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Uetaki M, Onishi N, Oki Y, Shimizu T, Sugihara E, Sampetrean O, Watanabe T, Yanagi H, Suda K, Fujii H, Kano K, Saya H, Nobusue H. Regulatory roles of fibronectin and integrin α5 in reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and completion of adipogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar78. [PMID: 35704469 PMCID: PMC9582638 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-12-0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular differentiation is characterized by changes in cell morphology that are largely determined by actin dynamics. We previously showed that depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton triggers the differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes as a result of inhibition of the transcriptional coactivator activity of megakaryoblastic leukemia 1 (MKL1). The extracellular matrix (ECM) influences cell morphology via interaction with integrins, and reorganization of the ECM is associated with cell differentiation. Here we show that interaction between actin dynamics and ECM rearrangement plays a key role in adipocyte differentiation. We found that depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton precedes disruption and degradation of fibrillar fibronectin (FN) structures at the cell surface after the induction of adipogenesis in cultured preadipocytes. A FN matrix suppressed both reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton into the pattern characteristic of adipocytes and terminal adipocyte differentiation, and these inhibitory effects were overcome by knockdown of integrin α5 (ITGα5). Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ was required for down-regulation of FN during adipocyte differentiation, and MKL1 was necessary for the expression of ITGα5. Our findings suggest that cell-autonomous down-regulation of FN-ITGα5 interaction contributes to reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and completion of adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Uetaki
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Onishi
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oki
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Takatsune Shimizu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Sugihara
- Open Facility Center, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan.,Division of Gene Regulation, Cancer Center, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Oltea Sampetrean
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Division of Gene Regulation, Cancer Center, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hisano Yanagi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Suda
- JSR-Keio University Medical and Chemical Innovation Center (JKiC), JSR Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroya Fujii
- Medical & Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kano
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Gene Regulation, Cancer Center, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nobusue
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Gene Regulation, Cancer Center, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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2
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Integrin and syndecan binding peptide-conjugated alginate hydrogel for modulation of nucleus pulposus cell phenotype. Biomaterials 2021; 277:121113. [PMID: 34492582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterial based strategies have been widely explored to preserve and restore the juvenile phenotype of cells of the nucleus pulposus (NP) in degenerated intervertebral discs (IVD). With aging and maturation, NP cells lose their ability to produce necessary extracellular matrix and proteoglycans, accelerating disc degeneration. Previous studies have shown that integrin or syndecan binding peptide motifs from laminin can induce NP cells from degenerative human discs to re-express juvenile NP-specific cell phenotype and biosynthetic activity. Here, we engineered alginate hydrogels to present integrin- and syndecan-binding peptides alone or in combination (cyclic RGD and AG73, respectively) to introduce bioactive features into the alginate gels. We demonstrated human NP cells cultured upon and within alginate hydrogels presented with cRGD and AG73 peptides exhibited higher cell viability, biosynthetic activity, and NP-specific protein expression over alginate alone. Moreover, the combination of the two peptide motifs elicited markers of the NP-specific cell phenotype, including N-Cadherin, despite differences in cell morphology and multicellular cluster formation between 2D and 3D cultures. These results represent a promising step toward understanding how distinct adhesive peptides can be combined to guide NP cell fate. In the future, these insights may be useful to rationally design hydrogels for NP cell-transplantation based therapies for IVD degeneration.
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3
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Hatley RJD, Barrett TN, Slack RJ, Watson ME, Baillache DJ, Gruszka A, Washio Y, Rowedder JE, Pogány P, Pal S, Macdonald SJF. The Design of Potent, Selective and Drug-Like RGD αvβ1 Small-Molecule Inhibitors Derived from non-RGD α4β1 Antagonists. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1315-1320. [PMID: 31207080 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Up to 45 % of deaths in developed nations can be attributed to chronic fibroproliferative diseases, highlighting the need for effective therapies. The RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) integrin αvβ1 was recently investigated for its role in fibrotic disease, and thus warrants therapeutic targeting. Herein we describe the identification of non-RGD hit small-molecule αvβ1 inhibitors. We show that αvβ1 activity is embedded in a range of published α4β1 (VLA-4) ligands; we also demonstrate how a non-RGD integrin inhibitor (of α4β1 in this case) was converted into a potent non-zwitterionic RGD integrin inhibitor (of αvβ1 in this case). We designed urea ligands with excellent selectivity over α4β1 and the other αv integrins (αvβ3, αvβ5, αvβ6, αvβ8). In silico docking models and density functional theory (DFT) calculations aided the discovery of the lead urea series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J D Hatley
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Tim N Barrett
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Robert J Slack
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Morag E Watson
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Daniel J Baillache
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Anna Gruszka
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Yoshiaki Washio
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - James E Rowedder
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Peter Pogány
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Sandeep Pal
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Simon J F Macdonald
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
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4
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Tang R, Xue J, Xu B, Shen D, Sudlow GP, Achilefu S. Tunable ultrasmall visible-to-extended near-infrared emitting silver sulfide quantum dots for integrin-targeted cancer imaging. ACS NANO 2015; 9:220-30. [PMID: 25560768 PMCID: PMC4310643 DOI: 10.1021/nn5071183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The large size of many near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent nanoparticles prevents rapid extravasation from blood vessels and subsequent diffusion to tumors. This confines in vivo uptake to the peritumoral space and results in high liver retention. In this study, we developed a viscosity modulated approach to synthesize ultrasmall silver sulfide quantum dots (QDs) with distinct tunable light emission from 500 to 1200 nm and a QD core diameter between 1.5 and 9 nm. Conjugation of a tumor-avid cyclic pentapeptide (Arg-Gly-Asp-DPhe-Lys) resulted in monodisperse, water-soluble QDs (hydrodynamic diameter < 10 nm) without loss of the peptide's high binding affinity to tumor-associated integrins (KI = 1.8 nM/peptide). Fluorescence and electron microscopy showed that selective integrin-mediated internalization was observed only in cancer cells treated with the peptide-labeled QDs, demonstrating that the unlabeled hydrophilic nanoparticles exhibit characteristics of negatively charged fluorescent dye molecules, which typically do not internalize in cells. The biodistribution profiles of intravenously administered QDs in different mouse models of cancer reveal an exceptionally high tumor-to-liver uptake ratio, suggesting that the small sized QDs evaded conventional opsonization and subsequent high uptake in the liver and spleen. The seamless tunability of the QDs over a wide spectral range with only a small increase in size, as well as the ease of labeling the bright and noncytotoxic QDs with biomolecules, provides a platform for multiplexing information, tracking the trafficking of single molecules in cells, and selectively targeting disease biomarkers in living organisms without premature QD opsonization in circulating blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Jianpeng Xue
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Baogang Xu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Duanwen Shen
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Gail P. Sudlow
