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Zhang S, Zhang L, Zhang D, Guo Y, Gao Y, Jiang Z, Li S, Liu A, Cao X, Tian J, Zhao S, Yu Y, Yang W, Bai R, Huang L, Yan H, Zhao H, Sun J. Four and a half LIM domains 2 (FHL2) attenuates tumorigenesis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) by negatively regulating KIT signaling. Mol Carcinog 2024; 63:1334-1348. [PMID: 38629424 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are predominately induced by KIT mutants. In this study, we found that four and a half LIM domains 2 (FHL2) was highly expressed in GISTs and KIT signaling dramatically increased FHL2 transcription while FHL2 inhibited KIT transcription. In addition, our results showed that FHL2 associated with KIT and increased the ubiquitination of both wild-type KIT and primary KIT mutants in GISTs, leading to decreased expression and activation of KIT although primary KIT mutants were less inhibited by FHL2 than wild-type KIT. In the animal experiments, loss of FHL2 expression in mice carrying germline KIT/V558A mutation which can develop GISTs resulted in increased tumor growth, but increased sensitivity of GISTs to imatinib treatment which is used as the first-line targeted therapy of GISTs, suggesting that FHL2 plays a role in the response of GISTs to KIT inhibitor. Unlike wild-type KIT and primary KIT mutants, we further found that FHL2 didn't alter the expression and activation of drug-resistant secondary KIT mutants. Taken together, our results indicated that FHL2 acts as the negative feedback of KIT signaling in GISTs while primary KIT mutants are less sensitive and secondary KIT mutants are resistant to the inhibition of FHL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoting Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Liangying Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yue Guo
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yisha Gao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongying Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shujing Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Anbu Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xu Cao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jinhai Tian
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Sien Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Department of Emergency, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningxia Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ru Bai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ling Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hongli Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Kunming Institute of Zoology - The Chinese University of Hong Kong (KIZ-CUHK) Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Branch of CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jianmin Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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Ghaffari-Nasab A, Ghiasi F, Keyhanmanesh R, Roshangar L, Salmani Korjan E, Nazarpoor N, Mirzaei Bavil F. Bone marrow-derived c-kit positive stem cell administration protects against diabetes-induced nephropathy in a rat model by reversing PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway and inhibiting cell apoptosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:603-615. [PMID: 37129768 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04750-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy has been proposed as a novel therapeutic strategy for diabetic nephropathy. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of systemic administration of rat bone marrow-derived c-kit positive (c-kit+) cells on diabetic nephropathy in male rats, focusing on PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway and apoptosis as a possible therapeutic mechanism. Twenty-eight animals were randomly classified into four groups: Control group (C), diabetic group (D), diabetic group, intravenously received 50 μl phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 3 × 105 c-kit- cells (D + ckit-); and diabetic group, intravenously received 50 μl PBS containing 3 × 105 c-Kit positive cells (D + ckit+). Control and diabetic groups intravenously received 50 μl PBS. C-kit+ cell therapy could reduce renal fibrosis, which was associated with attenuation of inflammation as indicated by decreased TNF-α and IL-6 levels in the kidney tissue. In addition, c-kit+ cells restored the expression levels of PI3K, pAKT, and GSK-3β proteins. Furthermore, renal apoptosis was decreased following c-kit+ cell therapy, evidenced by the lower apoptotic index in parallel with the increased Bcl-2 and decreased Bax and Caspase-3 levels. Our results showed that in contrast to c-kit- cells, the administration of c-kit+ cells ameliorate diabetic nephropathy and suggested that c-kit+ cells could be an alternative cell source for attenuating diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Ghaffari-Nasab
- Faculty of Medicine, Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, 51666-14766, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fariba Ghiasi
- Faculty of Medicine, Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, 51666-14766, Iran
| | - Rana Keyhanmanesh
- Faculty of Medicine, Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, 51666-14766, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Faculty of Medicine, Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, 51666-14766, Iran
| | - Elnaz Salmani Korjan
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Navid Nazarpoor
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fariba Mirzaei Bavil
- Faculty of Medicine, Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, 51666-14766, Iran.
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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3
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Jiang Z, Guo Y, Shi J, Zhang S, Zhang L, Wang Y, Li G, Bai R, Zhao H, Sun J. Cell-permeable PI3 kinase competitive peptide inhibits KIT mutant mediated tumorigenesis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:98. [PMID: 38206538 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase KIT are the main cause of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), and the KIT mutants mediated PI3 kinase activation plays a key role in the tumorigenesis of GIST. In this study, we aimed to block PI3 kinase activation by cell-permeable peptide and investigate its possible application in the treatment of GIST. METHODS AND RESULTS We designed cell-permeable peptides based on the binding domain of PI3 kinase subunit p85 to KIT or PI3 kinase subunit p110, respectively, in order to compete for the binding between p85 and KIT or p110 and therefore inhibit the activation of PI3 kinases mediated by KIT. The results showed that the peptide can penetrate the cells, and inhibit the activation of PI3 kinases, leading to reduced cell survival and cell proliferation mediated by KIT mutants in vitro. Treatment of mice carrying germline KIT/V558A mutation, which can develop GIST, with the peptide that can compete for the binding between p85 and p110, led to reduced tumorigenesis of GIST. The peptide can further enhance the inhibition of the tumor growth by imatinib which is used as the first line targeted therapy of GIST. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that cell-permeable PI3 kinase competitive peptide can inhibit KIT-mediated PI3 kinase activation and tumorigenesis of GIST, providing a rationale to further test the peptide in the treatment of GIST and even other tumors with over-activation of PI3 kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongying Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yue Guo
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jun Shi
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shaoting Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Liangying Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yapeng Wang
- School of Nursing, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Guofu Li
- Department of Pathology, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ru Bai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jianmin Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
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Katagiri S, Chi S, Minami Y, Fukushima K, Shibayama H, Hosono N, Yamauchi T, Morishita T, Kondo T, Yanada M, Yamamoto K, Kuroda J, Usuki K, Akahane D, Gotoh A. Mutated KIT Tyrosine Kinase as a Novel Molecular Target in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094694. [PMID: 35563085 PMCID: PMC9103326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
KIT is a type-III receptor tyrosine kinase that contributes to cell signaling in various cells. Since KIT is activated by overexpression or mutation and plays an important role in the development of some cancers, such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors and mast cell disease, molecular therapies targeting KIT mutations are being developed. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), genome profiling via next-generation sequencing has shown that several genes that are mutated in patients with AML impact patients’ prognosis. Moreover, it was suggested that precision-medicine-based treatment using genomic data will improve treatment outcomes for AML patients. This paper presents (1) previous studies regarding the role of KIT mutations in AML, (2) the data in AML with KIT mutations from the HM-SCREEN-Japan-01 study, a genome profiling study for patients newly diagnosed with AML who are unsuitable for the standard first-line treatment (unfit) or have relapsed/refractory AML, and (3) new therapies targeting KIT mutations, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and heat shock protein 90 inhibitors. In this era when genome profiling via next-generation sequencing is becoming more common, KIT mutations are attractive novel molecular targets in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Katagiri
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (S.K.); (D.A.); (A.G.)
| | - SungGi Chi
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8577, Japan;
| | - Yosuke Minami
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8577, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-4-7133-1111; Fax: +81-7133-6502
| | - Kentaro Fukushima
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (K.F.); (H.S.)
| | - Hirohiko Shibayama
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (K.F.); (H.S.)
| | - Naoko Hosono
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Fukui Hospital, 23-3 Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; (N.H.); (T.Y.)
| | - Takahiro Yamauchi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Fukui Hospital, 23-3 Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; (N.H.); (T.Y.)
| | - Takanobu Morishita
- Division of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya First Hospital, 3-35 Michishita-cho, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 453-8511, Japan;
| | - Takeshi Kondo
- Blood Disorders Center, Aiiku Hospital, 2-1 S4 W25 Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 064-0804, Japan;
| | - Masamitsu Yanada
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8681, Japan; (M.Y.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kazuhito Yamamoto
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8681, Japan; (M.Y.); (K.Y.)
| | - Junya Kuroda
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan;
| | - Kensuke Usuki
- Department of Hematology, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, 5-9-22 Higashi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-8625, Japan;
| | - Daigo Akahane
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (S.K.); (D.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Akihiko Gotoh
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (S.K.); (D.A.); (A.G.)
