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Saeidnia M, Shadfar F, Sharifi S, Babashahi M, Ghaderi A, Shokri M. Skin complications during iron chelation therapy for beta-thalassemia: overview and treatment approach. Int J Hematol 2024; 120:271-277. [PMID: 39088188 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-024-03825-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Thalassemia is an inherited genetic disorder of hemoglobin that affects a large population worldwide, and it is estimated that between 50,000 and 60,000 infants with thalassemia are born each year. The most common treatment for thalassemia is blood transfusion, which leads to iron overload. This in itself is a serious clinical condition, and is commonly managed with iron chelation therapy. However, iron chelators can cause various skin complications, including hyperpigmentation, skin rash, itching, and photosensitivity. These skin side effects can impact patients' quality of life. Therefore, this article provides a comprehensive overview of skin complications caused by iron chelators, along with a proposed comprehensive approach to their management in patients with beta-thalassemia. Key strategies include patient education, regular skin assessment, sun protection measures, symptomatic relief with topical corticosteroids and antihistamines, and consideration of treatment modification if severe complications occur. Collaboration between hematologists and dermatologists, along with psychological support and regular follow-up, is an essential component of this multidisciplinary approach. By implementing these strategies, healthcare providers can optimize skin care for patients with beta-thalassemia treated with iron chelators and improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Saeidnia
- Department of Hematology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
| | - Fariba Shadfar
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Shokoufeh Sharifi
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mashallah Babashahi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Abolhassan Ghaderi
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shokri
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Khasheii B, Mahmoodi P, Mohammadzadeh A. Siderophores: Importance in bacterial pathogenesis and applications in medicine and industry. Microbiol Res 2021; 250:126790. [PMID: 34098495 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for all microorganisms. Siderophores are low-weight, high-affinity iron chelating molecules produced in response to iron deficiency by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria which also known as essential virulence factors of bacteria. Several studies have indicated that defective production and/or function of these molecules as well as iron acquisition systems in pathogens are associated with a reduction in pathogenicity of bacteria. Because of their potential role in various biological pathways, siderophores have been received special attention as secondary metabolites. Siderophores can detect iron levels in a variety of environments with a biosensor function. In medicine, siderophores are used to deliver antibiotics (Trojan horse strategy) to resistant bacteria and to treat diseases such as cancer and malaria. In this review, we discuss the iron acquisition pathways in Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, importance of siderophore production in pathogenesis of bacteria, classification of siderophores, and main applications of siderophores in medicine and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnoush Khasheii
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Pezhman Mahmoodi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Abdolmajid Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
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3
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Jiang X, Zhou T, Bai R, Xie Y. Hydroxypyridinone-Based Iron Chelators with Broad-Ranging Biological Activities. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14470-14501. [PMID: 33023291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron plays an essential role in all living cells because of its unique chemical properties. It is also the most abundant trace element in mammals. However, when iron is present in excess or inappropriately located, it becomes toxic. Excess iron can become involved in free radical formation, resulting in oxidative stress and cellular damage. Iron chelators are used to treat serious pathological disorders associated with systemic iron overload. Hydroxypyridinones stand out for their outstanding chelation properties, including high selectivity for Fe3+ in the biological environment, ease of derivatization, and good biocompatibility. Herein, we overview the potential for multifunctional hydroxypyridinone-based chelators to be used as therapeutic agents against a wide range of diseases associated either with systemic or local elevated iron levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, P.R. China
| | - Renren Bai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China.,College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
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4
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Perring J, Crawshay-Williams F, Huang C, Townley HE. Bio-inspired melanin nanoparticles induce cancer cell death by iron adsorption. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2018; 29:181. [PMID: 30506101 PMCID: PMC6267116 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of iron metabolism is a common characteristic of cancer cells. The rapid proliferation of the tumour cells means that there is an increased dependence upon iron compared to healthy cells. Chelation of iron can be undertaken with a number of different compounds, however, simply lowering systemic iron levels to control tumour growth is not possible since iron is essential for cellular metabolism in the rest of the body. Nanoparticulate iron chelators could overcome this difficulty by targeting to the tumour either by the passive enhanced permeation and retention effect, or by targeting ligands on the surface. Nanoparticles were prepared from melanin, which is a naturally occurring pigment that is widely distributed within the body, but that can chelate iron. The prepared nanoparticles were shown to be ~220 nm, and could adsorb 16.45 mmoles iron/g melanin. The nanoparticles showed no affect on control fibroblast cells at a concentration of 200 μM, whereas the immortalised cancer cell lines showed at least 56% reduction in cell growth. At a concentration of 1 mM melanin nanoparticles the cell growth could be reduced by 99% compared to the control. The nanoparticles also show no significant haemotoxicity, even at concentration of 500 μM. Melanin nanoparticles are therefore a viable prospect for destroying cancer cells via iron starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Perring
- Department of Medical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | | | - Cindy Huang
- Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, Oxford University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Helen E Townley
- Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, Oxford University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK.