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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Dattoli SD, De Marco R, Baiula M, Spampinato S, Greco A, Tolomelli A, Gentilucci L. Synthesis and assay of retro-α4β1 integrin-targeting motifs. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 73:225-32. [PMID: 24412498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several research groups proposed new peptidomimetic antagonists of integrins αvβ3, α5β1, αIIbβ3, αvβ6, αvβ5, etc. based on retro sequences of the classic integrin-binding motif RGD. The retro strategy is still largely ignored for the non-RGD-binding α4β1 integrin. Herein we present the first examples of retro sequences for targeting this integrin, composed of Asp or isoAsp equipped with an aromatic cap at the N-terminus, (S)-pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (β(2)-Pro) as a constrained core, and the amino variant (AMPUMP) of the well-known α4-targeting diphenylurea MPUPA. We discuss α4β1 receptor affinity (SPA), cell adhesion assays, stability in mouse serum, and conformational analysis. For their significant ability to inhibit cell adhesion and remarkable stability, the retro-peptide mimetics BnCO-Asp-β-Pro-AMPUMP (3) and BnCO-isoAsp-β-Pro-AMPUMP (4) represent promising candidates for designing small molecules as potential anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha D Dattoli
- Dept. of Pharmacy and BioTechnology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rossella De Marco
- Dept. of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Monica Baiula
- Dept. of Pharmacy and BioTechnology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Santi Spampinato
- Dept. of Pharmacy and BioTechnology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Arianna Greco
- Dept. of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tolomelli
- Dept. of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Gentilucci
- Dept. of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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6
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Juin A, Billottet C, Moreau V, Destaing O, Albiges-Rizo C, Rosenbaum J, Génot E, Saltel F. Physiological type I collagen organization induces the formation of a novel class of linear invadosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 23:297-309. [PMID: 22114353 PMCID: PMC3258174 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-07-0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study shows that fibrillar collagen I is the physiological inducer of a novel class of invadosomes, which we named “linear invadosomes.” They are dependent on the scaffold protein Tks5 and are able to degrade extracellular matrix elements. Moreover, we demonstrate that they are β1- and β3-integrin independent, unlike classical invadosomes. Invadosomes are F-actin structures capable of degrading the matrix through the activation of matrix metalloproteases. As fibrillar type I collagen promotes pro-matrix metalloproteinase 2 activation by membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase, we aimed at investigating the functional relationships between collagen I organization and invadosome induction. We found that fibrillar collagen I induced linear F-actin structures, distributed along the fibrils, on endothelial cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, and tumor cells. These structures share features with conventional invadosomes, as they express cortactin and N-WASP and accumulate the scaffold protein Tks5, which proved essential for their formation. On the basis of their ability to degrade extracellular matrix elements and their original architecture, we named these structures “linear invadosomes.” Interestingly, podosomes or invadopodia were replaced by linear invadosomes upon contact of the cells with fibrillar collagen I. However, linear invadosomes clearly differ from classical invadosomes, as they do not contain paxillin, vinculin, and β1/β3 integrins. Using knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts and RGD peptide, we demonstrate that linear invadosome formation and activity are independent of β1 and β3 integrins. Finally, linear invadosomes also formed in a three-dimensional collagen matrix. This study demonstrates that fibrillar collagen I is the physiological inducer of a novel class of invadosomes.
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7
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Lobb RR, Adams SP. Small molecule antagonists of alpha4 integrins: novel drugs for asthma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 8:935-45. [PMID: 15992095 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.8.7.935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The alpha4 integrins, alpha4beta1 (VLA-4) and alpha4beta7, are heterodimeric cell-surface proteins expressed on leukocytes involved in both cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. These two integrins are key regulators of physiologic and pathologic responses in inflammation and autoimmune disease. In particular, their central role in animal models of allergic lung disease has been well documented, and suggests a key role in human asthma. In addition, integrins are proven valid targets for small molecule drugs, following the development of both parenteral and orally active antagonists of platelet integrin alphaIIbbeta3, and more recently, integrin alphaVbeta3. Therefore, there is a significant drive to develop small molecule inhibitors of alpha4 integrins for autoimmune diseases in general, and asthma in particular. The biology of alpha4 integrins in asthma has been recently reviewed, as has early work on the chemistry of alpha4 integrin antagonists. Here we summarise the recent rapid advances in this arena, particularly in the chemistry of alpha4 integrin small molecule antagonists, with emphasis on asthma as a clinical target.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Lobb
- Biogen, Inc., 12 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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9
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Pozzetto U, Aguzzi MS, Maggiano N, Scala E, Capelli A, Castagneto M, Capogrossi MC, Citterio F, Serino F, Facchiano A. RGDS peptide inhibits activation of lymphocytes and adhesion of activated lymphocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro. Immunol Cell Biol 2005; 83:25-32. [PMID: 15661038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2004.01300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif is known to mediate cell adhesion to several extracellular matrix components as well as cell-cell interactions. In the present study, we investigated whether the RGDS peptide interferes with cell-cell recognition-based events such as allogeneic activation of PBMC and PBMC adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). We show here for the first time, to our knowledge, that RGDS significantly inhibits adhesion of activated PBMC to HUVEC; in addition, RGDS inhibits PBMC allogenenic activation in human mixed lymphocyte reaction assays. Caspases played a pivotal role in both events, because preventing their activation abolished or strongly reduced the observed inhibitory effect. The RGDS antirecognition effect was strongly increased by pretreatment of HUVEC with RGDS, which affected mostly T lymphocyte adhesion to HUVEC. These results indicate that PBMC allogeneic activation, as well as reciprocal recognition between activated PBMC and endothelial cells, are RGDS-dependent events that occur through a dual effect involving anti-adhesive and caspase-dependent mechanisms. These data suggest a potential role of RGDS in cell-mediated immunity, inflammation and organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubaldo Pozzetto
- Laboratory of Immunology, Shock Center, IASI, CNR, Rome, Italy.
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10
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Pozzetto U, Aguzzi MS, Maggiano N, Scala E, Capelli A, Castagneto M, Capogrossi MC, Citterio F, Serino F, Facchiano A. RGDS peptide inhibits activation of lymphocytes and adhesion of activated lymphocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro. Immunol Cell Biol 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ubaldo Pozzetto
- Laboratory of Immunology, Shock Center, IASI, CNR Rome Italy
| | - Maria Simona Aguzzi
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology and Department of Vascular Pathology, IDI Rome Italy
| | - Nicola Maggiano
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University Sacro Cuore Rome Italy
| | - Enrico Scala
- Department of Onco‐Immune‐Dermatology, IDI Rome Italy
| | - Arnaldo Capelli
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University Sacro Cuore Rome Italy
| | - Marco Castagneto
- Department of Surgery, Catholic University Sacro Cuore Rome Italy
| | - Maurizio C Capogrossi
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology and Department of Vascular Pathology, IDI Rome Italy
| | - Franco Citterio
- Department of Surgery, Catholic University Sacro Cuore Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Serino
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology and Department of Vascular Pathology, IDI Rome Italy
| | - Antonio Facchiano
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology and Department of Vascular Pathology, IDI Rome Italy
