second cohort (n = 66). RESULTS CK7/CK20 immunoprofiling revealed a predominant CK7(-) /CK20(+) profile in WMDA, MUA, and SRCC, while the majority of UDC was characterized by a CK7(-) /CK20(-) profile. The CK7/CK20 profile in PDA was variable. Contingency table analysis revealed that CK expression was not significantly associated with any clinicopathologic parameters in WMDA, PDA, and MUA. However, survival analysis demonstrated that CK20(-) was significantly associated with better prognosis in PDA. Although CK20(-) was significantly associated with mismatch repair deficiency in PDA, it was an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis. Finally, we confirmed that CK20 status, determined using a 25% cut-off score, was a significant prognostic parameter in the second PDA cohort. CONCLUSIONS CK20 status may be used as a prognostic predictor of PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetsugu Yamagishi
- Department of Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
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12
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MicroRNA-296-5p increases proliferation in gastric cancer through repression of Caudal-related homeobox 1. Oncogene 2013; 33:783-93. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Kim HA, Koo BK, Cho JH, Kim YY, Seong J, Chang HJ, Oh YM, Stange DE, Park JG, Hwang D, Kong YY. Notch1 counteracts WNT/β-catenin signaling through chromatin modification in colorectal cancer. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3248-59. [PMID: 22863622 DOI: 10.1172/jci61216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between the Notch and wingless-type MMTV integration site (WNT) signaling pathways has been investigated for many developmental processes. However, this negative correlation between Notch and WNT/β-catenin signaling activity has been studied primarily in normal developmental and physiological processes in which negative feedback loops for both signaling pathways are intact. We found that Notch1 signaling retained the capability of suppressing the expression of WNT target genes in colorectal cancers even when β-catenin destruction by the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) complex was disabled. Activation of Notch1 converted high-grade adenoma into low-grade adenoma in an Apcmin mouse colon cancer model and suppressed the expression of WNT target genes in human colorectal cancer cells through epigenetic modification recruiting histone methyltransferase SET domain bifurcated 1 (SETDB1). Extensive microarray analysis of human colorectal cancers also showed a negative correlation between the Notch1 target gene, Notch-regulated ankyrin repeat protein 1 (NRARP), and WNT target genes. Notch is known to be a strong promoter of tumor initiation, but here we uncovered an unexpected suppressive role of Notch1 on WNT/β-catenin target genes involved in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-A Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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14
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Methylation-dependent activation of CDX1 through NF-κB: a link from inflammation to intestinal metaplasia in the human stomach. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:487-98. [PMID: 22749770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The caudal homeobox factor 1 (CDX1) is an essential transcription factor for intestinal differentiation. Its aberrant expression in intestinal metaplasia of the upper gastrointestinal tract is a hallmark within the gastritis-metaplasia-carcinoma sequence. CDX1 expression is influenced by certain pathways, such as Wnt, Ras, or NF-κB signaling; however, these pathways alone cannot explain the transient expression of CDX1 in intestinal metaplasia or the molecular inactivation mechanism of its loss in cases of advanced gastric cancer. In this study, we investigated the epigenetic inactivation of CDX1 by promoter methylation, as well as the functional link of CDX1 promoter methylation to the inflammatory NF-κB signaling pathway. We identified methylation-dependent NF-κB binding to the CDX1 promoter and quantified it using competitive electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation. A methylated CDX1 promoter was associated with closed chromatin structure, reduced NF-κB binding, and transcriptional silencing. Along the gastritis-metaplasia-carcinoma sequence, we observed a biphasic pattern of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) protein expression and an inverse biphasic pattern of CDX1 promoter methylation; both are highly consistent with CDX1 protein expression. The stages of hyper-, hypo-, and hyper-methylation patterns of the CDX1 promoter were inversely correlated with the NF-κB signaling activity along this sequence. In conclusion, these functionally interacting events drive CDX1 expression and contribute to intestinal metaplasia, epithelial dedifferentiation, and carcinogenesis in the human stomach.
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15
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Bhat AA, Sharma A, Pope J, Krishnan M, Washington MK, Singh AB, Dhawan P. Caudal homeobox protein Cdx-2 cooperates with Wnt pathway to regulate claudin-1 expression in colon cancer cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37174. [PMID: 22719836 PMCID: PMC3376107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of tight junctions (TJs) is often associated with human diseases including carcinogenesis and recent studies support role of TJ integral proteins in the regulation of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). In this regard, expression of claudin-1, a key constituent of TJs, is highly increased in colon cancer and is causally associated with the tumor growth and progression. However, mechanism/s underlying regulation of claudin-1 expression in intestinal epithelial cells remains poorly understood. In our studies, we have identified putative binding sites for intestinal transcription factors Cdx1, -2 and GATA4 in the 5'-flanking region of the claudin-1 gene. Our further studies using full length and/or deletion mutant constructs in two different human colon cancer cell lines, SW480 and HCT116, showed key role of Cdx1, Cdx2 and GATA4 in the regulation of claudin-1 mRNA expression. However, overexpression of Cdx2 had the most potent effect upon claudin-1 mRNA expression and promoter activity. Also, in colon cancer patient samples, we observed a significant and parallel correlation between claudin-1 and Cdx2 expressions. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay confirmed the Cdx2 binding with claudin-1 promoter in vivo. Using Cdx2 deletion mutant constructs, we further mapped the Cdx2 C-terminus domain to be important in the regulation of claudin-1 promoter activity. Interestingly, co-expression of activated β-catenin further induced the Cdx2-dependent upregulation of claudin-1 promoter activity while expression of the dominant negative (dn)-TCF-4 abrogated this activation. Taken together, we conclude that homeodomain transcription factors Cdx1, Cdx2 and GATA4 regulate claudin-1 gene expression in human colon cancer cells. Moreover, a functional crosstalk between Wnt-signaling and transcriptional activation related to caudal-related homeobox (Cdx) proteins and GATA-proteins is demonstrated in the regulation of claudin-1 promoter-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaz A. Bhat
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jillian Pope
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Moorthy Krishnan
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Washington
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Amar B. Singh
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Punita Dhawan
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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16
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Gupta A, Dong A, Lowe AW. AGR2 gene function requires a unique endoplasmic reticulum localization motif. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:4773-82. [PMID: 22184114 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.301531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble proteins are enriched in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by retrograde transport from the Golgi that is mediated by the KDEL receptors. In addition to the classic carboxyl-terminal KDEL motif, a variety of sequence variants are also capable of receptor binding that result in ER localization. Although different ER localization signals that exhibit varying affinities for the KDEL receptors exist, whether there are functional implications was unknown. The present study determines whether AGR2 requires a specific ER localization signal to be functionally active. AGR2 is expressed in most human adenocarcinomas and serves a role in promoting growth and the transformed phenotype. Using two different cell lines in which AGR2 induces expression of either the EGFR ligand amphiregulin or the transcription factor CDX2, only the highly conserved wild-type carboxyl-terminal KTEL motif results in the appropriate outcome. Deletion of the KTEL motif results in AGR2 secretion and loss of AGR2 function. AGR2 function is also lost when ER residence is achieved with a carboxyl-terminal KDEL or KSEL instead of a KTEL motif. Thus variations in ER localization sequences may serve a specific functional role, and in the case of AGR2, this role is served specifically by KTEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Gupta
- Department of Medicine and the Stanford Digestive Disease Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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17
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Endocrine differentiation of rat enterocytes in long-term three-dimensional co-culture with intestinal myofibroblasts. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2011; 47:707-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-011-9458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Park SY, Jeong MS, Jang SB. Binding Properties and Structural Predictions of Homeodomain Proteins CDX1/2 and HOXD8. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.7.2325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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The role of CDX2 in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1812:283-9. [PMID: 21126581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many transcription factors are known to control transcription at several promoters, while others are only active at a few places. However, due to their importance in controlling cellular functions, aberrant transcription factor function and inappropriate gene regulation have been shown to play a causal role in a large number of diseases and developmental disorders. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by a chronically inflamed mucosa caused by dysregulation of the intestinal immune homeostasis. The aetiology of IBD is thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including luminal bacteria. The Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) is critical in early intestinal differentiation and has been implicated as a master regulator of the intestinal homeostasis and permeability in adults. When expressed, CDX2 modulates a diverse set of processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, cell adhesion, migration, and tumorigenesis. In addition to these critical cellular processes, there is increasing evidence for linking CDX2 to intestinal inflammation. The aim of the present paper was to review the current knowledge of CDX2 in regulation of the intestinal homeostasis and further to reveal its potential role in inflammation.