- Department of Engineering Science, Oxford University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK.
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5
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A review on iron chelators as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Mol Divers 2018; 23:509-526. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-018-9878-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Akladios FN, Andrew SD, Parkinson CJ. Cytotoxic activity of expanded coordination bis-thiosemicarbazones and copper complexes thereof. J Biol Inorg Chem 2016; 21:931-944. [PMID: 27645502 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-016-1390-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of bis-thiosemicarbazone agents with coordinating groups capable of multiple metal coordination modes has been generated and evaluated for potential cytotoxic effects against melanoma (MelRm) and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines. The bis-thiosemicarbazones in this study generally demonstrated superior cytotoxic activity against MelRm than MCF-7 in the absence of metal ion supplementation, but in most cases could not be considered superior to the reference thiosemicarbazone Dp44mT. The key structural features for the cytotoxic activity were the central metal binding atom on the aromatic core, the thiocarbonyl residue and the nature of substitution on the N4-terminus in terms of size and lipophilicity. The cytotoxicity of bis-thiosemicarbazone ligands improved significantly with Cu(II) supplementation, particularly against MCF-7 cells. The mechanism of cytotoxicity of bis-thiosemicarbazones was proposed to be dependent on the combined effect of metal mobilisation and ROS generation which is so called a "double-punch effect".
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Affiliation(s)
- Fady N Akladios
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, 2800, Australia
| | - Scott D Andrew
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, 2800, Australia
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Lui GYL, Kovacevic Z, Richardson V, Merlot AM, Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR. Targeting cancer by binding iron: Dissecting cellular signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2016; 6:18748-79. [PMID: 26125440 PMCID: PMC4662454 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Newer and more potent therapies are urgently needed to effectively treat advanced cancers that have developed resistance and metastasized. One such strategy is to target cancer cell iron metabolism, which is altered compared to normal cells and may facilitate their rapid proliferation. This is supported by studies reporting the anti-neoplastic activities of the clinically available iron chelators, desferrioxamine and deferasirox. More recently, ligands of the di-2-pyridylketone thiosemicarbazone (DpT) class have demonstrated potent and selective anti-proliferative activity across multiple cancer-types in vivo, fueling studies aimed at dissecting their molecular mechanisms of action. In the past five years alone, significant advances have been made in understanding how chelators not only modulate cellular iron metabolism, but also multiple signaling pathways implicated in tumor progression and metastasis. Herein, we discuss recent research on the targeting of iron in cancer cells, with a focus on the novel and potent DpT ligands. Several key studies have revealed that iron chelation can target the AKT, ERK, JNK, p38, STAT3, TGF-β, Wnt and autophagic pathways to subsequently inhibit cellular proliferation, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. These developments emphasize that these novel therapies could be utilized clinically to effectively target cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goldie Y L Lui
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vera Richardson
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Angelica M Merlot
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Danuta S Kalinowski
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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8
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Al-Eisawi Z, Stefani C, Jansson PJ, Arvind A, Sharpe PC, Basha MT, Iskander GM, Kumar N, Kovacevic Z, Lane DJR, Sahni S, Bernhardt PV, Richardson DR, Kalinowski DS. Novel Mechanism of Cytotoxicity for the Selective Selenosemicarbazone, 2-Acetylpyridine 4,4-Dimethyl-3-selenosemicarbazone (Ap44mSe): Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization. J Med Chem 2016; 59:294-312. [PMID: 26645570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Selenosemicarbazones show marked antitumor activity. However, their mechanism of action remains unknown. We examined the medicinal chemistry of the selenosemicarbazone, 2-acetylpyridine 4,4-dimethyl-3-selenosemicarbazone (Ap44mSe), and its iron and copper complexes to elucidate its mechanisms of action. Ap44mSe demonstrated a pronounced improvement in selectivity toward neoplastic relative to normal cells compared to its parent thiosemicarbazone. It also effectively depleted cellular Fe, resulting in transferrin receptor-1 up-regulation, ferritin down-regulation, and increased expression of the potent metastasis suppressor, N-myc downstream regulated gene-1. Significantly, Ap44mSe limited deleterious methemoglobin formation, highlighting its usefulness in overcoming toxicities of clinically relevant thiosemicarbazones. Furthermore, Cu-Ap44mSe mediated intracellular reactive oxygen species generation, which was attenuated by the antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, or Cu sequestration. Notably, Ap44mSe forms redox active Cu complexes that target the lysosome to induce lysosomal membrane permeabilization. This investigation highlights novel structure-activity relationships for future chemotherapeutic design and underlines the potential of Ap44mSe as a selective anticancer/antimetastatic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaynab Al-Eisawi
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney , Sydney, Level 5, Blackburn Building (D06)New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Christian Stefani
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney , Sydney, Level 5, Blackburn Building (D06)New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Patric J Jansson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney , Sydney, Level 5, Blackburn Building (D06)New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Akanksha Arvind
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney , Sydney, Level 5, Blackburn Building (D06)New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Philip C Sharpe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Maram T Basha
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - George M Iskander
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Naresh Kumar
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney , Sydney, Level 5, Blackburn Building (D06)New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Darius J R Lane
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney , Sydney, Level 5, Blackburn Building (D06)New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney , Sydney, Level 5, Blackburn Building (D06)New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Paul V Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney , Sydney, Level 5, Blackburn Building (D06)New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Danuta S Kalinowski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney , Sydney, Level 5, Blackburn Building (D06)New South Wales 2006, Australia
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9
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3-Hydroxypyridinone derivatives as metal-sequestering agents for therapeutic use. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:383-410. [PMID: 25826364 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although iron is one of the most important metal ions for living organisms, it becomes toxic when in excess or misplaced. This review presents a glance at representative examples of hydroxypyridinone-based chelators, which have been recently developed as potential clinically useful drugs for metal overload diseases, mostly associated with excess of iron but also other hard metal-ions. It also includes a detailed discussion on the factors assisting chelator design strategy toward fulfillment of the most relevant biochemical properties of hydroxypyridinone chelators, highlighting structure-activity relationships and a variety of potential clinical applications, beyond chelatotherapy. This study appears as a response to the growing interest on metal chelation therapy and opens new perspectives of possible applications in future medicine.
