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Guo K, Zhou J. Insights into eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A: Its role and mechanisms in protein synthesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024:119849. [PMID: 39303786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
The protein synthesis within eukaryotic cells is a complex process involving various translation factors. Among these factors, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) emerges as a crucial translation factor with high evolutionary conservation. eIF5A is unique as it is the only protein in eukaryotic cells containing the hypusine modification. Initially presumed to be a translation initiation factor, eIF5A was subsequently discovered to act mainly during the translation elongation phase. Notably, eIF5A facilitates the translation of peptide sequences containing polyproline stretches and exerts a universal regulatory effect on the elongation and termination phases of protein synthesis. Additionally, eIF5A indirectly affects various physiological processes within the cell by modulating the translation of specific proteins. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the structure, physiological functions, various post-translational modifications of eIF5A, and its association with various human diseases. The comparison between eIF5A and its bacterial homolog, EF-P, extends the discussion to the evolutionary conservation of eIF5A. This highlights its significance across different domains of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keying Guo
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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2
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Deciphering the Translation Initiation Factor 5A Modification Pathway in Halophilic Archaea. ARCHAEA-AN INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2016; 2016:7316725. [PMID: 28053595 PMCID: PMC5178350 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7316725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Translation initiation factor 5A (IF5A) is essential and highly conserved in Eukarya (eIF5A) and Archaea (aIF5A). The activity of IF5A requires hypusine, a posttranslational modification synthesized in Eukarya from the polyamine precursor spermidine. Intracellular polyamine analyses revealed that agmatine and cadaverine were the main polyamines produced in Haloferax volcanii in minimal medium, raising the question of how hypusine is synthesized in this halophilic Archaea. Metabolic reconstruction led to a tentative picture of polyamine metabolism and aIF5A modification in Hfx. volcanii that was experimentally tested. Analysis of aIF5A from Hfx. volcanii by LC-MS/MS revealed it was exclusively deoxyhypusinylated. Genetic studies confirmed the role of the predicted arginine decarboxylase gene (HVO_1958) in agmatine synthesis. The agmatinase-like gene (HVO_2299) was found to be essential, consistent with a role in aIF5A modification predicted by physical clustering evidence. Recombinant deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) from S. cerevisiae was shown to transfer 4-aminobutyl moiety from spermidine to aIF5A from Hfx. volcanii in vitro. However, at least under conditions tested, this transfer was not observed with the Hfx. volcanii DHS. Furthermore, the growth of Hfx. volcanii was not inhibited by the classical DHS inhibitor GC7. We propose a model of deoxyhypusine synthesis in Hfx. volcanii that differs from the canonical eukaryotic pathway, paving the way for further studies.
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Lassak J, Wilson DN, Jung K. Stall no more at polyproline stretches with the translation elongation factors EF-P and IF-5A. Mol Microbiol 2015; 99:219-35. [PMID: 26416626 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of polyproline proteins leads to translation arrest. To overcome this ribosome stalling effect, bacteria depend on a specialized translation elongation factor P (EF-P), being orthologous and functionally identical to eukaryotic/archaeal elongation factor e/aIF-5A (recently renamed 'EF5'). EF-P binds to the stalled ribosome between the peptidyl-tRNA binding and tRNA-exiting sites, and stimulates peptidyl-transferase activity, thus allowing translation to resume. In their active form, both EF-P and e/aIF-5A are post-translationally modified at a positively charged residue, which protrudes toward the peptidyl-transferase center when bound to the ribosome. While archaeal and eukaryotic IF-5A strictly depend on (deoxy-) hypusination (hypusinylation) of a conserved lysine, bacteria have evolved diverse analogous modification strategies to activate EF-P. In Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica a lysine is extended by β-lysinylation and subsequently hydroxylated, whereas in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shewanella oneidensis an arginine in the equivalent position is rhamnosylated. Inactivation of EF-P, or the corresponding modification systems, reduces not only bacterial fitness, but also impairs virulence. Here, we review the function of EF-P and IF-5A and their unusual posttranslational protein modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Lassak
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel N Wilson
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377, Munich, Germany.,Gene Center, Department for Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Kirsten Jung
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany
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Quintas-Granados LI, Carvajal Gamez BI, Villalpando JL, Ortega-Lopez J, Arroyo R, Azuara-Liceaga E, Álvarez-Sánchez ME. Bifunctional activity of deoxyhypusine synthase/hydroxylase from Trichomonas vaginalis. Biochimie 2015; 123:37-51. [PMID: 26410361 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Trichomonas vaginalis genome analysis suggested the presence of a putative deoxyhypusine synthase (TvDHS) that catalyzes the posttranslational modification of eIF-5A. Herein, we expressed and purified the recombinant TvDHS (rTvDHS) protein (43 kDa) and the recombinant TveIF-5A (rTveIF-5A) precursor protein (46 kDa). A 41 kDa band of the native TvDHS was recognized by western blot analysis in T. vaginalis total protein extract by a mouse polyclonal anti-rTvDHS antibody. The enzymatic activity of rTvDHS was determined by in vitro rTveIF-5A precursor modification. The modification reaction was performed by using ((3)H)-spermidine, and