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20
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Funakoshi S, Kong J, Crissey MA, Dang L, Dang D, Lynch JP. Intestine-specific transcription factor Cdx2 induces E-cadherin function by enhancing the trafficking of E-cadherin to the cell membrane. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G1054-67. [PMID: 20671195 PMCID: PMC2993167 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00297.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cdx2 is an intestine-specific transcription factor required for normal intestinal epithelium development. Cdx2 regulates the expression of intestine-specific genes and induces cell adhesion and columnar morphogenesis. Cdx2 also has tumor-suppressor properties, including the reduction of colon cancer cell proliferation and cell invasion, the latter due to its effects on cell adhesion. E-cadherin is a cell adhesion protein required for adherens junction formation and the establishment of intestinal cell polarity. The objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanism by which Cdx2 regulates E-cadherin function. Two colon cancer cell lines were identified in which Cdx2 expression was associated with increased cell-cell adhesion and diminished cell migration. In both cell lines, Cdx2 did not directly alter E-cadherin levels but increased its trafficking to the cell membrane compartment. Cdx2 enhanced this trafficking by altering receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activity. Cdx2 expression diminished phosphorylated Abl and phosphorylated Rac levels, which are downstream effectors of RTKs. Specific chemical inhibition or short interfering RNA (shRNA) knockdown of c-Abl kinase phenocopied Cdx2's cell-cell adhesion effects. In Colo 205 cells, Cdx2 reduced PDGF receptor and IGF-I receptor activation. This was mediated by caveolin-1, which was induced by Cdx2. Targeted shRNA knockdown of caveolin-1 restored PDGF receptor and reversed E-cadherin membrane trafficking, despite Cdx2 expression. We conclude that Cdx2 regulates E-cadherin function indirectly by disrupting RTK activity and enhancing E-cadherin trafficking to the cell membrane compartment. This novel mechanism advances Cdx2's prodifferentiation and antitumor properties and suggests that Cdx2 may broadly regulate RTK activity in normal intestinal epithelium by modulating membrane trafficking of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Funakoshi
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
| | - Jianping Kong
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
| | - Mary Ann Crissey
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
| | - Long Dang
- 2Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Duyen Dang
- 3Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John P. Lynch
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
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21
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Liao Y, Lönnerdal B. Beta-catenin/TCF4 transactivates miR-30e during intestinal cell differentiation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:2969-78. [PMID: 20372961 PMCID: PMC2921486 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt/beta-catenin/TCF4 pathway plays critical roles in the maintenance of small intestinal epithelium; however, downstream targets of the beta-catenin/TCF4 complex are not extensively characterized. We identified miR-30e as an immediate target activated by the beta-catenin/TCF4 complex. miR-30e was detected in the peri-nuclear region of the intestinal crypt IEC-6 cells. Bioinformatics analysis revealed clustered beta-catenin/TCF4 binding sites within the miR-30e promoter region. This promoter region was cloned into pGL3-control luciferase reporter vector, with the enhancer region removed. Transfection of pCMV-SPORT6-beta-catenin expression vector dose-dependently increased luciferase activity, and co-transfection of pCMV-SPORT6-TCF4 expression vector further enhanced the promoter activity. Dexamethasone-induced IEC-6 cells differentiation caused a 2.5-fold increase in miR-30e expression, and upon beta-catenin siRNA transfection, miR-30e increased 1.3-fold. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed the binding between beta-catenin/TCF4 complexes from IEC-6 nuclear extracts and the putative sequences in the miR-30e promoter. These results demonstrate that beta-catenin/TCF4 transactivates miR-30e during intestinal cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Liao
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - B. Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 USA
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22
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Pathophysiology of intestinal metaplasia of the stomach: emphasis on CDX2 regulation. Biochem Soc Trans 2010; 38:358-63. [PMID: 20298183 DOI: 10.1042/bst0380358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
IM (intestinal metaplasia) of the stomach is a pre-neoplastic lesion that usually follows Helicobacter pylori infection and that confers increased risk for gastric cancer development. After setting the role played by CDX2 (Caudal-type homeobox 2) in the establishment of gastric IM, it became of foremost importance to unravel the regulatory mechanisms behind its de novo expression in the stomach. In the present paper, we review the basic pathology of gastric IM as well as the current knowledge on molecular pathways involved in CDX2 regulation in the gastric context.