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10
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Goswami D, Machini MT, Silvestre DM, Nomura CS, Esposito BP. Cell penetrating peptide (CPP)-conjugated desferrioxamine for enhanced neuroprotection: synthesis and in vitro evaluation. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:2067-80. [PMID: 25299707 DOI: 10.1021/bc5004197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Iron overload causes progressive and sometimes irreversible damage due to accelerated production of reactive oxygen species. Desferrioxamine (DFO), a siderophore, has been used clinically to remove excess iron. However, the applications of DFO are limited because of its inability to access intracellular labile iron. Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) have become an efficient delivery vector for the enhanced internalization of drugs into the cytosol. We describe, herein, an efficient method for covalently conjugating DFO to the CPPs TAT(47-57) and Penetratin. Both conjugates suppressed the redox activity of labile plasma iron in buffered solutions and in iron-overloaded sera. Enhanced access to intracellular labile iron compared to the parent siderophore was achieved in HeLa and RBE4 (a model of blood-brain-barrier) cell lines. Iron complexes of both conjugates also had better permeability in both cell models. DFO antioxidant and iron binding properties were preserved and its bioavailability was increased upon CPP conjugation, which opens new therapeutic possibilities for neurodegenerative processes associated with brain iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibakar Goswami
- Departamentos de Química Fundamental e de ‡Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo , Av. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Panja S, Chaudhuri D, Ghate N, Mandal N. Phytochemical profile of a microalgae Euglena tuba
and its hepatoprotective effect against iron-induced liver damage in Swiss albino mice. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:1773-86. [PMID: 25195957 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Panja
- Division of Molecular Medicine; Bose Institute; Kolkata West Bengal India
| | - D. Chaudhuri
- Division of Molecular Medicine; Bose Institute; Kolkata West Bengal India
| | - N.B. Ghate
- Division of Molecular Medicine; Bose Institute; Kolkata West Bengal India
| | - N. Mandal
- Division of Molecular Medicine; Bose Institute; Kolkata West Bengal India
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12
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Yang S, Bai G, Chen L, Shen Q, Diao X, Zhao G. The interaction of phenolic acids with Fe(III) in the presence of citrate as studied by isothermal titration calorimetry. Food Chem 2014; 157:302-9. [PMID: 24679785 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, exogenous chelators such as polyphenols might interact with non-protein bound ferric complexes, such as Fe(III)-citrate. Additionally, Fe(III) and citrate are widely distributed in various fruits and vegetables which are also rich in phenolic acids. In this study, we focus on the interaction between phenolic acids (gallic acid, methyl gallate and protocatechuic acid) and Fe(III) in the presence of excessive citrate by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) for thermodynamic studies, and stopped-flow absorption spectrometry for fast kinetic studies. Results reveal that all of these three phenolic acids can bind to the Fe(III) with the same stoichiometry (3:1). Moreover, the binding constants of these three compounds with Fe(III) are greatly dependent on ligand structure, and are much higher than that of Fe(III)-citrate. Based on their stoichiometry and superhigh binding constants, it is most likely that these three phenolic acids can displace the citrate to bind with one iron(III) ion to form a stable octahedral geometric structure, albeit at different rates. These findings shed light on the interaction between phenolic acids and Fe(III) in the presence of citrate under either physiological conditions or in a food system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senpei Yang
- CAU & ACC Joint-Laboratory of Space Food, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guangling Bai
- CAU & ACC Joint-Laboratory of Space Food, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lingli Chen
- CAU & ACC Joint-Laboratory of Space Food, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qun Shen
- CAU & ACC Joint-Laboratory of Space Food, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xianmin Diao
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guanghua Zhao
- CAU & ACC Joint-Laboratory of Space Food, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Gumienna-Kontecka E, Nurchi VM, Szebesczyk A, Bilska P, Krzywoszynska K, Kozlowski H. Chelating Agents as Tools for the Treatment of Metal Overload. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201300064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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14
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Merlot AM, Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR. Novel chelators for cancer treatment: where are we now? Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:973-1006. [PMID: 22424293 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Under normal circumstances, cellular iron levels are tightly regulated due to the potential toxic effects of this metal ion. There is evidence that tumors possess altered iron homeostasis, which is mediated by the perturbed expression of iron-related proteins, for example, transferrin receptor 1, ferritin and ferroportin 1. The de-regulation of iron homeostasis in cancer cells reveals a particular vulnerability to iron-depletion using iron chelators. In this review, we examine the absorption of iron from the gut; its transport, metabolism, and homeostasis in mammals; and the molecular pathways involved. Additionally, evidence for alterations in iron processing in cancer are described along with the perturbations in other biologically important transition metal ions, for example, copper(II) and zinc(II). These changes can be therapeutically manipulated by the use of novel chelators that have recently been shown to be highly effective in terms of inhibiting tumor growth. RECENT ADVANCES Such chelators include those of the thiosemicarbazone class that were originally thought to target only ribonucleotide reductase, but are now known to have multiple effects, including the generation of cytotoxic radicals. CRITICAL ISSUES Several chelators have shown marked anti-tumor activity in vivo against a variety of solid tumors. An important aspect is the toxicology and the efficacy of these agents in clinical trials. FUTURE DIRECTIONS As part of the process of the clinical assessment of the new chelators, an extensive toxicological assessment in multiple animal models is essential for designing appropriate dosing protocols in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica M Merlot
