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Effects of Antioxidant Gene Overexpression on Stress Resistance and Malignization In Vitro and In Vivo: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122316. [PMID: 36552527 PMCID: PMC9774954 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are normal products of a number of biochemical reactions and are important signaling molecules. However, at the same time, they are toxic to cells and have to be strictly regulated by their antioxidant systems. The etiology and pathogenesis of many diseases are associated with increased ROS levels, and many external stress factors directly or indirectly cause oxidative stress in cells. Within this context, the overexpression of genes encoding the proteins in antioxidant systems seems to have become a viable approach to decrease the oxidative stress caused by pathological conditions and to increase cellular stress resistance. However, such manipulations unavoidably lead to side effects, the most dangerous of which is an increased probability of healthy tissue malignization or increased tumor aggression. The aims of the present review were to collect and systematize the results of studies devoted to the effects resulting from the overexpression of antioxidant system genes on stress resistance and carcinogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In most cases, the overexpression of these genes was shown to increase cell and organism resistances to factors that induce oxidative and genotoxic stress but to also have different effects on cancer initiation and promotion. The last fact greatly limits perspectives of such manipulations in practice. The overexpression of GPX3 and SOD3 encoding secreted proteins seems to be the "safest" among the genes that can increase cell resistance to oxidative stress. High efficiency and safety potential can also be found for SOD2 overexpression in combinations with GPX1 or CAT and for similar combinations that lead to no significant changes in H2O2 levels. Accumulation, systematization, and the integral analysis of data on antioxidant gene overexpression effects can help to develop approaches for practical uses in biomedical and agricultural areas. Additionally, a number of factors such as genetic and functional context, cell and tissue type, differences in the function of transcripts of one and the same gene, regulatory interactions, and additional functions should be taken into account.
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Ward NP, DeNicola GM. Sulfur metabolism and its contribution to malignancy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 347:39-103. [PMID: 31451216 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic dysregulation is an appreciated hallmark of cancer and a target for therapeutic intervention. Cellular metabolism involves a series of oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions that yield the energy and biomass required for tumor growth. Cells require diverse molecular species with constituent sulfur atoms to facilitate these processes. For humans, this sulfur is derived from the dietary consumption of the proteinogenic amino acids cysteine and methionine, as only lower organisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, and plants) can synthesize them de novo. In addition to providing the sulfur required to sustain redox chemistry, the metabolism of these sulfur-containing amino acids yield intermediate metabolites that constitute the cellular antioxidant system, mediate inter- and intracellular signaling, and facilitate the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, all of which contribute to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Ward
- Department of Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Gina M DeNicola
- Department of Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States.
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Rahman MT, Hossain A, Pin CH, Yahya NA. Zinc and Metallothionein in the Development and Progression of Dental Caries. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 187:51-58. [PMID: 29744817 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1369-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in oral cavity as well as acidic pH on dental enamel surface due to the metabolic activities of bacterial plaque are the major contributors in the development and progression of dental caries. Along with other factors, deposition or dissolution Ca and Mg mostly determines the re- or demineralization of dental enamel. Zn plays an important role for both Ca and Mg bioavailability in oral cavity. Metallothionein (MT), a group of small molecular weight, cysteine-rich proteins (~ 7 kDa), is commonly induced by ROS, bacterial infection, and Zn. In the current review, we evaluated MT at the junction between the progression of dental caries and its etiologies that are common in MT biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tariqur Rahman
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ashfaque Hossain
- Department Medical Microbiology and Immunology, RAK Medical University, Ras al-Khaimah, UAE
| | - Chew Hooi Pin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Azlin Yahya
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Theocharis SE, Margeli AP, Koutselinis A. Metallothionein: A Multifunctional Protein from Toxicity to Cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 18:162-9. [PMID: 14535585 DOI: 10.1177/172460080301800302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The metallothionein (MT) family is a class of low molecular weight, intracellular and cysteine-rich proteins presenting high affinity for metal ions. Although the members of this family were discovered nearly 40 years ago, their functional significance remains obscure. Four major MT isoforms, MT-1, MT-2, MT-3 and MT-4, have been identified in mammals. MTs are involved in many pathophysiological processes such as metal ion homeostasis and detoxification, protection against oxidative damage, cell proliferation and apoptosis, chemoresistance and radiotherapy resistance. MT isoforms have been shown to be involved in several aspects of the carcinogenic process, cancer development and progression. MT expression has been implicated as a transient response to any form of stress or injury providing cytoprotective action. Although MT participates in the carcinogenic process, its use as a potential marker of tumor differentiation or cell proliferation, or as a predictor of poor prognosis remains unclear. In the present review the involvement of MT in defense mechanisms to toxicity and in carcinogenicity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Theocharis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece.
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Programming of Cell Resistance to Genotoxic and Oxidative Stress. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6010005. [PMID: 29301323 PMCID: PMC5874662 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Different organisms, cell types, and even similar cell lines can dramatically differ in resistance to genotoxic stress. This testifies to the wide opportunities for genetic and epigenetic regulation of stress resistance. These opportunities could be used to increase the effectiveness of cancer therapy, develop new varieties of plants and animals, and search for new pharmacological targets to enhance human radioresistance, which can be used for manned deep space expeditions. Based on the comparison of transcriptomic studies in cancer cells, in this review, we propose that there is a high diversity of genetic mechanisms of development of genotoxic stress resistance. This review focused on possibilities and limitations of the regulation of the resistance of normal cells and whole organisms to genotoxic and oxidative stress by the overexpressing of stress-response genes. Moreover, the existing experimental data on the effect of such overexpression on the resistance of cells and organisms to various genotoxic agents has been analyzed and systematized. We suggest that the recent advances in the development of multiplex and highly customizable gene overexpression technology that utilizes the mutant Cas9 protein and the abundance of available data on gene functions and their signal networks open new opportunities for research in this field.
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Mahmassani ZS, Son K, Pincu Y, Munroe M, Drnevich J, Chen J, Boppart MD. α 7β 1 Integrin regulation of gene transcription in skeletal muscle following an acute bout of eccentric exercise. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 312:C638-C650. [PMID: 28274919 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00106.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The α7β1 integrin is concentrated at the costameres of skeletal muscle and provides a critical link between the actin cytoskeleton and laminin in the basement membrane. We previously demonstrated that expression of the α7BX2 integrin subunit (MCK:α7BX2) preserves muscle integrity and enhances myofiber cross-sectional area following eccentric exercise. The purpose of this study was to utilize gene expression profiling to reveal potential mechanisms by which the α7BX2-integrin contributes to improvements in muscle growth after exercise. A microarray analysis was performed using RNA extracted from skeletal muscle of wild-type or transgenic mice under sedentary conditions and 3 h following an acute bout of downhill running. Genes with false discovery rate probability values below the cutoff of P < 0.05 (n = 73) were found to be regulated by either exercise or transgene expression. KEGG pathway analysis detected upregulation of genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum protein processing with integrin overexpression. Targeted analyses verified increased transcription of Rpl13a, Nosip, Ang, Scl7a5, Gys1, Ndrg2, Hspa5, and Hsp40 as a result of integrin overexpression alone or in combination with exercise (P < 0.05). A significant increase in HSPA5 protein and a decrease in CAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) were detected in transgenic muscle (P < 0.05). In vitro knockdown experiments verified integrin-mediated regulation of Scl7a5 The results from this study suggest that the α7β1 integrin initiates transcription of genes that allow for protection from stress, including activation of a beneficial unfolded protein response and modulation of protein synthesis, both which may contribute to positive adaptations in skeletal muscle as a result of engagement in eccentric exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad S Mahmassani
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Kook Son
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; and
| | - Yair Pincu
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Michael Munroe
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Jenny Drnevich
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, High Performance Biological Computing, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; and
| | - Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois;
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Mills MG, Gallagher EP. A targeted gene expression platform allows for rapid analysis of chemical-induced antioxidant mRNA expression in zebrafish larvae. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171025. [PMID: 28212397 PMCID: PMC5315391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical-induced oxidative stress and the biochemical pathways that protect against oxidative damage are of particular interest in the field of toxicology. To rapidly identify oxidative stress-responsive gene expression changes in zebrafish, we developed a targeted panel of antioxidant genes using the Affymetrix QuantiGene Plex (QGP) platform. The genes contained in our panel include eight putative Nrf2 (Nfe2l2a)-dependent antioxidant genes (hmox1a, gstp1, gclc, nqo1, prdx1, gpx1a, sod1, sod2), a stress response gene (hsp70), an inducible DNA damage repair gene (gadd45bb), and three reference genes (actb1, gapdh, hprt1). We tested this platform on larval zebrafish exposed to tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) and cadmium (Cd), two model oxidative stressors with different modes of action, and compared our results with those obtained using the more common quantitative PCR (qPCR) method. Both methods showed that exposure to tBHP and Cd induced expression of prdx1, gstp1, and hmox1a (2- to 12-fold increase via QGP), indicative of an activated Nrf2 response in larval zebrafish. Both compounds also elicited a general stress response as reflected by elevation of hsp70 and gadd45bb, with Cd being the more potent inducer. Transient changes were observed in sod2 and gpx1a expression, whereas nqo1, an Nrf2-responsive gene in mammalian cells, was minimally affected by either tBHP or Cd chemical exposures. Developmental expression analysis of the target genes by QGP revealed marked upregulation of sod2 between 0-96hpf, and to a lesser extent, of sod1 and gstp1. Once optimized, QGP analysis of these experiments was accomplished more rapidly, using far less tissue, and at lower total costs than qPCR analysis. In summary, the QGP platform as applied to higher-throughput zebrafish studies provides a reasonable cost-effective alternative to qPCR or more comprehensive transcriptomics approaches to rapidly assess the potential for chemicals to elicit oxidative stress as a mechanism of chemical toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret G. Mills
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Evan P. Gallagher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Rahman MT, Haque N, Abu Kasim NH, De Ley M. Origin, Function, and Fate of Metallothionein in Human Blood. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 173:41-62. [PMID: 28417197 DOI: 10.1007/112_2017_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Toxic heavy metals, toxic organic compounds, reactive oxygen species (ROS), infections, and temperature are well-known metallothionein (MT) inducers in human blood. The current review aims to summarize synthesis, function, and fate of human blood MT in response to the known MT inducers. Part of the MTs that are synthesized in different organs such as the liver, kidney, and spleen is transported and stored in different blood cells and in plasma. Cells of the circulatory system also synthesize MT. From the circulation, MT returns to the kidney where the metal-bound MTs are degraded to release the metal ion that in turn induces MT expression therein. The blood MTs play important roles in metal detoxification, transportation, and storage. By neutralizing ROS, MTs protect blood cells from oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Arguably, MTs are also involved in immune suppression. Given the permeating distribution of blood MT throughout the body as well as its diverse role in the protection against harmful environmental factors and in metal homeostasis, MT could be better recognized as a major public health protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nazmul Haque
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Regenerative Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Regenerative Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Marc De Ley
- Laboratorium voor Biochemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, Postbus 2413, Heverlee, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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Hartmann S, Tousseyn T, Döring C, Flüchter P, Hackstein H, Herreman A, Ponzoni M, de Wolf-Peeters C, Facchetti F, Gascoyne RD, Küppers R, Steidl C, Hansmann ML. Macrophages in T cell/histiocyte rich large B cell lymphoma strongly express metal-binding proteins and show a bi-activated phenotype. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:2609-18. [PMID: 23686423 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abundant macrophage infiltration in tumors often correlates with a poor prognosis. T cell/histiocyte rich large B cell lymphoma (THRLBCL) is a distinct aggressive B cell lymphoma entity showing a high macrophage content. To further elucidate the role of tumor-associated macrophages in THRLBCL, we performed gene expression profiling of microdissected histiocyte subsets of THRLBCL, nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL), Piringer lymphadenitis, sarcoidosis, nonspecific lymphadenitis and monocytes from peripheral blood. In a supervised principal component analysis, histiocytes from THRLBCL were most closely related to epithelioid cells from NLPHL, with both types of cells expressing genes related to proinflammatory and regulatory macrophage activity. Moreover, histiocytes from THRLBCL strongly expressed metal-binding proteins like MT2A, by which histiocytes of THRLBCL can be distinguished from the other histiocyte subsets investigated. Interestingly, the validation at the protein level showed a strong expression of TXN, CXCL9, MT2A and SOD2 not only in macrophages of THRLBCL but also in the tumor cells of NLPHL and classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). Overall, the present findings indicate that macrophages in the microenvironment of THRLBCL have acquired a distinct gene expression pattern that is characterized by a mixed M1/M2 phenotype and a strong expression of several metal binding proteins. The microenvironments in NLPHL and THRLBCL appear to have a similar influence on the macrophage phenotype. The high expression of metal binding proteins in histiocytes of THRLBCL may be diagnostically useful, but a potential pathophysiological role remains to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Hartmann
- Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Cytokine and gene transcription profiles of immune responses elicited by HIV lipopeptide vaccine in HIV-negative volunteers. AIDS 2013; 27:1421-31. [PMID: 23759749 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835f5b60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To dissect the biological mechanisms involved in the cellular responses to a candidate vaccine containing 5 HIV peptides coupled to a palmytoil tail (HIV-LIPO-5) in healthy volunteers, by using extensive immunogenicity assessments with different stimulation durations. DESIGN Immunogenicity substudy of a randomized phase II prophylactic HIV vaccine trial (ANRS VAC 18). METHODS HIV-LIPO-5 or placebo was administered at W0, W4, W12 and W24. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a subset of participants at W0 and W14 were stimulated with HIV-LIPO-5, Gag peptides contained in the vaccine and control peptides. ELISpot, lymphoproliferation, intracellular cytokine staining (ICS), cytokine multiplex and transcriptomic analyses were performed. Different time points and stimulation conditions were compared, controlling for test multiplicity. RESULTS Cultured ELISpot and lymphoproliferation responses were detected at W14. Ex-vivo ICS showed mainly interleukin (IL)-2-producing cells. Secretion of interferon (IFN)-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-5 and IL-13 increased significantly after culture and Gag stimulation at W14 compared to W0. Metallothionein genes were consistently overexpressed after HIV-LIPO-5 stimulation at W0 and W14. At W14, significant probes increased substantially, including IFN-γ, CXCL9, IL2RA, TNFAIP6, CCL3L1 and IL-6. Canonical pathway analyses indicated a role of interferon signalling genes in response to HIV-LIPO-5. CONCLUSION HIV-LIPO-5 vaccination elicited Th1 and Th2 memory precursor responses and a consistent modulation in gene expression. The response profile before vaccination suggests an adjuvant effect of the lipid tail of HIV-LIPO-5. Our combined immunogenicity analyses allowed to identify a specific signature profile of HIV-LIPO-5 and indicate that HIV-LIPO-5 could be further developed as a prime in heterologous prime-boost strategies.
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Ruttkay-Nedecky B, Nejdl L, Gumulec J, Zitka O, Masarik M, Eckschlager T, Stiborova M, Adam V, Kizek R. The role of metallothionein in oxidative stress. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:6044-66. [PMID: 23502468 PMCID: PMC3634463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14036044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radicals are chemical particles containing one or more unpaired electrons, which may be part of the molecule. They cause the molecule to become highly reactive. The free radicals are also known to play a dual role in biological systems, as they can be either beneficial or harmful for living systems. It is clear that there are numerous mechanisms participating on the protection of a cell against free radicals. In this review, our attention is paid to metallothioneins (MTs) as small, cysteine-rich and heavy metal-binding proteins, which participate in an array of protective stress responses. The mechanism of the reaction of metallothioneins with oxidants and electrophilic compounds is discussed. Numerous reports indicate that MT protects cells from exposure to oxidants and electrophiles, which react readily with sulfhydryl groups. Moreover, MT plays a key role in regulation of zinc levels and distribution in the intracellular space. The connections between zinc, MT and cancer are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Ruttkay-Nedecky
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (B.R.-N.); (L.N.); (J.G.); (O.Z.); (M.M.); (V.A.)
| | - Lukas Nejdl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Gumulec
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (B.R.-N.); (L.N.); (J.G.); (O.Z.); (M.M.); (V.A.)
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Zitka
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (B.R.-N.); (L.N.); (J.G.); (O.Z.); (M.M.); (V.A.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masarik
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (B.R.-N.); (L.N.); (J.G.); (O.Z.); (M.M.); (V.A.)