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23
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Yuan L, Yu Y, Sanders MA, Majumdar APN, Basson MD. Schlafen 3 induction by cyclic strain regulates intestinal epithelial differentiation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G994-G1003. [PMID: 20299602 PMCID: PMC4865113 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00517.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is subjected to repetitive deformation during normal gut function by peristalsis and villous motility. In vitro, cyclic strain promotes intestinal epithelial proliferation and induces an absorptive phenotype characterized by increased dipeptidyl dipeptidase (DPPIV) expression. Schlafen 3 is a novel gene recently associated with cellular differentiation. We sought to evaluate whether Schlafen 3 mediates the effects of strain on the differentiation of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-6 in the absence or presence of cyclic strain. Strain increased Schlafen 3 mRNA and protein. In cells transfected with a control-nontargeting siRNA, strain increased DPPIV-specific activity. However, Schlafen 3 reduction by siRNA decreased basal DPPIV and prevented any stimulation of DPPIV activity by strain. Schlafen 3 reduction also prevented DPPIV induction by sodium butyrate (1 mM) or transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta (0.1 ng/ml), two unrelated differentiating stimuli. However, Schlafen-3 reduction by siRNA did not prevent the mitogenic effect of strain or that of EGF. Blocking Src and phosphatidyl inositol (PI3)-kinase prevented strain induction of Schlafen 3, but Schlafen 3 induction required activation of p38 but not ERK. These results suggest that cyclic strain induces an absorptive phenotype characterized by increased DPPIV activity via Src-, p38-, and PI3-kinase-dependent induction of Schlafen 3 in rat IEC-6 cells on collagen, whereas Schlafen 3 may also be a key factor in the induction of intestinal epithelial differentiation by other stimuli such as sodium butyrate or TGF-beta. The induction of Schlafen 3 or its human homologs may modulate intestinal epithelial differentiation and preserve the gut mucosa during normal gut function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisi Yuan
- 1Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, Lansing; ,2Research Service, John. D. Dingell VA Medical Center, and ,Departments of 3Anatomy and Cell Biology and
| | - Yingjie Yu
- 2Research Service, John. D. Dingell VA Medical Center, and ,4Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Adhip P. N. Majumdar
- 2Research Service, John. D. Dingell VA Medical Center, and ,4Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Marc D. Basson
- 1Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, Lansing; ,2Research Service, John. D. Dingell VA Medical Center, and ,Departments of 3Anatomy and Cell Biology and
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24
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Lackeyram D, Yang C, Archbold T, Swanson KC, Fan MZ. Early weaning reduces small intestinal alkaline phosphatase expression in pigs. J Nutr 2010; 140:461-8. [PMID: 20089775 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.117267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the small intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) is enterocyte differentiation dependent and plays essential roles in the detoxification of pathogenic bacterial lipopolysaccharide endotoxin, maintenance of luminal pH, organic phosphate digestion, and fat absorption. This study was conducted to examine the effect of early weaning on adaptive changes in IAP digestive capacity (V(cap)) and IAP gene expression compared with suckling counterparts in pigs at ages 10-22 d. Weaning decreased (P < 0.05) IAP enzyme affinity by 26% and IAP maximal enzyme activity by 22%, primarily in the jejunal region, with the jejunum expressing 84-86% of the whole gut mucosal IAP V(cap) [mol/(kg body weight.d)]. The majority (98%) of the jejunal mucosal IAP maximal activity was associated with the apical membrane and the remaining (2%) existed as the intracellular soluble IAP. Weaning reduced the abundance of the 60-kDa IAP protein associated with the proximal jejunal apical membrane by 64% (P < 0.05). Furthermore, weaning reduced (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of the proximal jejunal IAP mRNA by 58% and this was in association with decreases (P < 0.05) in the abundances of cytoplasmic (27%) and nuclear (29%) origins of IAP caudal-associated homeobox transcription factor 1. In conclusion, early weaning decreased small intestinal IAP V(cap), IAP catalytic affinity, and IAP gene expression, and this may in part contribute to the susceptibility of early-weaned piglets to increased occurrence of enteric diseases and growth-check.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Lackeyram
- Center for Nutrition Modeling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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25
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Stairs DB, Kong J, Lynch JP. Cdx genes, inflammation, and the pathogenesis of intestinal metaplasia. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 96:231-70. [PMID: 21075347 PMCID: PMC6005371 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381280-3.00010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is a biologically interesting and clinically relevant condition in which one differentiated type of epithelium is replaced by another that is morphologically similar to normal intestinal epithelium. Two classic examples of this are gastric IM and Barrett's esophagus (BE). In both, a chronic inflammatory microenvironment, provoked either by Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach or acid and bile reflux into the esophagus, precedes the metaplasia. The Caudal-related homeodomain transcription factors Cdx1 and Cdx2 are critical regulators of the normal intestinal epithelial cell phenotype. Ectopic expression of Cdx1 and Cdx2 occurs in both gastric IM as well as in BE. This expression precedes the onset of the metaplasia and implies a causal role for these factors in this process. We review the observations regarding the role of chronic inflammation and the Cdx transcription factors in the pathogenesis of gastric IM and BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Stairs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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26
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Guo RJ, Funakoshi S, Lee HH, Kong J, Lynch JP. The intestine-specific transcription factor Cdx2 inhibits beta-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity by disrupting the beta-catenin-TCF protein complex. Carcinogenesis 2009; 31:159-66. [PMID: 19734199 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdx2 is an intestine-specific transcription factor known to regulate proliferation and differentiation. We have reported previously that Cdx2 limits the proliferation of human colon cancer cells by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of the beta-catenin-T-cell factor (TCF) bipartite complex. Herein we further elucidate this mechanism. Studies with a classic Cdx2 target gene and a canonical Wnt/beta-catenin/TCF reporter suggest that Cdx2 regulates these promoters by distinctly different processes. Specifically, inhibition of beta-catenin/TCF activity by Cdx2 does not require Cdx2 transcriptional activity. Instead, Cdx2 binds beta-catenin and disrupts its interaction with the DNA-binding TCF factors, thereby silencing beta-catenin/TCF target gene expression. Using Cdx2 mutants, we map the Cdx2 domains required for the inhibition of beta-catenin/TCF activity. We identify a subdomain in the N-terminus that is highly conserved and when mutated significantly reduces Cdx2 inhibition of beta-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity. Mutation of this subdomain also abrogates Cdx2's anti-proliferative effects in colon cancer cells. In summary, we conclude that Cdx2 binds beta-catenin and disrupts the beta-catenin-TCF complex. Considering the pivotal role of beta-catenin/TCF activity in driving proliferation of normal intestinal epithelial and colon cancer cells, our findings suggest a novel mechanism for Cdx2-mediated regulation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Jun Guo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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27
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Zhang T, Bai YZ, Zhang D, Zhang SW, Wang DJ, Jia HM, Yuan ZW, Wang WL. Temporal and spatial expression of caudal-type homeobox gene-1 in the development of anorectal malformations in rat embryos. J Pediatr Surg 2009; 44:1568-74. [PMID: 19635307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine caudal-type homeobox gene-1 (Cdx1) expressions during anorectal development in normal and anorectal malformation (ARMs) embryos and investigate the possible role of Cdx1 in the pathogenesis of ARM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anorectal malformation was induced by ethylenethiourea on the 10th gestational day (GD10) in rat embryos. Cesarean deliveries were performed to harvest embryos from GD13 to GD21. The temporal and spatial expression of Cdx1 was evaluated in normal rat embryos (n = 334) and ARM embryos (n = 328) from GD13 to GD20 using immunohistochemistry staining, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Immunostaining revealed that in normal embryos, on GD13.5, Cdx1 expression was mainly located on the epithelium of the dorsal urorectal septum (URS), cloacal membrane, and the hindgut. On GD15, increased positive tissue staining was noted on the fused tissue of URS, especially in the very thin anal membrane. In the ARM embryos, however, the epithelium of the cloaca, URS, and anorectum was negative or faint for Cdx1. In Western blot and RT-PCR, in the normal group, Cdx1 protein and Cdx1 messenger RNA expression showed time-dependent changes in the developing hindgut, on GD14, GD14.5, and GD15. The expression level reached a peak when the anus was forming. Once the anus was open, Cdx1 expression gradually decreased. In addition, the expression level of Cdx1 in the ARM group from GD13 to GD16 was significant lower than that of the normal group (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS In ARM embryos, an imbalance of spatiotemporal expression of Cdx1 was noted during anorectal morphogenesis from GD13 to GD16. This suggests that downregulation of Cdx1 at the time of cloacal separation into rectum and urethra might be related to the development of ARM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China
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28
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Gastrointestinal differentiation marker Cytokeratin 20 is regulated by homeobox gene CDX1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:1936-41. [PMID: 19188603 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0812904106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CDX1 is a transcription factor that plays a key role in intestinal development and differentiation. However, the downstream targets of CDX1 are less well defined than those of its close homologue, CDX2. We report here the identification of downstream targets of CDX1 using microarray gene-expression analysis and other approaches. Keratin 20 (KRT20), a member of the intermediate filament and a well-known marker of intestinal differentiation, was initially identified as one of the genes likely to be directly regulated by CDX1. CDX1 and KRT20 mRNA expression were significantly correlated in a panel of 38 colorectal cancer cell lines. Deletion and mutation analysis of the KRT20 promoter showed that the minimum regulatory region for the control of KRT20 expression by CDX1 is within 246 bp upstream of the KRT20 transcription start site. ChIP analysis confirmed that CDX1 binds to the predicted CDX elements in this region of the KRT20 promoter in vivo. In addition, immunohistochemistry showed expression of CDX1 parallels that of KRT20 in the normal crypt, which further supports their close relationship. In summary, our observations strongly imply that KRT20 is directly regulated by CDX1, and therefore suggest a role for CDX1 in maintaining differentiation in intestinal epithelial cells. Because a key feature of the development of a cancer is an unbalanced program of proliferation and differentiation, dysregulation of CDX1 may be an advantage for the development of a colorectal carcinoma. This could, therefore, explain the relatively frequent down regulation of CDX1 in colorectal carcinomas by hypermethylation.