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Bai C, Xu Y, Qiu C. A new monoclonal antibody that blocks dimerisation and inhibits c-kit mutation-driven tumour growth. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:1065-1075. [PMID: 33389076 PMCID: PMC7954730 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03490-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Imatinib, a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has shown good clinical activity by inhibiting adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding to the receptor. Unfortunately, majority of patients eventually develop drug resistance, which limits the long-term benefits of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors and poses a significant challenge in the clinical management of GIST. The aim of our study was to explore the feasibility of blocking KIT dimerisation upstream of the phosphorylation in imatinib-resistant GIST. METHOD KITMAb was prepared using hybridoma technique. The biological function of KITMAb was examined in KIT-dimer-expressing cells constructed by transfecting with liposomes using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry, western blot, MTT, Annexin V/FITC, and flow cytometry assay, respectively. RESULTS KIT-dimer was expressed in 293 cells transfected with c-kit mutated-type pcDNA3.1. Treatment of KIT-dimer-expressing cells with the KITMAb significantly decreased the expression of both KIT-dimer and other phosphorylated proteins of KIT downstream signalling pathway. Furthermore, KITMAb slowed down cell growth and reduced the proportion of cells in the proliferative phase (S + G2-M). Finally, we also found that KITMAb treatment accelerated cell apoptosis. These results indicate that KITMAb strongly inhibits KIT receptor dimerisation-mediated signalling pathway and cell growth responses in vitro. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate c-kit mutation-driven KIT auto-dimerisation prior to tyrosine kinase phosphorylation as same as the procedure in ligand-dependent signalling pathway and describe a monoclonal antibody, KITMAb, with strong affinity to the dimerisation domain of KIT that blocks the important step in both the KIT signalling pathways. Further, the results suggest that treatment with KITMAb may be potentially therapeutic in imatinib-resistant GIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Bai
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Pathology, Yueyang Integrative Medicine Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cen Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Number 639 Zhizaoju Rd., Shanghai, 200001, China.
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6
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Zhu G, Shi J, Zhang S, Guo Y, Huang L, Zhao H, Jiang Y, Sun J. Loss of PI3 kinase association improves the sensitivity of secondary mutation of KIT to Imatinib. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:16. [PMID: 32082541 PMCID: PMC7017564 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-0377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background KIT mutations are the predominant driver mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), and targeted therapy against KIT has improved treatment outcome dramatically. However, gaining secondary mutation of KIT confers drug resistance of GISTs leading to treatment failure. Results In this study, we found that secondary mutation of KIT dramatically increases the ligand-independent activation of the receptor and their resistance to the often used KIT inhibitor Imatinib in the treatment of GISTs. PI3 kinase plays essential roles in the cell transformation mediated by the primary mutation of KIT. We found that loss of PI3 kinase association, but not the inhibition of the lipid kinase activity of PI3 kinase, inhibits the ligand-independent activation of secondary mutations of KIT, and increases their sensitivity to Imatinib, and loss of PI3 kinase association inhibits secondary mutations of KIT mediated cell survival and proliferation in vitro. The in vivo assay further showed that the growth of tumors carrying secondary mutations of KIT is more sensitive to Imatinib when PI3 kinase association is blocked while inhibition of the lipid kinase activity of PI3 kinase cannot inhibit tumor growth, indicating that PI3 kinase is important for the drug resistance of secondary mutation of KIT independent of the lipid kinase activity of PI3 kinase. Conclusions Our results suggested that PI3 kinase is necessary for the ligand-independent activation of secondary mutations of KIT, and loss of PI3 kinase association improves the sensitivity of secondary mutations to the targeted therapy independent of the lipid kinase activity of PI3 kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Zhu
- 1School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 China
| | - Jun Shi
- 1School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 China
| | - Shaoting Zhang
- 1School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 China
| | - Yue Guo
- 2Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ling Huang
- 1School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 China
| | - Hui Zhao
- 2Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,3Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-The Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yideng Jiang
- 1School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 China.,4NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research (Ningxia Medical University), Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jianmin Sun
- 1School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 China.,6Division of Translational Cancer Research, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Hattori M, Ishikawa O, Oikawa D, Amano H, Yasuda M, Kaira K, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Nakano H, Sawamura D, Terawaki SI, Wakamatsu K, Tokunaga F, Shimizu A. In-frame Val 216-Ser 217 deletion of KIT in mild piebaldism causes aberrant secretion and SCF response. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 91:35-42. [PMID: 29631773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Piebaldism is a pigmentary disorder characterized by a white forelock and depigmented patches. Although the loss-of-function mutations in the KIT gene underlie the disease, the intracellular dynamics of the mutant KIT are largely unknown. We herein report a Japanese family with piebaldism in which the affected members showed a mild phenotype. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the functions and intracellular dynamics of the mutant KIT protein. METHODS We performed genetic analyses of the KIT gene using peripheral blood cells. We analyzed the intracellular localization of the mutant KIT protein in HEK293T cells transfected with wild-type (Wt) and/or mutant KIT genes. Immunoprecipitation analyses, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence studies were performed using antibodies against KIT and downstream signaling proteins. Glycosidase digestion analysis was performed to clarify the intracellular localization of KIT protein. RESULTS A genetic analysis revealed a novel heterozygous mutation c.645_650delTGTGTC which results in the in-frame deletion of Val216 and Ser217 in the extracellular domain of KIT. Immunoprecipitation analyses confirmed that the wild and mutant KIT formed a heterodimer after treatment with stem cell factor (SCF); however, the phosphorylation of the downstream signaling factors was decreased. In an immunofluorescence study, the mutant KIT accumulated predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and was sparsely expressed on the cell surface. A glycosidase digestion study revealed that the mutant KIT is predominantly localized in the ER. CONCLUSION These data reveal an aberrant function and intracellular localization of mutant KIT protein in piebaldism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Hattori
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Japan Red Cross Maebashi Hospital, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Osamu Ishikawa
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Daisuke Oikawa
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroo Amano
- Department of Dermatology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Masahito Yasuda
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Kaira
- Department of Oncology Clinical Development, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | | | - Hajime Nakano
- Department of Dermatology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sawamura
- Department of Dermatology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Terawaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kaori Wakamatsu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan
| | - Fuminori Tokunaga
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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8
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Direct engagement of the PI3K pathway by mutant KIT dominates oncogenic signaling in gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E8448-E8457. [PMID: 28923937 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711449114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) predominantly harbor activating mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase KIT. To genetically dissect in vivo the requirement of different signal transduction pathways emanating from KIT for tumorigenesis, the oncogenic KitV558Δ mutation was combined with point mutations abrogating specific phosphorylation sites on KIT. Compared with single-mutant KitV558Δ/+ mice, double-mutant KitV558Δ;Y567F/Y567F knock-in mice lacking the SRC family kinase-binding site on KIT (pY567) exhibited attenuated MAPK signaling and tumor growth. Surprisingly, abrogation of the PI3K-binding site (pY719) in KitV558Δ;Y719F/Y719F mice prevented GIST development, although the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), the cells of origin of GIST, were normal. Pharmacologic inhibition of the PI3K pathway in tumor-bearing KitV558Δ/+ mice with the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor voxtalisib, the pan-PI3K inhibitor pilaralisib, and the PI3K-alpha-restricted inhibitor alpelisib each diminished tumor proliferation. The addition of the MEK inhibitor PD-325901 or binimetinib further decreased downstream KIT signaling. Moreover, combining PI3K and MEK inhibition was effective against imatinib-resistant KitV558Δ;T669I/+ tumors.
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9
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Mahameed M, Tirosh B. Engineering CHO cells with an oncogenic KIT improves cells growth, resilience to stress, and productivity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mahameed
- Institute for Drug Research; The School of Pharmacy; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; POB 12065 Jerusalem, 9112002 Israel
| | - Boaz Tirosh
- Institute for Drug Research; The School of Pharmacy; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; POB 12065 Jerusalem, 9112002 Israel
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10
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The stem cell factor (SCF)/c-KIT signalling in testis and prostate cancer. J Cell Commun Signal 2017; 11:297-307. [PMID: 28656507 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The stem cell factor (SCF) is a cytokine that specifically binds the tyrosine kinase receptor c-KIT. The SCF/c-KIT interaction leads to receptor dimerization, activation of kinase activity and initiation of several signal transduction pathways that control cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and migration in several tissues. The activity of SCF/c-KIT system is linked with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), the Src, the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT), the phospholipase-C (PLC-γ) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Moreover, it has been reported that cancer cases display an overactivation of c-KIT due to the presence of gain-of-function mutations or receptor overexpression, which renders c-KIT a tempting target for cancer treatment. In the case of male cancers the most documented activated pathways are the PI3-K and Src, both enhancing abnormal cell proliferation. It is also known that the Src activity in prostate cancer cases depends on the presence of tr-KIT, the cytoplasmic truncated variant of c-KIT that is specifically expressed in tumour tissues and, thus, a very interesting target for drug development. The present review provides an overview of the signalling pathways activated by SCF/c-KIT and discusses the potential application of c-KIT inhibitors for treatment of testicular and prostatic cancers.
