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Shishikura F, Takeuchi HA, Nagai T. Axolotl hemoglobin: cDNA-derived amino acid sequences of two α globins and a β globin from an adult Ambystoma mexicanum. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 142:258-68. [PMID: 16143550 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Revised: 07/03/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocytes of the adult axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, have multiple hemoglobins. We separated and purified two kinds of hemoglobin, termed major hemoglobin (Hb M) and minor hemoglobin (Hb m), from a five-year-old male by hydrophobic interaction column chromatography on Alkyl Superose. The hemoglobins have two distinct alpha type globin polypeptides (alphaM and alpham) and a common beta globin polypeptide, all of which were purified in FPLC on a reversed-phase column after S-pyridylethylation. The complete amino acid sequences of the three globin chains were determined separately using nucleotide sequencing with the assistance of protein sequencing. The mature globin molecules were composed of 141 amino acid residues for alphaM globin, 143 for alpham globin and 146 for beta globin. Comparing primary structures of the five kinds of axolotl globins, including two previously established alpha type globins from the same species, with other known globins of amphibians and representatives of other vertebrates, we constructed phylogenetic trees for amphibian hemoglobins and tetrapod hemoglobins. The molecular trees indicated that alphaM, alpham, beta and the previously known alpha major globin were adult types of globins and the other known alpha globin was a larval type. The existence of two to four more globins in the axolotl erythrocyte is predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Shishikura
- Department of Biology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
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2
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Shishikura F. The complete amino acid sequences of four globins from the land leech Haemadipsa zeylanica var. japonica. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 137:443-54. [PMID: 15081996 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2003] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid sequences of four globins from the land leech, Haemadipsa zeylanica var. japonica, were determined using nucleotide sequencing and protein sequencing. The mature globin-molecules were composed of 146 amino acid residues for M-1 globin, 156 for M-2 globin, 143 for D-1 globin, and 149 for D-2 globin. Alignment of the four kinds of globins by Clustal X revealed 22 invariant amino acids. The four globins were 26-33% identical. A striking feature of amino acid alteration was: the replacement of the E7 distal-His of D-1 globin by phenylalanine because histidine is conserved among the rest of the globins of H. zeylanica, those of other representative species (Lumbricus and Tylorrhynchus) of Annelida and most other hemoglobins. A phylogenetic tree constructed of 18 globin structures including two species of leeches, H. zeylanica (a land leech) and Macrobdella decora (a freshwater leech), T. heterochaetus (a representative species of polychaetes), L. terrestris (a representative species of oligochaetes), and human alpha and beta globins strongly indicated that the leech globins first separated from globin lineage of annelids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Shishikura
- Biology Department, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kami-machi, Itabash, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
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Shishikura F. Leech hemoglobin: primary structures of four kinds of globins from Haemadipsa zeylanica var. japonica. Micron 2004; 35:123-5. [PMID: 15036314 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2003.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Shishikura
- Biology Department, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
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4
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Madura JD, Salter EA, Wierzbicki A, Dalal P, Harrington JP. Homology models for the tetrameric and dodecameric complexes of Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(02)00238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bailly X, Jollivet D, Vanin S, Deutsch J, Zal F, Lallier F, Toulmond A. Evolution of the sulfide-binding function within the globin multigenic family of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila. Mol Biol Evol 2002; 19:1421-33. [PMID: 12200470 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The giant extracellular hexagonal bilayer hemoglobin (HBL-Hb) of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila is able to transport simultaneously O(2) and H(2)S in the blood from the gills to a specific organ: the trophosome that harbors sulfide-oxidizing endosymbionts. This vascular HBL-Hb is made of 144 globins from which four globin types (A1, A2, B1, and B2) coevolve. The H(2)S is bound at a specific location (not on the heme site) onto two of these globin types. In order to understand how such a function emerged and evolved in vestimentiferans and other related annelids, six partial cDNAs corresponding to the six globins known to compose the multigenic family of R. pachyptila have been identified and sequenced. These partial sequences (ca. 120 amino acids, i.e., 80% of the entire protein) were used to reconstruct molecular phylogenies in order to trace duplication events that have led to the family organization of these globins and to locate the position of the free cysteine residues known to bind H(2)S. From these sequences, only two free cysteine residues have been found to occur, at positions Cys + 1 (i.e., 1 a.a. from the well-conserved distal histidine) and Cys + 11 (i.e., 11 a.a. from the same histidine) in globins B2 and A2, respectively. These two positions are well conserved in annelids, vestimentiferans, and pogonophorans, which live in sulfidic environments. The structural comparison of the hydrophobic environment that surrounds these cysteine residues (the sulfide-binding domain) using hydrophobic cluster analysis plots, together with the cysteine positions in paralogous strains, suggests that the sulfide-binding function might have emerged before the annelid radiation in order to detoxify this toxic compound. Moreover, globin evolutionary rates are highly different between paralogous strains. This suggests that either the two globin subfamilies involved in the sulfide-binding function (A2 and B2) have evolved under strong directional selective constraints (negative selection) and that the two other globins (A1 and B1) have accumulated more substitutions through positive selection or have evolved neutrally after a relaxation of selection pressures. A likely scenario on the evolution of this multigenic family is proposed and discussed from this data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Bailly
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, UPR 9042 CNRS-UPMC-INSU, Laboratoire Ecophysiologie, Roscoff, France.