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Ishida K, Simizu S, Teruya T, Wierzba MK, Osada H. Rational design and synthesis of novel heparan sulfate mimetic compounds as antiadhesive agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:2505-9. [PMID: 15109641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A biological evaluation of the antiadhesive activity of novel heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans mimetic compounds (KI-compounds) is described. In an adhesion assay, KI-111 [2-(4-fluoro-3-nitrobenzoyl)benzoic acetic anhydride] was found to exert potent inhibitory activities against the adhesion of human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells and HeLa cells to fibronectin. Cell growth, migration, and invasion of HT1080 cells were also inhibited by KI-111 at almost equal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ishida
- Antibiotics Laboratory, RIKEN Discovery Research Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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12
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Rao WH, Camp RDR. Novel cyclic and linear oligopeptides that bind to integrin beta1 chain and either inhibit or costimulate T lymphocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3:435-43. [PMID: 12639821 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(03)00041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is a redundancy of cellular beta1 integrin (very late antigen or VLA) receptors that mediate interactions between different extracellular matrix proteins (ECMP) and T lymphocytes. This suggests that antagonists targeted at individual VLA receptors may be of limited therapeutic efficacy in T cell-mediated diseases and that agents such as monoclonal antibody 4B4, which bind to the common integrin beta1 chain and inhibit interactions between effector T cells and a range of ECMP, may be of greater therapeutic interest if toxicity can be avoided. We have therefore sought proof of principle as to whether small molecules that interact with the integrin beta1 chain at or near the 4B4 binding site can modulate T cell costimulation and adhesion in the presence of type I collagen or fibronectin (FN). Two phage display libraries, each expressing more than 10(9) independent cyclic or linear 7-mer peptides, were used to identify molecules of interest by an enrichment process involving specific recovery of phage bound to a human T cell line by elution with a large excess of 4B4 antibody. Novel cyclic and linear peptides have thus been identified and found to inhibit interactions between T cells and both type I collagen and fibronectin. A separate cyclic peptide was found to costimulate T cells in a beta1 integrin-dependent manner. These findings form a basis for the development of small molecules that interact in inhibitory or stimulatory capacities with the common integrin beta1 chain, and may be of interest as therapeutic antagonists or immunologic adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hong Rao
- Division of Dermatology, University of Leicester, Medical Sciences Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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Wamsley A, Jasti B, Phiasivongsa P, Li X. Synthesis of random terpolymers and determination of reactivity ratios ofN-carboxyanhydrides of leucine, ?-benzyl aspartate, and valine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.11020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Zhu X, Evans JP. Analysis of the roles of RGD-binding integrins, alpha(4)/alpha(9) integrins, alpha(6) integrins, and CD9 in the interaction of the fertilin beta (ADAM2) disintegrin domain with the mouse egg membrane. Biol Reprod 2002; 66:1193-202. [PMID: 11906941 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod66.4.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertilin beta (also known as ADAM2), a mammalian sperm protein that mediates gamete cell adhesion during fertilization, is a member of the ADAM protein family whose members have disintegrin domains with homology to integrin ligands found in snake venoms. Fertilin beta utilizes an ECD sequence within its disintegrin domain to interact with the egg plasma membrane; the Asp is especially critical. Based on what is known about different integrin subfamilies and their ligands, we sought to characterize fertilin beta binding sites on mouse eggs, focusing on integrin subfamilies that recognize short peptide sequences that include an Asp residue: the alpha(5)/alpha(8)/alpha(v)/alpha(IIb) or RGD-binding subfamily (alpha(5)beta(1), alpha(8)beta(1), alpha(V)beta(1), alpha(V)beta(3), alpha(V)beta(5), alpha(V)beta(6), alpha(V)beta(8), and alpha(IIb)beta(3)) and the alpha(4)/alpha(9) subfamily (alpha(4)beta(1), alpha(9)beta(1), and alpha(4)beta(7)). We tested peptide sequences known to perturb interactions mediated by these integrins in two different assays for fertilin beta binding. Peptides with the sequence MLDG, which perturb alpha(4)/alpha(9) integrin-mediated interactions, significantly inhibit fertilin beta binding to eggs, which suggests a role for a member of this integrin subfamily as a fertilin beta receptor. RGD peptides, which perturb alpha(5)/alpha(8)/alpha(v)/alpha(IIb) integrin-mediated interactions, have partial inhibitory activity. The anti-alpha(6) antibody GoH3 has little or no inhibitory activity. An antibody to the integrin-associated tetraspanin protein CD9 inhibits the binding of a multivalent presentation of fertilin beta (immobilized on beads) but not soluble fertilin beta, which we speculate has implications for the role of CD9 in the strengthening of fertilin beta-mediated cell adhesion but not in initial ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Reproductive Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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15
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Rozalski M, Boncler M, Golanski J, Watala C. Effects of fibrinogen receptor antagonist GR144053F and aurintricarboxylic acid on platelet activation and degranulation. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 62:1399-408. [PMID: 11709200 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00777-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Activated blood platelets play crucial role in restenosis due to their fundamental significance in thrombus formation. Therefore, platelets are attractive targets for the inhibition with a variety of antagonists. In this study, we present direct evidence that GR144053F [non-peptide antagonist of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex (GPIIb-IIIa)] inhibits activation and degranulation of human platelets, and opposes the action of aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA), the antagonist of von Willebrand factor, which augments platelet secretion. The effects of both drugs on platelet function were monitored by using various instrumental methods. Platelet-rich plasma and whole-blood aggregation was measured by using ADP and collagen as agonists. Platelet degranulation was assessed based on the expression of surface membrane activation markers: P-selectin, glycoprotein Ib, and activated GPIIb-IIIa complex. Measurements of closure time with platelet function analyzer PFA-100 enabled us to reason on primary hemostatic capacity and reflected both aggregability and adhesiveness. GR144053F markedly reduced primary hemostatic platelet response (IC(50) = 114.0 +/- 9.6 nM) under conditions that closely mimicked natural blood flow in circulation, and inhibited aggregation in platelet-rich plasma (IC(50) = 17.7 +/- 7.0 nM). It was equally potent inhibitor of platelet activation, degranulation, fibrinogen binding, platelet consumption, and aggregate formation. Also, ATA was efficient in inhibition of platelet aggregation and adhesion (by up to 50% at 100 microM), but the combined action of both drugs on primary haemostatic capacity was not additive. GR144053F suppressed the activating effects of ATA on platelet degranulation and secretion. Overall, our data indicate that GR144053F is not only the efficient blocker of fibrinogen binding to GPIIb-IIIa, but also hampers platelet degranulation and may attenuate the activating effects of ATA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rozalski
- Laboratory of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Narutowicza 96, 90-141, Lodz, Poland
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16
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Shannon JP, Silva MV, Brown DC, Larson RS. Novel cyclic peptide inhibits intercellular adhesion molecule-1-mediated cell aggregation. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 2001; 58:140-50. [PMID: 11532073 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte adherence mediated by intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) binding to leukocyte function-associated antigen (LFA-1) is required for proper inflammatory and immune function. Inhibition of ICAM-1\LFA-1 binding using monoclonal antibodies (mAb) has been shown to be efficacious at inhibiting lymphoma metastasis as well as leukocyte emigration into tissue in a number of inflammatory diseases such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, septic shock and rheumatoid arthritis. In this report, we describe the development and characterization of a small peptide antagonist of ICAM-1-dependent cell aggregation. By using repeated selection of a cyclic nonapeptide phage display library on purified ICAM-1, we identified phage that were competitively eluted with anti-ICAM-1 mAb. The peptide sequences were determined by nucleotide sequencing, and the peptide sequence (C*LLRMRSIC*) (IP01) that occurred most frequently was chosen for further study. Phage expressing this peptide sequence specifically bound ICAM-1 over a range of 5 x 10(6) to 1 x 10(8) phage/microL. A cyclic IP01 peptide, linear IP01 peptide, a cyclic nonapeptide with a scrambled IP01 sequence, and a random, cyclic nonapeptide were synthesized. The cyclic and linear IP01 peptides were able to inhibit ICAM-1-mediated cell aggregation at a concentration of 1 mM, whereas the random and scrambled peptide sequences did not alter aggregation. Cyclic IP01 had a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of approximately 970 microM. Cyclic IP01 did not inhibit cellular aggregation that was dependent on ICAM-2 or ICAM-3. Alanine substitutions in the cyclic IP01 identified at least four amino acids necessary for inhibition of ICAM-1 dependent cell aggregation; leucine 2, leucine 3, methionine 5, and arginine 6. Finally, we showed that cyclic IP01 can inhibit firm adhesion of neutrophils to endothelium, a critical event in inflammatory diseases, in an assay that recapitulates physiologic flow conditions. Homology of IP01 with the primary amino acid sequences of the alpha or beta subunit of LFA-1 was not identified. Thus, we identified a unique molecule that inhibits ICAM-1 dependent cell adhesion, but is not related to the primary sequence of the ICAM-1 ligand LFA-1. Due to the small size and ability to block cell-cell adhesion, IP01 may serve as a useful tool for study of ICAM-1 and LFA-1 biology as well as for the development of small molecule therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Shannon
