1
|
Janowski M, Andrzejewska A. The legacy of mRNA engineering: A lineup of pioneers for the Nobel Prize. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 29:272-284. [PMID: 35855896 PMCID: PMC9278038 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
mRNA is like Hermes, delivering the genetic code to cellular construction sites, so it has long been of interest, but only to a small group of scientists, and only demonstrating its remarkable efficacy in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines allowed it to go out into the open. Therefore, now is the right timing to delve into the stepping stones that underpin this success and pay tribute to the underlying scientists. From this perspective, advances in mRNA engineering have proven crucial to the rapidly growing role of this molecule in healthcare. Development of consecutive generations of cap analogs, including anti-reverse cap analogs (ARCAs), has significantly boosted translation efficacy and maintained an enthusiasm for mRNA research. Nucleotide modification to protect mRNA molecules from the host's immune system, followed by finding appropriate purification and packaging methods, were other links in the chain enabling medical breakthroughs. Currently, vaccines are the central area of mRNA research, but it will reach far beyond COVID-19. Supplementation of missing or abnormal proteins is another large field of mRNA research. Ex vivo cell engineering and genome editing have been expanding recently. Thus, it is time to recognize mRNA pioneers while building upon their legacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslaw Janowski
- Program in Image Guided Neurointerventions, Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA,Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Anna Andrzejewska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, PAS, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland,Corresponding author Anna Andrzejewska, NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
RNA catalysis, thermodynamics and the origin of life. Life (Basel) 2014; 4:131-41. [PMID: 25370189 PMCID: PMC4187163 DOI: 10.3390/life4020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA World Hypothesis posits that the first self-replicating molecules were RNAs. RNA self-replicases are, in general, assumed to have employed nucleotide 5'-polyphosphates (or their analogues) as substrates for RNA polymerization. The mechanism by which these substrates might be synthesized with sufficient abundance to supply a growing and evolving population of RNAs is problematic for evolutionary hypotheses because non-enzymatic synthesis and assembly of nucleotide 5'-triphosphates (or other analogously activated phosphodiester species) is inherently difficult. However, nucleotide 2',3'-cyclic phosphates are also phosphodiesters, and are the natural and abundant products of RNA degradation. These have previously been dismissed as viable substrates for prebiotic RNA synthesis. We propose that the arguments for their dismissal are based on a flawed assumption, and that nucleotide 2',3'-cyclic phosphates in fact possess several significant, advantageous properties that indeed make them particularly viable substrates for prebiotic RNA synthesis. An RNA World hypothesis based upon the polymerization of nucleotide 2',3'-cyclic phosphates possesses additional explanatory power in that it accounts for the observed ribozyme "fossil record", suggests a viable mechanism for substrate transport across lipid vesicle boundaries of primordial proto-cells, circumvents the problems of substrate scarcity and implausible synthetic pathways, provides for a primitive but effective RNA replicase editing mechanism, and definitively explains why RNA, rather than DNA, must have been the original catalyst. Finally, our analysis compels us to propose that a fundamental and universal property that drives the evolution of living systems, as well as pre-biotic replicating molecules (be they composed of RNA or protein), is that they exploit chemical reactions that already possess competing kinetically-preferred and thermodynamically-preferred pathways in a manner that optimizes the balance between the two types of pathways.
Collapse
|
3
|
Yu W, Wei-Jun Z, Zai-Wan Y, Nan-Zhen S, Yao-Zhong X, Xiu-Fang Z, Yao-Quan C. Studies on nucleic acid-synthesizing polypeptides: 1. C-Terminal destetrapeptido- and deshexapeptido-ribonucleases A and their hydrolytic and synthetic activitiesa. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.19880060314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
4
|
Guasch A, Barman T, Travers F, Cuchillo CM. Coupling of proteolytic quenching and high-performance liquid chromatography to enzyme reactions. Application to bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. J Chromatogr A 1989; 473:281-6. [PMID: 2753946 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)91311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Guasch
- Institut de Biologia Fonamental V. Villar Palasi, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Simple polypeptides were used as possible supports for nucleotide polymerization, in the absence of any preformed polynucleotide template. Sequential copolymers of alanine and glycine, water soluble polypeptides based on arginine and poly(Glu-Ser-Glu) have been tested. No catalytic effect has been found although poly(Glu-Ser-Glu) favors the 2'-5' internucleotide linkage. More interestingly, polypeptides containing arginine residues strongly accelerate the hydrolysis of oligoadenylic acids. The influence of pH, temperature, nature of the buffer and polypeptide sequence was investigated.
