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Jiang JH, Cameron DR, Nethercott C, Aires-de-Sousa M, Peleg AY. Virulence attributes of successful methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineages. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0014822. [PMID: 37982596 PMCID: PMC10732075 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00148-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of severe and often fatal infections. MRSA epidemics have occurred in waves, whereby a previously successful lineage has been replaced by a more fit and better adapted lineage. Selection pressures in both hospital and community settings are not uniform across the globe, which has resulted in geographically distinct epidemiology. This review focuses on the mechanisms that trigger the establishment and maintenance of current, dominant MRSA lineages across the globe. While the important role of antibiotic resistance will be mentioned throughout, factors which influence the capacity of S. aureus to colonize and cause disease within a host will be the primary focus of this review. We show that while MRSA possesses a diverse arsenal of toxins including alpha-toxin, the success of a lineage involves more than just producing toxins that damage the host. Success is often attributed to the acquisition or loss of genetic elements involved in colonization and niche adaptation such as the arginine catabolic mobile element, as well as the activity of regulatory systems, and shift metabolism accordingly (e.g., the accessory genome regulator, agr). Understanding exactly how specific MRSA clones cause prolonged epidemics may reveal targets for therapies, whereby both core (e.g., the alpha toxin) and acquired virulence factors (e.g., the Panton-Valentine leukocidin) may be nullified using anti-virulence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhih-Hang Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David R. Cameron
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cara Nethercott
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marta Aires-de-Sousa
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institutode Tecnologia Químicae Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa-Lisboa (ESSCVP-Lisboa), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anton Y. Peleg
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre to Impact Antimicrobial Resistance, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Grzeskowiak RM, Schumacher J, Dhar MS, Harper DP, Mulon PY, Anderson DE. Bone and Cartilage Interfaces With Orthopedic Implants: A Literature Review. Front Surg 2020; 7:601244. [PMID: 33409291 PMCID: PMC7779634 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2020.601244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The interface between a surgical implant and tissue consists of a complex and dynamic environment characterized by mechanical and biological interactions between the implant and surrounding tissue. The implantation process leads to injury which needs to heal over time and the rapidity of this process as well as the property of restored tissue impact directly the strength of the interface. Bleeding is the first and most relevant step of the healing process because blood provides growth factors and cellular material necessary for tissue repair. Integration of the implants placed in poorly vascularized tissue such as articular cartilage is, therefore, more challenging than compared with the implants placed in well-vascularized tissues such as bone. Bleeding is followed by the establishment of a provisional matrix that is gradually transformed into the native tissue. The ultimate goal of implantation is to obtain a complete integration between the implant and tissue resulting in long-term stability. The stability of the implant has been defined as primary (mechanical) and secondary (biological integration) stability. Successful integration of an implant within the tissue depends on both stabilities and is vital for short- and long-term surgical outcomes. Advances in research aim to improve implant integration resulting in enhanced implant and tissue interface. Numerous methods have been employed to improve the process of modifying both stability types. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of current knowledge regarding implant-tissue interfaces within bone and cartilage as well as novel approaches to strengthen the implant-tissue interface. Furthermore, it gives an insight into the current state-of-art biomechanical testing of the stability of the implants. Current knowledge reveals that the design of the implants closely mimicking the native structure is more likely to become well integrated. The literature provides however several other techniques such as coating with a bioactive compound that will stimulate the integration and successful outcome for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remigiusz M. Grzeskowiak
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Jim Schumacher
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Madhu S. Dhar
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - David P. Harper
- The Center for Renewable Carbon, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Pierre-Yves Mulon
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - David E. Anderson
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States
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3
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Valotteau C, Prystopiuk V, Pietrocola G, Rindi S, Peterle D, De Filippis V, Foster TJ, Speziale P, Dufrêne YF. Single-Cell and Single-Molecule Analysis Unravels the Multifunctionality of the Staphylococcus aureus Collagen-Binding Protein Cna. ACS NANO 2017; 11:2160-2170. [PMID: 28151647 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The collagen-binding protein Cna is a prototype cell surface protein from Staphylococcus aureus which fulfils important physiological functions during pathogenesis. While it is established that Cna binds to collagen (Cn) via the high-affinity collagen hug mechanism, whether this protein is engaged in other ligand-binding mechanisms is poorly understood. Here, we use atomic force microscopy to demonstrate that Cna mediates attachment to two structurally and functionally different host proteins, i.e., the complement system protein C1q and the extracellular matrix protein laminin (Lam), through binding mechanisms that differ from the collagen hug. We show that single Cna-C1q and Cna-Lam bonds are much weaker than the high-affinity Cna-Cn bond and that their formation does not require the B-region of Cna. At the whole cell level, we find that bacterial adhesion to C1q-substrates involves only one (or two) molecular bond(s), while adhesion to Lam is mediated by multiple bonds, thus suggesting that multivalent or cooperative interactions may enhance the strength of adhesion. Both C1q and Lam interactions can be efficiently blocked by monoclonal antibodies directed against the minimal Cn-binding domain of Cna. These results show that Cna is a multifunctional protein capable of binding to multiple host ligands through mechanisms that differ from the classical collagen hug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Valotteau
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain , Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.06, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Valeria Prystopiuk
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain , Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.06, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Giampiero Pietrocola
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia , Viale Taramelli 3/b, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Simonetta Rindi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia , Viale Taramelli 3/b, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Daniele Peterle
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua , via F. Marzolo 5, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Filippis
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua , via F. Marzolo 5, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Timothy J Foster
- Department of Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Pietro Speziale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia , Viale Taramelli 3/b, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Yves F Dufrêne
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain , Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.06, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO) , Liège 4000, Belgium
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4
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Jaglic Z, Desvaux M, Weiss A, Nesse LL, Meyer RL, Demnerova K, Schmidt H, Giaouris E, Sipailiene A, Teixeira P, Kačániová M, Riedel CU, Knøchel S. Surface adhesins and exopolymers of selected foodborne pathogens. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:2561-2582. [PMID: 25217529 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.075887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The ability of bacteria to bind different compounds and to adhere to biotic and abiotic surfaces provides them with a range of advantages, such as colonization of various tissues, internalization, avoidance of an immune response, and survival and persistence in the environment. A variety of bacterial surface structures are involved in this process and these promote bacterial adhesion in a more or less specific manner. In this review, we will focus on those surface adhesins and exopolymers in selected foodborne pathogens that are involved mainly in primary adhesion. Their role in biofilm development will also be considered when appropriate. Both the clinical impact and the implications for food safety of such adhesion will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Jaglic
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Agnes Weiss
- Department of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Rikke L Meyer
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Katerina Demnerova
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Technicka 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Herbert Schmidt
- Department of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos Island, Greece
| | | | - Pilar Teixeira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Christian U Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Susanne Knøchel