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11
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Ke H, Kazi JU, Zhao H, Sun J. Germline mutations of KIT in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) and mastocytosis. Cell Biosci 2016; 6:55. [PMID: 27777718 PMCID: PMC5070372 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-016-0120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations of KIT are frequently found in mastocytosis and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), while germline mutations of KIT are rare, and only found in few cases of familial GIST and mastocytosis. Although ligand-independent activation is the common feature of KIT mutations, the phenotypes mediated by various germline KIT mutations are different. Germline KIT mutations affect different tissues such as interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), mast cells or melanocytes, and thereby lead to GIST, mastocytosis, or abnormal pigmentation. In this review, we summarize germline KIT mutations in familial mastocytosis and GIST and discuss the possible cellular context dependent transforming activity of KIT mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengning Ke
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 People's Republic of China ; Translational Cancer Lab, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Julhash U Kazi
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hui Zhao
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 People's Republic of China ; Division of Translational Cancer Research, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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12
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Saatcioglu HD, Cuevas I, Castrillon DH. Control of Oocyte Reawakening by Kit. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006215. [PMID: 27500836 PMCID: PMC4976968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, females are born with finite numbers of oocytes stockpiled as primordial follicles. Oocytes are “reawakened” via an ovarian-intrinsic process that initiates their growth. The forkhead transcription factor Foxo3 controls reawakening downstream of PI3K-AKT signaling. However, the identity of the presumptive upstream cell surface receptor controlling the PI3K-AKT-Foxo3 axis has been questioned. Here we show that the receptor tyrosine kinase Kit controls reawakening. Oocyte-specific expression of a novel constitutively-active KitD818V allele resulted in female sterility and ovarian failure due to global oocyte reawakening. To confirm this result, we engineered a novel loss-of-function allele, KitL. Kit inactivation within oocytes also led to premature ovarian failure, albeit via a contrasting phenotype. Despite normal initial complements of primordial follicles, oocytes remained dormant with arrested oocyte maturation. Foxo3 protein localization in the nucleus versus cytoplasm explained both mutant phenotypes. These genetic studies provide formal genetic proof that Kit controls oocyte reawakening, focusing future investigations into the causes of primary ovarian insufficiency and ovarian aging. In mammals, oocyte reawakening controls female fertility, the onset of the menopause, and thus, overall aging. We demonstrate here through complementary genetic experiments that Kit is the upstream receptor regulating oocyte reawakening. Although other cell surface receptors have been proposed as candidates, the data have remained contradictory, and definitive genetic evidence in support of any one receptor has been lacking. We engineered two novel Kit alleles in mice, one an activating (gain-of-function) mutation, the other an inactivating (loss-of-function) mutation. These alleles permitted us to conduct elegant genetic experiments whereby Kit was activated or inactivated in the oocytes of newborn mice. The results were complementary and striking. Oocyte-specific Kit activation resulted in female sterility due to reawakening of all oocytes, leading to premature ovarian failure. In contrast, Kit inactivation also led to female sterility and ovarian failure, but through a contrasting and opposite phenotype: a complete failure of primordial follicle reawakening. Additional studies demonstrated that Foxo3, a known regulator of reawakening, was the mediator of both phenotypes, linking our findings to prior discoveries. These complementary genetic experiments thus definitively incriminate Kit as the upstream receptor regulating reawakening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Duygu Saatcioglu
- Department of Pathology and Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ileana Cuevas
- Department of Pathology and Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Diego H. Castrillon
- Department of Pathology and Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Brill JA, Yildirim S, Fabian L. Phosphoinositide signaling in sperm development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 59:2-9. [PMID: 27321976 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs)1 are membrane lipids with crucial roles during cell morphogenesis, including the establishment of cytoskeletal organization, membrane trafficking, cell polarity, cell-cycle control and signaling. Recent studies in mice (Mus musculus), fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) and other organisms have defined germ cell intrinsic requirements for these lipids and their regulatory enzymes in multiple aspects of sperm development. In particular, PIP levels are crucial in germline stem cell maintenance, spermatogonial proliferation and survival, spermatocyte cytokinesis, spermatid polarization, sperm tail formation, nuclear shaping, and production of mature, motile sperm. Here, we briefly review the stages of spermatogenesis and discuss the roles of PIPs and their regulatory enzymes in male germ cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Brill
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G OA4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Sukriye Yildirim
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G OA4, Canada.
| | - Lacramioara Fabian
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G OA4, Canada.
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14
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Lindblad O, Kazi JU, Rönnstrand L, Sun J. PI3 kinase is indispensable for oncogenic transformation by the V560D mutant of c-Kit in a kinase-independent manner. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4399-407. [PMID: 26040420 PMCID: PMC11113438 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic mutants of c-Kit are often found in mastocytosis, gastrointestinal stromal tumors and acute myeloid leukemia. The activation mechanism of the most commonly occurring mutation, D816V in exon 17 of c-Kit, has been well-studied while other mutations remain fairly uncharacterized in this respect. In this study, we show that the constitutive activity of the exon 11 mutant V560D is weaker than the D816V mutant. Phosphorylation of downstream signaling proteins induced by the ligand for c-Kit, stem cell factor, was stronger in c-Kit/V560D expressing cells than in cells expressing c-kit/D816V. Although cells expressing c-Kit/V560D showed increased ligand-independent proliferation and survival compared to wild-type c-Kit-expressing cells, these biological effects were weaker than in c-Kit/D816V-expressing cells. In contrast to cells expressing wild-type c-Kit, cells expressing c-Kit/V560D were independent of Src family kinases for downstream signaling. However, the independence of Src family kinases was not due to a Src-like kinase activity that c-Kit/D816V displayed. Point mutations that selectively block the association of PI3 kinase with c-Kit/V560D inhibited ligand-independent activation of the receptor, while inhibition of the kinase activity of PI3 kinase with pharmacological inhibitors did not affect the kinase activity of the receptor. This suggests a lipid kinase-independent key role of PI3 kinase in c-Kit/V560D-mediated oncogenic signal transduction. Thus, PI3 kinase is an attractive therapeutic target in malignancies induced by c-Kit mutations independent of its lipid kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Lindblad
- Division of Translational Cancer Research and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village 404C3, Scheelevägen 8, 22363, Lund, Sweden
| | - Julhash U Kazi
- Division of Translational Cancer Research and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village 404C3, Scheelevägen 8, 22363, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Rönnstrand
- Division of Translational Cancer Research and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village 404C3, Scheelevägen 8, 22363, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jianmin Sun
- Division of Translational Cancer Research and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village 404C3, Scheelevägen 8, 22363, Lund, Sweden.
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Ezzati MM, Baker MD, Saatcioglu HD, Aloisio GM, Pena CG, Nakada Y, Cuevas I, Carr BR, Castrillon DH. Regulation of FOXO3 subcellular localization by Kit ligand in the neonatal mouse ovary. J Assist Reprod Genet 2015; 32:1741-7. [PMID: 26507072 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-015-0589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Foxo3 protein is required in the oocyte nucleus for the maintenance of primordial follicles in a dormant state. PI3K/AKT-dependent phosphorylation of Foxo3 leads to its relocalization to the cytoplasm and subsequent follicular activation. However, the nature of the upstream signals controlling Foxo3 activity and subcellular localization remains unknown. We aimed to study the in vitro effects of Kit ligand (stem cell factor) on the subcellular localization of Foxo3 in primordial follicles within the postnatal mouse ovary. METHODS This was an in vitro study using explants of intact neonatal mouse ovaries. The study was performed in laboratory animal facility and basic science research laboratory at a University Hospital. The animals used for this study were FVB mice. Neonatal FVB mice ovaries at postnatal day 7 (PD7) were harvested and incubated in culture medium (DMEM) at 37 °C and 5 % CO(2) for 60-90 min with (n = 3) or without (n = 3) Kit ligand at 150 ng/mL (8 nM). Similar experimental conditions were used to establish a dose-response curve for the effects of Kit ligand and assess the effects of imatinib (small molecule inhibitor of the Kit receptor). Immunofluorescence was used to identify the subcellular location of Foxo3 in oocytes. Proportions of cytoplasmic versus nuclear Foxo3 in primordial follicles were determined. RESULTS Kit ligand treatment increased the cytoplasmic localization of Foxo3 from 40 % in the untreated ovaries to 74 % in the treated group (p = 0.007 in paired samples and p = 0.03 in unpaired samples). Furthermore, this effect was reversible with imatinib (p = 0.005). A dose-response curve for Kit ligand treatment showed that maximum effect was seen at 150 ng/mL. CONCLUSION Kit ligand treatment in vitro increases the proportion of cytoplasmic Foxo3 in primordial follicles at PD7, lending support to the idea that Kit receptor/ligand controls Foxo3 activity in the context of primordial follicle activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Max Ezzati
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA.
- Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Michael D Baker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA
| | - Hatice D Saatcioglu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA
| | - Gina M Aloisio
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA
| | - Christopher G Pena
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA
| | - Yuji Nakada
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA
| | - Ileana Cuevas
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA
| | - Bruce R Carr
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA
| | - Diego H Castrillon
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA.
