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Koendjbiharie JG, van Kranenburg R, Kengen SWM. The PEP-pyruvate-oxaloacetate node: variation at the heart of metabolism. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuaa061. [PMID: 33289792 PMCID: PMC8100219 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
At the junction between the glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle-as well as various other metabolic pathways-lies the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-pyruvate-oxaloacetate node (PPO-node). These three metabolites form the core of a network involving at least eleven different types of enzymes, each with numerous subtypes. Obviously, no single organism maintains each of these eleven enzymes; instead, different organisms possess different subsets in their PPO-node, which results in a remarkable degree of variation, despite connecting such deeply conserved metabolic pathways as the glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The PPO-node enzymes play a crucial role in cellular energetics, with most of them involved in (de)phosphorylation of nucleotide phosphates, while those responsible for malate conversion are important redox enzymes. Variations in PPO-node therefore reflect the different energetic niches that organisms can occupy. In this review, we give an overview of the biochemistry of these eleven PPO-node enzymes. We attempt to highlight the variation that exists, both in PPO-node compositions, as well as in the roles that the enzymes can have within those different settings, through various recent discoveries in both bacteria and archaea that reveal deviations from canonical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen G Koendjbiharie
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard van Kranenburg
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Corbion, Arkelsedijk 46, 4206 AC Gorinchem, The Netherlands
| | - Servé W M Kengen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Pyrophosphate as an alternative energy currency in plants. Biochem J 2021; 478:1515-1524. [PMID: 33881486 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the conditions of [Mg2+] elevation that occur, in particular, under low oxygen stress and are the consequence of the decrease in [ATP] and increase in [ADP] and [AMP], pyrophosphate (PPi) can function as an alternative energy currency in plant cells. In addition to its production by various metabolic pathways, PPi can be synthesized in the combined reactions of pyruvate, phosphate dikinase (PPDK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) by so-called PK/PPDK substrate cycle, and in the reverse reaction of membrane-bound H+-pyrophosphatase, which uses the energy of electrochemical gradients generated on tonoplast and plasma membrane. The PPi can then be consumed in its active forms of MgPPi and Mg2PPi by PPi-utilizing enzymes, which require an elevated [Mg2+]. This ensures a continuous operation of glycolysis in the conditions of suppressed ATP synthesis, keeping metabolism energy efficient and less dependent on ATP.
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3
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Chiba Y, Miyakawa T, Shimane Y, Takai K, Tanokura M, Nozaki T. Structural comparisons of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinases reveal the evolutionary trajectories of these phosphodiester energy conversion enzymes. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19269-19278. [PMID: 31662435 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) consists of two phosphate molecules and can act as an energy and phosphate donor in cellular reactions, similar to ATP. Several kinases use PPi as a substrate, and these kinases have recently been suggested to have evolved from ATP-dependent functional homologs, which have significant amino acid sequence similarity to PPi-utilizing enzymes. In contrast, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) can be divided into three types according to the phosphate donor (ATP, GTP, or PPi), and the amino acid sequence similarity of these PEPCKs is too low to confirm that they share a common ancestor. Here we solved the crystal structure of a PPi-PEPCK homolog from the bacterium Actinomyces israelii at 2.6 Å resolution and compared it with previously reported structures from ATP- and GTP-specific PEPCKs to assess the degrees of similarities and divergences among these PEPCKs. These comparisons revealed that they share a tertiary structure with significant value and that amino acid residues directly contributing to substrate recognition, except for those that recognize purine moieties, are conserved. Furthermore, the order of secondary structural elements between PPi-, ATP-, and GTP-specific PEPCKs was strictly conserved. The structure-based comparisons of the three PEPCK types provide key insights into the structural basis of PPi specificity and suggest that all of these PEPCKs are derived from a common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Chiba
- Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-city, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shimane
- Super-Cutting-Edge Grand and Advanced Research Program, Institute for Extra-Cutting-Edge Science and Technology Avant-Garde, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-city, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Ken Takai
- Super-Cutting-Edge Grand and Advanced Research Program, Institute for Extra-Cutting-Edge Science and Technology Avant-Garde, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-city, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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4
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Chiba Y, Kamikawa R, Nakada-Tsukui K, Saito-Nakano Y, Nozaki T. Discovery of PPi-type Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Genes in Eukaryotes and Bacteria. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23960-70. [PMID: 26269598 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.672907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) is one of the pivotal enzymes that regulates the carbon flow of the central metabolism by fixing CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to produce oxaloacetate or vice versa. Whereas ATP- and GTP-type PEPCKs have been well studied, and their protein identities are established, inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi)-type PEPCK (PPi-PEPCK) is poorly characterized. Despite extensive enzymological studies, its protein identity and encoding gene remain unknown. In this study, PPi-PEPCK has been identified for the first time from a eukaryotic human parasite, Entamoeba histolytica, by conventional purification and mass spectrometric identification of the native enzyme, followed by demonstration of its enzymatic activity. A homolog of the amebic PPi-PEPCK from an anaerobic bacterium Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii also exhibited PPi-PEPCK activity. The primary structure of PPi-PEPCK has no similarity to the functional homologs ATP/GTP-PEPCKs and PEP carboxylase, strongly suggesting that PPi-PEPCK arose independently from the other functional homologues and very likely has unique catalytic sites. PPi-PEPCK homologs were found in a variety of bacteria and some eukaryotes but not in archaea. The molecular identification of this long forgotten enzyme shows us the diversity and functional redundancy of enzymes involved in the central metabolism and can help us to understand the central metabolism more deeply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Chiba