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Shishikura F. The primary structure of hemoglobin D from the Aldabra giant tortoise, Geochelone gigantea. Zoolog Sci 2002; 19:197-206. [PMID: 12012783 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.19.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The complete primary structures of alpha D-2- and beta-globin of hemoglobin D (Hb D) from the Aldabra giant tortoise, Geochelone gigantea, have been constructed by amino acid sequencing analysis in assistance with nucleotide sequencing analysis of PCR fragments amplified using degenerate oligonucleotide primers. Using computer-assisted sequence comparisons, the alpha D-2-globin shared a 92.0% sequence identity versus alpha D-globin of Geochelone carbonaria, a 75.2% versus alpha D-globin of Aves (Rhea americana) and a 62.4% versus alpha A-globin of Hb A expressed in adult red blood cells of Geochelone gigantea. Additionally, judging from their primary structures, an identical beta-globin was common to the two hemoglobin components, Hb A and Hb D. The alpha D-2- and beta-globin genes contained the three-exon and two-intron configurations and showed the characteristic of all functional vertebrate hemoglobin genes except an abnormal GC dinucleotide instead of the invariant GT at the 5' end of the second intron sequence. The introns of alpha D-2-globin gene were both small (224-bp/first intron, 227-bp/second intron) such that they were quite similar to those of adult alpha-type globins; the beta-globin gene has one small intron (approximately 130-bp) and one large intron (approximately 1590-bp). A phylogenetic tree constructed on primary structures of 7 alpha D-globins from Reptilia (4 species of turtles, 2 species of squamates, and 1 species of sphenodontids) and two embryonic alpha-like globins from Aves (Gullus gullus) and Mammals (Homo sapiens) showed the following results: (1) alpha D-globins except those of squamates were clustered, in which Sphenodon punctatus was a closer species to birds than turtles; (2) separation of the alpha A- and alpha D-globin genes occurred approximately 250 million years ago after the embryonic alpha-type globin-genes (pi' and zeta) first split off from the ancestor of alpha-type globin gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Shishikura
- Department of Biology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Oyaguchi-kamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
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7
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Shishikura F, Takami K. The Amino Acid Sequences of the α- and β-Globin Chains of Hemoglobin from the Aldabra Giant Tortoises, Geochelone gigantea. Zoolog Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.18.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) occurs in all the kingdoms of living organisms. Its distribution is episodic among the nonvertebrate groups in contrast to vertebrates. Nonvertebrate Hbs range from single-chain globins found in bacteria, algae, protozoa, and plants to large, multisubunit, multidomain Hbs found in nematodes, molluscs and crustaceans, and the giant annelid and vestimentiferan Hbs comprised of globin and nonglobin subunits. Chimeric hemoglobins have been found recently in bacteria and fungi. Hb occurs intracellularly in specific tissues and in circulating red blood cells (RBCs) and freely dissolved in various body fluids. In addition to transporting and storing O(2) and facilitating its diffusion, several novel Hb functions have emerged, including control of nitric oxide (NO) levels in microorganisms, use of NO to control the level of O(2) in nematodes, binding and transport of sulfide in endosymbiont-harboring species and protection against sulfide, scavenging of O(2 )in symbiotic leguminous plants, O(2 )sensing in bacteria and archaebacteria, and dehaloperoxidase activity useful in detoxification of chlorinated materials. This review focuses on the extensive variation in the functional properties of nonvertebrate Hbs, their O(2 )binding affinities, their homotropic interactions (cooperativity), and the sensitivities of these parameters to temperature and heterotropic effectors such as protons and cations. Whenever possible, it attempts to relate the ligand binding properties to the known molecular structures. The divergent and convergent evolutionary trends evident in the structures and functions of nonvertebrate Hbs appear to be adaptive in extending the inhabitable environment available to Hb-containing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Weber
- Danish Centre for Respiratory Adaptation, Department of Zoophysiology, Institute of Biology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Mouche F, Boisset N, Penczek PA. Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin--the architecture of linker chains and structural variation of the central toroid. J Struct Biol 2001; 133:176-92. [PMID: 11472089 DOI: 10.1006/jsbi.2001.4362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular giant hemoglobin from the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris was reconstructed at 14.9-A resolution from cryo-electron microscope images, using a new procedure for estimating parameters of the contrast transfer (CTF) function. In this approach, two important CTF parameters, defocus and amplitude contrast ratio, can be refined iteratively within the framework of 3D projection alignment procedure, using minimization of sign disagreement between theoretical CTF and cross-resolution curves. The 3D cryo-EM map is in overall good agreement with the recent X-ray crystallography map of Royer et al. (2000, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 7107-7111), and it reveals the local threefold arrangement of the three linker chains present within each 1/12 of the complex. The 144 globin chains and 36 linker chains within the complex are clearly visible, and the interdigitation of the 12 coiled-coil helical spokes forming the central toroidal piece is confirmed. Based on these findings, two mechanisms of the dodecameric unit assembly are proposed and termed "zigzag" and "pairwise" polymerizations. However, the detection by cryo-EM of 12 additional rod-like bodies within the toroid raises the possibility that the architecture of the toroid is more complex than previously thought or that yet unknown ligands or allosteric effectors for this oxygen carrier are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mouche
- Laboratoire de Minéralogie Cristallographie Paris, CNRS UMR 7590, Case courrier 115, Tour 16, 2ème Etage, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris Cedex 05, France
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Tsfadia Y, Daniel E. A re-evaluation of the molecular mass of earthworm extracellular hemoglobin from meniscus depletion sedimentation equilibrium. Nature of the 10 S dissociation species. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1433:217-28. [PMID: 10515685 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous calculations from meniscus depletion sedimentation equilibrium earthworm hemoglobin from Lumbricus terrestris (E.J. Wood et al., Biochem. J. 153 (1976) 589-96) and from the related species Lumbricus sp. (L. sp.) (M.M. David and E. D Mol. Biol. 87 (1974) 89--101) were made on the assumption that the solutions behaved ideally. Re-examination of their results reveals, however, a dependence of the apparent molecular mass on concentration. Taking this effect into consideration, we have nowrecalculated from their data molecular masses of 4.4--4.5 MDa for the hemoglobin of both L. terrestris and L. sp. On the basis of the new determinations, we propose for the polypeptide chain composition of L. terrestris hemoglobin a model [(abcd )4L1L2L3]12 where a,b,c,d are the four globin and L1,L2,L3 are the three major linker chain constituents of the protein. The model is consistent with the D6 symmetry of the molecule. A 10 S intermediate product in the alkaline dissociation Lumbricus hemoglobin is viewed as a binary mixture of products resulting from a disproportionation reaction involving the structural unit. The present interpretation is shown to be consistent with observed relations between molecular masses and SDS gel electrophoretic band patterns of 10 S species and intact hemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tsfadia
- Department of Biochemistry, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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11
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Viana E, da Silva CH, Tabak M, Imasato H, Garratt R. A molecular model for the d chain of the giant haemoglobin from Lumbricus terrestris and its implications for subunit assembly. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1383:130-42. [PMID: 9546054 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(97)00194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A structural model for the monomeric d chain of the giant haemoglobin from Lumbricus terrestris is described. Based on the crystal structures of other globins, the model provides evidence for the existence of a novel tryptophan-haem interaction. The observation that all three tryptophans are buried within the hydrophobic core is consistent with fluorescence data on the isolated monomer and the intact molecule. The model has also been used to predict the probable arrangement of the abcd tetramer as being similar to that observed in the clam Hb II structure. Such predictions allow the identification of four residues of particular importance in stabilising one of the subunit-subunit interfaces: Arg48, Arg97, His89 and Gln93. The latter two may be of special importance in the mediation of cooperative effects within the tetramer and indeed the intact molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Viana