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16
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Vajravelu BN, Hong KU, Al-Maqtari T, Cao P, Keith MCL, Wysoczynski M, Zhao J, Moore IV JB, Bolli R. C-Kit Promotes Growth and Migration of Human Cardiac Progenitor Cells via the PI3K-AKT and MEK-ERK Pathways. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140798. [PMID: 26474484 PMCID: PMC4608800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent phase I clinical trial (SCIPIO) has shown that autologous c-kit+ cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) improve cardiac function and quality of life when transplanted into patients with ischemic heart disease. Although c-kit is widely used as a marker of resident CPCs, its role in the regulation of the cellular characteristics of CPCs remains unknown. We hypothesized that c-kit plays a role in the survival, growth, and migration of CPCs. To test this hypothesis, human CPCs were grown under stress conditions in the presence or absence of SCF, and the effects of SCF-mediated activation of c-kit on CPC survival/growth and migration were measured. SCF treatment led to a significant increase in cell survival and a reduction in cell death under serum depletion conditions. In addition, SCF significantly promoted CPC migration in vitro. Furthermore, the pro-survival and pro-migratory effects of SCF were augmented by c-kit overexpression and abrogated by c-kit inhibition with imatinib. Mechanistically, c-kit activation in CPCs led to activation of the PI3K and the MAPK pathways. With the use of specific inhibitors, we confirmed that the SCF/c-kit-dependent survival and chemotaxis of CPCs are dependent on both pathways. Taken together, our findings suggest that c-kit promotes the survival/growth and migration of human CPCs cultured ex vivo via the activation of PI3K and MAPK pathways. These results imply that the efficiency of CPC homing to the injury site as well as their survival after transplantation may be improved by modulating the activity of c-kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bathri N. Vajravelu
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Kyung U. Hong
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Tareq Al-Maqtari
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Pengxiao Cao
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. L. Keith
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Marcin Wysoczynski
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - John Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Joseph B. Moore IV
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Roberto Bolli
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Lebron MB, Brennan L, Damoci CB, Prewett MC, O'Mahony M, Duignan IJ, Credille KM, DeLigio JT, Starodubtseva M, Amatulli M, Zhang Y, Schwartz KD, Burtrum D, Balderes P, Persaud K, Surguladze D, Loizos N, Paz K, Kotanides H. A human monoclonal antibody targeting the stem cell factor receptor (c-Kit) blocks tumor cell signaling and inhibits tumor growth. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:1208-18. [PMID: 24921944 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.29523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell factor receptor (c-Kit) exerts multiple biological effects on target cells upon binding its ligand stem cell factor (SCF). Aberrant activation of c-Kit results in dysregulated signaling and is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous cancers. The development of more specific and effective c-Kit therapies is warranted given its essential role in tumorigenesis. In this study, we describe the biological properties of CK6, a fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody against the extracellular region of human c-Kit. CK6 specifically binds c-Kit receptor with high affinity (EC 50 = 0.06 nM) and strongly blocks its interaction with SCF (IC 50 = 0.41 nM) in solid phase assays. Flow cytometry shows CK6 binding to c-Kit on the cell surface of human small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), melanoma, and leukemia tumor cell lines. Furthermore, exposure to CK6 inhibits SCF stimulation of c-Kit tyrosine kinase activity and downstream signaling pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and protein kinase B (AKT), in addition to reducing tumor cell line growth in vitro. CK6 treatment significantly decreases human xenograft tumor growth in NCI-H526 SCLC (T/C% = 57) and Malme-3M melanoma (T/C% = 58) models in vivo. The combination of CK6 with standard of care chemotherapy agents, cisplatin and etoposide for SCLC or dacarbazine for melanoma, more potently reduces tumor growth (SCLC T/C% = 24, melanoma T/C% = 38) compared with CK6 or chemotherapy alone. In summary, our results demonstrate that CK6 is a c-Kit antagonist antibody with tumor growth neutralizing properties and are highly suggestive of potential therapeutic application in treating human malignancies harboring c-Kit receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B Lebron
- ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Laura Brennan
- ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Christopher B Damoci
- ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Marie C Prewett
- ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Marguerita O'Mahony
- ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Inga J Duignan
- ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | | | - James T DeLigio
- ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Marina Starodubtseva
- ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Michael Amatulli
- ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Kaben D Schwartz
- ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Douglas Burtrum
- ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Paul Balderes
- ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Kris Persaud
- ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - David Surguladze
- ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Nick Loizos
- ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Keren Paz
- ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
| | - Helen Kotanides
- ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company; New York, NY USA
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18
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Reber LL, Frossard N. Targeting mast cells in inflammatory diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 142:416-35. [PMID: 24486828 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although mast cells have long been known to play a critical role in anaphylaxis and other allergic diseases, they also participate in some innate immune responses and may even have some protective functions. Data from the study of mast cell-deficient mice have facilitated our understanding of some of the molecular mechanisms driving mast cell functions during both innate and adaptive immune responses. This review presents an overview of the biology of mast cells and their potential involvement in various inflammatory diseases. We then discuss some of the current pharmacological approaches used to target mast cells and their products in several diseases associated with mast cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent L Reber
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Nelly Frossard
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, France
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19
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Chen L, Faire M, Kissner MD, Laird DJ. Primordial germ cells and gastrointestinal stromal tumors respond distinctly to a cKit overactivating allele. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:313-27. [PMID: 23077213 PMCID: PMC3526162 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
KitL, via its receptor cKit, supports primordial germ cell (PGC) growth, survival, migration and reprogramming to pluripotent embryonic germ cells (EGCs). However, the signaling downstream of KitL and its regulation in PGCs remain unclear. A constitutively activating mutation, cKit(V558Δ), causes gain-of-function phenotypes in mast cells and intestines, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) when heterozygous. Unexpectedly, we find that PGC growth is not significantly affected in cKit(V558Δ) heterozygotes, whereas in homozygotes, increased apoptosis and inefficient migration lead to the depletion of PGCs. Through genetic studies, we reveal that this oncogenic cKit allele exhibits loss-of-function behavior in PGCs distinct from that in GIST development. Examination of downstream signaling in GISTs from cKit(V558Δ/+) mice confirmed hyperphosphorylation of AKT and ERK, but both remain unperturbed in cKit(V558Δ/+) PGCs and EGCs. In contrast, we find reduced activation of ERK1/2 and JNK1 in cKit(V558Δ) homozygous PGCs and EGCs. Inhibiting JNK, though not ERK1/2, increased apoptosis of wild-type PGCs, but did not further affect the already elevated apoptosis of cKit(V558Δ)(/V558Δ) PGCs. These results demonstrate a cell-context-dependent response to the cKit(V558Δ) mutation. We propose that AKT overload protection and JNK-mediated survival comprise PGC-specific mechanisms for regulating cKit signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Diana J. Laird
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143-0667, USA
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20
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Locascio LE, Donoghue DJ. KIDs rule: regulatory phosphorylation of RTKs. Trends Biochem Sci 2013; 38:75-84. [PMID: 23312584 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are mediators of multiple cell signaling networks linked to cell growth and differentiation. In general, they exhibit similar overall structure with a ligand-binding extracellular domain and a conserved intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. In many RTKs, the kinase domain is interrupted by a sequence known as the kinase insert domain (KID). In addition to phosphorylation sites within the kinase domain, regulatory phosphorylation also occurs within the KID of several RTKs important in human health and disease. Phosphorylation of specific Tyr or Ser residues within the KID of some RTKs triggers distinct cellular signaling outcomes. Here, we review the functionality of KIDs throughout all RTK families, and provide justification for further study of this often-overlooked domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Locascio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA
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21
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Sobinoff AP, Sutherland JM, Mclaughlin EA. Intracellular signalling during female gametogenesis. Mol Hum Reprod 2012; 19:265-78. [PMID: 23247812 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gas065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Female reproductive potential is dictated by the size of the primordial follicle pool and the correct regulation of oocyte maturation and activation--events essential for production of viable offspring. Although a substantial body of work underpins our understanding of these processes, the molecular mechanisms of follicular and oocyte development are not fully understood. This review summarizes recent findings which have improved our conception of how folliculogenesis and oocyte competence are regulated, and discusses their implications for assisted reproductive techniques. We highlight evidence provided by genetically modified mouse models and in vitro studies which have refined our understanding of Pi3k/Akt and mTOR signalling in the oocyte and have discovered a role for Jak/Stat/Socs signalling in granulosa cells during primordial follicle activation. We also appraise a novel role for the metal ion zinc in the regulation of meiosis I and meiosis II progression through early meiosis inhibitor (Emi2) and Mos-Mapk signalling, and examine studies which expand our understanding of intracellular calcium signalling and extrinsic Plcζ in stimulating oocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Sobinoff
- Priority Research Centre in Chemical Biology, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW2308, Australia
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Lennartsson J, Rönnstrand L. Stem Cell Factor Receptor/c-Kit: From Basic Science to Clinical Implications. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:1619-49. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00046.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) is a dimeric molecule that exerts its biological functions by binding to and activating the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit. Activation of c-Kit leads to its autophosphorylation and initiation of signal transduction. Signaling proteins are recruited to activated c-Kit by certain interaction domains (e.g., SH2 and PTB) that specifically bind to phosphorylated tyrosine residues in the intracellular region of c-Kit. Activation of c-Kit signaling has been found to mediate cell survival, migration, and proliferation depending on the cell type. Signaling from c-Kit is crucial for normal hematopoiesis, pigmentation, fertility, gut movement, and some aspects of the nervous system. Deregulated c-Kit kinase activity has been found in a number of pathological conditions, including cancer and allergy. The observation that gain-of-function mutations in c-Kit can promote tumor formation and progression has stimulated the development of therapeutics agents targeting this receptor, e.g., the clinically used inhibitor imatinib mesylate. Also other clinically used multiselective kinase inhibitors, for instance, sorafenib and sunitinib, have c-Kit included in their range of targets. Furthermore, loss-of-function mutations in c-Kit have been observed and shown to give rise to a condition called piebaldism. This review provides a summary of our current knowledge regarding structural and functional aspects of c-Kit signaling both under normal and pathological conditions, as well as advances in the development of low-molecular-weight molecules inhibiting c-Kit function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Lennartsson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lars Rönnstrand