- From the Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan, the Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan, and
| | - Ryoma Kamikawa
- the Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu cho, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui
- the Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan, and
| | - Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- the Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan, and
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- From the Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan, the Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan, and
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5
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Abstract
Cofactor specificities of glycolytic enzymes in Clostridium thermocellum were studied with cellobiose-grown cells from batch cultures. Intracellular glucose was phosphorylated by glucokinase using GTP rather than ATP. Although phosphofructokinase typically uses ATP as a phosphoryl donor, we found only pyrophosphate (PPi)-linked activity. Phosphoglycerate kinase used both GDP and ADP as phosphoryl acceptors. In agreement with the absence of a pyruvate kinase sequence in the C. thermocellum genome, no activity of this enzyme could be detected. Also, the annotated pyruvate phosphate dikinase (ppdk) is not crucial for the generation of pyruvate from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), as deletion of the ppdk gene did not substantially change cellobiose fermentation. Instead pyruvate formation is likely to proceed via a malate shunt with GDP-linked PEP carboxykinase, NADH-linked malate dehydrogenase, and NADP-linked malic enzyme. High activities of these enzymes were detected in extracts of cellobiose-grown cells. Our results thus show that GTP is consumed while both GTP and ATP are produced in glycolysis of C. thermocellum. The requirement for PPi in this pathway can be satisfied only to a small extent by biosynthetic reactions, in contrast to what is generally assumed for a PPi-dependent glycolysis in anaerobic heterotrophs. Metabolic network analysis showed that most of the required PPi must be generated via ATP or GTP hydrolysis exclusive of that which happens during biosynthesis. Experimental proof for the necessity of an alternative mechanism of PPi generation was obtained by studying the glycolysis in washed-cell suspensions in which biosynthesis was absent. Under these conditions, cells still fermented cellobiose to ethanol.
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Mildvan AS, Cohn M. Aspects of enzyme mechanisms studies by nuclear spin relazation induced by paramagnetic probes. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 33:1-70. [PMID: 4916855 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122785.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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7
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Wood HG, O'brien WE, Micheales G. Properties of carboxytransphosphorylase; pyruvate, phosphate dikinase; pyrophosphate-phosphofructikinase and pyrophosphate-acetate kinase and their roles in the metabolism of inorganic pyrophosphate. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 45:85-155. [PMID: 200082 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122907.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Mijakovic I, Poncet S, Galinier A, Monedero V, Fieulaine S, Janin J, Nessler S, Marquez JA, Scheffzek K, Hasenbein S, Hengstenberg W, Deutscher J. Pyrophosphate-producing protein dephosphorylation by HPr kinase/phosphorylase: a relic of early life? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:13442-7. [PMID: 12359880 PMCID: PMC129692 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.212410399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In most Gram-positive bacteria, serine-46-phosphorylated HPr (P-Ser-HPr) controls the expression of numerous catabolic genes ( approximately 10% of their genome) by acting as catabolite corepressor. HPr kinase/phosphorylase (HprK/P), the bifunctional sensor enzyme for catabolite repression, phosphorylates HPr, a phosphocarrier protein of the sugar-transporting phosphoenolpyruvate/glycose phosphotransferase system, in the presence of ATP and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate but dephosphorylates P-Ser-HPr when phosphate prevails over ATP and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. We demonstrate here that P-Ser-HPr dephosphorylation leads to the formation of HPr and pyrophosphate. HprK/P, which binds phosphate at the same site as the beta phosphate of ATP, probably uses the inorganic phosphate to carry out a nucleophilic attack on the phosphoryl bond in P-Ser-HPr. HprK/P is the first enzyme known to catalyze P-protein dephosphorylation via this phospho-phosphorolysis mechanism. This reaction is reversible, and at elevated pyrophosphate concentrations, HprK/P can use pyrophosphate to phosphorylate HPr. Growth of Bacillus subtilis on glucose increased intracellular pyrophosphate to concentrations ( approximately 6 mM), which in in vitro tests allowed efficient pyrophosphate-dependent HPr phosphorylation. To effectively dephosphorylate P-Ser-HPr when glucose is exhausted, the pyrophosphate concentration in the cells is lowered to 1 mM. In B. subtilis, this might be achieved by YvoE. This protein exhibits pyrophosphatase activity, and its gene is organized in an operon with hprK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mijakovic
- Laboratoire de Génétique des Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 1925, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
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9
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Shenoy B, Kumar G, Samols D. Dissection of the biotinyl subunit of transcarboxylase into regions essential for activity and assembly. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53986-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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10
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Berthelet M, Macleod RA. Effect of Na
+
Concentration and Nutritional Factors on the Lag Phase and Exponential Growth Rates of the Marine Bacterium
Deleya aesta
and of Other Marine Species. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55:1754-60. [PMID: 16347969 PMCID: PMC202946 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.7.1754-1760.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of the marine bacterium
Deleya aesta
in a succinate minimal medium showed increasingly long lag phases as Na
+
was decreased below the optimum (200 to 500 mM). The minimum Na
+
concentration permitting growth consistently was 15 mM. Supplementation of the medium with KHCO
3
(as a source of CO
2
) or yeast extract, especially in combination, reduced the lag phase, increased the rate of exponential growth, and allowed growth at 8 mM Na
+
. KHCO
3
did not reduce the lag period but did increase the rate of exponential growth of
Deleya venusta, Deleya pacifica
, and
Alteromonas haloplanktis
214. Yeast extract was active for all three. The effect of yeast extract on
D. aesta
could be reproduced by a mixture of amino acids approximating its amino acid composition.