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Shishikura F, Ochiai T, Yamanaka I. Leech extracellular hemoglobin: two globin strains that are akin to vertebrate hemoglobin alpha and beta chains. Zoolog Sci 1997; 14:923-30. [PMID: 9520633 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.14.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leech (Whitmania edentula, Haemadipsa zeylanica var. japonica and Erpobdella lineata) extracellular hemoglobins are basically composed of three constituent subunits, a dimer (D1 and D2 chains) and two monomers (M1 and M2 chains). We isolated these four chains from respective species by a combination of reversed-phase chromatography on a Resource RPC column and gel-filtration on a Superdex 75 column. The apparent molecular masses of the four globin chains were estimated by SDS-PAGE analysis to be 13 kDa (M1), 16 kDa (M2; 19 kDa in its reduced form) and about 27 kDa for the dimer subunit (13 kDa for D1; 15 kDa for D2), regardless of the source. The amino (N)-terminal segments (21-30 residues) from twelve globin chains of the above three species were determined and aligned. It was found that the twelve sequences could be separated into two distinct globin groups A and B. This finding supports the original idea of "two globin strains in annelid hemoglobin", which was proposed without any evidence for leech hemoglobins. Comparing the sequences in the three classes of Annelida, Hirudinea, Oligochaeta and Polychaeta, we found two invariant amino acids, Cys and Trp, which are interposed by eleven amino acid residues. Furthermore, the globin chains belonging to strain A were readily discernible as they had three more invariants, Ser-13, Asp-16 and Trp-28, while the globin chains of strain B had two more invariants, Lys-12 and Arg-27. Consequently, we propose that each of the three classes of Annelida have two distinct groups of globin chains that are akin to vertebrate hemoglobin alpha and beta chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Shishikura
- Department of Biology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Zal F, Suzuki T, Kawasaki Y, Childress J, Lallier F, Toulmond A. Primary structure of the common polypeptide chainb from the multi-hemoglobin system of the hydrothermal vent tube wormRiftia pachyptila: An insight on the sulfide binding-site. Proteins 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0134(199712)29:4<562::aid-prot15>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Fluorescence Studies of Extracellular Hemoglobin of Glossoscolex paulistus in Met Form Obtained from Sephadex Gel Filtration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9629(96)00448-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Lamy JN, Green BN, Toulmond A, Wall JS, Weber RE, Vinogradov SN. Giant Hexagonal Bilayer Hemoglobins. Chem Rev 1996; 96:3113-3124. [PMID: 11848854 DOI: 10.1021/cr9600058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean N. Lamy
- Laboratoire des Protéines Complexes, CNRS URA 1334, Université de Tours, 37032 Tours, France, Micromass UK Limited, 3 Tudor Road, Altrincham, Cheshire WA14 5RZ, UK, Equipe d'Ecophysiologie, Station Biologique, UPMC-CNRS-INSU, BP 74, 29682 Roscoff, France, Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, Department of Zoophysiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
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17
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Agustinho SC, Tinto MH, Imasato H, Tominaga TT, Perussi JR, Tabak M. Spectroscopic studies of the met form of the extracellular hemoglobin from Glossoscolex paulistus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1298:148-58. [PMID: 8980641 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(96)00127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sephadex G-200 chromatography of the extracellular hemoglobin from the giant earthworm G. paulistus in the met form presents a single peak at pH 7.0 and two peaks at pH 9.0 as a result of alkaline dissociation. SDS-PAGE shows that the polypeptide chains are very similar to those observed for the oxy form and the two peaks at pH 9.0 correspond to the trimer contaminated by linkers and monomers which seems to be quite pure. The aquomet acid form is stable as an oligomer of molecular mass 3.1 x 10(6) Da only in a narrow pH range around neutrality. Increasing the pH above 7.5 leads to an irreversible transition from aquomet to hemichrome I which is the low-spin bis-imidazole complex. At pHs above 9.5-10.0 a second reversible transition takes place from hemichrome I to hemichrome II, a high-spin complex which is associated with the weakening and possible disruption of the proximal Fe--N histidine bond. Thus, increase in pH above 8.0 induces changes in the heme pocket that involve both the distal and proximal sides of the heme. EPR measurements show a very sharp decrease of the aquomet high-spin signal in the range of pH 7.0-8.0 and a very small low-spin signal even at liquid helium temperatures. The transition to hemichrome I is also accompanied by the loss of heme optical activity monitored by CD, which is consistent with the weakening of heme--globin interaction. Hemichrome I in the presence of cyanide gives the typical cyanometHb derivative which has a transition to a hemichrome at much higher pHs. This observation suggests that the dissociation of the oligomer in alkaline medium as well as the stability of the heme on the proximal side, depend both upon the ligand present at the sixth coordination position on the distal side. Hence, we believe that hemi(hemo)chrome formation in G. paulistus Hb and other invertebrate hemoglobins is a common phenomenon, not associated with protein denaturation, which may provide a fine tuning mechanism to control subunit interactions through changes in the distal side of the heme pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Agustinho
- Departamento Química e Física Molecular, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Shishikura F, Nakamura M. A comparative study on earthworm hemoglobins: an amino acid sequence comparison of monomer globin chains of two species, Pontodrilus matsushimensis and Pheretima communissima that belong to the family Megascolecidae. Zoolog Sci 1996; 13:849-56. [PMID: 9107141 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.13.849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The monomer subunits of giant extracellular hemoglobins from earthworms Pontodrilus matsushimensis and Pheretima communissima that belong to the family Megascolecidae, Oligochaeta, were purified by a reversed-phase column, Resource RPC, and sequenced. The complete amino acid sequences of the two monomeric globin chains were determined: 141 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 16,366 Da for Pontodrilus matsushimensis and 140 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 16,000 for Pheretima communissima, respectively. The Pontodrilus matsushimensis monomer globin has three cysteine residues, and the two located at positions 2 and 131 are conserved as those observed in all annelids and contribute to form a disulfide-bonded interchain. The third cysteine residue at position 73 is the first evidence for the annelid monomer globin subunits. The physiological functions of the third cysteine residue, however, are still unknown. The monomer sequences of the two species were aligned with those of five known sequences from annelids, including a polychaete, Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus, and four oligochaetes, Pheretima hilgendorfi, Pheretima sieboldi, Lumbricus terrestris and Tubifex tubifex. Using computer analysis, a 87.9% identity of the amino acid sequences between two monomeric subunits of Pheretima communissima and Pheretima hilgendorfi hemoglobins showed the highest degree of sequence similarity. A molecular phylogenetic tree of seven species of annelids has constructed, suggesting that the divergence times among the three species of Pheretima and between Pheretima and Pontodrilus were 50 to 100 and about 209 million years ago, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Shishikura
- Department of Biology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Zhu H, Hargrove M, Xie Q, Nozaki Y, Linse K, Smith SS, Olson JS, Riggs AF. Stoichiometry of subunits and heme content of hemoglobin from the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:29999-30006. [PMID: 8939946 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.47.29999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular hemoglobin (Hb) of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, has four major O2-binding chains, a, b, c (forming a disulfide-linked trimer), and d ("monomer"). Additional structural chains, "linkers," are required for the assembly of the approximately 200-polypeptide molecule. The proportion of linker chains had been reported to be one-third of the total mass on the basis of densitometry of Coomassie Blue-stained SDS-gels. Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), however, gave 16.3% linkers on the basis of both 220-nm absorbance and amino acid analysis (Ownby, D. W., Zhu, H., Schneider, K., Beavis, R. C., Chait, B. C., and Riggs, A. F. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 13539-13547). The subunit proportions have now been redetermined by SDS capillary electrophoresis as a test of the HPLC results. The electrophoresis, monitored at 214 nm, avoided the use of Coomassie Blue and provided results identical with those obtained by HPLC. Capillary electrophoresis monitored at both 214 and 415 nm was used to show that linker chains do not bind heme. Heme content has been found to be 2.9% by determination of hemin, amino acid analysis and dry weight. Measurement of the rate of hemin loss from oxidized L. terrestris Hb shows that high rates of loss can account for values of heme content significantly below 2.9% (or 0.26% iron).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhu
- Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712-1064, USA.