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Sharma N, Kumar V, Everingham S, Mali RS, Kapur R, Zeng LF, Zhang ZY, Feng GS, Hartmann K, Roers A, Craig AWB. SH2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 is a critical regulator of connective tissue mast cell survival and homeostasis in mice. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:2653-63. [PMID: 22566685 PMCID: PMC3416204 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00308-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells require KIT receptor tyrosine kinase signaling for development and survival. Here, we report that SH2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2) signaling downstream of KIT is essential for mast cell survival and homeostasis in mice. Using a novel mouse model with shp2 deletion within mature mast cells (MC-shp2 knockout [KO]), we find that SHP2 is required for the homeostasis of connective tissue mast cells. Consistently with the loss of skin mast cells, MC-shp2 KO mice fail to mount a passive late-phase cutaneous anaphylaxis response. To better define the phenotype of shp2-deficient mast cells, we used an inducible shp2 knockout approach in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) or cultured peritoneal mast cells and found that SHP2 promotes mast cell survival. We show that SHP2 promotes KIT signaling to extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase and downregulation of the proapoptotic protein Bim in BMMCs. Also, SHP2-deficient BMMCs failed to repopulate mast cells in mast cell-deficient mice. Silencing of Bim partially rescued survival defects in shp2-deficient BMMCs, consistent with the importance of a KIT → SHP2 → Ras/ERK pathway in suppressing Bim and promoting mast cell survival. Thus, SHP2 is a key node in a mast cell survival pathway and a new potential therapeutic target in diseases involving mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namit Sharma
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Everingham
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raghuveer Singh Mali
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Reuben Kapur
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Li-Fan Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Gen-Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Karin Hartmann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute for Immunology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrew W. B. Craig
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Bhattacharya P, Keating AF. Impact of environmental exposures on ovarian function and role of xenobiotic metabolism during ovotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 261:227-35. [PMID: 22531813 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian ovary is a heterogeneous organ and contains oocyte-containing follicles at varying stages of development. The most immature follicular stage, the primordial follicle, comprises the ovarian reserve and is a finite number, defined at the time of birth. Depletion of all follicles within the ovary leads to reproductive senescence, known as menopause. A number of chemical classes can destroy follicles, thus hastening entry into the menopausal state. The ovarian response to chemical exposure can determine the extent of ovotoxicity that occurs. Enzymes capable of bioactivating as well as detoxifying xenobiotics are expressed in the ovary and their impact on ovotoxicity has been partially characterized for trichloroethylene, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, and 4-vinylcyclohexene. This review will discuss those studies, as well as illustrate where knowledge gaps remain for chemicals that have also been established as ovotoxicants.
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25
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Krishnan S, Mali RS, Koehler KR, Vemula S, Chatterjee A, Ghosh J, Ramdas B, Ma P, Hashino E, Kapur R. Class I(A) PI3Kinase regulatory subunit, p85α, mediates mast cell development through regulation of growth and survival related genes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e28979. [PMID: 22238586 PMCID: PMC3251560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) mediated KIT receptor activation plays a pivotal role in mast cell growth, maturation and survival. However, the signaling events downstream from KIT are poorly understood. Mast cells express multiple regulatory subunits of class 1A PI3Kinase (PI3K) including p85α, p85β, p50α, and p55α. While it is known that PI3K plays an essential role in mast cells; the precise mechanism by which these regulatory subunits impact specific mast cell functions including growth, survival and cycling are not known. We show that loss of p85α impairs the growth, survival and cycling of mast cell progenitors (MCp). To delineate the molecular mechanism (s) by which p85α regulates mast cell growth, survival and cycling, we performed microarray analyses to compare the gene expression profile of MCps derived from WT and p85α-deficient mice in response to SCF stimulation. We identified 151 unique genes exhibiting altered expression in p85α-deficient cells in response to SCF stimulation compared to WT cells. Functional categorization based on DAVID bioinformatics tool and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software relates the altered genes due to lack of p85α to transcription, cell cycle, cell survival, cell adhesion, cell differentiation, and signal transduction. Our results suggest that p85α is involved in mast cell development through regulation of expression of growth, survival and cell cycle related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subha Krishnan
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Raghuveer Singh Mali
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Karl R. Koehler
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sasidhar Vemula
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Anindya Chatterjee
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Joydeep Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Baskar Ramdas
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Peilin Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Eri Hashino
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Reuben Kapur
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Phung B, Sun J, Schepsky A, Steingrimsson E, Rönnstrand L. C-KIT signaling depends on microphthalmia-associated transcription factor for effects on cell proliferation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24064. [PMID: 21887372 PMCID: PMC3161112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of melanocytes is regulated by the tyrosine kinase receptor c-KIT and the basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper transcription factor Mitf. These essential melanocyte survival regulators are also well known oncogenic factors in malignant melanoma. Despite their importance, not much is known about the regulatory mechanisms and signaling pathways involved. In this study, we therefore sought to identify the signaling pathways and mechanisms involved in c-KIT mediated regulation of Mitf. We report that c-KIT stimulation leads to the activation of Mitf specifically through the c-KIT phosphorylation sites Y721 (PI3 kinase binding site), Y568 and Y570 (Src binding site). Our study not only confirms the involvement of Ras-Erk signaling pathway in the activation of Mitf, but also establishes that Src kinase binding to Y568 and Y570 of c-KIT is required. Using specific inhibitors we observe and verify that c-KIT induced activation of Mitf is dependent on PI3-, Akt-, Src-, p38- or Mek kinases. Moreover, the proliferative effect of c-KIT is dependent on Mitf in HEK293T cells. In contrast, c-KIT Y568F and Y721F mutants are less effective in driving cell proliferation, compared to wild type c-KIT. Our results reveal novel mechanisms by which c-KIT signaling regulates Mitf, with implications for understanding both melanocyte development and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Phung
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
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Liang R, Wallace AR, Schadendorf D, Rubin BP. The phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase pathway is central to the pathogenesis of Kit-activated melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011; 24:714-23. [PMID: 21595858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mouse Kit L575P, the ortholog of human KIT L576P, a common KIT mutation found in human melanoma was expressed in an immortalized but non-transformed mouse Ink4a-Arf-deficient melanocyte cell line. The resultant Ink4a-Arf-deficient Kit L575P-expressing melanocytes exhibited increased proliferation, the ability to grow in soft agar, and increased migration. When these cells were injected subcutaneously into NOD/SCID/gamma(c) mice, melanomas arose in 5 of 7 (71%) mice. One of seven mice (14%) injected with these cells developed metastatic disease. Evaluation of signal transduction pathways downstream of constitutively activated Kit L575P revealed striking activation of the phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Inhibition of the PI3K pathway pharmacologically or genetically abolished the transformation phenotypes gained by the L575P single mutant. These studies validate this Kit L575P-activated model of melanoma and establish the PI3K pathway as a dominant signaling pathway downstream of Kit in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Liang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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28
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DiNitto JP, Wu JC. Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in tyrosine kinases cAbl and cKit. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 46:295-309. [PMID: 21539479 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2011.578612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of protein kinases has gained general acceptance as an effective approach to treat a wide range of cancers. However, in many cases, prolonged administration of kinase inhibitors often leads to acquired resistance, and the therapeutic effect is subsequently diminished. The wealth of recent studies using biochemical, kinetic, and structural approaches have revealed the molecular basis for the clinically observed resistance. In this review, we highlight several of the most common molecular mechanisms that lead to acquired resistance to kinase inhibitors observed with the cAbl (cellular form of the Abelson leukemia virus tyrosine kinase) and the type III receptor tyrosine kinase cKit, including a newly identified mechanism resulting from accelerated kinase activation caused by mutations in the activation loop. Strategies to overcome the loss of drug sensitivity that represents a challenge currently facing the field and the emerging approaches to circumvent resistance are discussed.
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29
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Complex interactions in EML cell stimulation by stem cell factor and IL-3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:4882-7. [PMID: 21383156 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1018002108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythroid myeloid lymphoid (EML) cells are an established multipotent hematopoietic precursor cell line that can be maintained in medium including stem cell factor (SCF). EML cultures contain a heterogeneous mixture of cells, including a lineage-negative, CD34+ subset of cells that propagate rapidly in SCF and can clonally regenerate the mixed population. A second major subset of EML cells consists of lineage-negative. CD34- cells that can be propagated in IL-3 but grow slowly, if at all, in SCF, although they express the SCF receptor (c-kit). The response of these cells to IL-3 is stimulated synergistically by SCF, and we present evidence that both the synergy and the inhibition of c-kit responses may be mediated by direct interaction with IL-3 receptor. Further, the relative level of tyrosine phosphorylation of various substrates by either cytokine alone differs from that produced by the combination of the two cytokines, suggesting that cell signaling by the combination of the two cytokines differs from that produced by either alone.