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, USA
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17
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Hapke S, Kessler H, Arroyo de Prada N, Benge A, Schmitt M, Lengyel E, Reuning U. Integrin alpha(v)beta(3)/vitronectin interaction affects expression of the urokinase system in human ovarian cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:26340-8. [PMID: 11331280 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m100181200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA), together with its receptor uPAR and the plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) plays a pivotal role during tumor invasion and metastasis. Integrins, via interaction with the extracellular matrix (ECM), control cell adhesion and motility. The two systems are functionally linked because uPAR and PAI-1 bind to the ECM component vitronectin (VN). Because integrin signaling alters gene expression patterns, we investigated whether the expression levels of uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 are affected by ECM/integrin interactions. Expression of uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 was significantly enhanced when human ovarian cancer cells (OV-MZ-6) were cultivated on fibronectin or collagen type IV. In contrast, VN induced down-regulation of uPA and uPAR while increasing PAI-1 by up to 4-fold. VN-dependent decrease of uPA protein was paralleled by a significant reduction of uPA promoter activity that was even more pronounced upon alpha(v)beta(3) overexpression and depended on the presence of intact Rel protein-binding sites. The activity of Rel transcription factors was also significantly reduced upon alpha(v)beta(3)-mediated cell adhesion to VN. The activity of the Rel-unresponsive PAI-1 promoter was up to 5-fold induced as a function of alpha(v)beta(3)/VN interaction. Thus, the balance between available concentrations of uPA, uPAR, PAI-1, and integrins in human ovarian cancer cells might provide a switch within the regulation of their invasive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hapke
- Frauenklinik der Technischen Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675 München, Germany
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18
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Li H, Jiang X, Goodman M. Synthesis, conformational analysis and biological activities of lanthionine analogs of a cell adhesion modulator. J Pept Sci 2001; 7:82-91. [PMID: 11277500 DOI: 10.1002/psc.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion is critical for many biological processes, such as hemostasis, wound healing, tumor metastasis and inflammation. Integrins are important mediators of cell adhesion. The integrin alpha4beta1, also known as VLA-4, is a cell surface receptor involved in inflammation. A cyclic peptide, 1-FCA-Arg-c[Cys-Asp-Thz-Cys]-OH, is a potent antagonist to VLA-4 with an IC50 of 2.4 nM. In the current study, we synthesized the lanthionine analogs of 1-FCA-Arg-c[Cys-Asp-Thz-Cys]-OH and determined the conformations of both the parent compound and its lanthionine analog in solution by NMR and computer simulations. The lanthionine analog retains its selectivity to VLA-4 with high nanomolar potency. Both molecules adopt similar topological arrangements in their conformations, while some important differences remain in the sulfur bridge region, which may cause the difference in potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0343, USA
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19
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Rao WH, Hales JM, Camp RD. Potent costimulation of effector T lymphocytes by human collagen type I. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:4935-40. [PMID: 11046019 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.9.4935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Purified, resting peripheral blood T lymphocytes were previously reported to undergo beta(1) integrin-dependent activation when cultured with anti-CD3 mAb coimmobilized with fibronectin, but not type I collagen. However, the extravascular T cells that encounter immobilized extracellular matrix proteins and are involved in disease pathogenesis have different properties from resting peripheral blood cells. In this study, we confirm that resting CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from peripheral blood are costimulated by immobilized fibronectin, but not type I collagen. In contrast, Ag- or mitogen-stimulated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell lines, used as models of the effector cells involved in disease, are more potently costimulated by type I collagen than fibronectin. The collagen-induced effects are similar in assays with serum-free medium and in more physiological assays in which anti-CD3 mAb is replaced by a threshold concentration of Ag and irradiated autologous PBMC as APC. The responses are beta(1) integrin dependent and mediated largely by very late Ag (VLA) 1 and 2, as shown by their up-regulation on the T cell lines as compared with freshly purified resting PBL, and by the effects of blocking mAb. Reversed phase HPLC located the major costimulatory sequence(s) in the alpha1 chain of type I collagen, the structure of which was confirmed by amino acid sequencing. The results demonstrate the potential importance of type I collagen, an abundant extracellular matrix protein, in enhancing the activation of extravascular effector T cells in inflammatory disease, and point to a new immunotherapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Rao
- Division of Dermatology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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20
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Quan C, Skelton NJ, Clark K, Jackson DY, Renz ME, Chiu HH, Keating SM, Beresini MH, Fong S, Artis DR. Transfer of a protein binding epitope to a minimal designed peptide. Biopolymers 2000; 47:265-75. [PMID: 10036968 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0282(1998)47:4<265::aid-bip2>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Results from protein mutagenesis and x-ray crystallographic studies of the multidomain protein Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule (VCAM) were used to design cyclic octapeptides that retain the critical structural and binding elements of the epitope of VCAM in the interaction with the integrin alpha 4 beta 1 (VLA-4). Changes in the activities of peptide analogues correlated with the relative activities of protein mutants of VCAM, and predicted the properties of two new mutants that bound alpha 4 beta 1 with improved affinity vs wild type protein. The nmr structures of two peptides revealed a high degree of similarity to the structure of the VCAM binding epitope. These results demonstrate that a compact binding epitope identified via protein structure-function studies may be transferred to a synthetically accessible small peptide with the key structure-activity relationships intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Quan
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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21
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Abstract
Because of the lack of function-blocking anti-integrin antibodies that react with nonprimate species, the study of the role of integrins in in vivo animal models of atherosclerosis has been limited. In contrast, peptides or small molecules have shown less species specificity and thus may be better tools to use. In an attempt to identify integrin antagonists of potential use against smooth muscle response to injury, we investigated the role of human smooth muscle cell interactions with fibrin by using a panel of integrin antagonists consisting of the snake venom disintegrin, Kistrin, as well as cyclic peptides with well-defined integrin antagonists activities. We demonstrate that Kistrin, a disintegrin that inhibits beta1, beta2, beta3, and beta5 integrin interactions, had the most potent inhibitory effect. Based on our results, Kistrin or peptides with similar pan-integrin selectivity patterns are prime candidates for use as anti-integrin antagonists in further studies of atherosclerosis and restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O Yee
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.