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20
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Yuasa HJ, Green BN, Takagi T, Suzuki N, Vinogradov SN, Suzuki T. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric composition of the 400 kDa hemoglobin from the pogonophoran Oligobrachia mashikoi and the primary structures of three major globin chains. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1296:235-44. [PMID: 8814231 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(96)00081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Maximum entropy analysis of the electrospray ionization mass spectra of the native, carbamidomethylated, reduced and reduced and carbamidomethylated forms of the extracellular ca. 400 kDa hemoglobin of the pogonophoran Oligobrachia mashikoi has shown it to consist of eight globin chains: (a1-a5), 14861.1, 14937.1, 15040.7, 15070.6 and 15310.6 Da and b-dl, 15173.2, 15605.1 and 14775.4 Da, respectively. Although chains a1-a5 are monomeric, chains b + c form a disulfide-bonded dimer of 30776.8 Da and chains b + c + d1 form a disulfide-bonded trimer of 45551.9 Da. The major chains a5, b and c were separated by reverse-phase chromatography, and their cDNA's amplified by PCR using redundant oligomers based on their N-terminal amino-acid sequences. The complete amino-acid sequences of chains a5 (142 residues), b (140 residues) and c (147 residues) were derived from protein and cDNA sequencing and represent the first pogonophoran globin sequences. They have a high percent identity (35-52%) with the globin chains of the approximately 3500 kDa hexagonal bilayer hemoglobins from the annelids Lumbricus and Tylorrhynchus and the vestimentiferan Lamellibrachia, suggesting a very close relationship among the phyla Annelida, Pogonophora and Vestimentifera. Two free cysteine residues (Cys-73 and Cys-83), which we proposed to be the most probable candidates for the sulfide-binding sites in the Lamellibrachia chains (Suzuki, T., Takagi, T. and Ohta, S. (1990) Biochem. J. 266, 221-225), are also conserved in three chains (Cys-73 for chains b and c, and Cys-83 for chain a5) of Oligobrachia hemoglobin, in agreement with the probable role of the hemoglobin in the binding and transport of sulfide to the symbiotic bacteria which provide the metabolic fuel in the two phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Yuasa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Japan
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21
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Krebs A, Kuchumov AR, Sharma PK, Braswell EH, Zipper P, Weber RE, Chottard G, Vinogradov SN. Molecular shape, dissociation, and oxygen binding of the dodecamer subunit of Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:18695-704. [PMID: 8702524 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.31.18695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Small angle x-ray scattering of the 213-kDa dodecamer of Lumbricus terrestris Hb yielded radius of gyration = 3.74 +/- 0.01 nm, maximum diameter = 10.59 +/- 0.01 nm, and volume = 255 +/- 10 nm3, with no difference between the oxy and deoxy states. Sedimentation velocity studies indicate the dodecamer to have a spherical shape and concentration- and Ca2+-dependent equilibria with its constituent subunits, the disulfide-bonded trimer of chains a-c and chain d. Equilibrium sedimentation data were fitted best with a trimer-dodecamer model, ln K4 = 7 (association K in liters3/g3) at 1 degrees C and 4 at 25 degrees C, providing DeltaH = -20 kcal/mol and DeltaS = 4.4 eu/mol. Oxydodecamer dissociation at pH 8.0, in urea, GdmCl, heteropolytungstate K8[SiW11O39] and of metdodecamer at pH 7, was followed by gel filtration. Elution profiles were fitted with exponentially modified gaussians to represent the three peaks. Two exponentials were necessary to fit all the dissociations except in [SiW11O39]-8. Equilibrium oxygen binding measurements at pH 6.5-8. 5, provided P50 = 8.5, 11.5-11.9 and 11.9-13.5 torr, and n50 = 5.2-9. 5, 3.2-4.9, and 1.8-2.7 for blood, Hb, and dodecamer, respectively, at pH 7.5, 25 degrees C. P50 was decreased 3- and 2-fold in approximately 100 mM Ca2+ and Mg2+, respectively, with concomitant but smaller increases in cooperativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krebs
- Institüt fur Physilakische Chemie der Universität Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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22
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Shishikura F. Amino acid sequence of the monomer subunit of the extracellular hemoglobin of the earthworm, Pheretima hilgendorfi. Zoolog Sci 1996; 13:551-8. [PMID: 8940909 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.13.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The complete amino acid sequence of the monomer subunit of Pheretima hilgendorfi hemoglobin was determined: It consists of 140 amino acid residues, including a disulfide bond but no methionine, and has a molecular weight of 16,107 Da. Using computed analyses (amino acid maximum homology) with known sequences of monomer subunits of earthworm's hemoglobins, 115 (82%) were found to be identical with those in the corresponding positions of chain I (monomer subunit) of Pheretima sieboldi hemoglobin; 81 residues (55%), 71 residues (47%), and 66 residues (43%) were found to be in identical positions of the sequences of chain I of Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin, chain I of Tubifex tubifex hemoglobin and chain I of Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus hemoglobin. Orthologous sequence data of monomer globins that belong to the strain A of annelid hemoglobins are discussed as useful clues for investigation of the divergence pattern of Pheretima species.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Shishikura
- Department of Biology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Ohyaguchi-kami machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Sharma PK, Kuchumov AR, Chottard G, Martin PD, Wall JS, Vinogradov SN. The role of the dodecamer subunit in the dissociation and reassembly of the hexagonal bilayer structure of Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:8754-62. [PMID: 8621510 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.15.8754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The dissociation of the approximately 3500-kDa hexagonal bilayer (HBL) hemoglobin (Hb) of Lumbricus terrestris upon exposure to Gdm salts, urea and the heteropolytungstates [SiW11O39]8- (SiW), [NaSb9W21O86]18- (SbW) and [BaAs4W40O140]27- (AsW) at neutral pH was followed by gel filtration, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Elution curves were fitted to sums of exponentially modified gaussians to represent the peaks due to undissociated oxyHb, D (approximately 200 kDa), T+L (approximately 50 kDa), and M (approximately 25 kDa) (T = disulfide-bonded trimer of chains a c, M = chain d, and L = linker chains). OxyHb dissociation decreased in the order Gdm*SCN > Gdm.Cl > urea > Gdm.OAc and AsW > SbW > SiW. Scanning transmission electron microscopy mass mapping of D showed approximately 10-nm particles with masses of approximately 200 kDa, suggesting them to be dodecamers (a+b+c)3d3. OxyHb dissociations in urea and Gdm.Cl and at alkaline pH could be fitted only as sums of 3 exponentials. The time course of D was bell-shaped, indicating it was an intermediate. Dissociations in SiW and upon conversion to metHb showed only two phases. The kinetic heterogeneity may be due to oxyHb structural heterogeneity. Formation of D was spontaneous during HBL reassembly, which was minimal (</= 10%) without Group IIA cations. During reassembly, maximal (approximately 60%) at 10 mM cation, D occurs at constant levels (approximately 15%), implying the dodecamer to be an intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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24