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Eckschlager
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, CZ-150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
| | - Marie Stiborova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, CZ-128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (B.R.-N.); (L.N.); (J.G.); (O.Z.); (M.M.); (V.A.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (B.R.-N.); (L.N.); (J.G.); (O.Z.); (M.M.); (V.A.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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De S, Devasagayam TPA. Protective effect of an aminothiazole compound against γ-radiation induced oxidative damage. Free Radic Res 2011; 45:1342-53. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.623836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Smina TP, De S, Devasagayam TPA, Adhikari S, Janardhanan KK. Ganoderma lucidum total triterpenes prevent radiation-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in splenic lymphocytes in vitro. Mutat Res 2011; 726:188-94. [PMID: 21944902 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of radioprotective agents has been the subject of intense research, especially in the field of radiotherapy. In this study, we examined the radioprotective activity of the total triterpenes isolated from Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) P. Karst in mouse splenic lymphocytes in vitro. Using the MTT assay, Ganoderma triterpenes were found to have no effect on cell viability, indicating that they are non-toxic to splenic lymphocytes. The effect of the total triterpenes on DNA damage and apoptosis induced by radiation was analyzed using the comet assay, DNA ladder assay and flow cytometric analysis. Total triterpenes were found to be highly effective in preventing DNA laddering, even at low concentrations (25μg/ml). The comet assay demonstrated that the G. triterpenes effectively prevented DNA damage, and flow cytometry revealed a reduction in apoptotic cells. The effect of the total triterpenes on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity in splenic lymphocytes were determined to elucidate possible radioprotective mechanisms. Total triterpenes successfully reduced the formation of intracellular ROS and enhanced endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity in splenic lymphocytes following irradiation. Thus, these findings indicate that the total triterpenes isolated from G. lucidum have a remarkable ability to protect normal cells from radiation-induced damage, which suggests therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Smina
- Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Thrissur, Kerala, India
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14
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Swindell WR. Metallothionein and the biology of aging. Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10:132-45. [PMID: 20933613 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metallothionein (MT) is a low molecular weight protein with anti-apoptotic properties that has been demonstrated to scavenge free radicals in vitro. MT has not been extensively investigated within the context of aging biology. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to discuss findings on MT that are relevant to basic aging mechanisms and to draw attention to the possible role of MT in pro-longevity interventions. MT is one of just a handful of proteins that, when overexpressed, has been demonstrated to increase mouse lifespan. MT also protects against development of obesity in mice provided a high fat diet as well as diet-induced oxidative stress damage. Abundance of MT is responsive to caloric restriction (CR) and inhibition of the insulin/insulin-like signaling (IIS) pathway, and elevated MT gene expression has been observed in tissues from fasted and CR-fed mice, long-lived dwarf mice, worms maintained under CR conditions, and long-lived daf-2 mutant worms. The dysregulation of MT in these systems is likely to have tissue-specific effects on aging outcomes. Further investigation will therefore be needed to understand how MT contributes to the response of invertebrates and mice to CR and the endocrine mutations studied by aging researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Swindell
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School New Research Building, Room 0464, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Zeitoun-Ghandour S, Leszczyszyn OI, Blindauer CA, Geier FM, Bundy JG, Stürzenbaum SR. C. elegans metallothioneins: response to and defence against ROS toxicity. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:2397-406. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05114h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Aibo DI, Birmingham NP, Lewandowski R, Maddox JF, Roth RA, Ganey PE, Wagner JG, Harkema JR. Acute exposure to ozone exacerbates acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. Toxicol Sci 2010; 115:267-85. [PMID: 20123758 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ozone (O(3)), an oxidant air pollutant in photochemical smog, principally targets epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract. However, changes in gene expression have also been reported in livers of O(3)-exposed mice. The principal aim of the present study was to determine if acute exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of O(3) could cause exacerbation of drug-induced liver injury in mice. Overdose with acetaminophen (APAP) is the most common cause of drug-induced liver injury in developed countries. In the present study, we examined the hepatic effects of acute O(3) exposure in mice pretreated with a hepatotoxic dose of APAP. C57BL/6 male mice were fasted overnight and then given APAP (300 mg/kg ip) or saline vehicle (0 mg/kg APAP). Two hours later, mice were exposed to 0, 0.25, or 0.5 ppm O(3) for 6 h and then sacrificed 9 or 32 h after APAP administration (1 or 24 h after O(3) exposure, respectively). Animals euthanized at 32 h were given 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine 2 h before sacrifice to identify hepatocytes undergoing reparative DNA synthesis. Saline-treated mice exposed to either air or O(3) had no liver injury. All APAP-treated mice developed marked centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis that increased in severity with time after APAP exposure. O(3) exposure increased the severity of APAP-induced liver injury as indicated by an increase in necrotic hepatic tissue and plasma alanine aminotransferase activity. O(3) also caused an increase in neutrophil accumulation in livers of APAP-treated animals. APAP induced a 10-fold increase in the number of bromodeoxyuridine-labeled hepatocytes that was markedly attenuated by O(3) exposure. Gene expression analysis 9 h after APAP revealed differential expression of genes involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and cellular regeneration in mice treated with APAP and O(3) compared to APAP or O(3) alone, providing some indications of the mechanisms behind the APAP and O(3) potentiation. These results suggest that acute exposure to near ambient concentrations of this oxidant air pollutant may exacerbate drug-induced liver injury by delaying hepatic repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daher Ibrahim Aibo
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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17
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DeRuisseau LR, Recca DM, Mogle JA, Zoccolillo M, DeRuisseau KC. Metallothionein deficiency leads to soleus muscle contractile dysfunction following acute spinal cord injury in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R1795-802. [PMID: 19828842 PMCID: PMC2803623 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00263.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Metallothionein (MT) is a small molecular weight protein possessing metal binding and free radical scavenging properties. We hypothesized that MT-1/MT-2 null (MT(-/-)) mice would display exacerbated soleus muscle atrophy, oxidative injury, and contractile dysfunction compared with the response of wild-type (WT) mice following acute spinal cord transection (SCT). Four groups of mice were studied: WT laminectomy, WT transection, MT(-/-) laminectomy (MT(-/-) lami), and MT(-/-) transection (MT(-/-) trans). Laminectomy animals served as surgical controls. Mice in SCT groups experienced similar percent body mass (BM) losses at 7 days postinjury. Soleus muscle mass (MM) and MM-to-BM ratio were lower at 7 days postinjury in SCT vs. laminectomy mice, with no differences observed between strains. However, soleus muscles from MT(-/-) trans mice showed reduced maximal specific tension compared with MT(-/-) lami animals. Mean cross-sectional area (microm(2)) of type I and type IIa fibers decreased similarly in SCT groups compared with laminectomy controls, and no difference in fiber distribution was observed. Lipid peroxidation (4-hydroxynoneal) was greater in MT(-/-) trans vs. MT(-/-) lami mice, but protein oxidation (protein carbonyls) was not altered by MT deficiency or SCT. Expression of key antioxidant proteins (catalase, manganese, and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase) was similar between the groups. In summary, MT deficiency did not impact soleus MM loss, but resulted in contractile dysfunction and increased lipid peroxidation following acute SCT. These findings suggest a role of MT in mediating protective adaptations in skeletal muscle following disuse mediated by spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara R DeRuisseau
- Department of Biology, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
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18
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Lee SM, Park SY, Shin SW, Kil IS, Yang ES, Park JW. Silencing of cytosolic NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase by small interfering RNA enhances the sensitivity of HeLa cells toward staurosporine. Free Radic Res 2009; 43:165-73. [PMID: 19204869 DOI: 10.1080/10715760802653661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Staurosporine induces the production of reactive oxygen species, which play an important causative role in apoptotic cell death. Recently, it was demonstrated that the control of cellular redox balance and the defense against oxidative damage is one of the primary functions of cytosolic NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDPc) by supplying NADPH for antioxidant systems. The present report shows that silencing of IDPc expression in HeLa cells greatly enhances apoptosis induced by staurosporine. Transfection of HeLa cells with an IDPc small interfering RNA (siRNA) markedly decreased activity of IDPc, enhancing the susceptibility of staurosporine-induced apoptosis reflected by DNA fragmentation, cellular redox status and the modulation of apoptotic marker proteins. These results indicate that IDPc may play an important role in regulating the apoptosis induced by staurosporine and the sensitizing effect of IDPc siRNA on the apoptotic cell death of HeLa cells offers the possibility of developing a modifier of cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Min Lee