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, Frederiksberg C 1958, Denmark
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5
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Staphopains in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: Virulence activities related to the onset of septic shock, coagulation disorders, and infectious endocarditis. J Oral Biosci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Ross CL, Liang X, Liu Q, Murray BE, Höök M, Ganesh VK. Targeted protein engineering provides insights into binding mechanism and affinities of bacterial collagen adhesins. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:34856-65. [PMID: 22865854 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.371054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The collagen-binding bacterial proteins, Ace and Cna, are well characterized on the biochemical and structural level. Despite overall structural similarity, recombinant forms of the Ace and Cna ligand-binding domains exhibit significantly different affinities and binding kinetics for collagen type I (CI) in vitro. In this study, we sought to understand, in submolecular detail, the bases for these differences. Using a structure-based approach, we engineered Cna and Ace variants by altering specific structural elements within the ligand-binding domains. Surface plasmon resonance-based binding analysis demonstrated that mutations that are predicted to alter the orientation of the Ace and Cna N(1) and N(2) subdomains significantly affect the interaction between the MSCRAMM (microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecule) and CI in vitro, including affinity, association/dissociation rates and binding ratio. Moreover, we utilized this information to engineer an Ace variant with an 11,000-fold higher CI affinity than the parent protein. Finally, we noted that several engineered proteins that exhibited a weak interaction with CI recognized more sites on CI, suggesting an inverse correlation between affinity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caná L Ross
- Center for Inflammatory and Infectious Disease, Institute for Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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7
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Allon AA, Ng KW, Hammoud S, Russell BH, Jones CM, Rivera JJ, Schwartz J, Hook M, Maher SA. Augmenting the articular cartilage-implant interface: Functionalizing with a collagen adhesion protein. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2168-75. [PMID: 22615182 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The lack of integration between implants and articular cartilage is an unsolved problem that negatively impacts the development of treatments for focal cartilage defects. Many approaches attempt to increase the number of matrix-producing cells that can migrate to the interface, which may help to reinforce the boundary over time but does not address the problems associated with an initially unstable interface. The objective of this study was to develop a bioadhesive implant to create an immediate bond with the extracellular matrix components of articular cartilage. We hypothesized that implant-bound collagen adhesion protein (CNA) would increase the interfacial strength between a poly(vinly alcohol) implant and an articular cartilage immediately after implantation, without preventing cell migration into the implant. By way of a series of in vitro immunohistochemical and mechanical experiments, we demonstrated that (i) free CNA can bind to articular cartilage, (ii) implant-bound CNA can bind to collagen type II and (iii) implants functionalized with CNA result in a fourfold increase in interfacial strength with cartilage relative to untreated implants at day zero. Of note, the interfacial strength significantly decreased after 21 days in culture, which may be an indication that the protein itself has lost its effectiveness. Our data suggest that functionalizing scaffolds with CNA may be a viable approach toward creating an initially stable interface between scaffolds and articular cartilage. Further efforts are required to ensure long-term interface stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza A Allon
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
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8
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Nakano K, Hokamura K, Taniguchi N, Wada K, Kudo C, Nomura R, Kojima A, Naka S, Muranaka Y, Thura M, Nakajima A, Masuda K, Nakagawa I, Speziale P, Shimada N, Amano A, Kamisaki Y, Tanaka T, Umemura K, Ooshima T. The collagen-binding protein of Streptococcus mutans is involved in haemorrhagic stroke. Nat Commun 2011; 2:485. [PMID: 21952219 PMCID: PMC3220351 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several risk factors for stroke have been identified, one-third remain unexplained. Here we show that infection with Streptococcus mutans expressing collagen-binding protein (CBP) is a potential risk factor for haemorrhagic stroke. Infection with serotype k S. mutans, but not a standard strain, aggravates cerebral haemorrhage in mice. Serotype k S. mutans accumulates in the damaged, but not the contralateral hemisphere, indicating an interaction of bacteria with injured blood vessels. The most important factor for high-virulence is expression of CBP, which is a common property of most serotype k strains. The detection frequency of CBP-expressing S. mutans in haemorrhagic stroke patients is significantly higher than in control subjects. Strains isolated from haemorrhagic stroke patients aggravate haemorrhage in a mouse model, indicating that they are haemorrhagic stroke-associated. Administration of recombinant CBP causes aggravation of haemorrhage. Our data suggest that CBP of S. mutans is directly involved in haemorrhagic stroke. The risk factors associated with both ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke are not fully understood. Here a certain strain of the bacteria, Streptococcus mutans, which expresses a collagen-binding protein, is shown to be associated with haemorrhagic stroke in both animal models and human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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9
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Distribution of collagen adhesin gene among various types of Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with bovine mammary gland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-010-1136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Ohbayashi T, Irie A, Murakami Y, Nowak M, Potempa J, Nishimura Y, Shinohara M, Imamura T. Degradation of fibrinogen and collagen by staphopains, cysteine proteases released from Staphylococcus aureus. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2010; 157:786-792. [PMID: 21081759 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.044503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequently isolated pathogen in gram-positive sepsis often complicated by a blood clotting disorder, and is the leading cause of infective endocarditis induced by bacterial destruction of endocardial tissues. The bacterium secretes cysteine proteases referred to as staphopain A (ScpA) and staphopain B (SspB). To investigate virulence activities of staphopains pertinent to clotting disorders and tissue destruction, we examined their effects on collagen, one of the major tissue components, and on plasma clotting. Both staphopains prolonged the partial thromboplastin time of plasma in a dose- and activity-dependent manner, with SspB being threefold more potent than ScpA. Staphopains also prolonged the thrombin time of both plasma and fibrinogen, indicating that these enzymes can cause impaired plasma clotting through fibrinogen degradation. Whereas SspB cleaved the fibrinogen Aα-chain at the C-terminal region very efficiently, ScpA degraded it rather slowly. This explains the superior ability of the former enzyme to impair fibrinogen clottability. Enzymically active staphopains, at concentrations as low as 10 nM, degraded collagen with comparable efficiency. These results show novel virulence activities of staphopains in degrading fibrinogen and collagen, and suggest an involvement of staphopains in the clotting impairment and tissue destruction caused by staphylococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehisa Ohbayashi
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Irie
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoji Murakami
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Urology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Magdalena Nowak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Periodontics, Endodontics and Dental Hygiene, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Yasuharu Nishimura
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Shinohara
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takahisa Imamura
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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12
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Liu Q, Ponnuraj K, Xu Y, Ganesh VK, Sillanpää J, Murray BE, Narayana SVL, Höök M. The Enterococcus faecalis MSCRAMM ACE binds its ligand by the Collagen Hug model. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:19629-37. [PMID: 17392280 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611137200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have determined the crystal structure of the ligand binding segment of the Enterococcus faecalis collagen binding MSCRAMM ACE (microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules adhesin of collagen from enterococci). This segment is composed of two subdomains, N(1) and N(2), each adopting an IgG-like fold and forming a putative collagen binding surface at the interface between the two subdomains. This structure is very similar to that recently reported for CNA, the collagen binding MSCRAMM of Staphylococcus aureus, for which a unique ligand binding mechanism called the Collagen Hug was proposed. We suggest that ACE binds collagen by a similar mechanism and present the first biochemical evidence for this binding model. Replacing residues in the putative collagen binding trench of ACE N(2) with Ala residues affected collagen binding. A closed conformation of ACE stabilized by an engineered disulfide bond is unable to bind collagen. Finally, the importance of the residues in the N(2) extension in stabilizing the MSCRAMM-ligand complex is demonstrated by selected point and truncation mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Center for Extracellular Matrix Biology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Albert B. Alkek Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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13