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30
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Krasagakis K, Fragiadaki I, Metaxari M, Krüger-Krasagakis S, Tzanakakis GN, Stathopoulos EN, Eberle J, Tavernarakis N, Tosca AD. KIT receptor activation by autocrine and paracrine stem cell factor stimulates growth of merkel cell carcinoma in vitro. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:1099-109. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Rossi F, Yozgat Y, de Stanchina E, Veach D, Clarkson B, Manova K, Giancotti FG, Antonescu CR, Besmer P. Imatinib upregulates compensatory integrin signaling in a mouse model of gastrointestinal stromal tumor and is more effective when combined with dasatinib. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8:1271-83. [PMID: 20736294 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Activating mutations in the Kit receptor tyrosine kinase are associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Imatinib inhibits Kit and is front-line therapy for GIST. However, imatinib most often elicits a partial response or stable disease, and most GIST patients who initially respond to imatinib eventually acquire resistance. Thus, improved treatment strategies for GIST are needed. We investigated the role of Src family kinases (SFK) in tumorigenesis in a mouse model of human GIST. The SFKs Src and Lyn were active in GIST, and surprisingly, imatinib treatment stimulated their phosphorylation/activation. We show that integrin signaling activates focal adhesion kinase and, consequently, SFKs in GIST and that imatinib enhances integrin signaling, implying a role for the extracellular matrix and integrin signaling in tumor maintenance and imatinib resistance. Dasatinib, an inhibitor of SFKs and Kit, inhibited SFK and focal adhesion kinase activation in GIST but also inhibited Kit and Kit-dependent downstream signaling pathways including phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase, but not signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling. Whereas dasatinib and imatinib alone both produced a minimal histopathologic response, combination therapy improved their efficacy, leading to increased necrosis in GIST. These results highlight the importance of SFK and STAT signaling in GIST and suggest that the clinical efficacy of imatinib may be limited by the stimulation of integrin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Rossi
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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32
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DiNitto JP, Deshmukh GD, Zhang Y, Jacques SL, Coli R, Worrall JW, Diehl W, English JM, Wu JC. Function of activation loop tyrosine phosphorylation in the mechanism of c-Kit auto-activation and its implication in sunitinib resistance. J Biochem 2010; 147:601-9. [PMID: 20147452 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is tightly regulated through a variety of mechanisms. Kinetic studies show that activation of c-Kit RTK occurs through an inter-molecular autophosphorylation. Phosphopeptide mapping of c-Kit reveals that 14-22 phosphates are added to each mol of wild-type (WT) c-Kit during the activation. Phosphorylation sites are found on the JM, kinase insert (KID), c-terminal domains and the activation loop (A-loop), but only the sites on the JM domain contribute to the kinase activation. The A-loop tyrosine (Y(823)) is not phosphorylated until very late in the activation (>90% completion), indicating that the A-loop phosphorylation is not required for c-Kit activation. A sunitinib-resistant mutant D816H that accelerates auto-activation by 184-fold shows no phosphorylation on the A-loop tyrosine after full activation. A loss-of-phosphorylation mutation Y823F remains fully competent in auto-activation. Similar to WT and D816H, the unactivated Y823F mutant binds sunitinib and imatinib with high affinity (K(D) = 5.9 nM). But unlike the WT and D816H where the activated enzymes lose the ability to bind the two drugs, activated Y823F binds the two inhibitors effectively. These observations suggest that the A-loop of activated Y823F remains flexible and can readily adopt unactivated conformations to accommodate DFG-out binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P DiNitto
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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33
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Ciraolo E, Morello F, Hobbs RM, Wolf F, Marone R, Iezzi M, Lu X, Mengozzi G, Altruda F, Sorba G, Guan K, Pandolfi PP, Wymann MP, Hirsch E. Essential role of the p110beta subunit of phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase in male fertility. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:704-11. [PMID: 20053680 PMCID: PMC2828958 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-08-0744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) are key molecular players in male fertility. However, the specific roles of different p110 PI3K catalytic subunits within the spermatogenic lineage have not been characterized so far. Herein, we report that male mice expressing a catalytically inactive p110beta develop testicular hypotrophy and impaired spermatogenesis, leading to a phenotype of oligo-azoospermia and defective fertility. The examination of testes from p110beta-defective tubules demonstrates a widespread loss in spermatogenic cells, due to defective proliferation and survival of pre- and postmeiotic cells. In particular, p110beta is crucially needed in c-Kit-mediated spermatogonial expansion, as c-Kit-positive cells are lost in the adult testis and activation of Akt by SCF is blocked by a p110beta inhibitor. These data establish that activation of the p110beta PI3K isoform by c-Kit is required during spermatogenesis, thus opening the way to new treatments for c-Kit positive testicular cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ciraolo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Abstract
The binding of the receptor tyrosine kinase, c-kit, to its ligand, stem cell factor (SCF), mediates numerous biological functions. Important roles for c-kit in hematopoiesis, melanogenesis, erythropoiesis, spermatogenesis, and carcinogenesis are well documented. Similarly, activation of granulocytes, mast cells, and of eosinophils in particular, by c-kit ligation has long been known to result in degranulation with concomitant release of pro-inflammatory mediators, including cytokines. However, recent work from a number of laboratories, including our own, highlights previously unappreciated functions for c-kit in immunologic processes. These novel findings strongly suggest that signaling through the c-kit-SCF axis could have a significant impact on the pathogenesis of diseases associated with an immunologic component. In our own studies, c-kit upregulation on dendritic cells via T helper (Th)2- and Th17-inducing stimuli led to c-kit activation and immune skewing toward these T helper subsets and away from Th1 responses. Others have shown that dendritic cell treatment with inhibitors of c-kit activation, such as imatinib mesylate (Gleevec), favored breaking of T-cell tolerance, skewing of responses toward production of Th1 cytokines, and activation of natural killer cells. These data all indicate that deeper understanding of, and ability to control, the c-kit-SCF axis could lead to improved treatment modalities aimed at redirecting unwanted and/or deleterious immune responses in a wide variety of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabir Ray
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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35
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Bougherara H, Subra F, Crépin R, Tauc P, Auclair C, Poul MA. The Aberrant Localization of Oncogenic Kit Tyrosine Kinase Receptor Mutants Is Reversed on Specific Inhibitory Treatment. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:1525-33. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Mithraprabhu S, Loveland KL. Control of KIT signalling in male germ cells: what can we learn from other systems? Reproduction 2009; 138:743-57. [PMID: 19567460 DOI: 10.1530/rep-08-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The KIT ligand (KITL)/KIT-signalling system is among several pathways known to be essential for fertility. In the postnatal testis, the KIT/KITL interaction is crucial for spermatogonial proliferation, differentiation, survival and subsequent entry into meiosis. Hence, identification of endogenous factors that regulate KIT synthesis is important for understanding the triggers driving germ cell maturation. Although limited information is available regarding local factors in the testicular microenvironment that modulate KIT synthesis at the onset of spermatogenesis, knowledge from other systems could be used as a basis for identifying how KIT function is regulated in germ cells. This review describes the known regulators of KIT, including transcription factors implicated in KIT promoter regulation. In addition, specific downstream outcomes in biological processes that KIT orchestrates are addressed. These are discussed in relationship to current knowledge of mammalian germ cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridurga Mithraprabhu
- Monash Institute for Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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37
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Fehrenbach K, Lessmann E, Zorn CN, Kuhny M, Grochowy G, Krystal G, Leitges M, Huber M. Steel factor enhances supraoptimal antigen-induced IL-6 production from mast cells via activation of protein kinase C-beta. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7897-905. [PMID: 19494314 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ag-triggered mast cell (MC) activation follows a bell-shaped dose-response curve. Reduced activation in response to supraoptimal Ag concentrations is thought to be due to preferential engagement of inhibitory-acting proteins like SHIP1, Lyn, and protein kinase C (PKC)-delta. We show in this study that short-term prestimulation with Steel factor (SF) prevents supraoptimal Ag inhibition, resulting in synergistic MC degranulation and IL-6 secretion. These events are preceded by synergistic phosphorylation/activation of numerous signaling proteins, e.g., Erk, p38, and LAT. However, these effects of prestimulation with SF appear not to be due to reduced engagement of the attenuator SHIP1. Pharmacological analyses suggest that the activation of conventional PKCs is important for this synergy. Specifically, although we found that the conventional PKC inhibitor, Gö6976, likely has some PKC-independent targets in MCs, it led us to further studies that established SF plus Ag-induced IL-6 secretion was severely impaired in PKC-beta(-/-) MCs, but not PKC-alpha(-/-) MCs. Thus, PKC-beta joins PI3K and Btk as important players in this synergistic MC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Fehrenbach
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, University of Freiburg and Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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38
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John GB, Shidler MJ, Besmer P, Castrillon DH. Kit signaling via PI3K promotes ovarian follicle maturation but is dispensable for primordial follicle activation. Dev Biol 2009; 331:292-9. [PMID: 19447101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.05.546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, primordial follicles are generated early in life and remain dormant for prolonged intervals. Their growth resumes via a process known as primordial follicle activation. Recent genetic studies have demonstrated that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is the essential signaling pathway controlling this process throughout life, acting via Akt to regulate nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Foxo3, which functions as a downstream molecular switch. The receptor tyrosine kinase Kit has been implicated by numerous studies as the critical upstream regulator of primordial follicle activation via PI3K/Akt. Here we present a genetic analysis of the contribution of Kit in regulating primordial follicle activation and early follicle growth, employing a knock-in mutation (Kit(Y719F)) that completely abrogates signaling via PI3K. Surprisingly, homozygous Kit(Y719F) female mice undergo primordial follicle activation and are fertile, demonstrating that Kit signaling via PI3K is dispensable for this process. However, other abnormalities were identified in Kit(Y719F) ovaries, including accelerated primordial follicle depletion and accumulation of morphologically abnormal primary/secondary follicles with persistent nuclear Foxo3 localization. These findings reveal specific roles of Kit in the maintenance of the primordial follicle reserve and in the primary to secondary follicle transition, but argue that Kit is dispensable in primordial follicle activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George B John