- College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, Korea
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19
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Emeny RT, Marusov G, Lawrence DA, Pederson-Lane J, Yin X, Lynes MA. Manipulations of metallothionein gene dose accelerate the response to Listeria monocytogenes. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 181:243-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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20
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Yang HY, Wang YM, Peng SQ. Basal expression of metallothionein suppresses butenolide-induced oxidative stress in liver homogenates in vitro. Toxicon 2009; 53:246-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Smith PJ, Wiltshire M, Furon E, Beattie JH, Errington RJ. Impact of overexpression of metallothionein-1 on cell cycle progression and zinc toxicity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 295:C1399-408. [PMID: 18815222 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00342.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) have an important role in zinc homeostasis and may counteract the impact of oversupply. Both intracellular zinc and MT expression have been implicated in proliferation control and resistance to cellular stress, although the interdependency is unclear. The study addresses the consequences of a steady-state overexpression of MT-1 for intracellular zinc levels, cell cycle progression, and protection from zinc toxicity using a panel of cell lines with differential expression of MT-1. The panel comprised parental Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells with low endogenous expression of MT and transfectants with enhanced expression of mouse MT-1 on an autonomously replicating expression vector with a noninducible promoter. Cell cycle progression, determined by flow cytometry and time-lapse microscopy, revealed that enhanced cytoplasmic expression of MT-1 does not impact on normal cell cycle operation, suggesting that basal levels of MT-1 expression are not limiting for background levels of oxidative stress. MT-1 overexpression correlated with a steady-state increase in cytoplasmic free Zn(2+), assessed using the fluorescent zinc-sensor Zinquin, particularly at high levels of overexpression, further suggesting that zinc availability is normally not limiting for cell cycle progression. Enhanced MT-1 expression, over a 10-fold range, had a clear impact on resistance to Cd(2+) and Zn(2+) toxicity. In the case of Zn(2+), the degree of protection afforded was less, indicating that MT-1 has a limited range and saturable capacity for effecting resistance. The results have implications for the use of cellular stress responses to exogenously supplied zinc and zinc-based systemic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Smith
- Dept. of Pathology, Tenovus Bldg., School of Medicine, Cardiff Univ., Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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22
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Dixit PP, Devasagayam TP, Ghaskadbi S. Formulated antidiabetic preparation Syndrex® has a strong antioxidant activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 581:216-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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23
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Formigari A, Irato P, Santon A. Zinc, antioxidant systems and metallothionein in metal mediated-apoptosis: biochemical and cytochemical aspects. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 146:443-59. [PMID: 17716951 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Copper, zinc and iron are essential metals for different physiological functions, even though their excess can lead to biological damage. This review provides a background of toxicity related to copper, iron and zinc excess, biological mechanisms of their homeostasis and their respective roles in the apoptotic process. The antioxidant action of metallothionein has been highlighted by summarizing the most important findings that confirm the role of zinc in cellular protection in relation to metallothionein expression and apoptotic processes. In particular, we show that a complex and efficient antioxidant system, the induction of metallothionein and the direct action of zinc have protective roles against oxidative damage and the resulting apoptosis induced by metals with redox proprieties. In addition, to emphasize the protective effects of Zn and Zn-MT in Cu and Fe-mediated oxidative stress-dependent apoptosis, some aspects of apoptotic cell death are shown. The most widely used cytochemical techniques also have been examined in order to critically evaluate the available data from a methodological point of view. The observations on the role of Zn and MT could potentially develop new applications for this metal and MT in biomedical research.
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Kang YJ. Antioxidant defense against anthracycline cardiotoxicity by metallothionein. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2007; 7:95-100. [PMID: 17652812 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-007-0007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Anthracycline cardiotoxicity is related to oxidative stress generated from the metabolism of anthracyclines in the heart. Studies using transgenic mice with high levels of antioxidants such as catalase or metallothionein (MT) specifically in the heart have demonstrated that elevation of cardiac antioxidant defense leads to intervention of anthracycline cardiotoxicity. MT protection against anthracycline-induced cardiac toxicity is related to its anti-apoptotic effect by inhibiting both p38-MAPK-mediated and mitochondrial cytochrome c-release-mediated apoptotic signaling. The anti-apoptotic effect of MT is closely related to its antioxidant action, which involves regulation of zinc homeostasis by the MT redox cycle. MT interferes with oxidant-mediated detrimental process through at least in part zinc release and zinc transfers directly from MT to acceptor proteins. In addition, MT posttranslationally modulates critical proteins involved in mitochondrial respiration and energy metabolism. All of these processes constitute the mechanisms by which MT protects from anthracycline cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y James Kang
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR530, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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25
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Kim SY, Kim MY, Mo JS, Park HS. Notch1 intracellular domain suppresses APP intracellular domain-Tip60-Fe65 complex mediated signaling through physical interaction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2007; 1773:736-46. [PMID: 17368826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Revised: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid beta-precursor protein (APP) and the Notch receptor are both type 1 integral transmembrane proteins, and both are cleaved by presenilin-dependent gamma-secretase activity. In this study, we have demonstrated that the Notch intracellular domain (Notch1-IC) suppresses APP-intracellular domain (AICD)-mediated ROS generation and cell death after being processed by gamma secretase. Notch1-IC physically interacts with AICD, Fe65, and Tip60, thereby disrupting the association of the AICD-Fe65-Tip60 trimeric transcription activator complex in AICD signaling. AICD-Fe65-Tip60 mediated reactive oxygen species generation was found to be suppressed by Notch1-IC. Furthermore, AICD-Fe65-Tip60 was shown to mediate cell death in human neuroblastoma cells, and the overexpression of Notch1-IC inhibited cell death induced by AICD-Fe65-Tip60. Collectively, our findings indicate that Notch1-IC plays the role of a negative regulator in AICD signaling via the disruption of the AICD-Fe65-Tip60 trimeric complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Yee Kim
- Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-dong, Buk-ku, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The biologic function of metallothionein (MT) has been a perplexing topic ever since the discovery of this protein. Many studies have suggested that MT plays a role in the homeostasis of essential metals such as zinc and copper, detoxification of toxic metals such as cadmium, and protection against oxidative stress. However, mechanistic insights into the actions of MT have not been adequately achieved. MT contains high levels of sulfur. The mutual affinity of sulfur and transition metals makes the binding of these metals to MT thermodynamically stable. Under physiologic conditions, zinc-MT is the predominant form of the metal-binding protein. The recognition of the redox regulation of zinc release from or binding to MT provides an alternate perspective on biologic function of MT. Oxidation of the thiolate cluster by a number of mild cellular oxidants causes zinc release and formation of MT-disulfide (or thionin if all metals are released from MT, but this is unlikely to occur in vivo), which have been demonstrated in vivo. Therefore, the thermodynamic stability of zinc binding makes MT an ideal zinc reservoir in vivo, and the redox regulation of zinc mobilization enables MT function in zinc homeostasis. MT-disulfide can be reduced by glutathione in the presence of selenium catalyst, restoring the capacity of the protein to bind zinc. This MT redox cycle may play a crucial role in MT biologic function. It may link to the homeostasis of essential metals, detoxification of toxic metals and protection against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y James Kang
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd Street, MDR 530, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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27
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Chung MJ, Hogstrand C, Lee SJ. Cytotoxicity of nitric oxide is alleviated by zinc-mediated expression of antioxidant genes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2006; 231:1555-63. [PMID: 17018880 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are small, cysteine-rich zinc binding proteins that are powerful antioxidants. In this study, we investigated the interaction between zinc, MTs, and other components of the antioxidant defense system in HepG2 cells. Cells were preincubated with zinc and then exposed to sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor. Both zinc pretreatment and SNP exposure separately induced transcription of MT genes (MT1A, MT2A, MT1E, MT1X), as measured using real time-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) after reverse transcription (RT). Pretreatment of HepG2 cells with zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) followed by SNP exposure caused MT and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) mRNA levels to increase more than in cells only exposed to SNP. However, when cells were incubated with N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethyl-enediamine (TPEN), a membrane-permeant Zn2+ chelator, the stimulation of MT transcription by SNP was blocked, suggesting that SNP-induced upregulation of these genes is zinc-dependent. Human glutathione-S-transferase (hGSTA1) and G6PD mRNA levels in the cells treated with 5 microM TPEN decreased. Additionally, the induction of MT by SNP after zinc pretreatment appears to be mediated by metal-activated transcription factor-1 (MTF-1), which is induced by labile zinc in the cytosol. SNP cytotoxicity was inhibited by preincubation with zinc. Taken together, these results suggest that NO plays an important role in regulation of cellular zinc homeostasis and that NO-mediated release of protein-bound Zn2+ may be an important signal in antioxidant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ja Chung