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Funakoshi S, Ezaki T, Kong J, Guo RJ, Lynch JP. Repression of the desmocollin 2 gene expression in human colon cancer cells is relieved by the homeodomain transcription factors Cdx1 and Cdx2. Mol Cancer Res 2008; 6:1478-90. [PMID: 18819935 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-07-2161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Desmosomes are intracellular junctions that provide strong cell-cell adhesion in epithelia and cardiac muscle. Their disruption causes several human diseases and contributes to the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition observed in cancer. Desmocollin 2 (DSC2) is a cadherin superfamily member and a critical component of desmosomes found in intestinal epithelium. However, the mechanism regulating DSC2 gene expression in intestinal cells is not known. Cdx1 and Cdx2 are homeodomain transcription factors that regulate intestine-specific gene expression. Cdx expression in the past has been associated with the induction of desmosomes. We now show that the DSC2 gene is a transcriptional target for Cdx1 and Cdx2. Colon cancer cell lines retaining Cdx2 expression typically express DSC2. Restoration of Cdx expression in Colo 205 cells induced DSC2 mRNA and protein and the formation of desmosomes. The 5'-flanking region of the DSC2 promoter contains two consensus Cdx-binding sites. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays show that Cdx1 and Cdx2 bind these sites in vitro, and chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed Cdx2 binding in vivo. DSC2 promoter truncations established that these regions are Cdx responsive. The truncations also identify a region of the promoter in which potent transcriptional repressors act. This repressor activity is relieved by Cdx binding. We conclude that the homeodomain transcription factors Cdx1 and Cdx2 regulate DSC2 gene expression in intestinal epithelia by reversing the actions of a transcriptional repressor. The regulation of desmosomal junctions by Cdx contributes to normal intestinal epithelial columnar morphology and likely antagonizes the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition necessary for the metastasis of colon cancer cells in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Funakoshi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Cdx1, a dispensable homeobox gene for gut development with limited effect in intestinal cancer. Oncogene 2008; 27:4497-502. [PMID: 18372917 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The homeobox gene Cdx1 is involved in anteroposterior patterning in embryos and its expression selectively persists in the intestinal epithelium throughout life. In human colon cancers, Cdx1 is overexpressed in few cases and lost in the majority of adenocarcinomas. We used mouse models of gain and loss-of-function to investigate the role of Cdx1 in intestinal development and cancers. Transgenic mice overexpressing Cdx1 and knockout mice exhibited a morphologically normal intestine. Cell proliferation, specification into the four differentiated lineages and migration along the crypt-villus axis were unchanged compared to wild-type mice. Changing Cdx1 caused an inverse and dose-dependent modification of the expression of the paralogous gene Cdx2, indicating that Cdx1 fine-tunes Cdx2 activity. Transgenenic and knockout mice failed to spontaneously develop tumours. Overexpressing Cdx1 was without incidence on the frequency of intestinal tumours induced chemically by azoxymethane treatment or genetically in Apc(Delta14/+) mice. However, it augmented the severity of the tumours in Apc(Delta14/+) mice. Inversely, the loss-of-function of Cdx1 in knockout mice was without incidence on the growth of tumours induced by azoxymethane. We conclude that Cdx1 is dispensable for intestinal development and that its overexpression could increase malignancy in early stages of tumourigenesis.
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Paul T, Li S, Khurana S, Leleiko N, Walsh M. The epigenetic signature of CFTR expression is co-ordinated via chromatin acetylation through a complex intronic element. Biochem J 2008; 408:317-26. [PMID: 17848139 PMCID: PMC2267364 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) gene is a tightly regulated and differentially expressed transcript in many mucosal epithelial cell types. It appears that DNA sequence variations alone do not explain CFTR-related gastrointestinal disease patterns and that epigenetic modifiers influence CFTR expression. Our aim was to characterize the native chromatin environment in cultured cells for intestinal CFTR expression by determining the relationship between histone acetylation and occupation of CFTR by multiple transcription factors, through a common regulatory element. We used HDAC (histone deacetylase) inhibition and ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) analyses to define regions associated with acute acetylation of histone at the CFTR locus. We identified a region within the first intron associated with acute acetylation of histone H4 as an epigenetic signature corresponding to an intestine-specific enhancer element for CFTR. DHS (DNase I-hypersensitivity) assays and ChIP were used to specify control elements and occupation by regulatory factors. Quantitative ChIP procedures indicate that HNF1alpha (hepatic nuclear factor 1alpha) and Cdx2 (caudal homeobox protein 2) occupy and regulate through a novel intronic enhancer element of CFTR and that Tcf4 (T-cell factor 4) overlaps the same DNA element. RNAi (RNA interference) of Tcf4 and HNF1alpha decreased intestinal cell CFTR expression, identifying these as positive regulatory factors and CFTR as a target for Wnt signalling. We have linked the acetylation signature of nucleosomal histones to active intestinal CFTR expression and occupation by transcription factors HNF1alpha, Cdx2 and Tcf4 which converge to modify chromatin architecture. These studies suggest the therapeutic potential of histone modification strategies, such as inhibition of HDAC activity, to treat CFTR-associated disease by selectively enhancing CFTR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thankam Paul
- *Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, U.S.A
| | - SiDe Li
- *Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, U.S.A
| | - Sanjeev Khurana
- †Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, U.S.A
| | - Neal S. Leleiko
- †Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, U.S.A
| | - Martin J. Walsh
- *Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Lu X, Freund JN, Muller M, Ravey J, Nicolas JP, Gueant JL, Namour F. Differential regulation of CDX1 and CDX2 gene expression by deficiency in methyl group donors. Biochimie 2007; 90:697-704. [PMID: 18187048 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The CDX2 and CDX1 homeobox genes have respectively a tumour suppressor and proliferative role in the intestinal epithelium. We analyzed DNA methylation and histones modifications associated with CDX2 and CDX1 promoters in two human colon cancer cell lines expressing differentially these genes, Caco2/TC7 [CDX2 positive-CDX1 negative] and HT29 [CDX2 negative-CDX1 negative] cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that CDX2 and CDX1 gene expression correlated with a histone modifications pattern characterizing active chromatin (H3K4 trimethylated and H3 acetylated). Bisulfite DNA sequencing and methylation-specific PCR showed that CDX2 and CDX1 promoters display no methylation in HT29 cells even though both genes are not expressed. In contrast, the CDX1 promoter is methylated in Caco2/TC7. DNA demethylation by 5aza-dC or the combination of 5aza-dC plus SAHA, an inhibitor of histone deacetylases, restored CDX1 expression in Caco2/TC7 cells but these treatments were inefficient on both CDX2 and CDX1 in HT29 cells. Thus, in colon cancer cells the changes in chromatin conformation are heterogeneous and repression of CDX2 and CDX1 in HT29 cells is not due to epigenetic mechanisms. In vivo, dietary deprivation of methyl groups in rats upregulated CDX1 mRNA and downregulated to a lesser extent CDX2 mRNA expression. Moreover, methyl group deprivation downregulated CDX2 protein by changing its phosphorylation pattern. The changes in CDX2 and CDX1 expression determined by methyl group deprivation may constitute one of the mechanisms sustaining the protective role attributed to folate in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Lu
- INSERM, UMR-S0724, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy F-54505, France
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Abstract
Although incidences of stomach cancer have decreased over the past several decades, the disease remains an important public health problem. To identify pathological and molecular biochemical mechanisms, various experimental animal models have been established in rats and mice with chemical carcinogens including N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is one of the most important factors for human stomach disorders, including neoplasia, and the H. pylori-infected and carcinogen-treated Mongolian gerbil (MG) has proven very useful for analyses of underlying processes. The findings with this model support the hypothesis that intestinal metaplasia is important not as a precancerous lesion but rather as a paracancerous condition and that intestinalization of stomach cancer progresses with chronic inflammation. Furthermore, dose-dependent enhancing effects of salt on stomach carcinogenesis could be demonstrated in MGs treated with MNU and H. pylori modifying surface mucous gel layer. H. pylori itself only causes chronic inflammation and acts as a promoter of stomach carcinogenesis in experimental models. Based on the precise pathological diagnosis of stomach lesions such as noncancerous heterotopic proliferative glands (HPG) and adenocarcinomas, a basis for understanding mechanisms of carcinogenesis has been established on which chemoprevention can be modeled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tsukamoto
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan.