l
-Alanine,
l
-aspartate, and
l
-methionine, in combination, were the most effective in reducing the lag phase, although not as effective as the complete mixture. Succinate,
l
-aspartate, and
l
-alanine were transported into the cells by largely independent pathways and oxidized at rates which were much lower at 10 than at 200 mM Na
+
.
l
-Methionine was transported at a low rate in the absence of Na
+
and at a higher rate at 10 mM but was not oxidized. Above 25 mM Na
+
, the rate of transport of the carbon source was not the rate-limiting step for growth. It is concluded that a combination of transportable carbon sources reduced the lag period and increased the rate of exponential growth because they can be taken up independently and at low Na
+
utilized simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Berthelet
- Department of Microbiology, Macdonald College of McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 1C0, Canada
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11
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Decarboxylation of oxalacetate to pyruvate by purified avian liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)40698-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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12
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O'Brien WE, Bowien S, Wood HG. Isolation and characterization of a pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase from Propionibacterium shermanii. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)40727-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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13
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McManus DP, James BL. Pyruvate kinases and carbon dioxide fixating enzymes in the digestive gland of Littorina saxatilis rudis (Maton) and in the daughter sporocysts of Microphallus similis (Jäg.) (Digenea: Microphallidae). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 51:299-306. [PMID: 237729 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(75)90010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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15
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O'Brien WE, Singleton R, Wood HG. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxytransphosphorylase. An investigation of the mechanism with 18 O. Biochemistry 1973; 12:5247-53. [PMID: 4357337 DOI: 10.1021/bi00750a004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Brookman JSG, Davies M. An extreme pressure pump for continuous cell disintegration. Biotechnol Bioeng 1973. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260150405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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18
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Haberland ME, Willard JM, Wood HG. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxytransphosphorylase. Study of the catalytic and physical structures. Biochemistry 1972; 11:712-22. [PMID: 4333941 DOI: 10.1021/bi00755a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Scrutton MC. Chapter XII Assay of Enzymes of CO2 Metabolism. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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20
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Reeves RE. Phosphopyruvate carboxylase from entamoeba histolytica. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 220:346-9. [PMID: 4395132 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(70)90021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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21
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Rose IA, O'Connell EL, Noce P, Utter MF, Wood HG, Willard JM, Cooper T, Benziman M. Stereochemistry of the Enzymatic Carboxylation of Phosphoenolpyruvate. J Biol Chem 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)63515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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22
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23
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Cooper TG, Filmer D, Wishnick M, Lane MD. The Active Species of “CO2” Utilized by Ribulose Diphosphate Carboxylase. J Biol Chem 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)91899-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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24
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Wood HG, Jacobson B, Gerwin BI, Northrop DB. [36] Oxaloacetate transcarboxylase from Propionibacterium. Methods Enzymol 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(69)13041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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25
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Wood HG, Davis JJ, Willard JM. [47] Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxytransphosphorylase from Propionibacterium shermanii. Methods Enzymol 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(69)13052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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26
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Pyruvate Carboxylase* *The unpublished data described here were obtained by research supported in part by Contract AT (11-1)—1242 of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and by U.S. Public Health Service grants AM-09760, AM-11712, and 5-TI-GM35. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152801-0.50015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Cagen LM, Friedmann HC. Enzymatic phosphorylation of serine by inorganic pyrophosphate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1968; 33:528-33. [PMID: 4301878 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(68)90608-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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29
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Barns RJ, Keech DB. The essential thiol group of sheep kidney mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 159:514-26. [PMID: 5657871 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(68)90137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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30
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Cooper TG, Tchen TT, Wood HG, Benedict CR. The Carboxylation of Phosphoenolpyruvate and Pyruvate. J Biol Chem 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)92022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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31
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Prichard RK, Schofield PJ. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in the adult liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1968; 24:773-85. [PMID: 5650487 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(68)90789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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32
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Wood HG, Davis JJ, Lochmüller H. The Equilibria of Reactions Catalyzed by Carboxytransphosphorylase, Carboxykinase, and Pyruvate Carboxylase and the Synthesis of Phosphoenolpyruvate. J Biol Chem 1966. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)96399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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