- Division of Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Safety, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
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28
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Atif F, Kaur M, Yousuf S, Raisuddin S. In vitro free radical scavenging activity of hepatic metallothionein induced in an Indian freshwater fish, Channa punctata Bloch. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 162:172-80. [PMID: 16872588 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Revised: 06/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian metallothioneins (MT) have been reported to scavenge free radicals. There is no experimental evidence to show that fish MT has a similar property. In the present study cadmium-induced MT (Cd-MT) from the liver of an Indian freshwater fish Channa punctata Bloch was investigated for its free radical scavenging activity using three different in vitro assays. Exposure to cadmium chloride (0.2 mg/kg body weight; three doses on alternate days) resulted in a marked induction of Cd-MT in liver. Only a single isoform of Cd-MT was found to be induced. Molecular weight of Cd-MT was found to be 14 kDa as deduced by SDS-PAGE analysis. The purified Cd-MT effectively scavenged the following free radicals: superoxide radical (O2*-), 2,2'-azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS*+) and 1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH*). The radical scavenging effect was found to be concentration-dependent. Also, the purified MT exhibited an inhibitory effect on ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) induced oxidative DNA damage in vitro. The cysteine residues of MT are proposed to be the main candidate for its radical scavenging activity. Findings of the present study strongly suggest a free radical scavenging role for fish MT. Present study adds to the little existing knowledge about fish MT and its possible biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Atif
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
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29
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Nakano H, Ikenaga S, Aizu T, Kaneko T, Matsuzaki Y, Tsuchida S, Hanada K, Arima Y. Human metallothionein gene expression is upregulated by beta-thujaplicin: possible involvement of protein kinase C and reactive oxygen species. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:55-9. [PMID: 16394509 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we discovered that beta-thujaplicin (BT) induces metallothionein (MT) expression in mouse keratinocytes, both in vivo and in vitro. However, the molecular mechanisms by which BT exerts its biological effects have not been elucidated. The purpose of this study is to explore the signal transduction pathway involved in the MT mRNA induction by BT. Using a HaCaT keratinocyte cell line, Northern blotting was performed for analyzing the human MT-IIA mRNA expression levels in combination with BT and a number of protein kinase (PK) inhibitors including H7, HA1004 and a PKC-specific inhibitor chelerythrin. CAT assays with the MT-IIA gene promorter-CAT construct were conducted for examining the transcriptional regulation by BT of MT. A free radical scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was used for analyzing a role of oxidative stress for the MT gene induction by BT. BT increased MT-IIA gene transcript levels and CAT activity in a dose-dependent fashion in HaCaT cells. The increase in MT-IIA mRNA levels and CAT activity were completely suppressed by H7 but not by HA1004. In addition, chelerythrin prevented BT-inducible MT-IIA promoter activation. Furthermore, NAC suppressed BT-inducible MT-IIA promoter activation. These results demonstrate that BT is a potent activator of the MT-IIA gene promoter and that PKC activation and reactive oxygen species are implicated in BT-inducible MT-IIA gene expression. BT may be a useful tool for dissecting the signal transduction pathway mediating MT-IIA promoter activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Nakano
- Department of Dermatology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.
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30
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Kil IS, Huh TL, Lee YS, Lee YM, Park JW. Regulation of replicative senescence by NADP+ -dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:110-9. [PMID: 16337884 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The free radical hypothesis of aging postulates that senescence is due to an accumulation of cellular oxidative damage, caused largely by reactive oxygen species that are produced as by-products of normal metabolic processes. Recently, we demonstrated that the control of cytosolic and mitochondrial redox balance and the cellular defense against oxidative damage is one of the primary functions of cytosolic (IDPc) and mitochondrial NADP+ -dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDPm) by supplying NADPH for antioxidant systems. In this paper, we demonstrate that modulation of IDPc or IDPm activity in IMR-90 cells regulates cellular redox status and replicative senescence. When we examined the regulatory role of IDPc and IDPm against the aging process with IMR-90 cells transfected with cDNA for IDPc or IDPm in sense and antisense orientations, a clear inverse relationship was observed between the amount of IDPc or IDPm expressed in target cells and their susceptibility to senescence, which was reflected by changes in replicative potential, cell cycle, senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity, expression of p21 and p53, and morphology of cells. Furthermore, lipid peroxidation, oxidative DNA damage, and intracellular peroxide generation were higher and cellular redox status shifted to a prooxidant condition in the cell lines expressing the lower level of IDPc or IDPm. The results suggest that IDPc and IDPm play an important regulatory role in cellular defense against oxidative stress and in the senescence of IMR-90 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Sup Kil
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701, Korea
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31
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Tilak JC, Devasagayam TP, Adhikari S, Lele RD, Kon T, Handa O, Naito Y, Yoshikawa T. Cellular Membrane Protection Against Reactive Oxygen Species by Terminalia Arjuna and Its Active Component Baicalein. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2006. [DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.39.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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32
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Hirose K, Ezaki B, Liu T, Nakashima S. Diamide stress induces a metallothionein BmtA through a repressor BxmR and is modulated by Zn-inducible BmtA in the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria brevis. Toxicol Lett 2005; 163:250-6. [PMID: 16359831 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Revised: 11/06/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A cysteine-rich metal binding protein MT (metallothionein) (named BmtA) is induced upon exposure to multiple heavy metal ions in the freshwater cyanobacterium Oscillatoria brevis. The SmtB/ArsR family repressor BxmR from O. brevis represses the expression of an operon encoding bmtA and bxmR. In the present study, the expression of bmtA was induced in vivo by diamide, a specific thiol oxidant, in O. brevis cells. In vitro electrophoretic gel mobility shift experiments revealed that the incubation with diamide induces disassembly of the BxmR-bxmR/bmtA operator (O)/promoter (P) complex [multiple resolvable complexes of BxmR with oligonucleotide (named P5) containing a single 12-2-12 inverted repeat derived from the O/P region of bxmR/bmtA]. Thus, the exposure to diamide induces MT mRNA in O. brevis, and this induction is associated with diamide-mediated inhibition of BxmR-P5 complex. BxmR is more sensitive to diamide than to H(2)O(2). Furthermore, pretreatment of O. brevis with Zn decreased intracellular peroxidation products caused by diamide. Thus, these results imply that MT induced by Zn-pretreatment functions to protect O. brevis cells against diamide stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunobu Hirose
- Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
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33
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Liu J, Zhang Y, Huang D, Song G. Cadmium induced MTs synthesis via oxidative stress in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 280:139-45. [PMID: 16311915 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-8541-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, exposed to CdCl2 for 17 h was analysed with reference to survival, MTs and oxidative stress biomarkers. An enhanced accumulation of MDA and the increased activities of SOD and GPx in the Cd-treated yeasts under aerobic condition indicated CdCl2-caused oxidative stress in S. cerevisiae. MTs were significantly induced by CdCl2 under aerobic condition and the induced MTs contents were positively correlated with the accumulation of MDA in this study. However, MTs induction can be prominently inhibited by coincubation with NAC or anaerobic culture via eliminating ROS. This oxidative stress reduction was reflected by the decreases in MDA level and SOD and GPx activities. The results suggest that MTs inductive activity of cadmium in yeast cells was mediated by oxidative stress. In addition, increase of MTs contents was observed in cells untreated with CdCl2 under anaerobic conditions or coincubation with NAC, suggesting MTs are also susceptive to reductive stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghai Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Suvorava T, Lauer N, Kumpf S, Jacob R, Meyer W, Kojda G. Endogenous Vascular Hydrogen Peroxide Regulates Arteriolar Tension In Vivo. Circulation 2005; 112:2487-95. [PMID: 16216962 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.543157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Although many studies suggested direct vasomotor effects of hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) in vitro, little is known about the vasomotor effects of H
2
O
2
in vivo.