- Department of Pathology and Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390-9072, USA
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Sun J, Pedersen M, Rönnstrand L. The D816V mutation of c-Kit circumvents a requirement for Src family kinases in c-Kit signal transduction. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:11039-47. [PMID: 19265199 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808058200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit plays a critical role in hematopoiesis, and gain-of-function mutations of the receptor are frequently seen in several malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and testicular carcinoma. The most common mutation of c-Kit in these disorders is a substitution of the aspartic acid residue in position 816 to a valine (D816V), leading to constitutive activation of the receptor. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of Src family kinases in c-Kit/D816V signaling. Src family kinases are necessary for the phosphorylation of wild-type c-Kit as well as of activation of downstream signaling pathways including receptor ubiquitination and the Ras/Mek/Erk pathway. Our data demonstrate that, unlike wild-type c-Kit, the phosphorylation of c-Kit/D816V is not dependent on Src family kinases. In addition, we found that neither receptor ubiquitination nor Erk activation by c-Kit/D816V required activation of Src family kinases. In vitro kinase assay using synthetic peptides revealed that c-Kit/D816V had an altered substrate specificity resembling Src and Abl tyrosine kinases. We further present evidence that, in contrast to wild-type c-Kit, Src family kinases are dispensable for c-Kit/D816V cell survival, proliferation, and colony formation. Taken together, we demonstrate that the signal transduction pathways mediated by c-Kit/D816V are markedly different from those activated by wild-type c-Kit and that altered substrate specificity of c-Kit circumvents a need for Src family kinases in signaling of growth and survival, thereby contributing to the transforming potential of c-Kit/D816V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Sun
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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Sun J, Pedersen M, Rönnstrand L. Gab2 Is Involved in Differential Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Signaling by Two Splice Forms of c-Kit. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:27444-27451. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709703200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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41
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Samayawardhena LA, Pallen CJ. Protein-tyrosine phosphatase alpha regulates stem cell factor-dependent c-Kit activation and migration of mast cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:29175-85. [PMID: 18725415 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804077200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of protein-tyrosine phosphatase alpha (PTPalpha) in mast cell function was investigated in tissues and cells from PTPalpha-deficient mice. Bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) lacking PTPalpha exhibit defective stem cell factor (SCF)-dependent polarization and migration. Investigation of the molecular basis for this reveals that SCF/c-Kit-stimulated activation of the Fyn tyrosine kinase is impaired in PTPalpha(-/-) BMMCs, with a consequent inhibition of site-specific c-Kit phosphorylation at tyrosines 567/569 and 719. Although c-Kit-mediated activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt is unaffected, profound defects occur in the activation of downstream signaling proteins, including mitogen-activated protein kinases and Rho GTPases. Phosphorylation and interaction of Fyn effectors Gab2 and Shp2, which are linked to Rac/JNK activation in mast cells, are impaired in PTPalpha(-/-) BMMCs. Thus, PTPalpha is required for SCF-induced c-Kit and Fyn activation, and in this way regulates a Fyn-based c-Kit signaling axis (Fyn/Gab2/Shp2/Vav/PAK/Rac/JNK) that mediates mast cell migration. These defective signaling events may underlie the altered tissue-resident mast cell populations found in PTPalpha(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel A Samayawardhena
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
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42
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Tickenbrock L, Hehn S, Sargin B, Evers G, Ng PR, Choudhary C, Berdel WE, Müller-Tidow C, Serve H. Activation of Wnt signaling in cKit-ITD mediated transformation and imatinib sensitivity in acute myeloid leukemia. Int J Hematol 2008; 88:174-180. [PMID: 18668305 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-008-0141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt-signaling pathway plays a critical role in directing cell fate during embryogenesis and also in the pathogenesis of cancer. In leukemia, it is well described that activating internal tandem duplications (ITD) mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases like cKit or Flt3 confer to the pathogenesis of cancer. Here, we analyzed whether Wnt-signaling plays a role in cKit-ITD mediated transformation. Stably transfected 32D cells with cKit-ITD cells had higher beta-Catenin protein levels compared to the cKit-WT. Analysis of beta-Catenin mRNA and protein levels revealed that beta-Catenin was regulated at post-transcriptional level in cKit-ITD as well as Flt3-ITD compared to the wildtype. Signaling analyses revealed higher-phosphorylation of GSK3beta by oncogenic cKit-ITD. Moreover, activation of Wnt signaling was confirmed by constitutive activation of c-myc luciferase by cKit-ITD cells. Importantly, using dominant negative TCF4, we show that activation of Wnt signaling plays an important role in cKit mediated transformation of myeloid cells. Application of specific receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors for Flt3 or cKit result in a decrease of beta-Catenin that underwent with a decrease of GSK3beta phosphorylation, suggesting an indirect mechanism of beta-Catenin regulation by oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases in both ITD mutations. Our study shows the importance of activation of Wnt signaling in leukemia and suggests as attractive target for future therapeutical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Tickenbrock
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University of Münster, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Domagkstr. 3, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Sina Hehn
- Medizinische Klinik II, Klinikum der Johann-Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bülent Sargin
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University of Münster, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Domagkstr. 3, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Georg Evers
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University of Münster, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Domagkstr. 3, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Pavankumar Reddy Ng
- Medizinische Klinik II, Klinikum der Johann-Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Chunaram Choudhary
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University of Münster, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Domagkstr. 3, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E Berdel
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University of Münster, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Domagkstr. 3, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University of Münster, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Domagkstr. 3, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hubert Serve
- Medizinische Klinik II, Klinikum der Johann-Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
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Pharmacological targeting of the KIT growth factor receptor: a therapeutic consideration for mast cell disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:1572-82. [PMID: 18500355 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
KIT is a member of the tyrosine kinase family of growth factor receptors which is expressed on a variety of haematopoietic cells including mast cells. Stem cell factor (SCF)-dependent activation of KIT is critical for mast cell homeostasis and function. However, when KIT is inappropriately activated, accumulation of mast cells in tissues results in mastocytosis. Such dysregulated KIT activation is a manifestation of specific activating point mutations within KIT, with the human D816V mutation considered as a hallmark of human systemic mastocytosis. A number of other activating mutations in KIT have recently been identified and these mutations may also contribute to aberrant mast cell growth. In addition to its role in mast cell growth, differentiation and survival, localized concentration gradients of SCF may control the targeting of mast cells to specific tissues and, once resident within these tissues, mast cell activation by antigen may also be amplified by SCF. Thus, KIT inhibitors may have potential application in multiple conditions linked to mast cells including systemic mastocytosis, anaphylaxis, and asthma. In this review, we discuss the role of KIT in the context of mast cells in these disease states and how recent advances in the development of inhibitors of KIT activity and function may offer novel therapies for the treatment of these disorders.
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Stem cell factor/c-kit signaling mediated cardiac stem cell migration via activation of p38 MAPK. Basic Res Cardiol 2007; 103:265-73. [PMID: 18087667 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-007-0690-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It was reported that there are cardiac stem cells (CSCs) in the rat heart, and they could reconstitute well-differentiated myocardium that are formed by blood-carrying new vessels and myocytes. However, how do the CSCs migrate into the peri-infarcted areas after myocardial infarction (MI)? It remains entirely unknown about the signal transduction involved in the migration of CSCs. METHODS AND RESULTS Rat heart MI was induced by left coronary artery ligation. Both immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting analysis was performed to detect the expression of SCF protein, and RT-PCR was conducted for the expression of SCF mRNA. Cardiac stem cells were isolated from rat hearts, and a cardiac stem cell migration assay was performed using a 48-well chemotaxis chamber system. On day 5 after MI in rats, the expression of stem cell factor (SCF) mRNA and protein was significantly increased in the peri-infarcted area, which was matched with more accumulation of CSCs in the region and improvement of cardiac function, which was blocked by p38 MAPK selective inhibitor SB203580. In in vitro experiments, SCF induced CSC migration in a concentration-dependent manner, and the antibody against SCF receptor (c-kit) blocked the SCF-induced CSC migration. Western blot analysis showed that the phosphorylated p38 MAPK (Phospho-p38 MAPK) was highly increased in the SCF-treated CSCs, and the inhibition of p38 MAPK activity significantly attenuated SCF-induced the migration of CSCs. CONCLUSION It demonstrated that SCF/c-kit signaling may mediate the migration of CSCs via activation of p38 MAPK.