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Ezaki T, Guo RJ, Li H, Reynolds AB, Lynch JP. The homeodomain transcription factors Cdx1 and Cdx2 induce E-cadherin adhesion activity by reducing beta- and p120-catenin tyrosine phosphorylation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 293:G54-65. [PMID: 17463179 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00533.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factors Cdx1 and Cdx2 are regulators of intestine-specific gene expression. They also regulate intestinal cell differentiation and proliferation; however, these effects are poorly understood. Previously, we have shown that expression of Cdx1 or Cdx2 in human Colo 205 cells induces a mature colonocyte morphology characterized by the induction of a polarized, columnar shape with apical microvilli and strong cell-cell adhesion. To elucidate the mechanism underlying this phenomenon, we investigated the adherens junction complex. Cdx1 or Cdx2 expression reduced Colo 205 cell migration and invasion in vitro, suggesting a physiologically significant change in cadherin function. However, Cdx expression did not significantly effect E-cadherin, alpha-, beta-, or gamma-catenin, or p120-catenin protein levels. Additionally, no alteration in their intracellular distribution was observed. Cdx expression did not alter the coprecipitation of beta-catenin with E-cadherin; however, it did reduce p120-catenin-E-cadherin coprecipitation. Tyrosine phosphorylation of beta- and p120-catenin is known to disrupt E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion and is associated with robust p120-catenin/E-cadherin interactions. We specifically investigated beta- and p120-catenin for tyrosine phosphorylation and found that it was significantly diminished by Cdx1 or Cdx2 expression. We restored beta- and p120-catenin tyrosine phosphorylation in Cdx2-expressing cells by knocking down the expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B and noted a significant decline in cell-cell adhesion. We conclude that Cdx expression in Colo 205 cells induces E-cadherin-dependent cell-cell adhesion by reducing beta- and p120-catenin tyrosine phosphorylation. Ascertaining the mechanism for this novel Cdx effect may improve our understanding of the regulation of cell-cell adhesion in the colonic epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Ezaki
- Division of Gastroenterology/650 CRB, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 415 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Jonckheere N, Vincent A, Perrais M, Ducourouble MP, Male AKV, Aubert JP, Pigny P, Carraway KL, Freund JN, Renes IB, Van Seuningen I. The human mucin MUC4 is transcriptionally regulated by caudal-related homeobox, hepatocyte nuclear factors, forkhead box A, and GATA endodermal transcription factors in epithelial cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:22638-50. [PMID: 17553805 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700905200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gene MUC4 encodes a large transmembrane mucin that is developmentally regulated and expressed along the undifferentiated pseudostratified epithelium, as early as 6.5 weeks during fetal development. Immunohistochemical analysis of Muc4 expression in developing mouse lung and gastrointestinal tract showed a different spatio-temporal pattern of expression before and after cytodifferentiation. The molecular mechanisms governing MUC4 expression during development are, however, unknown. Hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNF), forkhead box A (FOXA), GATA, and caudal-related homeobox transcription factors (TFs) are known to control cell differentiation of gut endoderm derived-tissues during embryonic development. They also control the expression of cell- and tissue-specific genes and may thus control MUC4 expression. To test this hypothesis, we studied and deciphered the molecular mechanisms responsible for MUC4 transcriptional regulation by these TFs. Experiments using small interfering RNA, cell co-transfection, and site-directed mutagenesis indicated that MUC4 is regulated at the transcriptional level by CDX-1 and -2, HNF-1 alpha and -1 beta, FOXA1/A2, HNF-4 alpha and -4 gamma, and GATA-4, -5, and -6 factors in a cell-specific manner. Binding of TFs was assessed by chromatin immunoprecipitation, and gel-shift assays. Altogether, these results demonstrate that MUC4 is a target gene of endodermal TFs and thus point out an important role for these TFs in regulating MUC4 expression during epithelial differentiation during development, cancer, and repair.
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González-Mariscal L, Lechuga S, Garay E. Role of tight junctions in cell proliferation and cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 42:1-57. [PMID: 17502225 DOI: 10.1016/j.proghi.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of a cancerous phenotype by epithelial cells involves the disruption of intercellular adhesions. The reorganization of the E-cadherin/beta-catenin complex in adherens junctions during cell transformation is widely recognized. Instead the implication of tight junctions (TJs) in this process is starting to be unraveled. The aim of this article is to review the role of TJ proteins in cell proliferation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Ave. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, México, DF 07360, México.