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Sakinc T, Kleine B, Gatermann SG. SdrI, a serine-aspartate repeat protein identified in Staphylococcus saprophyticus strain 7108, is a collagen-binding protein. Infect Immun 2006; 74:4615-23. [PMID: 16861649 PMCID: PMC1539602 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01885-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A gene encoding a serine-aspartate repeat protein of Staphylococcus saprophyticus, an important cause of urinary tract infections in young women, has been cloned and sequenced. In contrast to other SD repeat proteins, SdrI carries 21 additional N-terminal repeats with a consensus sequence of (P/A)ATKE(K/E)A(A/V)(T/I)(A/T/S)EE and has the longest SD(AD)(1-5) repetitive region (854 amino acids) described so far. This highly repetitive sequence contains only the amino acids serine, asparagine, and a distinctly greater amount of alanine (37%) than all other known SD repeat proteins (2.3 to 4.4%). In addition, it is a collagen-binding protein of S. saprophyticus and the second example in this organism of a surface protein carrying the LPXTG motif. We constructed an isogenic sdrI knockout mutant that showed decreased binding to immobilized collagen compared with wild-type S. saprophyticus strain 7108. Binding could be reconstituted by complementation. Collagen binding is specifically caused by SdrI, and the recently described UafA protein, the only LPXTG-containing protein in the genome sequence of the type strain, is not involved in this trait. Our experiments suggest that, as in other staphylococci, the presence of different LPXTG-anchored cell wall proteins is common in S. saprophyticus and support the notion that the presence of matrix-binding surface proteins is common in staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Türkan Sakinc
- Abteilung für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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14
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Gómez MI, O'Seaghdha M, Magargee M, Foster TJ, Prince AS. Staphylococcus aureus protein A activates TNFR1 signaling through conserved IgG binding domains. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:20190-6. [PMID: 16709567 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601956200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus continues to be a major cause of infection in normal as well as immunocompromised hosts, and the increasing prevalence of highly virulent community-acquired methicillin-resistant strains is a public health concern. A highly expressed surface component of S. aureus, protein A (SpA), contributes to its success as a pathogen by both activating inflammation and by interfering with immune clearance. SpA is known to bind to IgG Fc, which impedes phagocytosis. SpA is also a potent activator of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) receptor 1 (TNFR1) signaling, inducing both chemokine expression and TNF-converting enzyme-dependent soluble TNFR1 (sTNFR1) shedding, which has anti-inflammatory consequences, particularly in the lung. Using a collection of glutathione S-transferase fusions to the intact IgG binding region of SpA and to each of the individual binding domains, we found that the SpA IgG binding domains also mediate binding to human airway cells. TNFR1-dependent CXCL8 production could be elicited by any one of the individual SpA IgG binding domains as efficiently as by either the entire SpA or the intact IgG binding region. SpA induction of sTNFR1 shedding required the entire IgG binding region and tolerated fewer substitutions in residues known to interact with IgG. Each of the repeated domains of the IgG binding domain can affect multiple immune responses independently, activating inflammation through TNFR1 and thwarting opsonization by trapping IgG Fc domains, while the intact IgG binding region can limit further signaling through sTNFR1 shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa I Gómez
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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15
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Abstract
An important facet in the interaction between Staphylococcus aureus and its host is the ability of the bacterium to adhere to human extracellular matrix components and serum proteins. In order to colonise the host and disseminate, it uses a wide range of strategies, the molecular and genetic basis of which are multifactorial, with extensive functional overlap between adhesins. Here, we describe the current knowledge of the molecular features of the adhesive components of S. aureus, mechanisms of adhesion and the impact that these have on host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Clarke
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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16
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Nandakumar R, Nandakumar MP, Marten MR, Ross JM. Proteome analysis of membrane and cell wall associated proteins from Staphylococcus aureus. J Proteome Res 2005; 4:250-7. [PMID: 15822900 DOI: 10.1021/pr049866k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic human pathogen, is complex and involves many virulence factors including an array of surface proteins (adhesins) that promote bacterial interactions with extracellular matrix components. A better understanding of these interactions can be achieved by studying the expression of membrane and cell wall associated proteins using a proteome analysis approach. To accomplish this, our goal here was to construct a reference map of membrane and cell wall associated proteins for S. aureus. Various lytic and solubilization methods have been tested to identify a suitable methodology for detection of these proteins in two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE). Results demonstrate that cell lysis with lysostaphin, which lyses staphylococcal peptidoglycan, followed by solubilization with urea, thiourea, amidosulfobetaine 14 (ASB 14) and dithiothreitol (DTT) is an effective method, yielding a sample comprising proteins of wide molecular ranges and isoelectric points with minimum contamination from cytosolic proteins. Mass spectrometric analysis was employed to identify the membrane and cell surface proteins present in the sample and consequently an initial proteomic map of membrane and cell wall associated proteins for S. aureus is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Nandakumar
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
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17
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Edwards JG, Odell WD. Partial characterization of chorionic gonadotropin-like binding sites from the bacteria Xanthomonas maltophilia. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2003; 228:926-34. [PMID: 12968064 DOI: 10.1177/153537020322800808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gram-negative bacterium, Xanthomonas maltophilia, has low- and high-affinity luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin (LH/CG)-binding sites, similar to the LH/CG receptor found in mammals. Although the low-affinity site binds both LH and human CG (hCG), the high-affinity site is specific for hCG. In the current investigation, these two binding sites were independently isolated from X. maltophilia for further characterization. To isolate functional binding sites, we developed a solubilization method using the detergent zwittergent 3,14 and high glycerol concentrations that allowed for the maintenance of ligand-binding integrity. Gel filtration experiments established molecular weights of 170 and 11.5 kDa for the two binding sites, which were supported by data from photoaffinity labeling and ultracentrifugation experiments. Gel filtration data also suggested the presence of a third binding site of 5.4 kDa. The 170-kDa site had a binding affinity of Kd = 12 x 10(-6) and bound both LH and hCG. The small molecular weight site had an affinity of Kd = 9.4 x 10(-8) and was CG specific. Collectively, these data demonstrate the presence of multiple hormone binding sites in X. maltophilia that differ in molecular size, binding affinity, and ligand specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G Edwards
- Department of Physiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108-1297, USA.
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18
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Elgalai I, Foster HA. Comparison of adhesion of wound isolates of Staphylococcus aureus to immobilized proteins. J Appl Microbiol 2003; 94:413-20. [PMID: 12588550 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the ability of 149 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from burns, other wounds and environmental isolates to adhere to immobilized proteins. METHODS AND RESULTS The ability to bind to immobilized fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminin, collagen, IgG and lysozyme was studied using a microtitre plate assay. The strains were very diverse. Binding to fibrinogen was most frequent, followed by fibronectin, collagen and laminin. Binding to IgG and lysozyme was weak and few strains showed strong binding. Numerical analysis showed that 65% of the strains infecting burns had similar properties and bound to fibrinogen, fibronectin, collagen and IgG. The strains infecting other wounds had more variable characteristics. CONCLUSIONS The ability to adhere to proteins is important in wound infection, but clinical isolates were diverse in their ability to bind to the proteins tested. Burn wounds were more likely to be infected with strains showing multiple binding characteristics. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study confirms the importance of adhesins in clinical infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Elgalai
- Biosciences Research Institute, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, Lancs, UK