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Fushitani K, Higashiyama K, Asao M, Hosokawa K. Characterization of the constituent polypeptides of the extracellular hemoglobin from Lumbricus terrestris: heterogeneity and discovery of a new linker chain L4. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1292:273-80. [PMID: 8597573 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(95)00214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular hemoglobin of Lumbricus terrestris comprises four oxygen binding chains, a, b, c, d, and three linker chains L1, L2, L3 as major components. A stoichiometry of the whole molecule has been proposed on the basis of these chains, with a total number of 216 chains: forty-eight chains of each oxygen binding chain and eight molecules of each linker chain. We have isolated additional minor components by HPLC and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The following biochemical characterizations have been made. (i) All components so far reported, the heme-containing chains a, b, c, d, and linker chains L1, L2, L3 and a new minor polypeptide, L4, were mapped on a two-dimensional gel. Their estimated isoelectric points were between 4.7 and 5.9. (ii) The sequences of several peptides including the unique N-terminal peptide from linker L4 show that it can be considered as a duplicated gene product with a similar mass. (iii) Chain d2 was isolated and found to correspond to the minor chain previously pointed out by Shishikura et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 3123-3131). (iv) The major chain d1 has serine at position 7 from the N-terminus. This is not consistent with previously reported glycine (Shishikura et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 3123-3131).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fushitani
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
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25
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Suzuki T, Hirao Y, Vinogradov SN. Primary structure of a constituent polypeptide chain of the chlorocruorin from Sabellastarte indica. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1252:189-93. [PMID: 7578222 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(95)00147-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A 16 kDa polypeptide chain (chain E) was isolated from the giant extracellular chlorocruorin from the polychaete Sabellastarte indica by reverse-phase chromatography, and the N-terminal 19 amino-acid residues was determined by an automated protein sequencer. The cDNA of Sabellastarte chain E was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the complete nucleotide sequence of 1205 bp was determined. The open reading frame is 498 nucleotides in length and encodes a protein with 165 amino-acid residues. Comparison of the cDNA-derived amino-acid sequence with the protein sequence shows that Sabellastarte chain E has a signal peptide of 16 residues at the N-terminus, the mature protein consisting of 149 amino-acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 16636 Da. The amino-acid sequence of Sabellastarte chain E shows 42-49% sequence identity with the corresponding chains of the giant hemoglobins from Tylorrhynchus (polychaete, Annelida), Lumbricus (oligochaete, Annelida), Lamellibrachia (Vestimentifera) and Oligobrachia (Pogonophora). Thus, we conclude that chlorocruorin with chlorocruorohaem falls into the 'hemoglobin/myoglobin family'. This is the first complete sequence of a globin polypeptide chain of a chlorocruorin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzuki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Japan
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26
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Sugita H, Shishikura F. A case of orthologous sequences of hemocyanin subunits for an evolutionary study of horseshoe crabs: amino acid sequence comparison of immunologically identical subunits of Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda and Tachypleus tridentatus. Zoolog Sci 1995; 12:661-7. [PMID: 8590834 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.12.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
About 83% of the amino acid sequence of hemocyanin subunit HR6 from the Southeast Asian horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda, has been determined. There is a difference of about 43% between HR6 and complete sequences of chelicerate hemocyanin subunits from the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, and a tarantula, Eurypelma californicum. However, the immunologically identical subunits HR6 and HT6 from Tachypleus tridentatus (Japanese horseshoe crab) show 2.7% sequence difference. Based on the amino acid sequences of HR6 and HT6, the divergence between C. rotundicauda and T. tridentatus occurred about 9.6 million years ago. In the case of horseshoe crab hemocyanin subunits, it seems that the orthologous homologues in many homologous subunits between species are immunologically detectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sugita
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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27
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Fluorescence studies of extracellular hemoglobin of Glossoscolex paulistus obtained by gel filtration. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(95)00061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Hirsch RE, Vidugiris GJ, Friedman JM, Harrington JP. Alteration of tryptophan fluorescence properties upon dissociation of Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1205:248-51. [PMID: 8155704 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(94)90240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence analysis has been used to study dissociation of the dodecameric 3.8 kDa Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin. Since tryptophan intrinsic fluorescence has been used as a reporter group to study Lumbricus hemoglobin, it is of interest to study dissociation perturbed properties of the tryptophan residues. Shifts in the fluorescence emission maximum to longer wavelengths upon dissociation at pH 9.2 suggest that tryptophans buried at the subunit interface(s) become more exposed. Fluorescence lifetime and quenching studies are employed in this present investigation as a means to confirm the location of tryptophan residues at the subunit interfaces. Acrylamide titration (to 2.5 M) indicate only a fraction of the residues can be quenched at either pH. At pH 7.0, the Stern-Volmer plot has downward curvature, while at pH 9.2 there is slight upward curvature, again indicating a change in environment. The intrinsic fluorescence decay requires at least four exponentials at both pHs. The mean fluorescence lifetime of CO Lumbricus hemoglobin increases from 1.1 ns at pH 7 to 3.3 ns at pH 9.2. The lifetime data can be further interpreted as a decrease in the quenching of residues with a approximately 30 ps lifetime, and a concomitant increase in the longer lifetime components. This is consistent with interface tryptophans becoming exposed to solvent upon dissociation, and loss of quenching by intersubunit hemes. The overall results suggest that in the dodecamer, most of the tryptophans are located in a hydrophobic environment, not all of which are located at the subunit interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Hirsch
- Department of Medicine (U-921), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461
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29
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Vinogradov SN, Sharma PK. Preparation and characterization of invertebrate globin complexes. Methods Enzymol 1994; 231:112-24. [PMID: 8041246 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(94)31010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S N Vinogradov
- Department of Biochemistry, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
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30
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Rashid KA, Haque M, Siddiqi AH, Stern MS, Sharma PK, Vinogradov SN, Walz DA. Purification and properties of the hemoglobins of the platyhelminth Isoparorchis hypselobagri (Trematoda: Isoparorchidae) and its host Wallagu attu (catfish). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 106:993-8. [PMID: 8299358 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(93)90063-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
1. The hemoglobins of the trematode Isoparorchis hypselobagri and of its host Wallagu attu (catfish) were isolated and purified. 2. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed both to consist of single, 15-17 kDa chains, having different electrophoretic mobilities. 3. Isoelectric focusing showed the trematode hemoglobin to be homogeneous with a pI of 4.2 and the host hemoglobin to consist of several components. 4. Gel filtration of freshly prepared trematode hemoglobin revealed one peak corresponding to M(r) approximately 17 kDa; gel filtration of a preparation which had been stored for 2-3 months demonstrated the presence of two peaks, whose elution volumes corresponded to M(r) of ca 35 and 17 kDa, respectively. 5. Reversed-phase chromatography of carboxymethylated 35 and 17 kDa peaks on a C8 column, gave a single peak a and two peaks b and c, respectively. 6. Edman degradation of peaks a, b and c obtained provided identical sequences of 27 amino acid residues for peaks a and c and another sequence differing at 10 of the 27 positions, for peak b. Edman degradation of the freshly prepared Isoparorchis hemoglobin provided the first 15 amino acid residues found for peaks a and c. The host hemoglobin gave an N-terminal sequence completely different from the trematode sequences. 7. Since gel filtration of the 35 and 17 kDa peaks showed no sign of an interconversion equilibrium, it appears that the 35 kDa peak and peak a represent a disulfide-bonded dimer of a monomer globin chain which shares the 27 N-terminal residues with chain c, the major monomer globin component of the 17 kDa peak.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Rashid
- Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, India
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31
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Vinogradov SN, Walz DA, Pohajdak B, Moens L, Kapp OH, Suzuki T, Trotman CN. Adventitious variability? The amino acid sequences of nonvertebrate globins. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 106:1-26. [PMID: 8403841 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(93)90002-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
1. The more than 140 amino acid sequences of non-vertebrate hemoglobins (Hbs) and myoglobins (Mbs) that are known at present, can be divided into several distinct groups: (1) single-chain globins, containing one heme-binding domain; (2) truncated, single-chain, one-domain globins; (3) chimeric, one-domain globins; (4) chimeric, two-domain globins; and (5) chimeric multi-domain globins. 2. The crystal structures of eight nonvertebrate Hbs and Mbs are known, all of them monomeric, one-domain globin chains. Although these molecules represent plants, prokaryotes and several metazoan groups, and although the inter-subunit interactions in the dimeric and tetrameric molecules differ from the ones observed in vertebrate Hbs, the secondary structures of all seven one-domain globins retain the characteristic vertebrate "myoglobin fold". No crystal structures of globins representing the other four groups have been determined. 3. Furthermore, a number of the one-, two- and multi-domain globin chains participate in a broad variety of quaternary structures, ranging from homo- and heterodimers to highly complex, multisubunit aggregates with M(r) > 3000 kDa (S. N. Vinogradov, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 82B, 1-15, 1985). 4. (1) The single-chain, single-domain globins are comparable in size to the vertebrate globins and exhibit the widest distribution. (A) Intracellular Hbs include: (i) the monomeric and polymeric Hbs of the polychaete Glycera; (ii) the tetrameric Hb of the echiuran Urechis; (iii) the dimeric Hbs of echinoderms such as Paracaudina and Caudina; and (iv) the dimeric and tetrameric Hbs of molluscs, the bivalves Scapharca, Anadara, Barbatia and Calyptogena. (B) Extracellular Hbs include: (i) the multiple monomeric and dimeric Hbs of the larva of the insect Chironomus; (ii) the Hbs of nematodes such as Trichostrongylus and Caenorhabditis; (iii) the globin chains forming tetramers and dodecamers and comprising approximately 2/3 of the giant (approximately 3600 kDa), hexagonal bilayer (HBL) Hbs of annelids, e.g. the oligochaete Lumbricus and the polychaete Tylorrhynchus and of the vestimentiferan Lamellibrachia; and (iv) the globin chains comprising the ca 400 kDa Hbs of Lamellibrachia and the pogonophoran Oligobrachia. (C) Cytoplasmic Hbs include: (i) the Mbs of molluscs, the gastropods Aplysia, Bursatella, Cerithedea, Nassa and Dolabella and the chiton Liolophura; (ii) the three Hb of the symbiont-harboring bivalve Lucina; (iii) the dimeric Hb of the bacterium Vitreoscilla; and (iv) plant Hbs, including the Hbs of symbiont-containing legumes (Lgbs), the Hbs of symbiont-containing non-leguminous plants and the Hbs in the roots of symbiont-free plants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Vinogradov
- Department of Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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32
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Linker chain L1 of earthworm hemoglobin. Structure of gene and protein: homology with low density lipoprotein receptor. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38684-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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33
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Hockenhull-Johnson JD, Stern MS, Wittenberg JB, Vinogradov SN, Kapp OH, Walz DA. The amino acid sequence of hemoglobin III from the symbiont-harboring clam Lucina pectinata. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1993; 12:261-77. [PMID: 8397786 DOI: 10.1007/bf01028189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic hemoglobin III from the gill of the symbiont-harboring clam Lucina pectinata consists of 152 amino acid residues, has a calculated Mm of 18,068, including heme, and has N-acetyl-serine as the N-terminal residue. Based on the alignment of its sequence with other vertebrate and nonvertebrate globins, it retains the invariant residues Phe45 at position CD1 and His98 at the proximal position F8, as well as the highly conserved Trp16 and Pro39 at positions A12 and C2, respectively. The most likely candidate for the distal residue at position E7 is Gln66. Lucina hemoglobin III shares 95 identical residues with hemoglobin II (J. D. Hockenhull-Johnson et al., J. Prot. Chem. 10, 609-622, 1991), including Tyr at position B10, which has been shown to be capable of entering the distal heme cavity and placing its hydroxyl group within a 2.8 A of the water molecule occupying the distal ligand position, by modeling the hemoglobin II sequence using the crystal structure of sperm whale metmyoglobin. The amino acid sequences of the two Lucina globins are compared in detail with the known sequences of mollusc globins, including seven cytoplasmic and 11 intracellular globins. Relative to 75% homology between the two Lucina globins (counting identical and conserved residues), both sequences have percent homology scores ranging from 36-49% when compared to the two groups of mollusc globins. The highest homology appears to exist between the Lucina globins and the cytoplasmic hemoglobin of Busycon canaliculatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Hockenhull-Johnson
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
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34
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The extracellular hemoglobin of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris. Determination of subunit stoichiometry. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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35
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Hirsch RE, Harrington JP, Scarlata SF. The differential effects of carbon monoxide and oxygen on the pressure dissociation of Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1161:285-90. [PMID: 8431478 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(93)90226-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have explored the subunit affinities of Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin (LtHb) under a variety of conditions using high-pressure spectroscopy. While only small changes were observed for LtHb-oxy below 1.0 kbar, higher pressures resulted in a 1000 cm-1 red shift and 2-fold increase in fluorescence intensity with a concomitant 12-fold decrease in scattering intensity, all of which reached completion by approx. 2.2 kbar. In the presence of 1 M MgCl2 or at acidic pH (4.2), the curves shifted by 400 and 1000 bar corresponding to significant destabilization. At pH 9.1, the initial spectral parameters were almost equal to the final endpoints and were unaffected by pressure. While the pressure curve of the CO form was similar to the oxy form at pH 7.2, the midpoints of the other samples were shifted to higher pressures relative to their oxy counterpart, indicating tighter subunit contacts. This stabilization was unexpected based upon the sequence homology to vertebrate hemoglobins, and the minimal structural differences between these two liganded forms of human hemoglobin. These data indicate that the differences are the result of the additive nature of the interactions involved in subunit packing whose effects become significant in larger aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Hirsch
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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36
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Bock P. Active-site-selective labeling of blood coagulation proteinases with fluorescence probes by the use of thioester peptide chloromethyl ketones. I. Specificity of thrombin labeling. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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37