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22
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Berg RW, Yang Y, Lehnert K, Krissansen GW. Mouse M290 is the functional homologue of the human mucosal lymphocyte integrin HML-1: antagonism between the integrin ligands E-cadherin and RGD tripeptide. Immunol Cell Biol 1999; 77:337-44. [PMID: 10457201 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.1999.00832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human mucosal lymphocyte antigen-1 (HML-1, alphaEbeta7) and E-cadherin, two members of unrelated cell adhesion superfamilies, have evolved to play cooperative roles in gut mucosal immunity. Human E-cadherin is self-ligand mediating intercellular adhesion of epithelial cells, as well as adhesion of intra-epithelial lymphocytes to intestinal enterocytes via an interaction with HML-1. Herein we report that both dimeric and monomeric forms of recombinant mouse E-cadherin-human immunoglobulin Fc chimera self-associate and support attachment of E-cadherin+ mouse colon epithelial cells. Both forms also support the adhesion of mouse MTC-1 T cells via M290, thereby establishing M290 as the functional mouse homologue of HML-1 and revealing that E-cadherin homophilic and heterophilic binding sites are distinct. Adhesion of MTC-1 cells to E-cadherin-Fc was inhibited by arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) peptides and vice versa cells bound to immobilized RGD polymer in an M290-dependent fashion, where adhesion was inhibitable with soluble E-cadherin-Fc. Hence, E-cadherin and RGD integrin ligands antagonize cell binding by one another, either by inducing integrin cross-talk or by binding to shared or overlapping sites within M290. Binding of E-cadherin-Fc by HML-1 costimulated the CD3-induced proliferation of purified CD4+ T cells, suggesting that E-cadherin expressed on dendritic cells may play a T cell costimulatory role in addition to facilitating dendritic cell-keratinocyte adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Berg
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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23
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Peri F, Grell D, Dumy P, Yokokawa Y, Welzenbach K, Weitz-Schmidt G, Mutter M. Assembly of binding loops on aromatic templates as VCAM-1 mimetics. J Pept Sci 1999; 5:313-22. [PMID: 10442767 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1387(199907)5:7<313::aid-psc200>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of cyclic mimetics of VCAM-1 protein that reproduce the integrin-binding domain are presented. The unprotected peptide precursor 37-43, Thr-Gln-Ile-Asp-Ser-Pro-Leu, was grafted onto functional templates of type naphthalene, biphenyl and benzyl through the chemoselective formation of C- and N-terminal oximes resulting in a mixture of four isomeric forms due to syn-anti isomerism of the oxime bonds. Some isomers could be monitored by HPLC and identified by NMR. The molecule containing a naphthalene-derived template was found to inhibit the VCAM-1/VLA-4 interaction more efficiently than previously reported for sulfur-bridged cyclic peptides containing similar sequences. The finding confirms the importance of incorporating conformational constraints between the terminal ends of the peptide loop 37-43 in the design of synthetic inhibitors of the VCAM-1/integrin interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Peri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Inhibition of Cell Adhesion by Antibodies to Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) in Normal Immunoglobulin for Therapeutic Use (Intravenous Immunoglobulin, IVIg). Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v93.11.3624.411a28_3624_3631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy is associated with a broad range of immunomodulatory activities. Several of the postulated mechanisms of IVIg action relate to the presence of antibodies to molecules relevant for regulation of the immune response. This article reports that IVIg contains antibodies to the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence, and the attachment site of a number of adhesive extracellular matrix proteins, including ligands for β1, β3, and β5 integrins. Anti-RGD antibodies were identified in IVIg by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and by using the BIAcore (BIAcore, Uppsala, Sweden) technology. The affinity of anti-RGD antibodies to a synthetic RGD-containing peptide and to fibronectin (Fn) was found to be in the micromolar range. F(ab′)2 fragments specific for RGD were purified from IVIg by affinity chromatography. Anti-RGD F(ab′)2 antibodies inhibited adenosine diphosphate induced IIb/β3 integrin-mediated platelet aggregation and the adhesion of activated 4β1 integrin-expressing B cells to Fn. Adhesion of unstimulated platelets to fibrinogen (Fg) involving both the γ-chain dodecapeptide sequence and the RGD sequence was inhibited by anti-RGD antibodies. In addition, adhesion of thrombin-stimulated platelets to von Willebrand factor or Fg was completely inhibited by affinity-purified anti-RGD antibodies. Our results suggest that the presence of natural IgG antibodies to the RGD motif may contribute to the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of therapeutic preparations of normal IgG.
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25
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Inhibition of Cell Adhesion by Antibodies to Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) in Normal Immunoglobulin for Therapeutic Use (Intravenous Immunoglobulin, IVIg). Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v93.11.3624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIntravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy is associated with a broad range of immunomodulatory activities. Several of the postulated mechanisms of IVIg action relate to the presence of antibodies to molecules relevant for regulation of the immune response. This article reports that IVIg contains antibodies to the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence, and the attachment site of a number of adhesive extracellular matrix proteins, including ligands for β1, β3, and β5 integrins. Anti-RGD antibodies were identified in IVIg by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and by using the BIAcore (BIAcore, Uppsala, Sweden) technology. The affinity of anti-RGD antibodies to a synthetic RGD-containing peptide and to fibronectin (Fn) was found to be in the micromolar range. F(ab′)2 fragments specific for RGD were purified from IVIg by affinity chromatography. Anti-RGD F(ab′)2 antibodies inhibited adenosine diphosphate induced IIb/β3 integrin-mediated platelet aggregation and the adhesion of activated 4β1 integrin-expressing B cells to Fn. Adhesion of unstimulated platelets to fibrinogen (Fg) involving both the γ-chain dodecapeptide sequence and the RGD sequence was inhibited by anti-RGD antibodies. In addition, adhesion of thrombin-stimulated platelets to von Willebrand factor or Fg was completely inhibited by affinity-purified anti-RGD antibodies. Our results suggest that the presence of natural IgG antibodies to the RGD motif may contribute to the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of therapeutic preparations of normal IgG.
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26
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Haworth D, Rees A, Alcock PJ, Wood LJ, Dutta AS, Gormley JJ, Jones HB, Jamieson A, Reilly CF. Anti-inflammatory activity of c(ILDV-NH(CH2)5CO), a novel, selective, cyclic peptide inhibitor of VLA-4-mediated cell adhesion. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 126:1751-60. [PMID: 10372817 PMCID: PMC1565964 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Small, N- to C-terminal cyclized peptides containing the leucyl-aspartyl-valine (LDV) motif from fibronectin connecting segment-1 (CS-1) have been investigated for their effects on the adhesion of human T-lymphoblastic leukaemia cells (MOLT-4) to human plasma fibronectin in vitro mediated by the integrin Very Late Antigen (VLA)-4 (alpha4beta1, CD49d/CD29). 2. Cyclo(-isoleucyl-leucyl-aspartyl-valyl-aminohexanoyl-) (c(ILDV-NH(CH2)5CO)) was approximately 5 fold more potent (IC50 3.6+/-0.44 microM) than the 25-amino acid linear CS-1 peptide. Cyclic peptides containing two more or one less methylene groups had similar potency to c(ILDV-NH(CH2)5CO) while a compound containing three less methylene groups, c(ILDV-NH(CH2)2CO), was inactive at 100 microM. 3. c(ILDV-NH(CH2)5CO) had little effect on cell adhesion mediated by two other integrins, VLA-5 (alpha5,beta1, CD49e/CD29) (K562 cell adhesion to fibronectin) or Leukocyte Function Associated molecule-1 (LFA-1, alphabeta2, CD11a/CD18) (U937 cell adhesion to Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with intercellular adhesion molecule-1) at concentrations up to 300 microM. 4. c(ILDV-NH(CH2)5CO) inhibited ovalbumin delayed-type hypersensitivity or oxazolone contact hypersensitivity in Balb/c mice when dosed continuously from subcutaneous osmotic mini-pumps (0.1-10 mg kg(-1) day(-1)). Maximum inhibition (approximately 40%) was similar to that caused by the monoclonal antibody PS/2 (7.5 mg kg(-1) i.v.) directed against the alpha4 integrin subunit. 5. c(ILDV-NH(CH2)5CO) also inhibited oxazolone contact hypersensitivity when dosed intravenously 20 h after oxazolone challenge (1-10 mg kg(-1)). Ear swelling was reduced at 3 h and 4 h but not at 1 h and 2 h post-dose (10 mg kg(-1)). 6. Small molecule VLA-4 inhibitors derived from c(ILDV-NH(CH2)5CO) may be useful as anti-inflammatory agents.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- CHO Cells/cytology
- CHO Cells/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cell Adhesion/physiology
- Cricetinae
- Dermatitis, Contact/drug therapy
- Dermatitis, Contact/immunology
- Female
- Fibronectins/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/drug therapy
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Inflammation/immunology
- Integrin alpha4beta1
- Integrins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Integrins/physiology
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/physiology
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, T-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Oxazolone/immunology
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Rats
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- D Haworth