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Calon A, Gross I, Davidson I, Kedinger M, Duluc I, Domon-Dell C, Freund JN. Functional interaction between the homeoprotein CDX1 and the transcriptional machinery containing the TATA-binding protein. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 35:175-85. [PMID: 17158164 PMCID: PMC1802564 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that the CDX1 homeoprotein interacts with the TATA-box binding protein (TBP) on the promoter of the glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) gene. We show here that CDX1 interacts with TBP via the homeodomain and that the transcriptional activity additionally requires the N-terminal domain upstream of the homeodomain. CDX1 interacting with TBP is connected to members of the TFIID and Mediator complexes, two major elements of the general transcriptional machinery. Transcription luciferase assays performed using an altered-specificity mutant of TBP provide evidence for the functionality of the interaction between CDX1 and TBP. Unlike CDX1, CDX2 does not interact with TBP nor does it transactivate the G6Pase promoter. Swapping experiments between the domains of CDX1 and CDX2 indicate that, despite opposite functional effects of the homeoproteins on the G6Pase promoter, the N-terminal domains and homeodomains of both CDX1 and CDX2 have the intrinsic ability to activate transcription and to interact with TBP. However, the carboxy domains define the specificity of CDX1 and CDX2. Thus, intra-molecular interactions control the activity and partner recruitment of CDX1 and CDX2, leading to different molecular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irwin Davidson
- CNRS UMR7104, IGBMC and University Louis PasteurIllkirch, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Noël Freund
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at INSERM U682, 3 Avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France. Tel: +33 388 27 77 27; Fax: +33 388 26 35 38;
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Ericsson A, Kotarsky K, Svensson M, Sigvardsson M, Agace W. Functional characterization of the CCL25 promoter in small intestinal epithelial cells suggests a regulatory role for caudal-related homeobox (Cdx) transcription factors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:3642-51. [PMID: 16517733 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.6.3642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CCL25 is selectively and constitutively expressed in the small intestinal epithelium and plays an important role in mediating lymphocyte recruitment to this site. In this study, we demonstrate that CCL25 expression in murine small intestinal epithelial cells is independent of signaling through the lymphotoxin beta receptor and is not enhanced by inflammatory stimuli, pathways involved in driving the expression of most other chemokines. We define a transcriptional start site in the CCL25 gene and a region -141 to -5 proximal of exon 1 that is required for minimal promoter activity in the small intestinal epithelial cell lines, MODE-K and mICc12. These cell lines expressed far less CCL25 mRNA than freshly isolated small intestinal epithelial cells indicating that they are missing important factors driving CCL25 expression. The CCL25 promoter contained putative binding sites for the intestinal epithelial-associated Caudal-related homeobox (Cdx) transcription factors Cdx-1 and Cdx-2, and small intestinal epithelial cells but not MODE-K and mICc12 cells expressed Cdx-1 and Cdx-2. EMSA analysis demonstrated that Cdx proteins were present in nuclear extracts from freshly isolated small intestinal epithelial cells but not in MODE-K or mICcl2 cells, and bound to putative Cdx sites within the CCL25 promoter. Finally, cotransfection of MODE-K cells with Cdx transcription factors significantly increased CCL25 promoter activity as well as endogenous CCL25 mRNA levels. Together these results demonstrate a unique pattern of regulation for CCL25 and suggest a role for Cdx proteins in regulating CCL25 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ericsson
- Immunology Section, Stem Cell Center, Biomedical Centre I-13, Lund University, S-22184 Lund, Sweden
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Shafer LM, Slice LW. Anisomycin induces COX-2 mRNA expression through p38(MAPK) and CREB independent of small GTPases in intestinal epithelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1745:393-400. [PMID: 16054711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Revised: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells is associated with colorectal carcinogenesis. COX-2 expression is induced by numerous growth factors and gastrointestinal hormones through multiple protein kinase cascades. Here, the role of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and small GTPases in COX-2 expression was investigated. Anisomycin and sorbitol induced COX-2 expression in non-transformed, intestinal epithelial IEC-18 cells. Both anisomycin and sorbitol activated p38(MAPK) followed by phosphorylation of CREB. SB202190 and PD169316 but neither PD98059 nor U0126 blocked COX-2 expression and CREB phosphorylation by anisomycin or sorbitol. Clostridium difficile toxin B inhibition of small GTPases did not affect anisomycin-induced COX-2 mRNA expression or phosphorylation of p38MAPK and CREB but did inhibit sorbitol-dependent COX-2 expression and phosphorylation of p38MAPK and CREB. Angiotensin (Ang) II-dependent induction of COX-2 mRNA and induced phosphorylation of p38MAPK and CREB were inhibited by toxin B. Reduction of CREB protein in cells transfected with CREB siRNAs inhibited anisomycin-induced COX-2 expression. These results indicate that activation of p38MAPK signaling is sufficient for COX-2 expression in IEC-18 cells. Ang II and sorbitol require small GTPase activity for COX-2 expression via p38MAPK while anisomycin-induced COX-2 expression by p38MAPK does not require small GTPases. This places small GTPase activity down-stream of the AT1 receptor and hyperosmotic stress and up-stream of p38MAPK and CREB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Shafer
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Jonnson Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1786, USA
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Shroyer NF, Wallis D, Venken KJT, Bellen HJ, Zoghbi HY. Gfi1 functions downstream of Math1 to control intestinal secretory cell subtype allocation and differentiation. Genes Dev 2005; 19:2412-7. [PMID: 16230531 PMCID: PMC1257395 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1353905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gfi1 is a transcriptional repressor implicated in lymphomagenesis, neutropenia, and hematopoietic development, as well as ear and lung development. Here, we demonstrate that Gfi1 functions downstream of Math1 in intestinal secretory lineage differentiation. Gfi1(-/-) mice lack Paneth cells, have fewer goblet cells, and supernumerary enteroendocrine cells. Gfi1(-/-) mice show gene expression changes consistent with this altered cell allocation. These data suggest that Gfi1 functions to select goblet/Paneth versus enteroendocrine progenitors. We propose a model of intestinal cell fate choice in which beta-catenin and Cdx function upstream of Math1, and lineage-specific genes such as Ngn3 act downstream of Gfi1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah F Shroyer
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Alkhoury F, Malo MS, Mozumder M, Mostafa G, Hodin RA. Differential regulation of intestinal alkaline phosphatase gene expression by Cdx1 and Cdx2. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 289:G285-90. [PMID: 15774940 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00037.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the role that the caudal-related homeobox transcription factors Cdx1 and Cdx2 play in activating the enterocyte differentiation marker gene intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP). Human colon cancer Caco-2 cells were transiently transfected with Cdx1 and/or Cdx2, and semiquantitative RT-PCR was used to study the effects on IAP mRNA expression. Transfections with a variety of IAP-luciferase reporter constructs were used to identify a Cdx response element located within the human IAP gene promoter. Protein-DNA interactions were examined by EMSA. Results showed that Cdx1 markedly induced IAP mRNA expression, whereas Cdx2 did not, and, in fact, inhibited the Cdx1 effects. Functional analysis revealed that Cdx1 transactivates (fourfold, P < 0.05) the IAP promoter through a novel Cdx response element (GTTTAGA) located between -2369 and -2375 upstream of the translational start site. EMSA showed that both Cdx1 and Cdx2 could bind to the cis element, but in cotransfection experiments, Cdx2 inhibited the Cdx1 effects by approximately 50%. Thus we have identified a previously unrecognized interaction between two important gut transcription factors, Cdx1 and Cdx2, in the context of IAP gene regulation. Cdx1 activates the IAP gene via a novel cis element, whereas Cdx2 inhibits the Cdx1 effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad Alkhoury
- Dept. of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Gray 504, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Wang ML, Shin ME, Knight PA, Artis D, Silberg DG, Suh E, Wu GD. Regulation of RELM/FIZZ isoform expression by Cdx2 in response to innate and adaptive immune stimulation in the intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 288:G1074-83. [PMID: 15576623 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00442.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Host immune responses to commensal flora and enteric pathogens are known to influence gene expression in the intestinal epithelium. Although the Cdx family of caudal-related transcription factors represents critical regulators of gene expression in the intestinal epithelium, the effect of intestinal immune responses on Cdx expression and function has not been determined. We have shown that bacterial colonization and Th2 immune stimulation by intestinal nematode infection induce expression of the intestinal goblet cell-specific gene RELM beta. In this study, we investigated the transcriptional regulation of resistin-like molecule/found in inflammatory zone (RELM/FIZZ, RELM beta) and its isoforms RELM alpha and RELM gamma to ascertain the role of Cdx in modifying intestinal gene expression associated with innate and adaptive immune responses. Analysis of the RELM beta promoter showed that Cdx2 plays a critical role in basal gene activation in vitro. This was confirmed in vivo using transgenic mice, where ectopic gastric and hepatic expression of Cdx2 induces expression of RELM beta, but not RELM alpha or RELM gamma, exclusively in the stomach. Although there was no quantitative change in colonic Cdx2 mRNA expression, protein distribution, or phosphorylation of Cdx2, bacterial colonization induced expression of RELM beta, but not RELM alpha or RELM gamma. In contrast, parasitic nematode infections activated colonic expression of all three RELM isoforms without alteration in Cdx2 expression. These results demonstrated that Cdx2 participates in directing intestine-specific expression of RELM beta in the presence of commensal bacteria and that adaptive Th2 immune responses to intestinal nematode infections can activate intestinal goblet cell-specific gene expression independent of Cdx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Lun Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6144, USA