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Sippl MJ, Weitckus S. Detection of native-like models for amino acid sequences of unknown three-dimensional structure in a data base of known protein conformations. Proteins 1992; 13:258-71. [PMID: 1603814 DOI: 10.1002/prot.340130308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We present an approach which can be used to identify native-like folds in a data base of protein conformations in the absence of any sequence homology to proteins in the data base. The method is based on a knowledge-based force field derived from a set of known protein conformations. A given sequence is mounted on all conformations in the data base and the associated energies are calculated. Using several conformations and sequences from the globin family we show that the native conformation is identified correctly. In fact the resolution of the force field is high enough to discriminate between a native fold and several closely related conformations. We then apply the procedure to several globins of known sequence but unknown three dimensional structure. The homology of these sequences to globins of known structures in the data base ranges from 49 to 17%. With one exception we find that for all globin sequences one of the known globin folds is identified as the most favorable conformation. These results are obtained using a force field derived from a data base devoid of globins of known structure. We briefly discuss useful applications in protein structural research and future development of our approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Sippl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Salzburg, Austria
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Haque M, Rashid KA, Stern MS, Sharma PK, Siddiqi AH, Vinogradov SN, Walz DA. Comparison of the hemoglobins of the platyhelminths Gastrothylax crumenifer and Paramphistomum epiclitum (Trematoda: Paramphistomatidae). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 101:673-6. [PMID: 1611885 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(92)90357-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Gastrothylax crumenifer and Paramphistomum epiclitum parasitize the water buffalo Bubalus bubalis. 2. Gastrothylas hemoglobin consisted of two fractions of ca 30,000 and ca 18,000 by gel filtration. SDS-electrophoresis showed both to be single, ca 15,000 chains. 3. Paramphistomum hemoglobin was ca 16,000 by both gel filtration and SDS-electrophoresis. 4. Reversed-phase chromatography of carboxymethylated trematode and buffalo globins gave single peaks and two peaks, respectively. Although Paramphistomum hemoglobin provided and N-terminal sequence, Gastrothylax hemoglobin did not, suggesting blocked N-terminals. The buffalo sequences were found to be identical to the sequences of the alpha and beta chains of bovine hemoglobin. 5. Although Paramphistomum hemoglobin consists of only one chain, Gastrothylax hemoglobin consists either of one chain which aggregates to a dimer or of two different chains, only one of which aggregates to a dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haque
- Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, India
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39
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Qabar AN, Stern MS, Walz DA, Chiu JT, Timkovich R, Wall JS, Kapp OH, Vinogradov SN. Hierarchy of globin complexes. The quaternary structure of the extracellular chlorocruorin of Eudistylia vancouverii. J Mol Biol 1991; 222:1109-29. [PMID: 1762147 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(91)90596-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The molecular dimensions of the extracellular, hexagonal bilayer chlorocruorin of the polychaete Eudistylia vancouverii, determined by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) of negatively stained specimens, were diameter of 27.5 nm and height of 18.5 nm. STEM mass measurements of unstained, freeze-dried specimens provided a molecular mass (Mm) of 3480 +/- 225 kDa. The chlorocruorin had no carbohydrate and its iron content was 0.251 +/- 0.021 wt%, corresponding to a minimum Mm of 22.4 kDa. Mass spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the prosthetic group confirmed it to be protoheme IX with a formyl group at position 3. SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, reversed-phase chromatography and N-terminal sequencing suggested that the chlorocruorin consists of at least three chains of approximately 30 kDa and five chains of approximately 16 kDa; the two types of subunits occur in the ratio 0.26:0.74(+/- 0.08). Complete dissociation of the chlorocruorin at neutral pH in the presence of urea or guanidine hydrochloride, followed by gel filtration, produced elution profiles consisting of three peaks, B, C and D. Fractions B and C consisted of the approximately 16 kDa chains and fraction D consisted of the approximately 30 kDa subunits. Mass measurements of particles in STEM images of unstained, freeze-dried fractions B and C provided Mm of 208 +/- 23 kDa and 65 +/- 12 kDa, respectively, in agreement with 191 +/- 13 kDa and 67 +/- 5 kDa obtained by gel filtration. Particles with Mm = 221 +/- 21 kDa were also observed in STEM images of unstained, freeze-dried chlorocruorin. These results imply that the chlorocruorin structure, in addition to the approximately 30 kDa linker subunits that have 0.26 to 0.47 heme groups/chain, comprises approximately 65 kDa tetramers and approximately 200 kDa dodecamers (trimers of tetramers) of globin chains. The stoichiometry of the tetramer and linker subunits calculated from molar amino acid compositions was 34 +/- 4 and 43 +/- 9. The complete dissociation of the chlorocruorin was accompanied by a 50 to 75% loss of the 55 +/- 14 Ca2+/mol protein, and was decreased to approximately 35% by the presence of 10 to 25 mM-Ca2+. Reassociation of dissociated chlorocruorin was maximal in the presence of 2.5 to 5 mM-Ca2+. The dodecamer and/or tetramer subunits in the absence or presence of Ca2+ exhibited very limited (less than 10%) reassociation into hexagonal bilayer structures, only in the presence of the linker subunit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Qabar
- Department of Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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41
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Ligand binding in a hierarchy of globin complexes. The hexagonal bilayer hemoglobin of Lumbricus terrestris and its heme-containing subunits. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)98809-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Vinogradov S, Sharma P, Qabar A, Wall J, Westrick J, Simmons J, Gill S. A dodecamer of globin chains is the principal functional subunit of the extracellular hemoglobin of Lumbricus terrestris. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)98808-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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43
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Fushitani K, Riggs A. The extracellular hemoglobin of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris. Oxygenation properties of isolated chains, trimer, and a reassociated product. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)99221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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44
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Fahnestock M, Woo JE, Lopez GA, Snow J, Walz DA, Arici MJ, Mobley WC. beta-NGF-endopeptidase: structure and activity of a kallikrein encoded by the gene mGK-22. Biochemistry 1991; 30:3443-50. [PMID: 2012805 DOI: 10.1021/bi00228a014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mouse nerve growth factor (NGF) is cleaved at a histidine-methionine bond to release an NH2-terminal octapeptide (NGF1-8). The enzyme responsible, beta-NGF-endopeptidase, is structurally and functionally similar to gamma-NGF and epidermal growth factor-binding protein (EGF-BP) and cleaves mouse low molecular weight kininogen to produce bradykinin-like activity. These data have suggested that, like gamma-NGF and EGF-BP, beta-NGF-endopeptidase is a mouse glandular kallikrein. Evidence for a physiological role for NGF1-8 encouraged studies to further characterize the structure and function of this enzyme. Purified beta-NGF-endopeptidase migrated as a single band on isoelectric focusing and reducing SDS-polyacrylamide gels. As was expected, it removed NGF1-8 from NGF. Interestingly, enzymatic activity on an artificial substrate, and on NGF, was inhibited by NGF1-8 and by bradykinin. These studies further supported the view that beta-NGF-endopeptidase acts on both NGF and kininogen. The first 30 NH2-terminal amino acids of beta-NGF-endopeptidase were sequenced. This analysis demonstrated that the enzyme is encoded by the gene designated mGK-22 (Evans et al., 1987). The sequence of this gene corresponds to that of EGF-BP type A (Anundi et al., 1982; Drinkwater et al., 1987), and so studies were performed to determine whether or not beta-NGF-endopeptidase participates in EGF complex formation. Chromatographic and kinetic data gave no evidence that beta-NGF-endopeptidase is an EGF-binding protein. Our studies suggest that contamination of high molecular weight (HMW) EGF preparations with beta-NGF-endopeptidase erroneously led to earlier designation of the product of mGK-22 as an EGF-BP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fahnestock
