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Wolffia arrhiza as a promising producer of recombinant hirudin. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:209. [PMID: 33927997 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02762-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of recombinant proteins in transgenic plants is becoming an increasingly serious alternative to classical biopharming methods as knowledge about this process grows. Wolffia arrhiza, an aquatic plant unique in its anatomy, is a promising expression system that can grow in submerged culture in bioreactors. In our study 8550 explants were subjected to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, and 41 independent hygromycin-resistant Wolffia lines were obtained, with the transformation efficiency of 0.48%. 40 of them contained the hirudin-1 gene (codon-optimized for expression in plants) and were independent lines of nuclear-transformed Wolffia, the transgenic insertion has been confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analysis. We have analyzed the accumulation of the target protein and its expression has been proven in three transgenic lines. The maximum accumulation of recombinant hirudin was 0.02% of the total soluble protein, which corresponds to 775.5 ± 111.9 ng g-1 of fresh weight of the plant. The results will be used in research on the development of an expression system based on Wolffia plants for the production of hirudin and other recombinant pharmaceutical proteins.
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Rai K, Chu X, Bao Z, Liang Y, Wang X, Yang J, Xian M, Sun Y, Nian R. Enhanced anticoagulant activity of hirudin-i analogue co-expressed with arylsulfotransferase in periplasm of E. coli BL21(DE3). J Biotechnol 2020; 323:107-112. [PMID: 32795502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hirudin, a blood anticoagulant, is the most potent natural thrombin inhibitor of leech origin. Its application is limited because it is difficult to obtain abundant natural hirudin directly from the leech. Although some bioengineering methods can significantly increase the production of hirudin, the reduced efficacy of recombinant hirudin (rH) remains a critical shortcoming. The lack of sulfation of tyrosine 63 in rH is an important cause of its inadequate performance. This article is the first report of periplasmic co-expression of an rH-I analogue with arylsulfotransferase (ASST) in E. coli BL21(DE3). Co-expressed rH-I analogue with sulfate donor substrate (p-nitrophenyl sulfate potassium) showed anticoagulant (rabbit and goat serum) activity twice more than rH-I analogue expressed without ASST, indicating its potential periplasmic sulfation. Moreover, purified rH-I analogue showed above 4.5 times higher anticoagulant activity compared to therapeutic anti-thrombotic heparin (HE). At the same time, pH-dependent differential solubility was employed to purify rH analogues from fermentation broth, which is a simple, fast and inexpensive purification technology, and can potentially be used for larger scale purification. This will also greatly improve the application of rH in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Rai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Zixian Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yunlong Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingang Wang
- Shandong Fengjin Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Junqing Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
| | - Rui Nian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
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Kozlov ON, Mitiouchkina TY, Tarasenko IV, Shaloiko LA, Firsov AP, Dolgov SV. Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Lemna minor L. with Hirudin and β-Glucuronidase Genes. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683819080076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ni Z, Ma X, Wang B, Wang H, Duan H, Li X, Jiang P, Tu P, Zhao Q, Zhu J, Li M. Pharmacological Effects and Pharmacokinetic Properties of a Dual-Function Peptide 5rolGLP-HV. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 181:483-494. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2225-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Chang JY. Diverse pathways of oxidative folding of disulfide proteins: underlying causes and folding models. Biochemistry 2011; 50:3414-31. [PMID: 21410235 DOI: 10.1021/bi200131j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pathway of oxidative folding of disulfide proteins exhibits a high degree of diversity, which is manifested mainly by distinct structural heterogeneity and diverse rearrangement pathways of folding intermediates. During the past two decades, the scope of this diversity has widened through studies of more than 30 disulfide-rich proteins by various laboratories. A more comprehensive landscape of the mechanism of protein oxidative folding has emerged. This review will cover three themes. (1) Elaboration of the scope of diversity of disulfide folding pathways, including the two opposite extreme models, represented by bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and hirudin. (2) Demonstration of experimental evidence accounting for the underlying mechanism of the folding diversity. (3) Discussion of the convergence between the extreme models of oxidative folding and models of conventional conformational folding (framework model, hydrophobic collapse model).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Yoa Chang
- Research Center for Protein Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, The University of Texas, Houston, 77030, USA.