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Naishiro Y, Yamada T, Idogawa M, Honda K, Takada M, Kondo T, Imai K, Hirohashi S. Morphological and transcriptional responses of untransformed intestinal epithelial cells to an oncogenic β-catenin protein. Oncogene 2005; 24:3141-53. [PMID: 15735679 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant transactivation of a certain set of target genes by the beta-catenin and T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF) transcription factor complexes has been implicated in the process of intestinal epithelial cells entering early colorectal carcinogenesis. A rat intestinal epithelial cell line IEC6 became elongated, extended protrusions at cell periphery, and increased stress fibers and focal contacts upon the induction of beta-catenin protein stabilized by deletion of the N-terminal glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSKbeta) phosphorylation sites (beta-catenin DeltaN89). We used the GeneChiptrade mark oligonucleotide microarray system to examine approximately 24 000 genes and identified 13 genes whose expression was altered during the course of this morphological transformation. Those genes included known negative regulators of the Wnt signaling pathway, Sfrp4 and Axin2; extracellular matrix and related molecule, Hxb and Crtl1; cell adhesion and cytoskeletal proteins, Podxl, Igaf4, and Itab6; and molecules involved in the insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathways, Enpp1, Igfbp2, and Sgk. We report the finding that insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 (IGFBP2) is a direct target gene of the beta-catenin and TCF/LEF complexes. The IGFBP2 protein interacts with integrins. Disruption of the multigene network system regulating cell adhesion and cytoskeleton may be crucial in the initiation of colorectal carcinogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoma/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Colon/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Reporter
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/metabolism
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Lymphoid Enhancer-Binding Factor 1
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Rats
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Wnt Proteins
- beta Catenin
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyoshi Naishiro
- Chemotherapy Division and Cancer Proteomics Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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44
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Chiu T, Santiskulvong C, Rozengurt E. EGF receptor transactivation mediates ANG II-stimulated mitogenesis in intestinal epithelial cells through the PI3-kinase/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K1 signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 288:G182-94. [PMID: 15358595 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00200.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase and its downstream targets in the regulation of the transition from the G0/G1 phase into DNA synthesis in response to ANG II has not been previously investigated in intestinal epithelial IEC-18 cells. ANG II induced a rapid and striking EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation, which was prevented by selective inhibitors of EGFR tyrosine kinase activity (e.g., AG-1478) or by broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor GM-6001. Pretreatment of these cells with either AG-1478 or GM-6001 reduced ANG II-stimulated DNA synthesis by approximately 50%. To elucidate the downstream targets of EGFR, we demonstrated that ANG II stimulated phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473, mTOR at Ser2448, p70S6K1 at Thr389, and S6 ribosomal protein at Ser(235/236). Pretreatment with AG-1478 inhibited Akt, p70S6K1, and S6 ribosomal protein phosphorylation. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol (PI)3-kinase with LY-294002 or mTOR/p70S6K1 with rapamycin reduced [3H]thymidine incorporation by 50%, i.e., to levels comparable to those achieved by addition of either AG-1478 or GM-6001. Utilizing Akt small-interfering RNA targeted to Akt1 and Akt2, Akt protein knockdown dramatically inhibited p70S6K1 and S6 ribosomal protein phosphorylation. In contrast, AG-1478 or Akt gene silencing exerted no detectable inhibitory effect on ANG II-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation in IEC-18 cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that EGFR transactivation mediates ANG II-stimulated mitogenesis through the PI3-kinase/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K1 signaling pathway in IEC-18 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Chiu
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, CURE, Digestive Diseases Research Center, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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45
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Maier EA, Dusing MR, Wiginton DA. Cdx binding determines the timing of enhancer activation in postnatal duodenum. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:13195-202. [PMID: 15677472 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413158200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian intestine, adenosine deaminase (ADA) is expressed at high levels only along the villi of the duodenal epithelium. A duodenum-specific enhancer identified in the second intron of the human ADA gene controls this pattern of expression. This enhancer faithfully recapitulates this expression pattern in transgenic mice, when included in CAT reporter gene constructions. Multiple binding sites for PDX-1 and GATA factors were previously identified within the approximately 300-bp region that encompasses the enhancer. Mutation analyses demonstrated that binding of PDX-1 and of GATA-4 was absolutely essential for enhancer function. In the present study, we have identified additional enhancer binding sites for Cdx factors, for YY1, and for NFI family members. Detailed EMSA studies were used to confirm binding at these sites. This brings the number of confirmed binding sites within the enhancer to thirteen, with five different factors or family of factors contributing to the putative enhanceosome complex. Mutation analysis was utilized to examine the specific roles of the newly identified sites. Two sites were identified that bound both Cdx1 and Cdx2. Mutations were identified in these two sites that completely and specifically eliminated Cdx binding. In transgenic mice, these enhancer mutations dramatically changed the developmental timing of enhancer activation (delaying it by 2-3 weeks) without affecting other aspects of enhancer function. In the chromatin context of certain transgenic insertion sites, mutation of the two YY1 sites to specifically ablate binding caused a delay in enhancer activation similar to that observed with the Cdx mutations. No overt changes were observed from mutation of the NFI site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Maier
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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46
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Pilozzi E, Onelli MR, Ziparo V, Mercantini P, Ruco L. CDX1 expression is reduced in colorectal carcinoma and is associated with promoter hypermethylation. J Pathol 2004; 204:289-95. [PMID: 15378566 DOI: 10.1002/path.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The CDX1 homeobox gene encodes a transcription factor specifically expressed in normal intestinal and colonic epithelia, and CDX1 gene expression is affected during colorectal tumour progression. In this study, real-time quantitative RT-PCR was used to investigate CDX1 expression in 26 colorectal carcinomas. Reduced expression of CDX1 was observed in 19 of 26 colon carcinomas compared to matched normal colonic mucosa: the decrease in CDX1 expression ranged between 0.10 and 0.79 (21-90% decrease; mean 64.75% +/-22; p = 0.001). Mutation and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analyses were then used to determine if reduced CDX1 expression was due to genetic alteration. No CDX1 gene mutations, but two known polymorphisms in exon 1, were observed. LOH was observed in 33% of the tumours investigated but this was not related to CDX1 expression. Since aberrant promoter methylation is a well-known mechanism that participates in gene silencing, the methylation status of the CDX1 5' CpG island promoter was also investigated. PCR amplification of bisulphite-treated DNA followed by cloning was performed in 7 carcinomas that showed low expression of CDX1 and in 1 colonic carcinoma without reduced expression. Promoter hypermethylation occurred in carcinomas in which CDX1 reduced expression was present. These results suggest that CDX1 promoter hypermethylation is one of the molecular mechanisms that accounts for reduced CDX1 gene expression in colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Pilozzi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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47
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Slice LW, Chiu T, Rozengurt E. Angiotensin II and epidermal growth factor induce cyclooxygenase-2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells through small GTPases using distinct signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:1582-93. [PMID: 15525649 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m408172200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinogenesis is a multistep process involving genetic mutations and alterations in rigorously controlled signaling pathways and gene expression that control intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is aberrantly expressed in premalignant adenomatous polyps and colorectal carcinomas and is associated with increased epithelial cell proliferation, decreased apoptosis, and increased cell invasiveness. Currently, knowledge of the regulation of expression of COX-2 by endogenous cell-surface receptors is inadequate. Recently, in a non-transformed rat intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC-18), we showed induction of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis by angiotensin II (Ang II) via the endogenous Ang II type 1 receptor (Chiu, T., Santiskulvong, C., and Rozengurt, E. (2003) Am. J. Physiol. 285, G1-G11). We report that Ang II potently stimulated expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein as an immediate-early gene response through the Ang II type 1 receptor, correlating with an increase in prostaglandin I2 production. Ang II induced Cdc42 activation and filopodial formation. COX-2 expression was induced by epidermal growth factor (EGF), which activated Rac with lamellipodial formation. Inhibition of small GTPases by Clostridium difficile toxin B blocked COX-2 expression by Ang II and EGF. Inhibition of ERK activation by U0126 or PD98059 significantly decreased EGF-dependent COX-2 expression, but did not affect Ang II-dependent COX-2 expression. Conversely, inhibition of p38MAPK by SB202190 or PD169316 inhibited COX-2 expression by Ang II, but did not block COX-2 induction by EGF. Ang II caused Ca2+ mobilization. Inhibition of Ca2+ signaling by 2-aminobiphenyl borate blocked Ang II-dependent COX-2 expression. EGF did not induce Ca2+ mobilization, and 2-aminobiphenyl borate did not inhibit EGF-dependent COX-2 expression. Inhibition of COX-2 expression correlated with inhibition of prostaglandin I2 production. Luciferase promoter assays showed that Ang II-dependent transcriptional activation of the COX-2 promoter was dependent on activation of small GTPases and p38(MAPK) and on Ca2+ signaling via the cAMP-responsive element/activating transcription factor cis-acting element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee W Slice
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, the CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, the Jonnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1786, USA.