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19
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Abstract
Viridans streptococci, including Streptococcus anginosus, are a common cause of infective endocarditis in humans. Adherence mechanisms involved in colonization of non-diseased native valves (present in 40% of native valve endocarditis) are unknown. We have previously shown that an endocarditis isolate of S. anginosus adheres to exposed basement membrane of human and porcine valve tissue in a laminin dependent manner. We now describe the partial purification of an 80 kDa putative laminin binding protein (PLBP) by biochemical methods. Amino acid sequence of PLBP peptides is similar to substrate binding proteins of ABC transporters in other Gram-positive cocci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley L Allen
- Indianapolis VA Medical Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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20
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Allen BL, Katz B, Höök M. Streptococcus anginosus adheres to vascular endothelium basement membrane and purified extracellular matrix proteins. Microb Pathog 2002; 32:191-204. [PMID: 12079409 DOI: 10.1006/mpat.2002.0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of bacterial adherence in the initial stages of native valve endocarditis are unclear, especially in patients without valve disease or the presence of a platelet-fibrin thrombus. Extracellular matrix may act as a ligand in areas of exposed basement membrane on the endothelial monolayer. In this study, adherence of 55 clinical blood and 21 oral viridans streptococcal isolates was examined using purified extracellular matrix compounds. The majority of blood and oral isolates exhibited adherence to purified laminin, fibronectin, and fibrinogen, with lesser adherence to type I and IV collagens. Adherence to laminin and fibronectin was concentration dependent, saturable, and competitively inhibited with soluble ligand. A Streptococcus anginosus isolate and other viridans strains exhibiting a strong laminin adherence phenotype bound extensively to the endothelial aspect of human and porcine valve tissue sections and were inhibited by soluble laminin and anti-laminin antibody fragments. Using a novel native porcine valve explant adherence model, we localized binding to areas of exposed basement membrane by confocal and scanning electron microscopy. These studies support the hypothesis that bacterial adherence to exposed basement membrane plays a role in the initial phase of native valve endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley L Allen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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21
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Downer R, Roche F, Park PW, Mecham RP, Foster TJ. The elastin-binding protein of Staphylococcus aureus (EbpS) is expressed at the cell surface as an integral membrane protein and not as a cell wall-associated protein. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:243-50. [PMID: 11684686 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107621200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The elastin-binding proteins EbpS of Staphylococcus aureus strains Cowan and 8325-4 were predicted from sequence analysis to comprise 486 residues. Specific antibodies were raised against an N-terminal domain (residues 1-267) and a C-terminal domain (residues 343-486) expressed as recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. Western blotting of lysates of wild-type 8325-4 and Newman and the corresponding ebpS mutants showed that EbpS migrated with an apparent molecular mass of 83 kDa. The protein was found exclusively in cytoplasmic membrane fractions purified from protoplasts or lysed cells, in contrast to the clumping factor ClfA, which was cell-wall-associated. EbpS was predicted to have three hydrophobic domains H1-(205-224), H2-(265-280), and H3-(315-342). A series of hybrid proteins was formed between EbpS at the N terminus and either alkaline phosphatase or beta-galactosidase at the C terminus (EbpS-PhoA, EbpS-LacZ). PhoA and LacZ were fused to EbpS between hydrophobic domains H1-H2 and H2-H3, and distal to H3. Expression of enzymatic activity in E. coli showed that EbpS is an integral membrane protein with two membrane-spanning domains H1 and H3. N-terminal residues 1-205 and C-terminal residues 343-486 were predicted to be exposed on the outer face of the cytoplasmic membrane. The ligand-binding domain of EbpS is known from previous studies to be present in the N terminus between residues 14-34 and probing whole cells with anti-EbpS1-267 antibodies indicated that this region is exposed on the surface of intact cells. This was also confirmed by the observation that wild-type S. aureus Newman cells bound labeled tropoelastin whereas the ebpS mutant bound 72% less. In contrast, the C terminus, which carries a putative LysM peptidoglycan-binding domain, is not exposed on the surface of intact cells and presumably remains buried within the peptidoglycan. Finally, expression of EbpS was correlated with the ability of cells to grow to a higher density in liquid culture, suggesting that EbpS may have a role in regulating cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Downer
- Microbiology Department, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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22
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Savolainen K, Paulin L, Westerlund-Wikström B, Foster TJ, Korhonen TK, Kuusela P. Expression of pls, a gene closely associated with the mecA gene of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, prevents bacterial adhesion in vitro. Infect Immun 2001; 69:3013-20. [PMID: 11292719 PMCID: PMC98255 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.5.3013-3020.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2000] [Accepted: 02/02/2001] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The pls gene, coding for a large surface protein of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, was cloned from a strain which adheres poorly to several mammalian proteins. The structure of pls revealed three distinct repeat regions, one of which was a serine-aspartate repeat characteristic of the Clf-Sdr family of surface proteins in staphylococci. The lengths of the repeat regions varied in different clinical strains and could be used as epidemiological markers. pls was found to be closely associated with the mecA gene by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of SmaI-digested DNA. A pls mutant constructed by allele replacement adhered well to immobilized fibronectin and immunoglobulin G, in contrast to the parental strain, suggesting that Pls could have a role in preventing adhesion at some stages during an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Savolainen
- Department of Biosciences, Division of General Microbiology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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23
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Hartford OM, Wann ER, Höök M, Foster TJ. Identification of residues in the Staphylococcus aureus fibrinogen-binding MSCRAMM clumping factor A (ClfA) that are important for ligand binding. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:2466-73. [PMID: 11044451 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007979200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Clumping factor A (ClfA) is a cell surface-associated protein of Staphylococcus aureus that promotes binding of this pathogen to both soluble and immobilized fibrinogen (Fg). Previous studies have localized the Fg-binding activity of ClfA to residues 221-559 within the A region of this protein. In addition, the C-terminal part of the A region (residues 484-550) has been implicated as being important for Fg binding. In this study, we further investigate the involvement of this part of ClfA in the interaction of this protein with Fg. Polyclonal antibodies generated against a recombinant protein encompassing residues 500-559 of the A region inhibited the interaction of both S. aureus and recombinant ClfA with immobilized Fg in a dose-dependent manner. Using site-directed mutagenesis, two adjacent residues, Glu(526) and Val(527), were identified as being important for the activity of ClfA. S. aureus expressing ClfA containing either the E526A or V527S substitution exhibited a reduced ability to bind to soluble Fg and to adhere to immobilized Fg. Furthermore, bacteria expressing ClfA containing both substitutions were almost completely defective in Fg binding. The E526A and V527S substitutions were also introduced into recombinant ClfA (rClfA-(221-559)) expressed in Escherichia coli. The single mutant rClfA-(221-559) proteins showed a significant reduction in affinity for both immobilized Fg and a synthetic fluorescein-labeled C-terminal gamma-chain peptide compared with the wild-type protein, whereas the double mutant rClfA-(221-559) protein was almost completely defective in binding to either species. Substitution of Glu(526) and/or Val(527) did not appear to alter the secondary structure of rClfA-(221-559) as determined by far-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy. These data suggest that the C terminus of the A region may contain at least part of the Fg-binding site of ClfA and that Glu(526) and Val(527) may be involved in ligand recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Hartford
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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24