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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15
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Different approaches to the study of chelating agents for iron and aluminium overload pathologies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:585-601. [PMID: 23096940 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Our objective is to illustrate the activity of the groups operating in Italy involved in identification and study of new chelating agents, mainly intended for treatment of human pathology correlated with metal overload. The objective of "chelation therapy" is removal of toxic metal ions from the human body or attenuation of their toxicity by transforming them into less toxic compounds or by dislocating them from the site at which they exert a toxic action. Because most of this research activity is related to chelating agents for iron and aluminium, diseases related to these two metal ions are briefly treated. Iron overload is the most common metal toxicity disease worldwide. The toxicity of aluminium in dialysis patients was a serious problem for haemodialysis units in the seventies and eighties of the last century. In particular, this review focuses on research performed by the group at Cagliari and Ferrara, and by that at Padova. The former is studying, above all, bisphosphonate and kojic acid derivatives, and the latter is investigating 3,4-hydroxypyridinecarboxylic acids with differently substituted pyridinic rings.
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Abstract
Elucidating the molecular basis for the regulation of iron uptake, storage, and distribution is necessary to understand iron homeostasis. Pharmacological tools are emerging to identify and distinguish among different iron transport pathways. Stimulatory or inhibitory small molecules with effects on iron uptake can help characterize the mechanistic elements of iron transport and the roles of the transporters involved in these processes. In particular, iron chelators can serve as potential pharmacological tools to alleviate diseases of iron overload. This review focuses on the pharmacology of iron transport, introducing iron transport membrane proteins and known inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaina L Byrne
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Ben Hadda T, Kerbal A, Touimi Benjelloun O, El Fatmi A, Daoudi M, Ben Larbi N, Warad I. Fluorescence of some tri- and tetra-dentate pyrazol-derived stable ligands. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0809-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Santos MA, Marques SM, Chaves S. Hydroxypyridinones as “privileged” chelating structures for the design of medicinal drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Enzymatic synthesis of catechol and hydroxyl-carboxic acid functionalized chitosan microspheres for iron overload therapy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 79:294-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Stefani C, Punnia-Moorthy G, Lovejoy DB, Jansson PJ, Kalinowski DS, Sharpe PC, Bernhardt PV, Richardson DR. Halogenated 2'-benzoylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (XBpT) chelators with potent and selective anti-neoplastic activity: relationship to intracellular redox activity. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6936-48. [PMID: 21846118 DOI: 10.1021/jm200924c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Iron chelators of the 2'-benzoylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (BpT) class show substantial potential as anticancer agents. To explore structure-activity relationships, new BpT analogues were designed that incorporated halogen substituents on the noncoordinating phenyl group (XBpTs). These XBpT ligands exhibited potent antiproliferative activity with some analogues exceeding that of the parent BpT compound. Importantly, there was an appreciable therapeutic index in vitro, as mortal cells were significantly less affected by these chelators relative to neoplastic cells. The addition of a halogen led to a halogen-specific increase in the redox potential of XBpT-Fe complexes. Probing for chelator-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) with the fluorescent probe, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein, revealed a 1.5-4.7-fold increase in fluorescence upon incorporation of Cl, Br, or I to the parent analogues. Furthermore, an important structure-activity relationship was deduced where the addition of halogens led to a positive correlation between intracellular ROS generation and antiproliferative activity in the more hydrophilic BpT parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stefani
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Kovacevic Z, Chikhani S, Lovejoy DB, Richardson DR. Novel Thiosemicarbazone Iron Chelators Induce Up-Regulation and Phosphorylation of the Metastasis Suppressor N-myc Down-Stream Regulated Gene 1: A New Strategy for the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 80:598-609. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.073627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Arantes JM, Francisco AF, de Abreu Vieira PM, Silva M, Araújo MSS, de Carvalho AT, Pedrosa ML, Carneiro CM, Tafuri WL, Martins-Filho OA, Elói-Santos SM. Trypanosoma cruzi: desferrioxamine decreases mortality and parasitemia in infected mice through a trypanostatic effect. Exp Parasitol 2011; 128:401-8. [PMID: 21620835 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Desferrioxamine (DFO) is a potent iron chelator that is also known to modulate inflammation and act as an efficient antioxidant under normal conditions and under oxidative stress. Many in vitro and in vivo studies have shown the efficacy of DFO in the treatment of viral, bacterial and protozoan infections. DFO is known to reduce the intensity of Trypanosoma cruzi infections in mice even during a course of therapy that is not effective in maintaining anaemia or low iron levels. To further clarify these findings, we investigated the action of DFO on mouse T. cruzi infection outcomes and the direct impact of DFO on parasites. Infected animals treated with DFO (5 mg/animal/day) for 35 days, beginning 14 days prior to infection, presented lower parasitemia and lower cumulative mortality rate. No significant effect was observed on iron metabolism markers, erythrograms, leukograms or lymphocyte subsets. In the rapid method for testing in vivo T. cruzi susceptibility, DFO also induced lower parasitemia. In regard to its direct impact on parasites, DFO slightly inhibited the growth of amastigotes and trypomastigotes in fibroblast culture. Trypan blue staining showed no effects of DFO on parasite viability, and only minor apoptosis in trypomastigotes was observed. Nevertheless, a clear decrease in parasite mobility was detected. In conclusion, the beneficial actions of DFO on mice T. cruzi infection seem to be independent of host iron metabolism and free of significant haematological side effects. Through direct action on the parasite, DFO has more effective trypanostatic than trypanocidal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerusa Marilda Arantes
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Osvaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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23
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Trombetta L. Metals. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/9781420092264-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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24
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Mandel SA, Amit T, Weinreb O, Reznichenko L, Youdim MBH. Simultaneous manipulation of multiple brain targets by green tea catechins: a potential neuroprotective strategy for Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2009; 14:352-65. [PMID: 19040558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer and Parkinson disease (AD and PD, respectively) are merely symptomatic, intended for the treatment of symptoms, but offer only partial benefit, without any disease-modifying activity. Novel promising strategies suggest the use of antiinflammatory drugs, antioxidants, iron-complexing molecules, neurotrophic factor delivery, inhibitors of the amyloid precursor protein (APP)-processing secretases, gamma and beta (that generate the amyloid-beta peptides, Abeta), anti-Abeta aggregation molecules, the interference with lipid cholesterol metabolism and naturally occurring plant flavonoids to potentially reverse the course of the diseases. Human epidemiological and new animal data suggest that tea drinking may decrease the incidence of dementia, AD, and PD. In particular, its main catechin polyphenol constituent (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been shown to exert neuroprotective/neurorescue activities in a wide array of cellular and animal models of neurological disorders. In the current article, we review the literature on the impact of the multimodal activities of green tea polyphenols and their neuroprotective effect on AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A Mandel
- Eve Topf Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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25
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Rossi NA, Mustafa I, Jackson JK, Burt HM, Horte SA, Scott MD, Kizhakkedathu JN. In vitro chelating, cytotoxicity, and blood compatibility of degradable poly(ethylene glycol)-based macromolecular iron chelators. Biomaterials 2009; 30:638-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Kell DB. Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases. BMC Med Genomics 2009; 2:2. [PMID: 19133145 PMCID: PMC2672098 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of peroxide and superoxide is an inevitable consequence of aerobic metabolism, and while these particular 'reactive oxygen species' (ROSs) can exhibit a number of biological effects, they are not of themselves excessively reactive and thus they are not especially damaging at physiological concentrations. However, their reactions with poorly liganded iron species can lead to the catalytic production of the very reactive and dangerous hydroxyl radical, which is exceptionally damaging, and a major cause of chronic inflammation. REVIEW We review the considerable and wide-ranging evidence for the involvement of this combination of (su)peroxide and poorly liganded iron in a large number of physiological and indeed pathological processes and inflammatory disorders, especially those involving the progressive degradation of cellular and organismal performance. These diseases share a great many similarities and thus might be considered to have a common cause (i.e. iron-catalysed free radical and especially hydroxyl radical generation).The studies reviewed include those focused on a series of cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases, where iron can be found at the sites of plaques and lesions, as well as studies showing the significance of iron to aging and longevity. The effective chelation of iron by natural or synthetic ligands is thus of major physiological (and potentially therapeutic) importance. As systems properties, we need to recognise that physiological observables have multiple molecular causes, and studying them in isolation leads to inconsistent patterns of apparent causality when it is the simultaneous combination of multiple factors that is responsible.This explains, for instance, the decidedly mixed effects of antioxidants that have been observed, since in some circumstances (especially the presence of poorly liganded iron) molecules that are nominally antioxidants can actually act as pro-oxidants. The reduction of redox stress thus requires suitable levels of both antioxidants and effective iron chelators. Some polyphenolic antioxidants may serve both roles.Understanding the exact speciation and liganding of iron in all its states is thus crucial to separating its various pro- and anti-inflammatory activities. Redox stress, innate immunity and pro- (and some anti-)inflammatory cytokines are linked in