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LIU Y, WAN B, YAN TH, CHANG XD, LIAO JM, WU WT, HU R. Effect of Recombinant Hirudin Variant III Emulsive Microparticles on Thrombosis and the Study on Its Oral Absorption Mechanism. Chin J Nat Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(11)60009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Beld J, Woycechowsky KJ, Hilvert D. Diselenides as universal oxidative folding catalysts of diverse proteins. J Biotechnol 2010; 150:481-9. [PMID: 20933552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule diselenides show considerable potential as catalysts of oxidative protein folding. To explore their scope, diselenide-containing redox buffers were used to promote the folding of proteins that varied in properties such as size, overall tertiary structure, number of disulfide bonds, pI value, and difficulty of in vitro folding. Diselenides are able to catalyze the oxidative folding of all proteins tested, providing significant increases in both rate and yield relative to analogous disulfides. Compared to the disulfide-linked dimer of glutathione (the most commonly used oxidant for in vitro protein folding), selenoglutathione provided markedly improved efficiencies in the folding of biotechnologically important proteins such as hirudin, lysozyme, human epidermal growth factor and interferon α-2a. Selenoglutathione also enhances the renaturation of more challenging targets such as bovine serum albumin, whose native state contains 17 disulfide bonds, and the Fab fragment of an antibody. In the latter case, micromolar amounts of selenoglutathione are able to match the modest yield provided by a previously optimized redox buffer, which contains millimolar levels of glutathione. Taken together, the folding reactions of these diverse proteins exemplify the advantages and limitations of diselenide catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Beld
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang Paulistrasse 10, CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland
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Lu BY, Chang JY. Rapid and irreversible reduction of protein disulfide bonds. Anal Biochem 2010; 405:67-72. [PMID: 20488157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the development of a method that enables a rapid (less than 20s), quantitative, and irreversible reduction and inactivation of disulfide-containing proteins at room temperature (20 to 25 degrees C). The formula comprises the ingredients of optimized concentrations of denaturant, reductant, and hydroxide ion. The novelty of this formula is the application of a potent hydroxide ion in the concoction. The component of hydroxide ion serves two major functions. (1) It accelerates the cleavage of disulfide bonds mediated by the reducing agent and denaturant, leading to an instant and quantitative reduction of disulfide proteins. (2) It triggers a rapid covalent destruction of sulfhydryl groups and disulfide bonds via the mechanism of base-catalyzed beta-elimination, thus leading to the irreversible and permanent abolition of disulfide bonds. The usefulness of this formula has been demonstrated here with the effective and rapid reduction of numerous highly stable disulfide-containing proteins, including cardiotoxin and prion aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Yuan Lu
- Research Center for Protein Chemistry, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Iyer L, Fareed J. Leading Article: Cardiovascular & Renal: Recombinant hirudin: A perspective. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.5.5.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Liu Y, Lu WL, Wang JC, Zhang X, Zhang H, Wang XQ, Zhou TY, Zhang Q. Controlled delivery of recombinant hirudin based on thermo-sensitive Pluronic® F127 hydrogel for subcutaneous administration: In vitro and in vivo characterization. J Control Release 2007; 117:387-95. [PMID: 17207884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we investigated thermo-sensitive Pluronic(R) F127 (PF127) hydrogel for the controlled release of peptide and protein drugs after subcutaneous injection, using an antithrombotic polypeptide, recombinant hirudin variant-2 (rHV2), as the model drug. The in vitro release experiment performed with a membrane-less model at 37 degrees C showed that the release of antithrombotic activity of rHV2 from PF127 gel followed zero-order kinetics and correlated well with the weight percentage of PF127 dissolved, indicating a dissolution-controlled release mechanism. The in vivo result obtained after subcutaneous injection of rHV2-loaded PF127 gel in normal rats demonstrated that PF127 gel improved the bioavailability, prolonged the antithrombotic effect of rHV2, and induced detectable plasma rHV2 concentration for a longer time in comparison with rHV2 aqueous solution. Differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic light scattering and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy provided evidence of the interaction between PF127 and rHV2, but such interaction was unlikely to interfere the feasibility of this drug delivery system. Our current in vitro and in vivo study suggested that PF127 gel may be useful as an injectable delivery vehicle for peptides and proteins with short half-lives to prolong their therapeutic effect, increase their bioavailability and improve the clinic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100083, PR China