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Visai L, Xu Y, Casolini F, Rindi S, Höök M, Speziale P. Monoclonal antibodies to CNA, a collagen-binding microbial surface component recognizing adhesive matrix molecules, detach Staphylococcus aureus from a collagen substrate. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:39837-45. [PMID: 10991941 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m005297200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that Staphylococcus aureus expresses a collagen-binding MSCRAMM (Microbial Surface Component Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecules), CNA, that is necessary and sufficient for S. aureus cells to adhere to cartilage and is a virulence factor in experimental septic arthritis. We have now used a monoclonal antibody (mAb) approach to further analyze the structure and function of CNA. 22 mAbs raised against the minimal ligand binding domain, CNA-(151-318), were shown to bind to the MSCRAMM with similar affinity. All mAbs appear to recognize conformation-dependent epitopes that were mapped throughout the CNA-(151-318) domain using a chimeric strategy where segments of CNA are grafted on ACE, a structurally related MSCRAMM from Enterococcus faecalis. These mAbs were able to inhibit (125)I-collagen binding to CNA-(151-318) as well as to intact S. aureus cells. They also interfered with the attachment of bacteria to collagen substrates. Furthermore, some of the mAbs could effectively displace (125)I-collagen bound to the bacteria. These displacing mAbs were also able to detach bacteria that had adhered to a collagen substrate in a preincubation, raising the possibility that some of the mAbs may be used as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Visai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/B, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
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25
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Nallapareddy SR, Qin X, Weinstock GM, Höök M, Murray BE. Enterococcus faecalis adhesin, ace, mediates attachment to extracellular matrix proteins collagen type IV and laminin as well as collagen type I. Infect Immun 2000; 68:5218-24. [PMID: 10948147 PMCID: PMC101781 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.9.5218-5224.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesin-mediated binding to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins is thought to be a crucial step in the pathogenic process of many bacterial infections. We have previously reported conditional adherence of most Enterococcus faecalis isolates, after growth at 46 degrees C, to ECM proteins collagen types I and IV and laminin; identified an E. faecalis-specific gene, ace, whose encoded protein has characteristics of a bacterial adhesin; and implicated Ace in binding to collagen type I. In this study, we constructed an ace disruption mutant from E. faecalis strain OG1RF that showed marked reduction in adherence to collagen types I and IV and laminin when compared to the parental OG1RF strain after growth at 46 degrees C. Polyclonal immune serum raised against the OG1RF-derived recombinant Ace A domain reacted with a single approximately 105-kDa band of mutanolysin extracts from OG1RF grown at 46 degrees C, while no band was detected in extracts from OG1RF grown at 37 degrees C, nor from the OG1RF ace mutant grown at 37 or 46 degrees C. IgGs purified from the anti-Ace A immune serum inhibited adherence of 46 degrees C-grown E. faecalis OG1RF to immobilized collagen type IV and laminin as well as collagen type I, at a concentration as low as 1 microg/ml, and also inhibited the 46 degrees C-evoked adherence of two clinical isolates tested. We also showed in vitro interaction of collagen type IV with Ace from OG1RF mutanolysin extracts on a far-Western blot. Binding of recombinant Ace A to immobilized collagen types I and IV and laminin was demonstrated in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and was shown to be concentration dependent. These results indicate that Ace A mediates the conditional binding of E. faecalis OG1RF to collagen type IV and laminin in addition to collagen type I.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Nallapareddy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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26
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Mohamed N, Rainier TR, Ross JM. Novel experimental study of receptor-mediated bacterial adhesion under the influence of fluid shear. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(20000620)68:6<628::aid-bit5>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Rhem MN, Lech EM, Patti JM, McDevitt D, Höök M, Jones DB, Wilhelmus KR. The collagen-binding adhesin is a virulence factor in Staphylococcus aureus keratitis. Infect Immun 2000; 68:3776-9. [PMID: 10816547 PMCID: PMC97678 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.6.3776-3779.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A collagen-binding strain of Staphylococcus aureus produced suppurative inflammation in a rabbit model of soft contact lens-associated bacterial keratitis more often than its collagen-binding-negative isogenic mutant. Reintroduction of the cna gene on a multicopy plasmid into the mutant helped it regain its corneal adherence and infectivity. The topical application of a collagen-binding peptide before bacterial challenge decreased S. aureus adherence to deepithelialized corneas. These data suggest that the collagen-binding adhesin is involved in the pathogenesis of S. aureus infection of the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Rhem
- Sid W. Richardson Ocular Microbiology Laboratory, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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28
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Mongodin E, Bajolet O, Hinnrasky J, Puchelle E, de Bentzmann S. Cell wall-associated protein A as a tool for immunolocalization of Staphylococcus aureus in infected human airway epithelium. J Histochem Cytochem 2000; 48:523-34. [PMID: 10727294 DOI: 10.1177/002215540004800410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common human pathogen involved in non-bronchial diseases and in genetic and acquired bronchial diseases. In this study, we applied an immunolabeling approach for in vivo and in vitro detection of S. aureus, based on the affinity of staphylococcal protein A (SpA) for the Fc region of immunoglobulins, especially IgG. Most strains of S. aureus, including clinical strains, can be detected with this labeling technique. The approach can be used for detection and localization with transmission electron microscopy or light-fluorescence microscopy of S. aureus in infected tissues such as human bronchial tissue from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The methodology can also be applied to cell culture models with the aim of characterizing bacterial adherence to epithelial cells in backscattered electron imaging with scanning electron microscopy. Application to the study of S. aureus adherence to airway epithelium showed that the bacteria did not adhere in vivo to intact airway epithelium. In contrast, bacteria adhered to the basolateral plasma membrane of columnar cells, to basal cells, to the basement membrane and were identified beneath the lamina propria when the epithelium was injured and remodeled, or in vitro when the epithelial cells were dedifferentiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mongodin
- INSERM U514, IFR53, CHU Maison-Blanche, Reims, France
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29
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Montanaro L, Arciola CR, Baldassarri L, Borsetti E. Presence and expression of collagen adhesin gene (cna) and slime production in Staphylococcus aureus strains from orthopaedic prosthesis infections. Biomaterials 1999; 20:1945-9. [PMID: 10514072 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(99)00099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prosthesis-associated infections still represent one of the most serious complications in the clinical use of biomaterials. The most frequent causes are Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Several studies have been devoted to identify adhesion mechanisms for these bacteria. Slime in particular has been extensively investigated. Recently, in Staphylococcus aureus species, considerable attention has been given to the host protein receptors that have been shown in in vitro assays to serve as substrates for bacterial adhesion. Collagen-rich tissues, as bone and cartilage, that are the preferential sites of staphylococcal infections, are also the tissues that harbour orthopaedic implants. These can be easily coated in vivo by collagen and thus become prone to adhesion of Staphylococci strains which carry the collagen adhesin gene (cna). In this study the frequency of cna was determined within a collection of 35 Staphylococcus aureus strains from orthopaedic prosthesis infections by a PCR method. Also the collagen-binding ability and slime forming capacity was evaluated. 29% of the strains were cna-positive and also able to bind collagen in vitro. 83% of the strains were slime forming. The results indicate that in the examined bacterial population slime-positive strains predominate over the cna-positive strains, with a striking association of the two adhesion mechanisms in cna-positive strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Montanaro
- Laboratorio di Biocompatibilità dei Materiali da Impianto, Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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30
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Hartford O, McDevitt D, Foster TJ. Matrix-binding proteins of Staphylococcus aureus: functional analysis of mutant and hybrid molecules. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1999; 145 ( Pt 9):2497-2505. [PMID: 10517602 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-145-9-2497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The fibrinogen-binding protein ClfA and the collagen-binding protein Cna are surface-associated adhesins of Staphylococcus aureus. ClfA has a dipeptide repeat region R composed mainly of serine and aspartate residues, more than 40 of which are required along with the 28-residue region W, the LPXTG motif and region M to display the ligand-binding region A on the cell surface in a functional form. Cna has a 61-residue region W and at least one 187-residue region B linking the collagen-binding region A to peptidoglycan. A cna mutant of S. aureus lacking region B was shown to bind collagen at the same level as wild-type Cna+ cells, indicating that region B is not necessary for ligand binding. Furthermore, altering the number of B repeats did not influence the level of collagen binding. In order to study the ability of C-terminal domains of Cna and ClfA to support functional ligand-binding activity of different adhesins, chimeric proteins were constructed and expressed in S. aureus. Surprisingly, the presence of a single Cna B domain and a nonapeptide linker located between ClfA region A and Cna region WM failed to support fibrinogen binding by S. aureus cells, despite the fact that ClfA region A was detected on the bacterial surface by immunoblotting. In contrast, the ClfA region A-Cna region B hybrid expressed as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli did bind fibrinogen in Western ligand blots and in an ELISA-type assay. It is concluded that Cna region B cannot support functional display of ClfA region A on the bacterial cell surface. However, the ClfA dipeptide repeat region R and region WM did promote functional surface expression of the Cna collagen-binding domain in a hybrid Cna-ClfA protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla Hartford