particular via signalling pathways involving NF-kappaB and p38, with the oxidative roles of iron here seemingly involved upstream of the IkappaB kinase (IKK) reaction. In a number of cases it is possible to identify mechanisms by which ROSs and poorly liganded iron act synergistically and autocatalytically, leading to 'runaway' reactions that are hard to control unless one tackles multiple sites of action simultaneously. Some molecules such as statins and erythropoietin, not traditionally associated with anti-inflammatory activity, do indeed have 'pleiotropic' anti-inflammatory effects that may be of benefit here. CONCLUSION Overall we argue, by synthesising a widely dispersed literature, that the role of poorly liganded iron has been rather underappreciated in the past, and that in combination with peroxide and superoxide its activity underpins the behaviour of a great many physiological processes that degrade over time. Understanding these requires an integrative, systems-level approach that may lead to novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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27
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Recent developments on 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinones with respect to their clinical applications. Coord Chem Rev 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Burgess J, Rangel M. Hydroxypyranones, hydroxypyridinones, and their complexes. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(08)00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kalinowski DS, Sharpe PC, Bernhardt PV, Richardson DR. Structure–Activity Relationships of Novel Iron Chelators for the Treatment of Iron Overload Disease: The Methyl Pyrazinylketone Isonicotinoyl Hydrazone Series. J Med Chem 2007; 51:331-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jm7012562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danuta S. Kalinowski
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, and Centre for Metals in Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Philip C. Sharpe
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, and Centre for Metals in Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul V. Bernhardt
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, and Centre for Metals in Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Des R. Richardson
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, and Centre for Metals in Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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He X, Hahn P, Iacovelli J, Wong R, King C, Bhisitkul R, Massaro-Giordano M, Dunaief JL. Iron homeostasis and toxicity in retinal degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2007; 26:649-73. [PMID: 17921041 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential for many metabolic processes but can also cause damage. As a potent generator of hydroxyl radical, the most reactive of the free radicals, iron can cause considerable oxidative stress. Since iron is absorbed through diet but not excreted except through menstruation, total body iron levels buildup with age. Macular iron levels increase with age, in both men and women. This iron has the potential to contribute to retinal degeneration. Here we present an overview of the evidence suggesting that iron may contribute to retinal degenerations. Intraocular iron foreign bodies cause retinal degeneration. Retinal iron buildup resulting from hereditary iron homeostasis disorders aceruloplasminemia, Friedreich's ataxia, and panthothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration cause retinal degeneration. Mice with targeted mutation of the iron exporter ceruloplasmin have age-dependent retinal iron overload and a resulting retinal degeneration with features of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Post mortem retinas from patients with AMD have more iron and the iron carrier transferrin than age-matched controls. Over the past 10 years much has been learned about the intricate network of proteins involved in iron handling. Many of these, including transferrin, transferrin receptor, divalent metal transporter-1, ferritin, ferroportin, ceruloplasmin, hephaestin, iron-regulatory protein, and histocompatibility leukocyte antigen class I-like protein involved in iron homeostasis (HFE) have been found in the retina. Some of these proteins have been found in the cornea and lens as well. Levels of the iron carrier transferrin are high in the aqueous and vitreous humors. The functions of these proteins in other tissues, combined with studies on cultured ocular tissues, genetically engineered mice, and eye exams on patients with hereditary iron diseases provide clues regarding their ocular functions. Iron may play a role in a broad range of ocular diseases, including glaucoma, cataract, AMD, and conditions causing intraocular hemorrhage. While iron deficiency must be prevented, the therapeutic potential of limiting iron-induced ocular oxidative damage is high. Systemic, local, or topical iron chelation with an expanding repertoire of drugs has clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xining He
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, 305 Stellar-Chance Labs, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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31
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Kalinowski DS, Yu Y, Sharpe PC, Islam M, Liao YT, Lovejoy DB, Kumar N, Bernhardt PV, Richardson DR. Design, synthesis, and characterization of novel iron chelators: structure-activity relationships of the 2-benzoylpyridine thiosemicarbazone series and their 3-nitrobenzoyl analogues as potent antitumor agents. J Med Chem 2007; 50:3716-29. [PMID: 17602603 DOI: 10.1021/jm070445z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that the potent antiproliferative activity of the di-2-pyridylketone thiosemicarbazone (DpT) series of Fe chelators was due to their ability to induce Fe depletion and form redox-active Fe complexes (Richardson, D. R.; et al. J. Med. Chem. 2006, 49, 6510-6521). We now examine the role of aromatic substituents on the antiproliferative and redox activity of novel DpT analogues, namely, the 2-benzoylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (BpT) and 2-(3-nitrobenzoyl)pyridine thiosemicarbazone (NBpT) series. Both series exhibited selective antiproliferative effects, with the majority having greater antineoplastic activity than their DpT homologues. This makes the BpT chelators the most active anticancer agents developed within our laboratory. The BpT series Fe complexes exhibit lower redox potentials than their corresponding DpT and NBpT complexes, highlighting their enhanced redox activity. The increased ability of BpT-Fe complexes to catalyze ascorbate oxidation and benzoate hydroxylation, relative to their DpT and NBpT analogues, suggested that redox cycling plays an important role in their antiproliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta S Kalinowski