- CM&M Research Department, Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, Cheshire
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27
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Lin KC, Ateeq HS, Hsiung SH, Chong LT, Zimmerman CN, Castro A, Lee WC, Hammond CE, Kalkunte S, Chen LL, Pepinsky RB, Leone DR, Sprague AG, Abraham WM, Gill A, Lobb RR, Adams SP. Selective, tight-binding inhibitors of integrin alpha4beta1 that inhibit allergic airway responses. J Med Chem 1999; 42:920-34. [PMID: 10072689 DOI: 10.1021/jm980673g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Integrin alpha4beta1 mediates leukocyte recruitment, activation, mediator release, and apoptosis inhibition, and it plays a central role in inflammatory pathophysiology. High-affinity, selective inhibitors of alpha4beta1, based on the Leu-Asp-Val (LDV) sequence from the alternatively spliced connecting segment-1 (CS-1) peptide of cellular fibronectin, are described that employ a novel N-terminal peptide "cap" strategy. One inhibitor, BIO-1211, was approximately 10(6)-fold more potent than the starting peptide and exhibited tight-binding properties (koff = 1.4 x 10(-4) s-1, KD = 70 pM), a remarkable finding for a noncovalent, small-molecule inhibitor of a protein receptor. BIO-1211 was also 200-fold selective for the activated form of alpha4beta1, and it stimulated expression of ligand-induced epitopes on the integrin beta1 subunit, a property consistent with occupancy of the receptor's ligand-binding site. Pretreatment of allergic sheep with a 3-mg nebulized dose of BIO-1211 inhibited early and late airway responses following antigen challenge and prevented development of nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness to carbachol. These results show that highly selective and potent small-molecule antagonists can be identified to integrins with primary specificity for peptide domains other than Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD); they confirm the generality of integrins as small molecule targets; and they validate alpha4beta1 as a therapeutic target for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K c Lin
- Biogen Inc., 12 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida 33140, USA
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28
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Chapter 18. Inhibitors of Integrin Alpha 4 Beta 1 (VLA-4). ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60580-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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29
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Abstract
In recent years antagonists of very late antigen-4 (VLA4, also known as integrin alpha(4) beta(1)) have shown great promise in treating inflammatory disorders in a number of animal models. The most advanced in this endeavor is a humanized anti-alpha(4) antibody, Antegren, which is in phase II clinical trials for multiple sclerosis. The first reported small-molecule VLA4 antagonist to advance into clinical trials is currently in phase I as an aerosol for treating asthma. A number of peptides, cyclic peptides and peptidomimetics have been disclosed and are in preliminary stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Lin
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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30
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Koike C, Watanabe M, Isoai A, Kumagai H, Tsukada H, Irimura T, Okada S, Oku N. How platelet aggregation affects B16BL6 melanoma cell trafficking. FEBS Lett 1998; 427:286-90. [PMID: 9607330 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In blood-borne metastasis, intravasated metastatic tumor cells are thought to localize at the target site via a series of processes involving platelet aggregation, adhesion to endothelium, and invasion through the basal membrane. In the present study, we examined how platelet aggregation contributes to the trafficking of metastatic tumor cells in vivo by use of an inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Highly invasive B16BL6 melanoma cells were labeled with [2-18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose and injected into mice to determine cell trafficking non-invasively by positron emission tomography. Both platelet aggregation inhibitor cyclo(RSarDPhg), which could not inhibit metastasis, and metastatic inhibitor cyclo(GRGDSPA) suppressed the accumulation of B16BL6 cells in the lung by about 12%, suggesting that platelet aggregation partly affects cell trafficking but not to a great extent, and that platelet aggregation is not the essential step for B16BL6 cell arrest in targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Koike
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan
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31
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Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules mediate the contact between two cells or between cells and the extracellular matrix. They are essential for morphogenesis, organization of tissues and organs, regulation of immune cell responses and migration of inflammatory cells from the blood vessels into inflamed tissues. Many diseases have been shown to be associated with dysfunction or with overexpression of certain adhesion molecules. Increased cell adhesion molecule function and number are found in clinical disorders in which inflammation and immune cells are involved. Several possible therapeutic agents are described here which have been shown to reduce the expression and/or function of cell adhesion molecules. Anti-adhesion treatment can lead to diminished infiltration and activation of inflammatory immune cells resulting in decreased tissue injury and malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Henricks
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Netherlands.
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32
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Danen EH, Marcinkiewicz C, Cornelissen IM, van Kraats AA, Pachter JA, Ruiter DJ, Niewiarowski S, van Muijen GN. The disintegrin eristostatin interferes with integrin alpha 4 beta 1 function and with experimental metastasis of human melanoma cells. Exp Cell Res 1998; 238:188-96. [PMID: 9457071 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1997.3821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptides containing the integrin recognition sequence, RGD, can inhibit experimental metastasis of mouse melanoma cells, but the integrin(s) affected in these experiments is unknown. Besides "classical" RGD-binding integrins such as alpha 5 beta 1 and alpha v beta 3, RGD has been reported to bind alpha 4 beta 1, and mAbs to alpha 4 beta 1 can inhibit melanoma metastasis. We investigated the mode of action of the disintegrin eristostatin, an RGD-containing peptide isolated from snake venom, in a human melanoma experimental metastasis model. Lung colonization following i.v. injection of MV3 cells in nude mice was strongly inhibited by eristostatin. MV3 cells bound FITC-eristostatin and adhered to eristostatin-coated wells. This adhesion was partially inhibited by a GRGDSP peptide and by alpha 4 mAb. Binding of FITC-eristostatin to Jurkat cells and adhesion of Jurkat (but not K562) cells to eristostatin-coated wells further suggested that eristostatin binds alpha 4 beta 1, even though, again, alpha 4 mAb only partially inhibited adhesion. Expression of alpha 4 beta 1 was enhanced in metastatic melanoma cells compared to normal melanocytes and nonmetastatic melanoma cells. Finally, eristostatin inhibited adhesion of both MV3 and CHO alpha 4 cells to the alpha 4 beta 1-ligand VCAM-1, while adhesion to other ligands via other integrins was not affected. These findings demonstrate that inhibition of melanoma cell metastasis by RGD-containing peptides such as eristostatin, may be due to interference with alpha 4 beta 1-VCAM binding, in addition to inhibition of the classical RGD-binding integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Danen
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Blood Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes From the Majority of Sickle Cell Patients in the Crisis Phase of the Disease Show Enhanced Adhesion to Vascular Endothelium and Increased Expression of CD64. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v91.1.266.266_266_274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the role of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in the pathogenesis of sickle cell crisis. We studied the adherence of PMNs from 18 sickle cell patients in crisis, 25 out of crisis, and 43 healthy subjects (controls) to monolayers of human umbilical cord endothelium that were either untreated or pretreated with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Overall, the PMNs from patients in crisis were more adherent than control PMNs to untreated endothelial monolayers (mean 53% increase; P < .001) and TNFα-treated monolayers (mean 41% increase; P < .002). Increased adhesiveness was not associated with an abnormal expression of CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, CD18, CD62L, or CD15. There was an increase in the number of PMNs expressing CD64 in patients in crisis (median value, 44%) compared with patients out of crisis (median, 21%; P = .025) and controls (median, 6.5%; P < .001). Sera from patients in crisis had normal levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-γ, TNFα, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, or IL-8 and did not modify the adherence of PMNs or their expression of CD64. Only IFN-γ induced CD64 expression on PMNs, but this effect was not associated with enhanced binding to endothelium. Because PMNs bound to endothelial monolayers were CD64+ and CD64-enriched PMNs were 7 times more adherent to endothelial monolayers than CD64-depleted PMNs, it is likely that CD64 is a marker of adherent PMNs. Two of the three anti-CD64 antibodies used in our antibody blocking studies (clones 32.2 and 197) partially inhibited the binding of sickle cell PMNs to untreated endothelium (mean inhibitions of 33% [P = .01] and 21% [P = .03], respectively), whereas only one (clone 197) inhibited binding to TNFα-treated endothelium (mean inhibition, 29%; P = .004). In some patients with sickle cell disease, an enhanced PMN adhesion to vascular endothelium could contribute to the vascular occlusion that characterizes the acute crisis of the disease.