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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Sharma PK, Walz DA, Vinogradov SN. Heterogeneity of the subunits of Lumbricus terrestris extracellular hemoglobin dissociated at alkaline pH. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 98:47-51. [PMID: 2060281 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(91)90306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1. The gel filtration profiles of dissociated extracellular hemoglobin of Lumbricus terrestris obtained in 0.1 M borate buffers at pH greater than 9, using columns of Sephadex G100, Sephacryl S200 and Ultragel AcA 44, consist of at least two peaks A and B. 2. SDS-PAGE of several fractions across the complete elution profile demonstrates that only the fractions under the right hand portion of peak B are homogenous and consist of the monomer (M) subunit (Mr = 17,000). 3. The fractions under the first peak contain the remaining subunits, a disulfide-bonded trimer (T) subunit (Mr = 50,000) and of two subunits (D1 and D2) of ca 30,000. 4. Densitometry of the SDS-PAGE patterns suggests that the proportions of these subunits vary across the two peaks, implying that peak A does not consist of a complex of fixed stoichiometry of the T and D1 and D2 subunits. 5. Furthermore, the D1 and D2 subunits overlap the M subunit in the trough between peaks A and B and are present in the left hand portion of peak B, probably because of the self-association of the M subunit. 6. In addition, SDS-PAGE experiments with a single fraction of peak A, where the load and the duration of staining were varied, suggests that the relative proportions of the subunits are independent of these two variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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Vinogradov SN, Sharma PK, Walz DA. Iron and heme contents of the extracellular hemoglobins and chlorocruorins of annelids. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 98:187-94. [PMID: 1873979 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(91)90165-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
1. A survey of the literature on the extracellular hemoglobins and chlorocruorins of over 30 species of annelids, covering the last 30 years, shows that the range of iron content is 0.211-0.265 wt.% (mean = 0.228 +/- 0.013, N = 28) and the range of the heme content is 1.83-3.64 wt.% (mean = 2.60 +/- 0.38, N = 29). 2. There is relatively little scatter in the values of the experimental iron contents and only one of the 28 values is clearly outside the standard deviation range. 3. The values of heme contents are much more scattered, with seven values, clearly outside the standard deviation limits. 4. The aberrant cases are discussed and it is noted that the mean heme content of 2.60 wt.% corresponds to an iron content of 0.236 wt.% in excellent agreement with the mean iron content of 0.228 wt.%. 5. This result suggests strongly that experimental values of iron and heme contents outside the ranges of 0.211-0.243 and 2.3-2.7 wt.%, respectively, corresponding to a minimum molecular mass outside the range 23,000-26,000, should be regarded with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Vinogradov
- Department of Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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Zafar RS, Chow LH, Stern MS, Scully JS, Sharma PR, Vinogradov SN, Walz DA. The cDNA sequences encoding two components of the polymeric fraction of the intracellular hemoglobin of Glycera dibranchiata. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45816-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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48
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Stern MS, Vinogradov SN, Sharma PK, Ereifej K, Walz DA. Amino acid sequence of the monomer subunit of the giant extracellular hemoglobin of the aquatic oligochaete, Tubifex tubifex. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 194:67-73. [PMID: 2253625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular hemoglobin of the aquatic oligochaete Tubifex tubifex consists of four subunits: a monomer of 16.5 kDa, a disulfide-bonded trimer of about 50 kDa and at least two subunits of about 30 kDa. The complete amino acid sequence of the monomeric subunit was determined: it consists of 141 amino acid residues and has a molecular mass of 16,286 Da including a heme group. 39 residues (28%) were found to be identical with those in the corresponding positions in the monomeric globin chains from Lumbricus terrestris, Pheretima sieboldi, and Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus. Tubifex and Lumbricus are most similar, with 75 amino acid identities (53%). There are eight invariant residues amongst these monomeric globins and the intracellular monomeric globin of Glycera and the human beta-globin. The monomeric globin from Tubifex aligns best with those of group A, globins which have a Cys in their second position and an invariant Lys-Val-Lys at positions 9-11 [Gotoh et al. (1987) Biochem. J. 241, 441-445]. The two cysteine residues, at positions 2 and 131, appear to be disulfide-bonded.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Stern
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
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Zafar RS, Chow LH, Stern MS, Vinogradov SN, Walz DA. The heterogeneity of the polymeric intracellular hemoglobin of Glycera dibranchiata and the cDNA-derived amino acid sequence of one component. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1041:117-22. [PMID: 2265197 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(90)90053-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The erythrocytes of the marine polychaete Glycera dibranchiata contain a number of different, single-chain hemoglobins, some of which self-associate into a 'polymeric' fraction. An oligodeoxynucleotide probe was synthesized based on partial amino acid sequences determined by chemical methods, and used to screen a cDNA library constructed from the poly(A+)mRNA of Glycera erythrocytes (Simons, P.C. and Satterlee, J.D. (1989) Biochemistry 28, 8525-8530). The longest positive inserts found were sequenced using the dideoxy nucleotide chain termination method. One complete clone was obtained: clone 5A, 816 bases long, contained 59 bases of 5'-untranslated RNA, an open reading frame of 441 bases coding for 147 amino acids and a 3'-untranslated region of 316 bases. The derived amino acid sequence of Glycera globin P1 was in agreement with the partial amino acid sequences obtained by chemical methods. Three additional inserts obtained in the screening were also sequenced: the inferred amino acid sequences proved to be partial globin sequences which were different from each other and from the sequence of P1. Thus, the 'polymeric' fraction of the intracellular hemoglobin of Glycera probably consists of at least four different globin chains much like the 'monomeric' fraction. Comparison of the 'polymeric' sequence with the two known 'monomeric' sequences, M-II and M-IV, shows that they share 54 identical residues. At 74 positions, the identical residues in M-II and M-IV differ from the corresponding residue in P1, including at E-7, where P1 has a distal His, in contrast to Leu in M-II and M-IV. The alignment of Bashford et al. ((1987) J. Mol. Biol. 196, 199-216) and their templates were used to examine the principal differences between the two types of Glycera globin sequences. They appear to consist of uncommon surface amino acid residues at positions C6 (Phe vs. Ala), E10 (Val vs. Lys), E17 (Lys vs. Val), G1 (Arg vs. Lys), G10 (Met vs. Ala) and H5 (Arg vs. Lys). One or more of these residues could be responsible for the self-association exhibited by the 'polymeric' Glycera globins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Zafar
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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Suzuki T, Takagi T, Gotoh T. Primary structure of two linker chains of the extracellular hemoglobin from the polychaete Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38327-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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