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Shi B, Li J, Yu A, Yuan B, Wu C. Two-step ion-exchange chromatographic purification of recombinant hirudin-II and its C-terminal-truncated derivatives expressed in Pichia pastoris. Process Biochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2006.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Sun Y, Sun J, Wang X, Chen M. Nasal recombinant hirudin-2 delivery: absorption and its mechanism in vivo and in vitro studies. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 28:2263-7. [PMID: 16327162 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of systemic absorption of recombinant hirudin-2 (rHV2) by nasal delivery, and its possible absorption mechanism. The degradation of rHV2 in the nasal tissue homogenate and extracts of mucosae of rabbit, as well as the degradation inhibition of enzyme inhibitor (bacitracin) was evaluated. The bioavailability of rHV2 and the improvement with enhancers, after nasal administration in rats was investigated. For further understanding of the transport and uptake characteristics of rHV2, in vitro transport experiment under various conditions using diffusion chamber technique in excised rabbit nasal epithelium was performed. It was found that rHV2 underwent rapid degradation in rabbit nasal homogenate, but it was more stable in the extracts of nasal mucosae surface. Bacitracin was able to inhibit the degradation of rHV2 to certain extent. rHV2 was detected in the rat plasma by chromogenic substrate assay after nasal administration and some enhancers also significantly increased the nasal absorption of rHV2. The transport and uptake of rHV2 across nasal epithelium was concentration-dependent and unsaturated, and was significantly inhibited by low temperature, NaN(3), DNP and colchicines, while was less affected by alteration of transport direction. These results demonstrate that the possible absorption mechanism of rHV2 by nasal mucosa appears to be associated with the endocytosis as well as passive diffusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- Department of Chinese Pharmacy, P.O.B.3, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
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Liu Y, Lu WL, Zhang X, Wang XQ, Zhang H, Zhang Q. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of recombinant hirudin via four non-parenteral routes. Peptides 2005; 26:423-30. [PMID: 15652649 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Revised: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One of recombinant hirudin variants, rHV2, a polypeptide used as an anticoagulant agent in clinic, was administered to anesthetized rats via intratracheal, buccal, nasal and rectal routes. Prolongation in clotting time and thrombin time was measured to calculate pharmacological bioavailability. Plasma concentration of rHV2 was determined using a chromogenic thrombin substrate assay and pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained on the basis of a non-compartmental model. Intravenous administration was also performed as the gold standard by which the other routes were compared. Difference in pharmacological bioavailability (P.A.), bioavailability (F) and absorption rate of rHV2 was found for the four non-parenteral routes. The rank order for both P.A. and F was intratracheal>nasal>buccal>rectal. Absorption was more rapid after both intratracheal and rectal administration (tmax approximately 20-40 min), compared with that after nasal and rectal administration. It is evident that the pulmonary route is preferable to other three routes for successful systemic delivery of rHV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University Beijing, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