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland1
| | - Damien McDevitt
- Albert B. Alkek Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA2
| | - Timothy J Foster
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland1
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31
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus can colonize the host to initiate infection by adhering to components of the extracellular matrix. Adherence is mediated by surface protein adhesins (MSCRAMMs). Ligand binding by these fibronectin-, fibrinogen- and collagen-binding proteins occurs by distinct mechanisms that are being investigated at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Foster
- Microbiology Dept, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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32
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Ulrich M, Herbert S, Berger J, Bellon G, Louis D, Münker G, Döring G. Localization of Staphylococcus aureus in infected airways of patients with cystic fibrosis and in a cell culture model of S. aureus adherence. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 19:83-91. [PMID: 9651183 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.19.1.3137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes chronic respiratory tract infections in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Using immunofluorescence and scanning and transmission electron microscopy we located S. aureus in lung specimens of three infected CF patients, in a nasal polyp of one CF patient, and in a suspension cell culture system of primary nasal epithelial cells in vitro. Very little of S. aureus was attached to the lung epithelium, whereas abundant S. aureus was detectable in the mucus of obstructed airways. Similarly, S. aureus adhered to components of secreted mucus on primary nasal epithelial cells of CF patients and healthy control subjects, grown as cell balls in vitro (bacteria/cell +/- SD: CF: 21.9 +/- 1.5; controls: 22. 0 +/- 5.8). Mucus depletion of cell balls prior to incubation with S. aureus resulted in a significantly reduced binding (bacteria/cell +/- SD: CF: 4.2 +/- 0.3; P < 0.001; controls: 5.0 +/- 1.3; P < 0. 007). Binding of S. aureus to cell balls from CF patients or control subjects did not differ significantly. When cell balls were treated with human neutrophil elastase, hypersecretion caused removal of S. aureus from cell-associated mucus. The results suggest that S. aureus adheres primarily to mucus components of the respiratory epithelium and that significant differences do not exist in binding of S. aureus to CF or non-CF cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ulrich
- Department of General and Environmental Hygiene, Hygiene-Institut, University of Tübingen, and Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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33
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Rudnicka W, Wieckowska M, van Rooijen N, Rózalska B. The immune response to staphylococcal antigens in mice depleted of macrophages by Cl2MDP-liposomes. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1997; 286:511-22. [PMID: 9440200 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(97)80054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of macrophages in the induction of the production of antibody to staphylococcal antigens, we used Cl2MDP (clodronate) liposomes as a tool for local macrophage depletion. Macrophage depletion caused in mice by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of Cl2MDP liposomes was associated with a reduction in the clearance of Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 bacteria from the tissues of infected animals and with a marked decrease in the bactericidal activity of macrophages escaping from the lethal effect of clodronate. Despite the functional defect of macrophages, the mice treated with Cl2MDP liposomes two days before the injection of alpha-toxin (toxoid) or whole heat-killed S. aureus Cowan 1 bacteria, demonstrated an enhancement in the production of anti-staphylococcal alpha-toxin IgM and anti-collagen-binding protein IgG. A similar enhancement of antistaphylococcal antibody synthesis was observed in mice after receiving phosphate buffered saline (PBS) encapsulated in liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Rudnicka
- Department of Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Lódź, Poland
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34
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Matsuura T, Miyake Y, Nakashima S, Komatsuzawa H, Akagawa Y, Suginaka H. Isolation and characterization of teichoic acid-lake substance as an adhesin of Staphylococcus aureus to HeLa cells. Microbiol Immunol 1996; 40:247-54. [PMID: 8709859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1996.tb03341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A cell wall component that bound to HeLa cells (HeLa cell-binding CWC) was isolated from a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. The HeLa cell-binding CWC was resistant to heat (100 C, 1 hr) and proteases, did not stain with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 on SDS-PAGE but stained as a broad band with antiserum against the strain on Western blots. These data suggest that the HeLa cell-binding CWC is not a protein, and may be teichoic acid. Purified teichoic acid bound to HeLa cells, whereas fractions without teichoic acid did not. In Western blots, HeLa cell-binding CWC appeared as a broad band of less than 35 kDa, similar to that of purified teichoic acid. These data suggest that the HeLa cell-binding CWC obtained in this study is teichoic acid. Teichoic acid inhibited S. aureus adherence to HeLa cells and bound to the cells time and dose dependently, in a saturable and reversible manner, and therefore appears to be an adhesin of S. aureus to HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsuura
- Department of Microbiology, Hiroshima University School of Dentistry, Japan
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35
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Hildén P, Savolainen K, Tyynelä J, Vuento M, Kuusela P. Purification and characterisation of a plasmin-sensitive surface protein of Staphylococcus aureus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 236:904-10. [PMID: 8665912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.00904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Certain methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains contain a 230-kDa cell-wall protein which is not present on the surface of other staphylococci. The presence of this 230-kDa protein is associated with a negative test result in commercial assays designed to detect fibrinogen-binding proteins and/or protein A on the staphylococcal surface. We have purified and partially characterised the 230-kDa protein from a lysostaphin digest of a non-agglutinating methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain. Partial amino acid sequence data obtained from the purified protein did not reveal any significant similarities to known proteins which indicates that the protein is novel. The 230-kDa protein was very sensitive to proteolysis; soluble plasmin, or plasmin formed on the bacterial-cell surface, rapidly degraded the 230-kDa protein to a 175-kDa form. The finding that the 230-kDa protein bound to lectins allowed its purification by affinity chromatography on immobilised wheat germ agglutinin. Furthermore, the degradation of the 230-kDa protein was associated with an increased adherence of non-agglutinating methicillin-resistant S. aureus cells to solid-phase fibronectin, fibrinogen or IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hildén
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, The Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
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36
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Liang OD, Flock JI, Wadström T. Isolation and characterisation of a vitronectin-binding surface protein from Staphylococcus aureus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1250:110-6. [PMID: 7612648 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(95)00076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study we demonstrated that cells of Staphylococcus aureus strain V8 bind 125I-labelled vitronectin in a receptor-ligand type of interaction, and a protein having a molecular mass of 60 kDa was identified as a putative high-affinity staphylococcal vitronectin-binding protein (Liang, O.D. et al. (1993) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1225, 57-63). In the present communication we report on the isolation and preliminary characterisation of the 60 kDa vitronectin-binding protein. The bacterial cell surface proteins were released by stirring bacteria with 1 M LiCl at 37 degrees C for 2 h and separated on an FPLC Mono-Q column with a gradient of 0-0.5 M NaCl in 20 mM Tris buffer at pH 9.0. Fractions containing vitronectin-binding activity, assayed on microtiter plates with immobilised human vitronectin, were collected and SDS-PAGE analysis showed the content to be a single protein band at the 60 kDa position. In Western blot experiments the protein transblotted onto nitrocellulose membranes could bind soluble vitronectin. Its amino-terminal amino acid sequences showed a striking similarity with those of a 60 kDa heparan sulfate-binding protein from the same staphylococcal strain (Liang, O.D. et al. (1992) Infect. Immun. 60, 899-906), suggesting that they are identical molecules. This was supported by ligand blotting experiments where both vitronectin and heparan sulfate were shown to bind to the same protein band in parallel strips.