Methods and Results—
We have generated mice overexpressing human catalase driven by the Tie-2 promoter to specifically target this transgene to the vascular tissue. Vessels of these mice (cat
++
) expressed significantly higher levels of catalase mRNA, protein, and activity. The overexpression was selective for vascular tissue, as evidenced by immunohistochemistry in specimens of aorta, heart, lung, and kidney. Quantification of reactive oxygen species by fluorescence signals in cat
++
versus catalase-negative (cat
n
) mice showed a strong decrease in aortic endothelium and left ventricular myocardium but not in leukocytes. Awake male cat
++
at 3 to 4 months of age had a significantly lower systolic blood pressure (sBP, 102.7±2.2 mm Hg, n=10) compared with their transgene-negative littermates (cat
n
, 115.6±2.5 mm Hg,
P
=0.0211) and C57BL/6 mice (118.4±3.06 mm Hg, n=6). Treatment with the catalase inhibitor aminotriazole increased sBP of cat
++
to 117.3±4.3 mm Hg (
P
=0.0345), while having no effect in cat
n
(118.4±2.4 mm Hg, n=4,
P
>0.05). In contrast, treatment with the NO-synthase inhibitor nitro-
l
-arginine methyl ester (100 mg · kg BW
−1
· d
−1
) increased sBP in cat
++
and C57Bl/6 to a similar extent. Likewise, phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein in skeletal muscle, left ventricular myocardium, and lung was identical in cat
++
and cat
n
. Endothelium- and NO-dependent aortic vasodilations were unchanged in cat
++
. Aortic KCl contractions were significantly lower in cat
++
and exogenous H
2
O
2
(10 μmol/L)–induced vasoconstriction.
Conclusions—
These data suggest that endogenous H
2
O
2
may act as a vasoconstrictor in resistance vessels and contribute to the regulation of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Suvorava
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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35
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Urani C, Melchioretto P, Canevali C, Crosta GF. Cytotoxicity and induction of protective mechanisms in HepG2 cells exposed to cadmium. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 19:887-92. [PMID: 16081243 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium is a widespread industrial pollutant. The primary route of exposure occurs via contaminated drinking water or food supplies, and tobacco. Its chronic introduction and ingestion lead to bio-magnification in target organs, as the liver. The aim of this paper is to determine Cd cytotoxic concentrations in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Further aims are the study of the activation and involvement of protection mechanisms against Cd hepatotoxicity. Cd was accumulated within the cells, as measured by ICP-AES. Metallothioneins (MT-1 and -2), a family of metal-binding proteins, were induced in a dose-dependent way after treatment with concentrations below the IC(50) value (mean value 22 microM). The over-expression of MT by Zn pre-treatment was able to defend against Cd cytotoxicity. Heat shock protein 70 kDa (hsp70) was induced at high non-cytotoxic concentrations (5, 10 microM) probably as a consequence of proteotoxicity, but its over-expression by a sub-lethal heat shock was not able to protect the cells from Cd cytotoxic concentrations (20, 50, 100 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Urani
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, piazza della Scienza, 1 20126 Milano, Italy.
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36
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Xu LC, Sun H, Wang SY, Song L, Chang HC, Wang XR. The roles of metallothionein on cadmium-induced testes damages in Sprague-Dawley rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 20:83-87. [PMID: 21783572 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2004] [Accepted: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study was to investigate whether metallothionein (MT) was involved in sensitivity of testis to cadmium (Cd) and protection of rats from Cd-induced testis damages. The rats were treated by intraperitoneal injection with 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8mg Cd/kg BW for 7 days. The atomic absorption spectrophotometry and cadmium hemoglobin affinity assay were applied to evaluate the contents of Cd and MT in testis and liver. The testis glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and daily sperm production were measured. There were substantial increases of both Cd and MT in the liver after Cd exposure. The testis Cd and MT contents were lower than those in the corresponding liver in Cd-exposed rats. Low doses of Cd (0.2 and 0.4mg/kg BW) induced MT in testis, while a significant decline of MT was found in rats treated with 0.8mg Cd/kg BW. By a concomitant decrease of MT, there was an obvious increase of MDA and marked decreases of GSH, daily sperm production in rats treated with 0.8mg Cd/kg BW. These findings suggested MT was more difficult to be induced in the testis than in the liver by Cd, which might account for the high susceptibility of testis to Cd. MT, increased by a low dose of Cd, played an important role in protecting testis against Cd toxicity by sequestering and antioxidating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chun Xu
- Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, China
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37
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Bou R, Guardiola F, Barroeta AC, Codony R. Effect of dietary fat sources and zinc and selenium supplements on the composition and consumer acceptability of chicken meat. Poult Sci 2005; 84:1129-40. [PMID: 16050130 DOI: 10.1093/ps/84.7.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A factorial design was used to study the effect of changes in broiler feed on the composition and consumer acceptability of chicken meat. One week before slaughter, 1.25% dietary fish oil was removed from the feed and replaced by other fat sources (animal fat or linseed oil) or we continued with fish oil, and diets were supplemented with Zn (0, 300, or 600 mg/kg), and Se (0 or 1.2 mg/kg as sodium selenite or 0.2 mg/kg as Se-enriched yeast). The changes in dietary fat led to distinct fatty acid compositions of mixed raw dark and white chicken meat with skin. The fish oil diet produced meat with the highest eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) content, whereas the linseed oil diet led to meat with the highest content in total n-3 polyunsaturated acids (PUFA), especially linolenic acid. However, meat from animals on the animal fat diet was still rich in very long-chain n-3 PUFA. Se content was affected by Se and Zn supplements. Se content increased with Zn supplementation. However, only Se from the organic source led to a significant increase in this mineral in meat compared with the control. Consumer acceptability scores and TBA values of cooked dark chicken meat after 74 d or after 18 mo of frozen storage were not affected by any of the dietary factors studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bou
- Nutrition and Food Science Department-CeRTA, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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38
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Kil IS, Lee YS, Bae YS, Huh TL, Park JW. Modulation of NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase in aging. Redox Rep 2005; 9:271-7. [PMID: 15606980 DOI: 10.1179/135100004225006056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH is an important cofactor in many biosynthesis pathways and the regeneration of reduced glutathione, critically important in cellular defense against oxidative damage. It is mainly produced by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and NADP(+)-specific isocitrate dehydrogenases (ICDHs). Here, we investigated age-related changes in ICDH activity and protein expression in IMR-90 human diploid fibroblast cells and tissues from Fischer 344 rats. We found that in IMR-90 cells the activity of cytosolic ICDH (IDPc) gradually increased with age up to the 46-48 population doubling level (PDL) and then gradually decreased at later PDL. 2',7'-Dichloro-fluorescein fluorescence which reflects intracellular ROS generation was increased with aging in IMR-90 cells. In ad libitum-fed rats, we noted age-related, tissue-specific modulations of IDPc and mitochondrial ICDH (IDPm) activities and protein expression in the liver, kidney and testes. In contrast, ICDH activities and protein expression were not significantly modulated in diet-restricted rats. These data suggest that modulation of ICDH is an age-dependent and a tissue-specific phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Sup Kil
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, Korea
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39
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Min KS, Morishita F, Tetsuchikawahara N, Onosaka S. Induction of hepatic and renal metallothionein synthesis by ferric nitrilotriacetate in mice: the role of MT as an antioxidant. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 204:9-17. [PMID: 15781289 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 08/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metallothionein (MT) demonstrates strong antioxidant properties, yet the physiological relevance of its antioxidant action is not clear. Injection of mice with ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) caused a dose-dependent increase in hepatic and renal MT. Fe-NTA caused a greater increase in hepatic and renal MT concentration (2.5- and 4-fold) compared with FeCl(3) at the same dose of ferric ion. MT mRNA levels were markedly elevated in both of tissues. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values in both tissues reached a maximum after 2-4 h. The MT concentrations were significantly increased after 2-4 h in liver and after 8-16 h in kidneys. Plasma concentrations of cytokines such as IL-6 and TNFalpha were elevated by 4 h; IL-6 levels were 24 times higher after Fe-NTA than that after injection of FeCl(3). Pretreatment of mice with ZnSO(4) attenuated nephrotoxicity induced by Fe-NTA after 2 h, but was not effective 4 h after injection. After a Fe-NTA injection, a loss of Cd-binding properties of preinduced MT was observed only in kidneys of Zn-pretreated mice but not in liver. Treatment with BSO, glutathione (GSH) depletor, intensified a loss of its Cd-binding properties after a Fe-NTA injection. These results indicate that induction of MT synthesis may result from reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by Fe-NTA, and MT may act in vivo as a complementary antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Son Min
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Ikawadani-cho, Kobe, 651-2180, Japan.