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Kautzleben M, Stein G, Sperschneider H, Nowak G. Characterization of the postglomerular renal metabolism of lepirudin in healthy volunteers. Thromb Res 2004; 113:187-95. [PMID: 15140582 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2003] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The anticoagulant r-hirudin lepirudin is eliminated exclusively via the kidneys. We examined the C-terminal amino acid degradation of lepirudin by the proximal kidney tubulus cells in humans as well as the antithrombotic efficacy of the metabolites and quantified the metabolite portions. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro metabolites of lepirudin were produced by adding 250 microg lepirudin to urine of three healthy volunteers and a concentration of 100 ml fresh urine to 1.5 ml and subsequent separation by high performance liquid chromatography. Anticoagulant activities of the mass spectrometrically identified metabolites were measured by ecarin clotting time and protein determination with bicinchoninic acid. In 10 healthy volunteers 1 mg lepirudin was administered intravenously, urine was collected during the following 2 h. The urine amount containing 50 microg lepirudin measured by ecarin clotting time was enzyme-inactivated and measured analogously to the in vitro samples. RESULTS The in vitro generated metabolites were shortened amino acid by amino acid at the C-terminal end, up to five amino acids. Their anticoagulant activity was reduced to 92.6% (M64), 80.1% (M63) and 74.4% (M60,61,62) in comparison to lepirudin. Lepirudin (57.9 +/- 8.6%) was eliminated unchanged via the kidneys. Identical to the in vitro situation metabolite fragments were built in the distribution M64 = 8.1 +/- 5.7%, M63 = 21.1 +/- 6.5%, and M60,61,62 = 12.9 +/- 4.5%. CONCLUSIONS Lepirudin is metabolized spontaneously in more than 10-fold concentrated urine. Metabolization of lepirudin takes place in the proximal tubulus cells as well. In vitro, the degradation takes place amino acid by amino acid, but in vivo even dipeptides and perhaps tripeptides are degraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kautzleben
- Research Unit "Pharmacological Haemostaseology", Friedrich Schiller, University, Jena, Germany.
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Zhou WB, Zhang YX. Purification and Identification of Recombinant Hirudin and Its Degradation Products Expressed inPichia pastoris. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2004; 34:239-52. [PMID: 15461140 DOI: 10.1081/pb-200026807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The purification and identification of recombinant hirudin (r-hirudin) (rHV2-Lys47) and its several C-terminal proteolytic degradation derivatives, produced by Pichia pastoris, were described. The high-purity rHV2-Lys47 of above 99% and its three degradation products were obtained by a straightforward two-step chromatography procedure, a combination of cation exchange and reverse phase chromatography, with a recovery yield of 74% for hirudin. The purified rHV2 had the predicted N-terminal amino acid sequence and the derivatives were the degradation products of hirudin, short of one to three amino acid residues at C-terminal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Yan X, Wang X, Zhang X, Zhang Q. Gastrointestinal Absorption of Recombinant Hirudin-2 in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 308:774-9. [PMID: 14610232 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.056655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the absorption of recombinant hirudin-2 (rHV2) after oral administration to rats and its possible absorption mechanism, a series of experiments were carried out. The degradation of (125)I-rHV2 in the luminal contents and variant mucosal subcellular fractions, as well as the effect of degradation inhibition of some adjuvant was investigated. The bioavailability of rHV2, with or without degradation inhibitor after oral administration to rats was estimated, whereas the in situ loop test and everted sac experiment were also conducted to understand more about the gastrointestinal absorption of rHV2 in rats. It was demonstrated that the rHV2 was not stable in the luminal contents and subfraction of the intestinal mucosa. Some enzyme inhibitor, such as bacitracin or casein, could inhibit the degradation to certain degrees. The intact rHV2 molecules were found in the rat plasma after oral administration, and the bioavailability varies obviously, dependent on the analytical method. Some of the enzyme inhibitor could enhance the rHV2 oral absorption. There is no site difference on rHV2 absorption in different segments of small intestine. The possible transport mechanism of rHV2 across the gastrointestinal tract is concerned with the endocytosis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Menssen HD, Melber K, Brandt N, Thiel E. The use of hirudin as universal anticoagulant in haematology, clinical chemistry and blood grouping. Clin Chem Lab Med 2001; 39:1267-77. [PMID: 11798089 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2001.