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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32
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Mandel S, Amit T, Bar-Am O, Youdim MBH. Iron dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease: multimodal brain permeable iron chelating drugs, possessing neuroprotective-neurorescue and amyloid precursor protein-processing regulatory activities as therapeutic agents. Prog Neurobiol 2007; 82:348-60. [PMID: 17659826 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Considering the multi-etiological character of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the current pharmacological approaches using drugs oriented towards a single molecular target possess limited ability to modify the course of the disease and thus, offer a partial benefit to the patient. In line with this concept, novel strategies include the use of a cocktail of several drugs and/or the development of a single molecule, possessing two or more active neuroprotective-neurorescue moieties that simultaneously manipulate multiple targets involved in AD pathology. A consistent observation in AD is a dysregulation of metal ions (Fe(2+), Cu(2+) and Zn(2+)) homeostasis and consequential induction of oxidative stress, associated with beta-amyloid aggregation and neurite plaque formation. In particular, iron has been demonstrated to modulate the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor holo-protein expression by a pathway similar to that of ferritin L-and H-mRNA translation through iron-responsive elements in their 5'UTRs. This review will discuss two separate scenarios concerning multiple therapy targets in AD, sharing in common the implementation of iron chelation activity: (i) novel multimodal brain-permeable iron chelating drugs, possessing neuroprotective-neurorescue and amyloid precursor protein-processing regulatory activities; (ii) natural plant polyphenols (flavonoids), such as green tea epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and curcumin, reported to have access to the brain and to possess multifunctional activities, such as metal chelation-radical scavenging, anti-inflammation and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mandel
- Eve Topf and USA NPF Centers of Excellence, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Israel
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Elhabiri M, Carrër C, Marmolle F, Traboulsi H. Complexation of iron(III) by catecholate-type polyphenols. Inorganica Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2006.07.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Whitnall M, Richardson DR. Iron: a new target for pharmacological intervention in neurodegenerative diseases. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2006; 13:186-97. [PMID: 17101458 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential element that is imperative for the redox-driven processes of oxygen transport, electron transport, and DNA synthesis. However, in the absence of appropriate storage or chelation, excess-free Fe readily participates in the formation of toxic-free radicals, inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. A growing body of evidence suggests that Fe may play some role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and particularly Friedreich's ataxia. This review examines the role of Fe in the pathology of these conditions and the potential use of Fe chelators as therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Consideration is given to the features that comprise a clinically successful Fe chelator, with focus on the development of ligands such as desferrioxamine, clioquinol, pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone, and other novel aroylhydrazones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Whitnall
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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35
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Regino CAS, Torti SV, Ma R, Yap GP, Kreisel KA, Torti FM, Planalp RP, Brechbiel MW. N-picolyl derivatives of Kemp's triamine as potential antitumor agents: a preliminary investigation. J Med Chem 2006; 48:7993-9. [PMID: 16335923 PMCID: PMC2597376 DOI: 10.1021/jm050724r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Preorganized tripodal ligands such as the N-picolyl derivatives of cis,cis-1,3,5-triamino-cis,cis-1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane (Kemp's triamine) were prepared as analogues to N,N',N''-tris(2-pyridylmethyl)-cis,cis-1,3,5-triaminocyclohexane (tachpyr) in hopes of enhancing the rate of formation and stability of the metal complexes. A tricyclic bisaminal was formed via the reduction of the Schiff base, while the tri(picolyl) derivative was synthesized via reductive amination of pyridine carboxaldehyde. Their cytotoxicities to the HeLa cell line were evaluated and directly compared to tachpyr and N,N',N''-tris(2-pyridylmethyl)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (trenpyr). Results indicate that N,N',N''-tris(2-pyridylmethyl)-cis,cis-1,3,5-triamino-cis,cis-1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane (Kemp's pyr) exhibits cytotoxic activity against the HeLa cancer cell line comparable to tachpyr (IC50 approximately 8.0 microM). Both Kemp's pyr and tachpyr show higher cytotoxic activity over the aliphatic analogue of trenpyr (IC50 approximately 14 microM), suggesting that the major contributor to the activity is the ligand's ability to form a stable and tight complex and that the equatorial/axial equilibrium impacting the complex formation for the cyclohexane-based ligands is not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Aida S. Regino
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Institute of Cancer, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Suzy V. Torti