Collapse
|
6
|
Schmidt TJ, Diehl EE, Davidson CJ, Puk MJ, Webb ML, Litwack G. Effects of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A, S protein, and S peptide on activation of purified rat hepatic glucocorticoid-receptor complexes. Biochemistry 1986; 25:5955-61. [PMID: 3790497 DOI: 10.1021/bi00368a018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase) A and S protein (enzymatically inactive proteolytic fragment of RNase A which contains RNA binding site) stimulate the activation, as evidenced by increasing DNA-cellulose binding, of highly purified rat hepatic glucocorticoid-receptor complexes. These effects are dose dependent with maximal stimulation of DNA-cellulose binding being detected at approximately 500 micrograms (50 units of RNase A/mL). RNase A and S protein do not enhance DNA-cellulose binding via their ability to interact directly with DNA or to increase nonspecific binding of receptors to cellulose. Neither S peptide (enzymatically inactive proteolytic fragment which lacks RNA binding site) nor cytochrome c, a nonspecific basic DNA binding protein, mimics these effects. RNase A and S protein do not stimulate the conformational change which is associated with activation and is reflected in a shift in the elution profile of receptor complexes from DEAE-cellulose. In contrast, these two proteins interact with previously heat-activated receptor complexes to further enhance their DNA-cellulose binding capacity and thus mimic the effects of an endogenous heat-stable cytoplasmic protein(s) which also function(s) during step 2 of in vitro activation [Schmidt, T. J., Miller-Diener, A., Webb, M. L., & Litwack, G. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 16255-16262]. Preadsorption of RNase A and S protein to an RNase affinity resin containing an inhibitory RNA analogue, or trypsin digestion of the RNA binding site within S protein, eliminates the subsequent ability of these two proteins to stimulate DNA-cellulose binding of the purified receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
|
7
|
de Llorens R, Cuchillo CM, Oró J. Studies on the synthetic activity of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease a and its relevance to the prebiotic synthesis of oligoribonucleotides. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02422044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
8
|
El Rassi Z, Horváth C. High-performance displacement chromatography of nucleic acid fragments in a tandem enzyme reactor—liquid chromatograph system. J Chromatogr A 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)90906-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
9
|
BELLMANN B, WITZEL H. Sterische Voraussetzungen für die Carboxymethylierung von His 12 der Ribonuclease A durch 2´- oder 3´-Bromacetylester modifizierter Nucleoside. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1515/bchm2.1981.362.2.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
10
|
|
11
|
Martin B, Svendsen I, Ottesen M. Use of carboxypeptidase Y for carboxy-terminal sequence determination in proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02906488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
12
|
|
13
|
|
14
|
|
15
|
|
16
|
Bauer S, Lamed R, Lapidot Y. Large scale synthesis of dinucleoside monophosphates catalyzed by ribonuclease from Aspergillus clavatus. Biotechnol Bioeng 1972; 14:861-70. [PMID: 4647693 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260140602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
17
|
D'Alessio G, Zofra S, Libonati M. Action of dimeric ribonucleases on double-stranded RNA. FEBS Lett 1972; 24:355-358. [PMID: 11946706 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(72)80390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G D'Alessio
- Laboratorio di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Sienze, Università di Napoli, Via Mezzoeannone 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Floridi A, D'Alessio G, Leone E. Bull semen ribonucleases. 2. Catalytic properties of the major component. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1972; 26:162-7. [PMID: 5046039 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1972.tb01752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
19
|
Rowe MJ, Smith MA. Synthesis of 3',5'-dinucleoside diphosphates with ribonuclease T 1 . BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 247:187-93. [PMID: 4331334 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(71)90668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
20
|
Gassen HG, Nolte R. Synthesis by polymer-bound ribonuclease of the termination codons U-A-A, U-A-G, and U-G-A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1971; 44:1410-5. [PMID: 5160702 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(71)80242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
21
|
|
22
|
|
23
|
Application of Ribonuclease T1 to the Synthesis of Oligoribonucleotides of Defined Base Sequence. J Biol Chem 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)63445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
24
|
Wilchek M, Gorecki M. Affinity chromatography of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1969; 11:491-4. [PMID: 5392319 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1969.tb00799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
25
|
|
26
|
|
27
|
|
28
|
Fontana A, Scoffone E, Benassi CA. Sulfenyl halides as modifying reagents for polypeptides and proteins. II. Modification of cysteinyl residues. Biochemistry 1968; 7:980-6. [PMID: 5657863 DOI: 10.1021/bi00843a015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
29
|
Rushizky GW, Sober HA. The preparation and characterization of large oligoribonucleotides. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1968; 8:171-207. [PMID: 4298705 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
30
|
|
31
|
|
32
|
Frensdorff A, Sela M. Synthesis, characterization and enzymatic properties of poly-L-lysyl ribonuclease. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1967; 1:267-80. [PMID: 6060182 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-25813-2_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
33
|
Frensdorff A, Sela M. Synthesis, Characterization and Enzymatic Properties of Poly-l-Lysyl Ribonuclease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1967. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1967.tb00071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
34
|
|
35
|
Marshall RE, Caskey CT, Nirenberg M. Fine structure of RNA codewords recognized by bacterial, amphibian, and mammalian transfer RNA. Science 1967; 155:820-6. [PMID: 5335001 DOI: 10.1126/science.155.3764.820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide sequences of 50 RNA codons recognized by amphibian and mammalian liver transfer RNA preparations were determined and compared with those recognized by Escherichia coli transfer RNA. Almost identical translations were obtained with transfer RNA from guinea pig liver, Xenopus laevis liver (South African clawed toad), and E. coli. However, guinea pig and Xenopus transfer RNA differ markedly from E. coli transfer RNA in relative response to certain trinucleotides. Transfer RNA from mammalian liver, amphibian liver, and amphibian muscle respond similarly to trinucleotide codons. Thus the genetic code is essentially universal, but transfer RNA from one organism may differ from that of another in relative response to some codons.
Collapse
|
36
|
Mammalian Nucleolytic Enzymes and Their Localization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60957-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
37
|
|
38
|
|