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Undesirable interactions between anticoagulants and diagnostic test kit procedures so far have prevented the development of a single uniform blood sampling tube. Contrary to K2-EDTA, heparin and other anticoagulants, hirudin only minimally alters blood cells and dissolved blood constituents, thus qualifying as a universal anticoagulant for diagnostic purposes. Automated complete blood counts, automated analyses of clinical chemistry analytes and immunohaematology were performed from hirudinised and routinely processed blood obtained from healthy volunteers (n=35) and hospitalised patients (n=45). Hirudin (400 ATU/ml blood) sufficiently anticoagulated blood for diagnostic purposes. The measurements of automated complete blood counts obtained from K2-EDTA-anticoagulated and hirudinised blood correlated significantly as did the measurements of 24 clinical chemistry analytes from hirudinised plasma and serum. Regression analysis revealed that the results of complete blood counts and clinical chemistry tests were predictable from the respective measurements from hirudinised blood (p=0.001). Immunohaematological tests and cross-matching from hirudinised and native blood of the same donors gave identical results. Single clotting factors, but not global coagulation analytes, could be measured from hirudinised blood. Therefore, a universal hirudin-containing blood sampling tube could be designed for automated analysis of haematological, serological and clinical chemistry analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Menssen
- Department of Internal Medicine III Haematology, Oncology and Transfusion Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
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Scotti PD, Dearing SC, Greenwood DR, Newcomb RD. Pernin: a novel, self-aggregating haemolymph protein from the New Zealand green-lipped mussel, Perna canaliculus (Bivalvia: Mytilidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 128:767-79. [PMID: 11290459 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(01)00301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A protein, designated pernin, found in the New Zealand green-lipped mussel, comprises almost all of the protein in cell-free haemolymph. It occurs as large, aggregate structures of several hundred units resembling small virus-like particles. Pernin is a non-pigmented, glycosylated protein, composed of 497 amino acids, which has an estimated molecular mass of 60 kDa. It is exceptionally rich in histidine (13.7%) and aspartic acid (12.3%), amino acids both known to participate in the binding of divalent metal cations. In addition, pernin has serine protease inhibitor activity, likely due to a sequence of eight N-terminal amino acid residues, separated from the remainder of the protein via a histidine-aspartate spacer. The pernin monomer comprises three regions of obvious sequence duplication. These make up approximately 95% of the pernin molecule and have sequences clearly homologous to the active-site domain of Cu-Zn SODs (superoxide dismutases). Despite several of the metal ion co-ordinating histidine residues being retained, pernin contains no Cu or Zn. It is, however, associated with Fe with an apparent stoichiometry of 1 atom of Fe to 6 molecules of pernin. Since pernin has no demonstrable SOD activity, these SOD-derived sequences presumably have been modified for another function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Scotti
- The Horticulture and Food Research, Institute of New Zealand Ltd., Mt. Albert Research Centre, Private Bag, 92169, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Marty I, Péclat V, Kirdaite G, Salvi R, So A, Busso N. Amelioration of collagen-induced arthritis by thrombin inhibition. J Clin Invest 2001; 107:631-40. [PMID: 11238564 PMCID: PMC199423 DOI: 10.1172/jci11064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The deleterious role of fibrin deposition in arthritic joints prompted us to explore the effect of the thrombin inhibition on the course of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in the mouse. CIA was induced in male DBA/1J mice using native chicken type II collagen. The thrombin inhibitor polyethyleneglycol-hirudin (PEG-hirudin) was given for 16 days, starting 20 days after the first immunization (preventive treatment) or at the onset of clinical signs of arthritis (curative treatment). All the mice treated with PEG-hirudin had a significantly prolonged clotting time compared with control mice. PEG-hirudin, administered in a preventive way, led to significantly reduced incidence and severity of CIA during most of the treatment period, as assessed by clinical scoring. Accordingly, histological features showed a significant diminution of synovial hyperplasia in PEG-hirudin-treated mice compared with untreated mice. There was also a significant downmodulation of the synovial proinflammatory IL-1beta and IL-12p35 cytokine mRNAs in treated mice. Intra-articular fibrin, evaluated by immunohistochemistry, was significantly reduced in treated mice compared with control mice and correlated with both clinical and histological scorings. Most importantly, once arthritis was established, PEG-hirudin also showed a curative effect. In conclusion, PEG-hirudin can both prevent the onset of CIA in a dose-dependent manner and ameliorate established arthritis, suggesting that thrombin inhibition may offer a new therapeutic approach in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Marty