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Krishnamurthy M, Ayazi F, Li J, Lyttle AW, Woods M, Wu Y, Yee SP, Wang R. c-Kit in early onset of diabetes: a morphological and functional analysis of pancreatic beta-cells in c-KitW-v mutant mice. Endocrinology 2007; 148:5520-30. [PMID: 17673521 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
c-Kit tyrosine receptor kinase, a well-established stem cell marker, is expressed in a variety of tissues including the pancreas. The involvement of c-Kit in fetal rat and human endocrine pancreatic development, survival, and function has been well characterized but primarily using in vitro experimental approaches. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to examine whether deficiency of a functional c-Kit receptor would have physiological and functional implications in vivo. We characterized the c-Kit mutant mouse, c-Kit(W-v/+), to evaluate the in vivo role of c-Kit in beta-cell growth and function. Here we report that male c-Kit(W-v/+) mice, at 8 wk of age, showed high fasting blood glucose levels and impaired glucose tolerance, which was associated with low levels of insulin secretion after glucose stimulation in vivo and in isolated islets. Morphometric analysis revealed that beta-cell mass was significantly reduced (50%) in male c-Kit(W-v/+) mice when compared with controls (c-Kit(+/+)) (P < 0.05). In parallel, a reduction in pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 and insulin gene expression in whole pancreas as well as isolated islets of c-Kit(W-v/+) male mice was noted along with a decrease in pancreatic insulin content. Furthermore, the reduction in beta-cell mass in male c-Kit(W-v/+) mice was associated with a decrease in beta-cell proliferation. Interestingly, these changes were not observed in female c-Kit(W-v/+) mice until 40 wk of age. Our results clearly demonstrate that the c-Kit receptor is involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism, likely through an important role in beta-cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansa Krishnamurthy
- Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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46
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Ali S, Ali S. Role of c-kit/SCF in cause and treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Gene 2007; 401:38-45. [PMID: 17659849 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2007.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
c-Kit encodes for the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and belongs to type III receptor family. This includes platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) alpha and beta and macrophage colony stimulating factor (mCSF) apart from others. Their characteristic features are the presence of five immunologlobulin like domains in the extracellular region and 70-100 residues long kinase insert domain in the cytoplasmic region. The RTKs activate several signaling pathways within the cells leading to cell proliferation, differentiation, migration or metabolic changes. The Kit ligand-stem cell factor (SCF) induces a rapid and complete receptor dimerization resulting in activation by autophosphorylation of the catalytic tyrosine kinase and generation of signal transduction leading to regulation of cell growth. Various mutations in c-kit such as insertions and deletions (without affecting reading frame) and point mutations in the inhibitory juxtamembrane (JM) domain encoded by exon 11 have been reported in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Thus, c-kit signaling is believed to play a role in tumorigenesis. Efforts are being made to control and treat these tumors by blocking kit signaling using Imatinib with varying degrees of success. This review deals with the features of c-kit, its ligand and roles in gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safdar Ali
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, NewDelhi-110067, India.
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Jahn T, Leifheit E, Gooch S, Sindhu S, Weinberg K. Lipid rafts are required for Kit survival and proliferation signals. Blood 2007; 110:1739-47. [PMID: 17554062 PMCID: PMC1976347 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-05-020925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its physiologic role as central regulator of the hematopoietic and reproductive systems, the Kit receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) is pathologically overexpressed in some forms of leukemia and constitutively activated by oncogenic mutations in mast-cell proliferations and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. To gain insight into the general activation and signaling mechanisms of RTKs, we investigated the activation-dependent dynamic membrane distributions of wild-type and oncogenic forms of Kit in hematopoietic cells. Ligand-induced recruitment of wild-type Kit to lipid rafts after stimulation by Kit ligand (KL) and the constitutive localization of oncogenic Kit in lipid rafts are necessary for Kit-mediated proliferation and survival signals. KL-dependent and oncogenic Kit kinase activity resulted in recruitment of the regulatory phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) subunit p85 to rafts where the catalytical PI3-K subunit p110 constitutively resides. Cholesterol depletion by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin prevented Kit-mediated activation of the PI3-K downstream target Akt and inhibited cellular proliferation by KL-activated or oncogenic Kit, including mutants resistant to the Kit inhibitor imatinib-mesylate. Our data are consistent with the notion that Kit recruitment to lipid rafts is required for efficient activation of the PI3-K/Akt pathway and Kit-mediated proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jahn
- Division of Research Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Jahn T, Sindhu S, Gooch S, Seipel P, Lavori P, Leifheit E, Weinberg K. Direct interaction between Kit and the interleukin-7 receptor. Blood 2007; 110:1840-7. [PMID: 17554063 PMCID: PMC1976346 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-12-028019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo analyses of thymopoiesis in mice defective in signaling through Kit and gammac or Kit and IL-7Ralpha demonstrate synergy and partial complementation of gammac or IL-7-mediated signaling by the Kit signaling pathway. Our molecular analysis in T-lymphoid cells as well as in nonhematopoietic cells shows that Kit and IL-7R signaling pathways directly interact. KL-mediated activation of Kit induced strong tyrosine phosphorylation of gammac and IL-7Ralpha in the absence of IL-7. Activated Kit formed a complex with either IL-7Ralpha or gammac, and tyrosine phosphorylation of both subunits occurred independently of Jak3, suggesting that gammac and IL-7Ralpha are each direct substrates of Kit. Kit activated Jak3 in an IL-7R-dependent manner. Moreover, deficient Stat5 activation of the Kit mutant YY567/569FF lacking intrinsic Src activation capacity was partially reconstituted in the presence of IL-7R and Jak3. Based on the molecular data, we propose a model of Kit-mediated functional activation of gammac-containing receptors such as IL-7R, similar to the interaction between Kit and Epo-R. Such indirect activation of the Jak-Stat pathway induced by the interaction between an RTK and type I cytokine receptor could be the underlying mechanism for a context-specific signaling repertoire of a pleiotropic RTK-like Kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jahn
- Division of Research Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Lee SJ, Yoon JH, Song KS. Chrysin inhibited stem cell factor (SCF)/c-Kit complex-induced cell proliferation in human myeloid leukemia cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:215-25. [PMID: 17493588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) has important roles in the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. The complex of c-Kit and its ligand SCF induce hematopoiesis, melanogenesis, and gametogenesis. However, the mechanism by which SCF induces cell proliferation in the human megakaryoblastic leukemia cell line, MO7e, and the signaling molecules involved, especially in downstream signaling of c-Kit, remain unclear. Here, we show that pharmacological inhibition of the PI3K pathway inhibits SCF/c-Kit signaling and cell proliferation. In addition, we find that the Shc/PDK1/PKC/Akt/c-raf signaling cascade is essential for SCF/c-Kit signal pathway. Our results also suggest that ERK5 is activated and translocated to the nucleus, activating CREB and STAT3. Interestingly, chrysin shuts down the SCF/c-Kit complex-induced signaling cascade. Taken together, these studies give additional insight into the molecular mechanism of SCF/c-Kit-induced cell proliferation and its inverse agonist, chrysin. Finally, these findings enhance our understanding of MO7e cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Jin Lee
- Pharmaceutical Screening Team, Medicinal Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 100 Jang-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
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Reber L, Da Silva CA, Frossard N. Stem cell factor and its receptor c-Kit as targets for inflammatory diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 533:327-40. [PMID: 16483568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF), the ligand of the c-Kit receptor, is expressed by various structural and inflammatory cells in the airways. Binding of SCF to c-Kit leads to activation of multiple pathways, including phosphatidyl-inositol-3 (PI3)-kinase, phospholipase C (PLC)-gamma, Src kinase, Janus kinase (JAK)/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT) and mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. SCF is an important growth factor for mast cells, promoting their generation from CD34+ progenitor cells. In vitro, SCF induces mast cells survival, adhesion to extracellular matrix and degranulation, leading to expression and release of histamine, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. SCF also induces eosinophil adhesion and activation. SCF is upregulated in inflammatory conditions both in vitro and in vivo, in human and mice. Inhibition of the SCF/c-Kit pathway leads to significant decrease of histamine levels, mast cells and eosinophil infiltration, interleukin (IL)-4 production and airway hyperresponsiveness in vivo. Taken together, these data suggest that SCF/c-Kit may be a potential therapeutic target for the control of mast cell and eosinophil number and activation in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Reber
- EA 3771 Inflammation and Environment in Asthma, Université Louis Pasteur-Strasbourg-I, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France.
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