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40
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Penkowa M, Keller P, Keller C, Hidalgo J, Giralt M, Pedersen BK. Exercise-induced metallothionein expression in human skeletal muscle fibres. Exp Physiol 2005; 90:477-86. [PMID: 15640275 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2004.029371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Exercise induces free oxygen radicals that cause oxidative stress, and metallothioneins (MTs) are increased in states of oxidative stress and possess anti-apoptotic effects. We therefore studied expression of the antioxidant factors metallothionein I and II (MT-I + II) in muscle biopsies obtained in response to 3 h of bicycle exercise performed by healthy men and in resting controls. Both MT-I + II proteins and MT-II mRNA expression increased significantly in both type I and II muscle fibres after exercise. Moreover, 24 h after exercise the levels of MT-II mRNA and MT-I + II proteins were still highly increased and the MT-II mRNA expression reached a 15-fold increase. As expected, immunohistochemical detection of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrotyrosine (NITT) showed that formation of free radicals and oxidative stress were clearly increased in exercising muscle peaking shortly after the end of exercise in both type I and II muscle fibres. This is the first report demonstrating that MT-I + II are significantly induced in human skeletal muscle fibres following exercise. As MT-I + II are antioxidant factors that protect various tissues during pathological conditions, the MT-I + II increases post exercise may represent a mechanism whereby contracting muscle fibres are protected against cellular stress and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Penkowa
- Department of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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41
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Yang JH, Yang ES, Park JW. Inactivation of NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase by lipid peroxidation products. Free Radic Res 2004; 38:241-9. [PMID: 15129732 DOI: 10.1080/10715760310001657712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Membrane lipid peroxidation processes yield products that may react with proteins to cause oxidative modification. Recently, we demonstrated that the control of cytosolic and mitochondrial redox balance and oxidative damage is one of the primary functions of NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) through to supply NADPH for antioxidant systems. When exposed to lipid peroxidation products, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and lipid hydroperoxide, ICDH was susceptible to oxidative damage, which was indicated by the loss of activity and the formation of carbonyl groups. The structural alterations of modified enzymes were indicated by the change in thermal stability, intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and binding of the hydrophobic probe 8-anilino 1-napthalene sulfonic acid. Upon exposure to 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH), which induces lipid peroxidation in membrane, a significant decrease in both cytosolic and mitochondrial ICDH activities were observed in U937 cells. Using immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting, we were able to isolate and positively identify HNE adduct in mitochondrial ICDH from AAPH-treated U937 cells. The lipid peroxidation-mediated damage to ICDH may result in the perturbation of the cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms and subsequently lead to a prooxidant condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Hyuck Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701, South Korea
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42
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Lee JH, Park JW. A manganese porphyrin complex is a novel radiation protector. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:272-83. [PMID: 15203198 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2004] [Revised: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of cells to ionizing radiation leads to formation of reactive oxygen species, which are associated with radiation-induced cytotoxicity. Therefore, compounds that scavenge reactive oxygen species may confer radioprotective effects. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetics have been shown to be protective against cell injury caused by reactive oxygen species. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of manganese(III) tetrakis(N-methyl-2-pyridyl)porphyrin (MnTMPyP), a cell-permeable SOD mimetic, on radiation-dependent toxicity. We investigated the protective role of MnTMPyP against ionizing radiation in U937 cells and mice. On exposure to ionizing radiation, there was a distinct difference between control cells and cells pretreated with MnTMPyP with respect to viability, cellular redox status, and oxidative damage to cells. Lipid peroxidation, oxidative DNA damage, and protein oxidation were significantly lower in the cells treated with MnTMPyP when the cells were exposed to ionizing radiation. The [GSSG]/[GSH + GSSG] ratio and the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species were higher and the [NADPH]/[NADP+ + NADPH] ratio was lower in control cells compared with MnTMPyP-treated cells. Ionizing radiation-induced mitochondrial damage, as reflected by the altered mitochondrial permeability transition, increase in accumulation of reactive oxygen species, reduction of ATP production, and morphological change, was significantly higher in control cells than in MnTMPyP-treated cells. MnTMPyP administration for 14 days at a daily dosage of 5 mg/kg provided substantial protection against killing and oxidative damage in mice exposed to whole-body irradiation. These data indicate that MnTMPyP may have great application potential as a new class of in vivo, non-sulfur-containing radiation protectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyup Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701, South Korea
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43
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Khatai L, Goessler W, Lorencova H, Zangger K. Modulation of nitric oxide-mediated metal release from metallothionein by the redox state of glutathione in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:2408-16. [PMID: 15182356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) release bound metals when exposed to nitric oxide. At inflammatory sites, both metallothionein and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are induced by the same factors and the zinc released from metallothionein by NO suppresses both the induction and activity of iNOS. In a search for a possible modulatory mechanism of this coexpression of counteracting proteins, we investigated the role of the glutathione redox state in vitro because the oxidation state of thiols is involved in the metal binding in Cd-S or Zn-S clusters found in metallothioneins, and NO also binds to reduced glutathione via S-nitrosation. Using a variety of techniques, we found that NO and also ONOO(-)-mediated metal release from purified MTs is suppressed by reduced glutathione (GSH), but not by oxidized glutathione. Considering the millimolar concentrations of GSH present in mammalian cells, the metal release from MTs by NO should play no role in living systems. Therefore, the fact that it has been observed in vivo points to a hitherto unknown mechanism or additional compound(s) being involved in this physiologically relevant reaction and as long as this additional factor is not found experimental results on the MT-NO interaction should be treated with caution. Contrary to the peroxynitrite-induced activation of guanylyl cyclase, where GSH is needed, we found that the metal release from metallothionein by peroxynitrite is not enhanced, but also suppressed by reduced glutathione. In addition, we show that zinc, the major natural metal ligand in mammalian MTs and suppressor of iNOS, is released more readily under the influence of NO than cadmium, but in contrast to the MT isoform 1, the amount of metal released from the beta-domain of MT-2 is comparable to that from the alpha-domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Khatai
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
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44
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Malaiyandi LM, Dineley KE, Reynolds IJ. Divergent consequences arise from metallothionein overexpression in astrocytes: zinc buffering and oxidant-induced zinc release. Glia 2004; 45:346-53. [PMID: 14966866 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of the heavy metal zinc is cytotoxic. As a consequence, cellular vulnerability to zinc-induced injury may be regulated by the abundance of proteins that maintain intracellular free zinc concentrations ([Zn2+]i). In this study, we overexpressed the zinc-binding protein metallothionein-II (MT) in astrocytes to assess its impact as (1) an acute zinc buffering mechanism, and (2) an oxidant-releasable zinc pool. Overexpression of MT in primary astrocyte cultures was accomplished using an adenoviral vector. Using the zinc-sensitive fluorescent indicator mag-fura-2, we monitored [Zn2+]i after stimulating zinc influx or oxidant treatment. With MT overexpression, we observed an acute buffering effect manifested as a dampening of stimulus-induced increases in [Zn2+]i. In contrast, we also saw enhanced zinc release with application of the sulfhydryl oxidizing agent 2,2'-dithiodipyridine. These results indicate that overexpression of a zinc-binding protein can quickly diminish [Zn2+]i following zinc influx, but elevate [Zn2+]i under conditions of oxidative stress, providing protective yet potentially endangering effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha M Malaiyandi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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45
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Asikainen TM, White CW. Pulmonary antioxidant defenses in the preterm newborn with respiratory distress and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in evolution: implications for antioxidant therapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2004; 6:155-67. [PMID: 14713347 DOI: 10.1089/152308604771978462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Preterm neonates with respiratory distress are exposed not only to the relative hyperoxia ex utero, but also to life-saving mechanical ventilation with high inspired oxygen (O2) concentrations, which is considered a major risk factor for the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, also referred to as chronic lung disease of infancy. O2 toxicity is mediated through reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are constantly generated as byproducts of normal cellular metabolism, but their production is increased in various pathological states, and also upon exposure to exogenous oxidants, such as hyperoxia. Antioxidants, either enzymatic or nonenzymatic, protect the lung against the deleterious effects of ROS. Expression of various pulmonary antioxidants is developmentally regulated in many species so that the expression is increased toward term gestation, as if in anticipation of birth into an O2-rich extrauterine environment. Therefore, the lungs of prematurely born infants may be ill-adapted for protection against ROS. While premature birth interrupts normal lung development, the clinical condition necessitating the administration of high inhaled O2 concentrations may lead to permanent impairment of alveolar development. An understanding of the processes involved in lung growth, especially in alveolarization and vascularization, as well as in repair of injured lung tissue, may facilitate development of strategies to enhance these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina M Asikainen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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46