- Laboratoire de Rhumatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Chang JY. Denatured states of tick anticoagulant peptide. Compositional analysis of unfolded scrambled isomers. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:123-8. [PMID: 9867819 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.1.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the presence of denaturant and thiol catalyst, a disulfide-containing protein denatures and converts to a mixture of scrambled isomers, which can be purified and structurally characterized. Scrambled isomers adopt a different conformation and a varied extent of unfolding. Their relative concentration (composition) signals the state of unfolding of the denatured protein and is determined by the denaturing condition. In this report, tick anticoagulant peptide (TAP) (60 amino acids and 3 disulfides) has been denatured in the presence of urea, guanidine hydrochloride, guanidine thiocyanate, organic solvents, and at elevated temperature. The recoveries of scrambled TAP were analyzed. The results demonstrate that each denaturing condition generates a unique structure (composition of scrambled species) of denatured TAP. Among various species of scrambled TAP, the beads-form species contains the smallest disulfide loop and appears to represent the most extensively unfolded state. The yield of the beads-form species as a fraction of the total denatured TAP is invariably determined by the strength of the denaturing condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Chang
- Research Center for Protein Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Boothe JG, Saponja JA, Parmenter DL. Molecular farming in plants: Oilseeds as vehicles for the production of pharmaceutical proteins. Drug Dev Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2299(199711/12)42:3/4<172::aid-ddr9>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Volkin DB, Mach H, Middaugh CR. Degradative covalent reactions important to protein stability. Mol Biotechnol 1997; 8:105-22. [PMID: 9406181 DOI: 10.1007/bf02752255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Commonly observed chemical modifications that occur in proteins during their in vitro purification, storage, and handling are discussed. Covalent modifications described include deamidation and isoaspartate formation, cleavage of peptide bonds at aspartic acid residues, cystine destruction and thiol-disulfide interchange, oxidation of cysteine and methionine residues, and the glycation and carbamylation of amino groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Volkin
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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Flores BM, Batzer MA, Stein MA, Petersen C, Diedrich DL, Torian BE. Structural analysis and demonstration of the 29 kDa antigen of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica as the major accessible free thiol-containing surface protein. Mol Microbiol 1993; 7:755-63. [PMID: 7682280 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The 29 kDa protein of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica is a cysteine-rich surface antigen which we recently characterized by cDNA sequencing and by using monoclonal antibodies which differentiated between pathogenic and non-pathogenic clinical isolates. To determine the structure and biochemical attributes of this protein, a repertoire of immunological techniques using monoclonal antibodies, and radiolabelling were employed. We demonstrated that the 29 kDa protein forms a 60 kDa dimer and a high-molecular-mass oligomer(s) on the surface of the organism through disulphide bonds, and is the major accessible free thiol-containing surface protein of E. histolytica. The deduced amino acid sequence encoding the 29 kDa protein was found to share a common amino acid domain with sequences reported for Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella typhimurium, MER5 gene expressed in murine erythroleukemia cells, Clostridium pasteurianum, and a Bacillus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Flores
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello 83209-8334
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