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Affiliation(s)
- O D Liang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Lund, Sweden
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37
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Van Wamel WJ, Fluit AC, Wadström T, van Dijk H, Verhoef J, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM. Phenotypic characterization of epidemic versus sporadic strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:1769-74. [PMID: 7545178 PMCID: PMC228266 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.7.1769-1774.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Forty strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were divided on the basis of their epidemiologic behavior into two subgroups, sporadic MRSA (SMRSA) and epidemic MRSA (EMRSA) strains. The strains were examined for binding of 125I-labelled fibronectin, vitronectin, collagen, Fc fragments of immunoglobulin G, and fibrinogen. A significant difference between EMRSA and SMRSA strains was found for binding of 125I-labelled fibrinogen and for Fc fragments of immunoglobulin G, (P < 0.05). No significant difference in the binding of 125I-labelled fibronectin and collagen was found between EMRSA and SMRSA strains. The binding of 125I-labelled vitronectin to MRSA strains was found to be aspecific. Capsular serotypes of the strains were determined with monoclonal antibodies against capsular types 5 and 8. Strains could be divided into the following four groups: types 5, 8, and 5/8 and nontypeable. More nontypeable strains were found in the EMRSA group (66.6%). Significantly more EMRSA strains (79%) than SMRSA strains (44%) produced alpha-toxin (P < 0.025). Logistic regression analysis using a combination of the parameters 125I-labelled immunoglobulin G binding, capsular type, and alpha-toxin production predicted the epidemic character with a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 75%.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Van Wamel
- Eijkman-Winkler Institute for Medical and Clinical Microbiology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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38
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Patti JM, House-Pompeo K, Boles JO, Garza N, Gurusiddappa S, Höök M. Critical residues in the ligand-binding site of the Staphylococcus aureus collagen-binding adhesin (MSCRAMM). J Biol Chem 1995; 270:12005-11. [PMID: 7744851 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.20.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have identified a discrete collagen-binding site within the Staphylococcus aureus collagen adhesin that is located in a region between amino acids Asp209 and Tyr233. Polyclonal antibodies raised against a recombinant form of the collagen adhesin inhibited the binding of collagen type II to S. aureus. When overlapping synthetic peptides mimicking segments of the adhesin fragment were tested for their ability to neutralize the inhibitory activity of the antibody only one peptide, CBD4 was found to be active. CBD4 bound directly to collagen and at high concentrations inhibited the binding of collagen to S. aureus. A synthetic peptide derivative of CBD4 lacking 2 carboxyl-terminal residues (Asn232, Tyr233) had no inhibitory activity. The importance of these residues for collagen binding was confirmed by biospecific interaction analysis. Mutant adhesin proteins N232-->A and Y233-->A exhibited dramatic changes in collagen binding activity. The dominant dissociation rate for the binding of mutant adhesin protein N232-->A to immobilized collagen II decreased almost 10-fold, while the Y233-->A and the double mutant exhibited even more significant decreases in affinity and apparent binding ratio when compared to the wild type protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Patti
- Albert B. Alkek Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston 77030, USA
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39
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Tsuchida K, Aoyagi Y, Odani S, Mita T, Isemura M. Isolation of a novel collagen-binding protein from the mushroom, Hypsizigus marmoreus, which inhibits the Lewis lung carcinoma cell adhesion to type IV collagen. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:1481-4. [PMID: 7829472 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.4.1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A type IV collagen-binding protein of 23 kDa was isolated from the mushroom, Hypsizigus marmoreus. This protein, HM 23, bound to type IV and type I collagens and gelatin, and to much lesser extent to fibronectin, but not to laminin or bovine serum albumin. The adhesion of Lewis lung carcinoma cells was inhibited when the type IV collagen substratum was pretreated with HM 23. A computer search of the determined partial amino acid sequence indicated no homologous proteins reported. These results indicate that HM 23 is a hitherto undescribed fungus protein that can interact with animal extracellular matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsuchida
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan
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40
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Visai L, Bozzini S, Raucci G, Toniolo A, Speziale P. Isolation and characterization of a novel collagen-binding protein from Streptococcus pyogenes strain 6414. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:347-53. [PMID: 7814395 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.1.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report we have analyzed the binding of collagen to Streptococcus pyogenes strain 6414. This binding was rapid, specific, and involved a limited number of receptor molecules (11,600 copies per cell). When the proteins in a streptococcal lysate were blotted onto a nitrocellulose filter and probed with 125I-labeled collagen, a prominent collagen-binding protein of 57 kDa was identified as well as minor 130-150-kDa components. The major 57-kDa protein was isolated by affinity chromatography on collagen-Sepharose followed by gel filtration chromatography. The 57-kDa protein purified from S. pyogenes was used to raise a monospecific antibody which also reacted with a collagen-binding protein of similar molecular size isolated from Streptococcus zooepidemicus. The two collagen-binding proteins from streptococci have a similar amino acid composition and isoelectric points. Isolated collagen-binding protein was specifically recognized by 125I-collagen in a solid-phase binding assay and displayed an affinity for the ligand quite similar to that exhibited by intact bacteria (Kd = 3.1 versus 3.5 x 10(-9) M, respectively). Surface-labeled bacteria attached to microtiter wells coated with different collagen types and the 57-kDa protein blocked the adhesion to collagen substrate. We propose that the 57-kDa protein is an adhesin involved in the attachment of streptococci to host tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Visai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy
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41
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Rozalska B, Wadström T. Role of antibodies against fibronectin-, collagen-binding proteins and alphatoxin in experimental Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis and septicaemia in neutropenic mice. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1994; 281:495-501. [PMID: 7727897 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the protective role of hyperimmune rabbit IgG against two surface structures of Staphylococcus aureus, i.e. fibronectin-, and collagen-binding proteins as well as alpha-toxin in experimental peritonitis and septicaemia in neutropenic mice pretreated with cyclophosphamide. This treatment markedly decreased clearance of bacteria from mouse organs. With combined immunotherapy given passively bacteria were eradicated more efficiently for all animals sampled, comparative to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rozalska
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Lund, Sweden
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42
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Umemoto T, Namikawa I. Binding of host-associated treponeme proteins to collagens and laminin: a possible mechanism of spirochetal adherence to host tissues. Microbiol Immunol 1994; 38:655-63. [PMID: 7799839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1994.tb01836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The polypeptides of seven strains of human treponemes were investigated by immunoblot analysis for their binding to the human placental collagens and laminin. Of the treponemal polypeptides, eleven polypeptides, 45-kDa, 49-kDa, and 62-kDa polypeptides from T. pallidum ATCC 27087, a 48-kDa polypeptide from T. phagedenis biotype Reiter, 51-kDa and 53-kDa polypeptides from T. vincentii ATCC 35580, 30-kDa, 53-kDa and 63-kDa polypeptides from T. socranskii subsp. buccale ATCC 35534, a 52-kDa polypeptide from T. denticola ATCC 35405, and a 53-kDa polypeptide from T. denticola ATCC 33520 possessed an ability to bind to the laminin, type I, III, IV, or V collagen. An intermediate-sized human oral isolate strain G7201 did not possess any laminin- or collagen-binding polypeptides. Immunoelectron microscopy using intact treponemal cells with a single collagen-binding polypeptide and the corresponding antisera demonstrated that the 51-kDa and 53-kDa polypeptides from T. vincentii, the 53-kDa polypeptide from T. socranskii subsp. buccale ATCC 35534 and the 52-kDa polypeptide from T. denticola ATCC 35405, were outer envelope proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Umemoto
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Asahi University, Gifu, Japan
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43
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Aleljung P, Shen W, Rozalska B, Hellman U, Ljungh A, Wadström T. Purification of collagen-binding proteins of Lactobacillus reuteri NCIB 11951. Curr Microbiol 1994; 28:231-6. [PMID: 7764651 DOI: 10.1007/bf01575966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Collagen type-I-binding proteins of Lactobacillus reuteri NCIB 11951 were purified. The cell surface proteins were affinity purified on collagen Sepharose and eluted with an NaCl gradient. Two protein bands were eluted from the column (29 kDa and 31 kDa), and both bound radio-labeled collagen type I. Rabbit antisera raised against the 29 kDa and 31 kDa protein reacted with the affinity-purified proteins in a Western blot with whole-cell extract used as antigen. The N-terminal sequence of the 29-kDa and 31-kDa proteins demonstrated the closest homologies with internal sequences from an Escherichia coli trigger factor protein (TIG.ECOLI). Out of nine other lactobacilli, the antisera reacted only with the L. reuteri and not with the other species tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aleljung
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Lund, Sweden
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44