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Glenn P.A. Yap
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Kevin A. Kreisel
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Frank M. Torti
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Roy P. Planalp
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824
| | - Martin W. Brechbiel
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Institute of Cancer, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Correspondence to: Martin W. Brechbiel, Ph.D., Radioimmune & Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, NCI, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room B3B69, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002, Fax: (301) 402-1923, e-mail:
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Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR. The Evolution of Iron Chelators for the Treatment of Iron Overload Disease and Cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2005; 57:547-83. [PMID: 16382108 DOI: 10.1124/pr.57.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of iron chelators from a range of primordial siderophores and aromatic heterocyclic ligands has lead to the formation of a new generation of potent and efficient iron chelators. For example, various siderophore analogs and synthetic ligands, including ICL670A [4-[3,5-bis-(hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]-benzoic acid], 4'-hydroxydesazadesferrithiocin, and Triapine, have been developed from predecessors and illustrate potent iron-mobilizing or antineoplastic activities. This review focuses on the evolution of iron chelators from initial lead compounds through to the development of novel chelating agents, many of which show great potential to be clinically applied in the treatment of iron overload disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta S Kalinowski
- The Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Xu X, Persson HL, Richardson DR. Molecular pharmacology of the interaction of anthracyclines with iron. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 68:261-71. [PMID: 15883202 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.013383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although anthracyclines such as doxorubicin are widely used antitumor agents, a major limitation for their use is the development of cardiomyopathy at high cumulative doses. This severe adverse side effect may be due to interactions with cellular iron metabolism, because iron loading promotes anthracycline-induced cell damage. On the other hand, anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity is significantly alleviated by iron chelators (e.g., desferrioxamine and dexrazoxane). The molecular mechanisms by which anthracyclines interfere with cellular iron trafficking are complex and still unclear. Doxorubicin can directly bind iron and can perturb iron metabolism by interacting with multiple molecular targets, including the iron regulatory proteins (IRP) 1 and 2. The RNA-binding activity of these molecules regulates synthesis of the transferrin receptor 1 and ferritin, which are crucial proteins involved in iron uptake and storage, respectively. At present, it is not clear whether doxorubicin affects IRP1-RNA-binding activity by intracellular formation of doxorubicinol and/or by generation of the doxorubicin-iron(III) complex. Furthermore, doxorubicin prevents the mobilization of iron from ferritin by a mechanism that may involve lysosomal degradation of this protein. Prevention of iron mobilization from ferritin would probably disturb vital cellular functions as a result of inhibition of essential iron-dependent proteins, such as ribonucleotide reductase. This review discusses the molecular interactions of anthracyclines with iron metabolism and the development of cardioprotective strategies such as iron chelators.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Xu
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, PO Box 81, High St, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales, 2031 Australia
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Lebedev AV, Ivanova MV, Levitsky DO. Echinochrome, a naturally occurring iron chelator and free radical scavenger in artificial and natural membrane systems. Life Sci 2005; 76:863-75. [PMID: 15589964 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Accepted: 06/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Echinochrome, or 6-ethyl-2,3,5,7,8-pentahydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, possesses cardioprotective activity, and diminishes the myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury that is known to be accompanied by free-radical oxidative damage and calcium overload. In this study, we investigated the lipophilicity of echinochrome, its ability to inhibit free-radical oxidation both in the bulk organic phase and in an artificial membrane system (liposomes), and to prevent the ferrous/ascorbate-induced leakage of calcium from the isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of rabbit skeletal muscle. The experimentally-determined octanol/water partition coefficient (LogP) of echinochrome was +3.11, and the distribution coefficient (LogD) was +2.58 at pH 6.0 and -0.15 at pH 8.0. Echinochrome displayed high scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals with a stoichiometry of about 1:7. Echinochrome was more effective in inhibiting the phosphatidyl choline liposome peroxidation induced by Fe2+/ascorbate than that induced by hemin. The iron chelating ability of echinochrome was estimated spectrophotometrically. In isolated SR, echinochrome protected the ATP-dependent Ca2+-pump system from damage by Fe2+/ascorbate. It was concluded that iron chelation predominates in the overall antioxidant potential of echinochrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Lebedev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Center, Russian Ministry of Health, 3rd Cherepkovskaya ul. 15a, Moscow, 112552 Russia.
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Gaspar M, Telo J, Santos M. A New Diazacyclooctane Dihydroxamate as a Siderophore Analogue− Synthesis and Equilibrium Studies of Iron(III) and Copper(II) Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200300159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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