the biochemical analysis showed that rTvDHS exhibited Km value of 0.6 μM. The rTvDHS activity was inhibited by the spermidine analog, N″-guanyl-1,7-diamino-heptane (GC7). Native gel electrophoresis analysis showed two bands corresponding to an rTvDHS-rTveIF-5A complex and an intermediate form of rTveIF-5A. The two forms were subsequently separated by ion exchange chromatography to identify the hypusine residue by MS/MS analysis. Moreover, mutations in TvDHS showed that the putative HE motif present in this enzyme is involved in the hydroxylation of TveIF-5A. We observed that only hypusine-containing TveIF-5A was bound to an RNA hairpin ERE structure from the cox-2 gene, which contains the AAAUGUCACAC consensus sequence. Interestingly, 2DE-WB assays, using parasites that were grown in DAB-culture conditions and transferred to exogenous putrescine, showed the new isoform of TveIF-5A. In summary, our results indicate that T. vaginalis contains an active TvDHS capable of modifying the precursor TveIF-5A protein, which subsequently exhibits RNA binding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Itzel Quintas-Granados
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo #290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bertha Isabel Carvajal Gamez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo #290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jose Luis Villalpando
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo #290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Ortega-Lopez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rossana Arroyo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elisa Azuara-Liceaga
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo #290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Elizbeth Álvarez-Sánchez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo #290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Abstract
In addition to the small and large ribosomal subunits, aminoacyl-tRNAs, and an mRNA, cellular protein synthesis is dependent on translation factors. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) and its bacterial ortholog elongation factor P (EF-P) were initially characterized based on their ability to stimulate methionyl-puromycin (Met-Pmn) synthesis, a model assay for protein synthesis; however, the function of these factors in cellular protein synthesis has been difficult to resolve. Interestingly, a conserved lysine residue in eIF5A is post-translationally modified to hypusine and the corresponding lysine residue in EF-P from at least some bacteria is modified by the addition of a β-lysine moiety. In this review, we provide a summary of recent data that have identified a novel role for the translation factor eIF5A and its hypusine modification in the elongation phase of protein synthesis and more specifically in stimulating the production of proteins containing runs of consecutive proline residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Dever
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Erik Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Byung-Sik Shin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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6
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Dou QP, Chen KY. Two Hypusine-Containing Proteins Identified by Metabolic Labeling in Chick Embryo Fibroblasts. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.198900061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Carvajal-Gamez BI, Quintas-Granados LI, Arroyo R, Mendoza-Hernández G, Alvarez-Sánchez ME. Translation initiation factor eIF-5A, the hypusine-containing protein, is phosphorylated on serine and tyrosine and O-glycosylated in Trichomonas vaginalis. Microb Pathog 2012; 52:177-83. [PMID: 22212642 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic translation factor eIF-5A is highly conserved throughout eukaryotes and undergoes an unusual polyamine-dependent post-translational modification called hypusination. Trichomonas vaginalis has two tveif-5a genes (tveif-5a1 and tveif-5a2), each encoding a 19-kDa protein. In this report, we describe the detection of two forms with different isoelectric points (5.2 and 5.5) that correspond to the precursor and mature TveIF-5A, respectively. In addition, we demonstrated that only the mature form of TveIF-5A is phosphorylated and glycosylated via two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-western blot (2DE-WB) assays using anti-phosphoserine and anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies and the SNA, ConA and MAA lectins. Interestingly, when the protozoa were grown in 1,4-diamino-2-butanone (DAB), an inhibitor of putrescine biosynthesis, and transferred to medium containing exogenous putrescine, a new spot with an isoelectric point of 5.3 was observed, presumably corresponding to a phosphorylated intermediate or deoxyhypusine form. Our data indicate that, in T. vaginalis, phosphorylations and glycosylations are necessary to obtain the mature TveIF-5A, and we confirm the identity of the precursor, intermediate and mature forms of TveIF-5A by mass spectrometry analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertha Isabel Carvajal-Gamez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, San Lorenzo # 290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100, Mexico City, Mexico
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8
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Xu A, Chen KY. Hypusine is required for a sequence-specific interaction of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A with postsystematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment RNA. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:2555-61. [PMID: 11060315 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m008982200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypusine is formed through a spermidine-dependent posttranslational modification of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) at a specific lysine residue. The reaction is catalyzed by deoxyhypusine synthase and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase. eIF-5A is the only protein in eukaryotes and archaebacteria known to contain hypusine. Although both eIF-5A and deoxyhypusine synthase are essential genes for cell survival and proliferation, the precise biological function of eIF-5A is unclear. We have previously proposed that eIF-5A may function as a bimodular protein, capable of interacting with protein and nucleic acid (Liu, Y. P., Nemeroff, M., Yan, Y. P., and Chen, K. Y. (1997) Biol. Signals 6, 166-174). Here we used the method of systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) to identify the sequence specificity of the potential eIF-5A RNA targets. The post-SELEX RNA obtained after 16 rounds of selection exhibited a significant increase in binding affinity for eIF-5A with an apparent dissociation constant of 1 x 10(-7) m. The hypusine residue was found to be critical for this sequence-specific binding. The post-SELEX RNAs shared a high sequence homology characterized by two conserved motifs, UAACCA and AAUGUCACAC. The consensus sequence was determined as AAAUGUCACAC by sequence alignment and binding studies. BLAST analysis indicated that this sequence was present in > 400 human expressed sequence tag sequences. The C terminus of eIF-5A contains a cold shock domain-like structure, similar to that present in cold shock protein A (CspA). However, unlike CspA, the binding of eIF-5A to either the post-SELEX RNA or the 5'-untranslated region of CspA mRNA did not affect the sensitivity of these RNAs to ribonucleases. These data suggest that the physiological significance of eIF-5A-RNA interaction depends on hypusine and the core motif of the target RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey Piscataway 08854-8087, USA
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9
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Abstract
All organisms from bacteria to man respond to an exposure to higher than physiological temperatures by reprogramming their gene expression, leading to the increased synthesis of a unique set of proteins termed heat shock proteins (hsps). The hsps function as molecular chaperones in both normal and stressed cells. The rapid and efficient synthesis of hsps is achieved as a result of changes occurring at gene transcription, RNA processing and degradation, and mRNA translation. With regard to the translational regulation, the emerging picture is that the two key steps of polypeptide chain initiation, namely mRNA binding and Met-tRNA(i) binding to ribosomes, are regulated in heat-shocked mammalian cells. In Drosophila, mRNA binding is regulated by a structural feature of the leader of heat shock mRNAs and by the inactivation of eukaryotic initiation factor- (eIF-) 4F. No clear evidence for changes in Met-tRNA(i) binding has been obtained yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sierra
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Effect of initiation factor eIF-5A depletion on protein synthesis and proliferation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)41723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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11
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Kang H, Schwelberger H, Hershey J. Translation initiation factor eIF-5A, the hypusine-containing protein, is phosphorylated on serine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)82396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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12
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Jakus J, Wolff E, Park M, Folk J. Features of the spermidine-binding site of deoxyhypusine synthase as derived from inhibition studies. Effective inhibition by bis- and mono-guanylated diamines and polyamines. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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13
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Zapata J, Maroto F, Sierra J. Inactivation of mRNA cap-binding protein complex in Drosophila melanogaster embryos under heat shock. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)98508-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Piacentini M, Farrace MG, Imparato M, Piredda L, Autuori F. Polyamine-dependent post-translational modification of proteins in differentiating mouse epidermal cells. J Invest Dermatol 1990; 94:694-9. [PMID: 2109018 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12876271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to get a better understanding of the role played by polyamines in calcium-induced epidermal cell differentiation, the time course of their metabolism was investigated. Results demonstrate that differentiating epidermal cells are characterized by time-dependent changes in polyamine concentrations. An early polyamine catabolic phase, characterized by increased total putrescine concentration and drastic reduction of both spermidine and spermine levels, is followed by active spermidine biosynthesis. The differences in putrescine and, in particular, spermidine metabolism are reflected in a time-dependent modulation of protein-bound polyamine derivatives. In fact, upon addition of calcium to the culture medium, hypusine N epsilon-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyllysine) is rapidly reduced to undetectable levels. The very low hypusine level is paralleled by an increase in gamma-glutamyl putrescine derivatives and followed by a large increase in gamma-glutamyl spermidine derivatives; in addition, there is a remarkable concomitant biosynthesis of transglutaminase-catalyzed mono and bis gamma-glutamyl spermidine derivatives and epsilon(gamma-glutamyl)lysine cross-links. The effect of TPA and RA on hypusine formation is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Italy
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15
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Smit-McBride Z, Dever TE, Hershey JWB, Merrick WC. Sequence Determination and cDNA Cloning of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4D, the Hypusine-containing Protein. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)94226-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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16
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The identification of an eukaryotic initiation factor 4D precursor in spermidine-depleted Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68516-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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17
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Gordon ED, Mora R, Meredith SC, Lee C, Lindquist SL. Eukaryotic initiation factor 4D, the hypusine-containing protein, is conserved among eukaryotes. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)49296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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