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48
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Keller MS, Ezaki T, Guo RJ, Lynch JP. Cdx1 or Cdx2 expression activates E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and compaction in human COLO 205 cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 287:G104-14. [PMID: 14977637 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00484.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A mature columnar intestinal epithelium develops late in embryogenesis and is maintained throughout the life of the organism. Although the mechanisms driving intestine-specific gene expression have been well studied, those promoting the acquisition of cell-cell junctions, columnar morphogenesis, and polarization have been less studied. The Cdx homeodomain transcription factors (Cdx1 and Cdx2) regulate intestine-specific gene expression and intestinal epithelial differentiation. We report here that Cdx expression induces E-cadherin activity and cell-cell adhesion in human COLO 205 cancer cells. Within days of Cdx1 or Cdx2 expression, a new homotypic cell-cell adhesion phenotype is induced. This is a specific response to Cdx, inasmuch as a Cdx1 mutant failed to elicit the effect. Additionally, Cdx-expressing COLO 205 cells demonstrate a reduced proliferative capacity and an increase in the mRNA expression of differentiation-associated genes. Electron micrographs of these cells demonstrate induction of tight, adherens, and desmosomal junctions, as well as a columnar shape and apical microvilli. Investigations of the adhesion phenotype determined that it was Ca(2+) dependent and could be blocked by an E-cadherin-blocking antibody. However, E-cadherin protein levels and intracellular distribution were unchanged. Cdx expression restored the ability of the cell membranes to adhere and undergo compaction. We conclude that Cdx1 or Cdx2 expression is sufficient to induce an E-cadherin-dependent adhesion of COLO 205 cells. This adhesion is associated with polarization and cell-cell membrane compaction, as well as induction of a differentiated gene-expression pattern. Ascertaining the mechanism for this novel Cdx effect may yield insight into the development of mature colonic epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Keller
- Division of Gastroenterology/660 CRB, University of Pennsylvania, 415 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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49
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Guo RJ, Huang E, Ezaki T, Patel N, Sinclair K, Wu J, Klein P, Suh ER, Lynch JP. Cdx1 inhibits human colon cancer cell proliferation by reducing beta-catenin/T-cell factor transcriptional activity. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:36865-75. [PMID: 15215241 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405213200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cessation of proliferation and the induction of differentiation are highly coordinated processes that occur continuously in the intestinal crypts. The homeodomain transcription factors Cdx1 and Cdx2 regulate intestine-specific gene expression and enterocyte differentiation. Their roles in regulating proliferation are recognized but remain poorly understood. Previously, we demonstrated that Cdx1 expression diminished the proliferation of human colon cancer cells in part by reducing cyclin D1 gene expression. In order to elucidate further the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, we first hypothesized that Cdx1 or Cdx2 expression reduces colon cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting beta-catenin/T-cell factor (TCF) transcriptional activity. We report that Cdx1 or Cdx2 expression does inhibit beta-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity in colon cancer cells. This inhibitory effect is dose-dependent and is observed in different colon cancer cell lines, and the degree of inhibition correlates with the ability of Cdx1 to reduce cell proliferation. Cdx1 expression does not alter beta-catenin protein levels or intracellular distribution nor does it induce an inhibitory TCF isoform. We also find that Cdx1 expression is lost in Min mouse polyps with increased nuclear localization of beta-catenin, suggesting that Cdx1 does not support beta-catenin-mediated transformation. Finally, we show that colon cancer cells effectively reduce Cdx2-mediated inhibition of Wnt/beta-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity when compared with other model systems. This suggests that colon cancer and possibly crypt epithelial cells can modulate the effects of Cdx2 on beta-catenin signaling and proliferation. We conclude that Cdx1 and Cdx2 inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation by blocking beta-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- Avian Proteins
- Blotting, Northern
- CDX2 Transcription Factor
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Division
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Cyclin D1/genetics
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enterocytes/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Reporter
- Genotype
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Homeodomain Proteins/physiology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Models, Biological
- Phenotype
- Precipitin Tests
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Isoforms
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Ribonucleases/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- Xenopus
- Xenopus Proteins
- beta Catenin
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Jun Guo
- Division of Gastroenterology, the Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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50
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Rankin EB, Xu W, Silberg DG, Suh E. Putative intestine-specific enhancers located in 5' sequence of the CDX1 gene regulate CDX1 expression in the intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 286:G872-80. [PMID: 14715525 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00326.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CDX1 is a homeobox transcription factor that plays a critical role in intestinal epithelial cell growth and differentiation. CDX1 gene expression is tightly regulated in a temporal and cell-type specific manner. However, very little is known about the regulatory mechanisms that direct CDX1 gene expression in the intestine. To elucidate these mechanisms, we employed a series of transgenic mouse studies using the 5' flanking sequences of the human CDX1 gene. Transgenic mice containing nucleotides between -5667 and +68 relative to the transcription start site of the CDX1 gene demonstrated ectopic expression of the transgene in the brain and gastric smooth muscle. However, transgenic expression of the nucleotides -15601 to +68 of the CDX1 gene was restricted to the intestinal epithelium, which was identical to endogenous CDX1 gene expression. Taken together, the upstream sequences between -15601 and -5667 contain regulatory elements that direct transgene expression specifically to the intestinal epithelium. Furthermore, DNase I hypersensitivity assays revealed two active chromatin regions in the CDX1 gene (hypertensive sites 1 and 2) located at approximately -5.8 and -6.8 kb upstream of the CDX1 gene, respectively, which may function as potential intestine-specific enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinn B Rankin
- Gastroenterology Div., Dept. of Medicine, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Ste. 600, 415 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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