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Blood Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes From the Majority of Sickle Cell Patients in the Crisis Phase of the Disease Show Enhanced Adhesion to Vascular Endothelium and Increased Expression of CD64. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v91.1.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThere is increasing interest in the role of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in the pathogenesis of sickle cell crisis. We studied the adherence of PMNs from 18 sickle cell patients in crisis, 25 out of crisis, and 43 healthy subjects (controls) to monolayers of human umbilical cord endothelium that were either untreated or pretreated with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Overall, the PMNs from patients in crisis were more adherent than control PMNs to untreated endothelial monolayers (mean 53% increase; P < .001) and TNFα-treated monolayers (mean 41% increase; P < .002). Increased adhesiveness was not associated with an abnormal expression of CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, CD18, CD62L, or CD15. There was an increase in the number of PMNs expressing CD64 in patients in crisis (median value, 44%) compared with patients out of crisis (median, 21%; P = .025) and controls (median, 6.5%; P < .001). Sera from patients in crisis had normal levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-γ, TNFα, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, or IL-8 and did not modify the adherence of PMNs or their expression of CD64. Only IFN-γ induced CD64 expression on PMNs, but this effect was not associated with enhanced binding to endothelium. Because PMNs bound to endothelial monolayers were CD64+ and CD64-enriched PMNs were 7 times more adherent to endothelial monolayers than CD64-depleted PMNs, it is likely that CD64 is a marker of adherent PMNs. Two of the three anti-CD64 antibodies used in our antibody blocking studies (clones 32.2 and 197) partially inhibited the binding of sickle cell PMNs to untreated endothelium (mean inhibitions of 33% [P = .01] and 21% [P = .03], respectively), whereas only one (clone 197) inhibited binding to TNFα-treated endothelium (mean inhibition, 29%; P = .004). In some patients with sickle cell disease, an enhanced PMN adhesion to vascular endothelium could contribute to the vascular occlusion that characterizes the acute crisis of the disease.
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Abstract
The developing hindbrain is transiently subdivided into structural repeat units, rhombomeres, whose formation is matched by both differential regulatory gene expression and a metameric pattern of early neuronal differentiation and axogenesis. Individual rhombomeres are polyclonal cell lineage restriction units; once defined by transverse interrhombomere interfaces, cells are confined within the territory of a single rhombomere. In order to assess the relevance of this restriction to hindbrain development. It is necessary to understand the underlying mechanism. One possibility is that cells of adjacent rhombomeres acquire differential affinities or adhesive properties. To explore this possibility, we isolated rhombomere cells, mixed them together in short-term aggregation cultures, and assessed the composition of the resulting aggregates. We found that rhombomeres do differ in their affinity: cells from even-numbered rhombomeres sort out from cells of odd-numbered rhombomeres. They also segregate from cells of other even-numbered rhombomeres but to a much lesser extent. This selective cell affinity operates from the time of rhombomere formation until late stages in development. The region-specific segregation was abolished when Ca(2+)-dependent adhesion molecules were inactivated but not when Ca(2+)-independent adhesion molecules were inactivated. These findings suggest that distinct cell affinity restricts cell mixing between adjacent rhombomeres and may be involved in establishing the series of discrete compartments, thereby maintaining anteroposterior positional information during hindbrain development. These results support a general role for cell adhesion molecules in subdividing CNS territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wizenmann
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, UMDS, Guy's Hospital, London, England
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Bochner BS, Sterbinsky SA, Saini SA, Columbo M, Macglashan DW. Studies of cell adhesion and flow cytometric analyses of degranulation, surface phenotype, and viability using human eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells. Methods 1997; 13:61-8. [PMID: 9281469 DOI: 10.1006/meth.1997.0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Products derived from eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells are considered critical to the development of allergic diseases. Studies of the selective recruitment, accumulation, and/or activation of these cells during human allergic inflammatory reactions in vitro and in vivo have been facilitated by a wide variety of methods. Some have been developed to identify and isolate these cells from a variety of sites, including blood, airway secretions, and surgical or autopsy tissues. Once enriched in purity, assays of cell adhesion to endothelium, epithelium, matrix proteins, and purified, immobilized counterligands for integrins, selectins, or immunoglobulin gene superfamily structures can be performed in vitro under both static and flow conditions. Techniques involving flow cytometry, utilizing characteristics of cellular light scatter and immunofluorescence, have permitted the elucidation of cell surface phenotype and have aided in quantification of cellular degranulation and viability. These approaches have yielded new information on the function of human eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells and have suggested unique cell-specific pathways of cell recruitment, activation, and survival that may contribute to the pathogenesis of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Bochner
- Division of Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Tselepis VH, Green LJ, Humphries MJ. An RGD to LDV motif conversion within the disintegrin kistrin generates an integrin antagonist that retains potency but exhibits altered receptor specificity. Evidence for a functional equivalence of acidic integrin-binding motifs. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:21341-8. [PMID: 9261147 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.34.21341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin ligands almost invariably employ a variant of either the RGD or LDV motif as a key element of their receptor recognition site. These short acidic peptide sequences collaborate with specific nonhomologous flanking residues and spatially separate "synergy" sequences to determine receptor binding specificity. Although the consensus sequences for RGD and LDV motifs are quite different, their common use suggests that they might share a critical role in receptor-ligand engagement. To date, the effects of interconversion of the two motifs within a natural protein framework have not been tested; however, in this study, we have converted the natural RGD site found in the snake venom disintegrin kistrin into an LDV motif and examined the effects of the change on the specificity of integrin recognition and on disintegrin potency. While an assessment of receptor binding using cell adhesion and purified integrin solid-phase assays demonstrated recognition of recombinant RGD kistrin by alphaVbeta3 and alpha5beta1, a series of LDV kistrin chimeras did not bind to these integrins, but instead were recognized specifically by alpha4beta1. The minimal change to elicit this distinct switch in receptor specificity was found to involve alteration of only three residues within kistrin. Alanine scanning mutagenesis was used to provide further information on the functional contribution of the three residues. More important, the LDV kistrin chimeras also retained much of the characteristic potency of RGD kistrin, indicating that the kistrin scaffold is optimized for presentation of both RGD and LDV sequences. These findings provide evidence for similarities in motif pharmacophore and reinforce the hypothesis that RGD and LDV sites have an equivalent functional role in receptor binding. They also demonstrate the potential for other disintegrin-containing proteins, perhaps from the ADAM family, to employ LDV sequences for integrin binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Tselepis