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Tart RC, van de Rijn I. Identification of the surface component of Streptococcus defectivus that mediates extracellular matrix adherence. Infect Immun 1993; 61:4994-5000. [PMID: 8225574 PMCID: PMC281274 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.12.4994-5000.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial attachment to host tissue is considered to be a crucial primary step in pathogen infection. Previous studies have shown that Streptococcus defectivus adheres specifically to cell-secreted extracellular matrix (ECM). Though generally not exposed in vivo, this host tissue is exposed at endothelial cell junctions and sites of tissue injury. In this report, we identify a ca. 200-kDa surface protein of S. defectivus involved in ECM adherence. Nitrous acid-derived mutant strains that were unable to bind ECM and which failed to adsorb adhesin-specific antibody from polyclonal inhibitory sera were isolated. A surface protein (ca. 200 kDa) was absent from ECM-nonadherent mutants, indicating its involvement in ECM attachment. Additionally, affinity-purified antibody to the ca. 200-kDa protein inhibited whole-cell S. defectivus ECM attachment, whereas antibody to the same region of the nonadherent mutant cell wall-associated protein profile did not. Furthermore, solubilized cell wall-associated protein extracts of parent but not mutant strains bound ECM, confirming the significance of this protein in ECM adherence. Therefore, we propose that the ca. 200-kDa protein is the major S. defectivus surface component that mediates the ECM attachment of these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Tart
- Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1064
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45
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Liang OD, Maccarana M, Flock JI, Paulsson M, Preissner KT, Wadström T. Multiple interactions between human vitronectin and Staphylococcus aureus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1225:57-63. [PMID: 7694658 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(93)90122-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Multiple interactions between human vitronectin and Staphylococcus aureus strain V8 were observed. An upward-curved Scatchard plot indicated both high-affinity binding (Kd1 = 7.4 x 10(-10) M) with 260 binding sites per bacterial cell and moderate-affinity binding (Kd2 = 7.4 x 10(-8) M) with 5240 copies per cell. Negative cooperativity of this binding was characterized by its Hill coefficient of less than unity (0.70 +/- 0.08). Up to 60% of the vitronectin-bacteria interaction was unaffected by high ionic strength (i.e., 2.4 M NaCl), and was not inhibited by highly-charged heparin oligosaccharides. Various oligosaccharides (4-20 monosaccharide units) generated by partial deaminative cleavage of heparin were found to affect vitronectin binding to S. aureus. Short-chain-length oligosaccharides increase and long oligosaccharides inhibit vitronectin binding, in accordance with direct association of these saccharides with multimeric vitronectin. A protein having a molecular mass of 60 kDa was identified as a putative high-affinity staphylococcal vitronectin-binding protein. These results indicate that interaction of multimeric vitronectin, mostly present at extracellular matrix sites with multiple recognition sites on the S. aureus surface, may contribute to bacterial colonisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O D Liang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Lund, Sweden
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46
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Switalski LM, Butcher WG, Caufield PC, Lantz MS. Collagen mediates adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to human dentin. Infect Immun 1993; 61:4119-25. [PMID: 8406800 PMCID: PMC281133 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.10.4119-4125.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Some strains of Streptococcus mutans were found to recognize and bind collagen type I. Binding of 125I-labeled collagen type I was specific in that collagen types I and II, but not unrelated proteins, were able to inhibit binding of the labeled ligand to bacteria. Collagen binding to S. mutans was partially reversible and involved a limited number of bacterial binding sites per cell. S. mutans UA 140 cells bound collagen type I with high affinity (Kd = 8 x 10(-8) M). The number of binding sites per cell was 4 x 10(4). Collagen-binding strains of S. mutans were found to adhere to collagen-coated surfaces as well as to pulverized root tissue. S. mutans strains that did not bind the soluble ligand were unable to adhere to these substrata. Adherence to collagen-coated surfaces could be inhibited with collagen or clostridial collagenase-derived collagen peptides. Adherence of S. mutans to dentin was enhanced by collagen types I and II but inhibited by collagen peptides. S. mutans UA 140 bound significantly less 125I-collagen type I following treatment with peptidoglycan-degrading enzymes. These enzymes released a collagen-binding protein (collagen receptor) with a relative molecular size of 16 kDa. The results of this study suggest that collagen mediates adhesion of S. mutans to dentin. This interaction may target collagen-binding strains of S. mutans to dentin in the oral cavity and may play a role in the pathogenesis of root surface caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Switalski
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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47
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Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria frequently express surface proteins with affinity for components of the mammalian extracellular matrix, i.e. collagens, laminin, fibronectin or proteoglycans. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the mechanisms of bacterial adherence to extracellular matrices and on the biological significance of these interactions. The best-characterized bacterial proteins active in these interactions are the mycobacterial fibronectin-binding proteins, the fibronectin- and the collagen-binding proteins of staphylococci and streptococci, specific enterobacterial fimbrial types, as well as the polymeric surface proteins YadA of yersinias and the A-protein of Aeromonas. Some of these bacterial proteins are highly specific for an extracellular matrix protein, some are multifunctional and express binding activities towards a number of target proteins. The interactions can be based on a protein-protein or on a protein-carbohydrate interaction, or on a bridging mechanism mediated by a bivalent soluble target protein. Many of the interactions have also been demonstrated on tissue sections or in vivo, and adherence to the extracellular matrix has been shown to promote bacterial colonization of damaged tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Westerlund
- Department of General Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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48
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49
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McGavin MH, Krajewska-Pietrasik D, Rydén C, Höök M. Identification of a Staphylococcus aureus extracellular matrix-binding protein with broad specificity. Infect Immun 1993; 61:2479-85. [PMID: 8500883 PMCID: PMC280872 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.6.2479-2485.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A staphylococal surface protein capable of binding several extracellular matrix glycoproteins was purified as a result of our attempts to identify a receptor(s) for bone sialoprotein (BSP) on Staphylococcus aureus cells. Proteins from different staphylococcal strains were solubilized in sodium lauryl sulfate, separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, blotted onto Immobilon P membranes, and probed with 125I-BSP. Several bacterial proteins bound the radiolabeled ligand, and various strains expressed different repertoirs of BSP-binding proteins. Major BSP-binding proteins with apparent M(r)s of 72,000 or 60,000 were present on most strains, and these proteins were further studied. The 72- and 60-kDa proteins were preferentially expressed when bacteria were cultured in Luria broth compared with when they were cultured on tryptic soy broth, and the abundance of the proteins could be correlated to an increased 125I-BSP binding. Both the 72-kDa and the 60-kDa proteins were solubilized by extraction of cells with 1 M LiCl and were purified by cation-exchange chromatography. Amino acid composition analysis of the purified 72-kDa protein indicated a high content of lysine (11.9%) and hydrophobic amino acids (28.0% combined). In Western ligand blotting (immunoblotting) experiments, the 72-kDa protein bound not only BSP but also radiolabeled fibronectin, fibrinogen, vitronectin, thrombospondin, and, to some extent, collagen. Addition of the purified 60-kDa protein to S. aureus cells did not inhibit binding of the different ligands but in some cases resulted in an augmentation of the binding of 125I-ligand. Purified 60-kDa protein could hemagglutinate sheep erythrocytes at a concentration of 61 micrograms/ml. The agglutination reaction was inhibited by high concentrations of fucose, mannose, or melibiose. These data suggest that the purified proteins may serve as bacterial receptors with broad specificity for matrix glycoproteins and that the proteins may act as carbohydrate-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H McGavin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294-0005
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50
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Liang OD, Ascencio F, Vazquez-Juarez R, Wadström T. Binding of collagen, fibronectin, lactoferrin, laminin, vitronectin and heparan sulphate to Staphylococcus aureus strain V8 at various growth phases and under nutrient stress conditions. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1993; 279:180-90. [PMID: 7693072 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have examined how Staphylococcus aureus strain V8 cells interact with 125I-labelled extracellular matrix (ECM) and serum proteins (collagen type I and IV), fibronectin, lactoferrin, laminin, vitronectin, and heparan sulphate at various phases of the growth cycle. Maximal binding of these glycoproteins and heparan sulphate to the bacteria occurred after 17 to 20 h in the late stationary phase except for fibronectin-binding, which was maximal after 12 to 14 h. Binding of the glycoproteins and heparan sulphate to S. aureus V8 under nutrient stress conditions exhibited complex patterns based on different starving conditions and various binding ligands. In general, bacteria starved in distilled water and 0.02 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) at room temperature showed high susceptibility to all binding ligands within the first 18 h, followed by entering a lower binding period (except for collagen-binding which still remained high). The binding was not correlated to cell surface charge or hydrophobicity of the bacteria. Furthermore, extracellular and cell-associated proteolytic activity of starved cells against ECM and serum proteins was found to be greater than for non-starved cells. Thus, S. aureus could sustain its ability to bind various connective tissue and cell surface components during a long period of time even in the absence of energy-yielding substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- O D Liang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Lund, Sweden
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