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Lee JH, Yang ES, Park JW. Inactivation of NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase by peroxynitrite. Implications for cytotoxicity and alcohol-induced liver injury. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:51360-71. [PMID: 14551203 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302332200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that the control of cytosolic and mitochondrial redox balance and oxidative damage is one of the primary functions of NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) by supplying NADPH for antioxidant systems. We investigated whether the ICDH would be a vulnerable target of peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-) as a purified enzyme, in intact cells, and in liver mitochondria from ethanol-fed rats. Synthetic peroxynitrite and 3-morpholinosydnomine N-ethylcarbamide (SIN-1), a peroxynitrite-generating compound, inactivated ICDH in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The inactivation of ICDH by peroxynitrite or SIN-1 was reversed by dithiothreitol. Loss of enzyme activity was associated with the depletion of the thiol groups in protein. Immunoblotting analysis of peroxynitrite-modified ICDH indicates that S-nitrosylation of cysteine and nitration of tyrosine residues are the predominant modifications. Using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) with tryptic digestion of protein, we found that peroxynitrite forms S-nitrosothiol adducts on Cys305 and Cys387 of ICDH. Nitration of Tyr280 was also identified, however, this modification did not significantly affect the activity of ICDH. These results indicate that S-nitrosylation of cysteine residues on ICDH is a mechanism involving the inactivation of ICDH by peroxynitrite. The structural alterations of modified enzyme were indicated by the changes in protease susceptibility and binding of the hydrophobic probe 8-anilino-1-napthalene sulfonic acid. When U937 cells were incubated with 100 microM SIN-1 bolus, a significant decrease in both cytosolic and mitochondrial ICDH activities were observed. Using immunoprecipitation and ESI-MS, we were also able to isolate and positively identify S-nitrosylated and nitrated mitochondrial ICDH from SIN-1-treated U937 cells as well as liver from ethanol-fed rats. Inactivation of ICDH resulted in the pro-oxidant state of cells reflected by an increased level of intracellular reactive oxygen species, a decrease in the ratio of [NADPH]/[NADPH + NADP+], and a decrease in the efficiency of reduced glutathione turnover. The peroxynitrite-mediated damage to ICDH may result in the perturbation of the cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms and subsequently lead to a pro-oxidant condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyup Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701, Korea
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47
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Yang JH, Park JW. Oxalomalate, a competitive inhibitor of NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, enhances lipid peroxidation-mediated oxidative damage in U937 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 416:31-7. [PMID: 12859979 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Membrane lipid peroxidation processes yield products that may react with DNA and proteins to cause oxidative modifications. Cytosolic NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) in U937 cells produces NADPH, an essential reducing equivalent for the antioxidant system. The protective role of ICDH against lipid peroxidation-mediated oxidative damage in U937 cells was investigated in control cells pre-treated with oxalomalate, a competitive inhibitor of ICDH. Upon exposure to 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH) to U937 cells, which induces lipid peroxidation in membranes, the viability was lower and the protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative DNA damage, reflected by an increase in 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, were higher in oxalomalate-treated cells as compared to control cells. We also observed the significant increase in the endogenous production of reactive oxygen species, as measured by the oxidation of 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescin, as well as the significant decrease in the intracellular GSH level in oxalomalate-treated U937 cells upon exposure to AAPH. These results suggest that ICDH plays an important role as an antioxidant enzyme in cellular defense against lipid peroxidation-mediated oxidative damage through the removal of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Hyuck Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 702-701, Taegu, Republic of Korea
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48
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Penkowa M, Giralt M, Lago N, Camats J, Carrasco J, Hernández J, Molinero A, Campbell IL, Hidalgo J. Astrocyte-targeted expression of IL-6 protects the CNS against a focal brain injury. Exp Neurol 2003; 181:130-48. [PMID: 12781987 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4886(02)00051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of CNS-targeted IL-6 gene expression has been thoroughly investigated in the otherwise nonperturbed brain but not following brain injury. Here we examined the impact of astrocyte-targeted IL-6 production in a traumatic brain injury (cryolesion) model using GFAP-IL6 transgenic mice. This study demonstrated that transgenic IL-6 production significantly increased wound healing following the cryolesion. Thus, at 20 days postlesion (dpl) the GFAP-IL6 mice showed almost complete wound healing compared to litter mate nontransgenic controls. It seems likely that a reduced inflammatory response in the long term could be responsible for this IL-6-related effect. Thus, while in the acute phase following cryolesion (1-6 dpl) the recruitment of macrophages and T lymphocytes was higher in GFAP-IL6 mice, at 10-20 dpl it was significantly reduced compared to controls. Reactive astrogliosis was also significantly increased up to but not including 20 dpl in the GFAP-IL6 mice. Oxidative stress as well as apoptotic cell death was significantly decreased throughout the time period studied in the GFAP-IL6 mice compared to controls. This could be linked to the altered inflammatory response as well as to the transgenic IL-6-induced increase of the antioxidant, neuroprotective proteins metallothionein-I + II. These results indicate that although in the brain the chronic astrocyte-targeted expression of IL-6 spontaneously induces an inflammatory response causing significant damage, during an acute neuropathological insult such as following traumatic injury, a clear neuroprotective role is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Penkowa
- Department of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Fan LZ, Cherian MG. Potential role of p53 on metallothionein induction in human epithelial breast cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:1019-26. [PMID: 12434295 PMCID: PMC2364318 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2002] [Revised: 04/29/2002] [Accepted: 07/05/2002] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression and induction of metallothionein has been associated with protection against oxidative stress and apoptosis. This study examines the effect of tumour suppressor protein p53 on metallothionein expression following CdCl2 treatment in eight human epithelial breast cancer cell lines differing in p53 and oestrogen-receptor status. Cells were treated with 10 microM CdCl2 for 24 h and metallothionein protein levels were measured by cadmium binding assay. MCF7 cells which are p53-positive (p53+) and oestrogen-receptor-positive showed a large induction in metallothionein synthesis by 10.79+/-1.36-fold. Other breast cancer cell lines which are p53-negative (p53-) and oestrogen-receptor-negative or weakly oestrogen-receptor-positive showed a small induction ranging from 1.40+/-0.10 to 3.65+/-0.30-fold. RT-PCR analysis showed an induction of metallothionein mRNA in MCF7 cells by about 1.61+/-0.08-fold, while in HCC1806 cells (p53-, oestrogen-receptor-negative) by 1.11+/-0.13-fold, and in MDA-MB-231 (p53-, oestrogen-receptor-negative) by 1.25+/-0.06-fold. Metallothionein localisation was determined by immunohistochemical staining. Prior to metal treatment, metallothionein was localised mainly in the cytoplasm of MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. After treatment with 10 microM CdCl2 for 24 h, MCF7 cells showed intense nuclear and cytoplasmic staining for metallothionein, while MDA-MB-231 cells showed staining in the cytoplasm with weak nuclear staining. Apoptosis induced by 10-40 microM CdCl2 at time points between 4 and 48 h was examined with TUNEL assay. In MCF7 cells, apoptosis increased with higher concentrations of CdCl2, it peaked at 6-8 h and appeared again at 48 h for all concentrations of CdCl2 tested. In MDA-MB-231 cells, apoptosis remained at low levels for 10-40 microM CdCl2 at all time points. Studies on cadmium uptake showed similar uptake and accumulation of cadmium at 8 and 24 h in all the cell lines. The data demonstrate that treatment of epithelial breast cancer cells with 10 microM CdCl2 for 24 h caused a greater induction of metallothionein protein and mRNA expression in p53+ and oestrogen-receptor-positive cells as compared to p53- and oestrogen-receptor-negative or weakly oestrogen-receptor-positive cells. This effect may be associated with the occurrence of apoptosis and suggests a role for p53 and oestrogen-receptor on the expression and induction of metallothionein in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Z Fan
- Department of Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
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Cherian MG, Suzuki Y, Apostolova M. Mouse astrocyte cultures used to study antioxidant property of metallothionein isoforms. Methods Enzymol 2002; 348:337-42. [PMID: 11885288 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(02)48652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M George Cherian
- Department of Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
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