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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Lobb RR, Abraham WM, Burkly LC, Gill A, Ma W, Knight JA, Leone DR, Antognetti G, Pepinsky RB. Pathophysiologic role of alpha 4 integrins in the lung. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 796:113-23. [PMID: 8906218 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb32573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Evidence for a central role for the integrins alpha 4 beta 1 and alpha 4 beta 7 in leukocyte pathophysiology is rapidly accumulating. Five distinct alpha 4 mAbs, each able to block alpha 4-dependent adhesion in vitro, show beneficial effects in vivo in six different species, and in a wide variety of organ systems, including colon, lung, skin, neural tissue, pancreas, peritoneum, and the vessel wall. In particular, a clear role for these integrins in lung pathophysiology is implied on the basis of in vivo studies in four different species. Although several issues remain to be resolved, including the relative importance of alpha 4 beta 1 and alpha 4 beta 7, and the relative roles of their counterligands, VCAM1, fibronectin, and MAdCAM, the data argue that alpha 4 integrins will likely be critical to both the normal physiology and pathology of the lung in man. To this end, we (Adams, Lin, Lobb, and Gill, unpublished data) and others have generated peptidomimetic small molecule antagonists of VLA4 based on the connecting segment 1 (CS1) peptide sequence of fibronectin that are potent blockers of integrin adhesive function in vitro and show efficacy in vivo. We have found that our inhibitors are excellent blockers of both murine contact hypersensitivity, and of the LPR and AHR in the sheep allergic airways model (Abraham, Lobb, Adams, and Gill, unpublished data), and are therefore possible candidates for clinical intervention in human asthma. The use of the VCAM-Ig fusion protein as a probe for high-affinity alpha 4 integrins has further enhanced our understanding of alpha 4 integrin function in the lung. While integrin upregulation in vitro has been observed many times, and high affinity (as opposed to avidity) of integrins seen in vitro in several systems, in vivo proof of integrin upregulation to a high-affinity state has been difficult to obtain in the absence of selective probes. Our data provide key information in this regard and strongly argue not only that integrin upregulation does indeed occur in vivo, but also that it is in fact obligatory for the leukocyte pathologies we have examined to date. Further studies are clearly warranted to further examine mechanisms of action, and to confirm and extend these studies, both with the alpha 4 integrins and with other integrin families. In summary, our studies of alpha 4 integrins continue to provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of integrin function and into future directions for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Lobb
- Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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Cobb RR, Molony JL. Interleukin-1beta expression is induced by adherence and is enhanced by Fc-receptor binding to immune complex in THP-1 cells. FEBS Lett 1996; 394:241-6. [PMID: 8830651 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00960-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Adherence of monocytes to endothelial cells and subsequently to basement membrane represents the initial steps in monocyte migration from the vasculature to the interstitium. We investigated the role of adhesion to endothelial cells and basement membrane in the induction of the cytokine IL-1beta. We demonstrated that mRNA for IL-1beta is induced in adherent THP-1 cells, but not in a matrix-specific manner. Adherence to fibrinogen, however, causes an increase in mRNA for IL-1beta. A background level of IL-1beta mRNA induction was observed in cells adherent to all matrices, including the non-specific human serum albumin substrate, as compared to non-adherent cells cultured in teflon troughs. In addition, antibodies to CD11a, CD11b, beta1 integrin, VLA4, (alpha)v(beta)3 (VNR), and ICAM-1 did not induce significant IL-1beta mRNA when THP-1 cells were adherent to those immunoglobulins. THP-1 cells adherent to immune complexes of anti-CD11a, anti-CD11b, anti-VLA4, anti-VNR, and anti-ICAM-1 showed greater mRNA induction than cells adherent to primary antibodies alone. THP-1 cells adherent to non-specific immune complexes gave the highest level of mRNA induction. Secretion of IL-1beta protein, measured by ELISA at 24 h, was greatest when cells were adherent to immobilized immune complexes or to fibrinogen. Our results demonstrate that a general adherence-induced increase in IL-1beta gene expression is greatly enhanced by the presence of immune complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Cobb
- Department of Biology, Tanabe Research Laboratories, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Rishton GM, Harn NK, Cripps SJ, Chiang SL, Mikos C, Cardarelli P, Lobl TJ, Gorcsan F, Moscinski M, Delaet NGJ, Walker SM. A ?-turn mimic and a thiomethylene dipeptide surrogate employed in the study of cyclic peptide RGD and RCD cell-adhesion inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00131084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chapter 20. Cell Adhesion Integrins as Pharmaceutical Targets. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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42
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Lobb RR, Antognetti G, Pepinsky RB, Burkly LC, Leone DR, Whitty A. A direct binding assay for the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1) interaction with alpha 4 integrins. CELL ADHESION AND COMMUNICATION 1995; 3:385-97. [PMID: 8640376 DOI: 10.3109/15419069509081293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1) is a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily which interacts with the alpha 4 integrins alpha 4 beta 1 (very late antigen 4: VLA4) and alpha 4 beta 7, which are constitutively expressed on many leukocyte subsets and play a key role in cell trafficking and activation. Using a recombinant VCAM-IgG fusion protein (VCAM-Ig) as a soluble ligand for alpha 4 beta 1 we directly demonstrated by fluorescence analysis that the alpha 4 beta 1 receptor can exist in different affinity states on the cell surface, and that a high affinity state is induced by manganese ions or certain activating anti-beta 1 monoclonal antibodies (Jakubowski et al., 1995b). Here we have extended these observations by developing a rapid and reproducible assay using alkaline phosphatase (AP)-coupled VCAM-Ig (VCAM-Ig-AP) which measures the interaction between VCAM1 and alpha 4 integrins in a microtiter plate format. This assay has allowed us to evaluate directly the effects of metal ions, anti-beta 1 mAbs, and different cell types and species on the VCAM1/alpha 4 integrin interaction. Most importantly, the assay system provides a means to rapidly evaluate alpha 4 integrin-directed inhibitors without the complication of post-ligand binding events inherent in adhesion assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Lobb
- Biogen, Inc., Cambridge Center, MA 02142, USA
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Jones EY, Harlos K, Bottomley MJ, Robinson RC, Driscoll PC, Edwards RM, Clements JM, Dudgeon TJ, Stuart DI. Crystal structure of an integrin-binding fragment of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 at 1.8 A resolution. Nature 1995; 373:539-44. [PMID: 7531291 DOI: 10.1038/373539a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The cell-surface glycoprotein vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1; ref. 1) mediates intercellular adhesion by specific binding to the integrin very-late antigen-4 (VLA-4, alpha 4 beta 1; ref. 3). VCAM-1, with the intercellular adhesion molecules ICAM-1, ICAM-2, ICAM-3 and the mucosal vascular addressin MAd-CAM-1, forms an integrin-binding subgroup of the immunoglobulin superfamily. In addition to their clinical relevance in inflammation, these molecules act as cellular receptors for viral and parasitic agents. The predominant form of VCAM-1 in vivo has an amino-terminal extracellular region comprising seven immunoglobulin-like domains. Functional studies have identified a conserved integrin-binding motif in domains 1 and 4, variants of which are present in the N-terminal domain of all members of the immunoglobulin superfamily subgroup. We report here the crystal structure of a VLA-4-binding fragment composed of the first two domains of VCAM-1. The integrin-binding motif (Q38IDSPL) is highly exposed and forms the N-terminal region of the loop between beta-strands C and D of domain 1. This motif exhibits a distinctive conformation which we predict will be common to all the integrin-binding IgSF molecules. These, and additional data, map VLA-4 binding to the face of the CFG beta-sheet, the surface previously identified as the site for intercellular adhesive interactions between members of the immunoglobulin superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Jones
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences, UK
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Promotion of cell adhesion by single-stranded and triple-helical peptide models of basement membrane collagen alpha 1(IV)531-543. Evidence for conformationally dependent and conformationally independent type IV collagen cell adhesion sites. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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