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Bouchez CL, Hammad N, Cuvellier S, Ransac S, Rigoulet M, Devin A. The Warburg Effect in Yeast: Repression of Mitochondrial Metabolism Is Not a Prerequisite to Promote Cell Proliferation. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1333. [PMID: 32974131 PMCID: PMC7466722 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
O. Warburg conducted one of the first studies on tumor energy metabolism. His early discoveries pointed out that cancer cells display a decreased respiration and an increased glycolysis proportional to the increase in their growth rate, suggesting that they mainly depend on fermentative metabolism for ATP generation. Warburg's results and hypothesis generated controversies that are persistent to this day. It is thus of great importance to understand the mechanisms by which cancer cells can reversibly regulate the two pathways of their energy metabolism as well as the functioning of this metabolism in cell proliferation. Here, we made use of yeast as a model to study the Warburg effect and its eventual function in allowing an increased ATP synthesis to support cell proliferation. The role of oxidative phosphorylation repression in this effect was investigated. We show that yeast is a good model to study the Warburg effect, where all parameters and their modulation in the presence of glucose can be reconstituted. Moreover, we show that in this model, mitochondria are not dysfunctional, but that there are fewer mitochondria respiratory chain units per cell. Identification of the molecular mechanisms involved in this process allowed us to dissociate the parameters involved in the Warburg effect and show that oxidative phosphorylation repression is not mandatory to promote cell growth. Last but not least, we were able to show that neither cellular ATP synthesis flux nor glucose consumption flux controls cellular growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle L Bouchez
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France
| | - Noureddine Hammad
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylvain Cuvellier
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane Ransac
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France
| | - Michel Rigoulet
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Devin
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France
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Degli Esposti M. Genome Analysis of Structure-Function Relationships in Respiratory Complex I, an Ancient Bioenergetic Enzyme. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 8:126-47. [PMID: 26615219 PMCID: PMC4758237 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is a ubiquitous bioenergetic enzyme formed by over 40 subunits in eukaryotes and a minimum of 11 subunits in bacteria. Recently, crystal structures have greatly advanced our knowledge of complex I but have not clarified the details of its reaction with ubiquinone (Q). This reaction is essential for bioenergy production and takes place in a large cavity embedded within a conserved module that is homologous to the catalytic core of Ni-Fe hydrogenases. However, how a hydrogenase core has evolved into the protonmotive Q reductase module of complex I has remained unclear. This work has exploited the abundant genomic information that is currently available to deduce structure-function relationships in complex I that indicate the evolutionary steps of Q reactivity and its adaptation to natural Q substrates. The results provide answers to fundamental questions regarding various aspects of complex I reaction with Q and help re-defining the old concept that this reaction may involve two Q or inhibitor sites. The re-definition leads to a simplified classification of the plethora of complex I inhibitors while throwing a new light on the evolution of the enzyme function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Degli Esposti
- Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy Center for Genomic Sciences, UNAM, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Avéret N, Jobin ML, Devin A, Rigoulet M. Proton pumping complex I increases growth yield in Candida utilis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:1320-6. [PMID: 26164102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In living cells, growth is the result of coupling between substrate catabolism and multiple metabolic processes that take place during net biomass formation and cellular maintenance processes. A crucial parameter for growth evaluation is its yield, i.e. the efficiency of the transformation processes. The yeast Candida utilis is of peculiar interest since its mitochondria exhibit a complex I that is proposed to pump protons but also an external NADH dehydrogenase that do not pump protons. Here, we show that in C. utilis cells grown on non-fermentable media, growth yield is 30% higher as compared to that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that do not exhibit a complex I. Moreover, ADP/O determination in C. utilis shows that electrons coming from internal NADH dehydrogenase go through proton pumping complex I, whereas electrons coming from external NADH dehydrogenases do not go through proton pumping complex I. Furthermore, we show that electron competition strictly depends on extra-mitochondrial NADH concentration, i.e. the higher the extra-mitochondrial NADH concentration, the higher the competition process with a right way for electrons coming from external NADH dehydrogenases. Such a complex regulation in C. utilis allows an increase in growth yield when cytosolic NADH is not plentiful but still favors the cytosolic NADH re-oxidation at high NADH, favoring biomass generation metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Avéret
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Cell, CNRS UMR 5095, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Université de Bordeaux, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Lise Jobin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Cell, CNRS UMR 5095, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Université de Bordeaux, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Anne Devin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Cell, CNRS UMR 5095, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Université de Bordeaux, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Michel Rigoulet
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Cell, CNRS UMR 5095, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Université de Bordeaux, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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Chapter 6 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Ferreira J. Effect of butylated hydroxyanisole on electron transport in rat liver mitochondria. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 40:677-84. [PMID: 2143654 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(90)90301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), a commonly used food antioxidant, on oxygen consumption, ATPase activity, and the redox state of some electron carriers of rat liver mitochondria have been studied. It was observed that BHA slightly stimulated state 4 respiration but strongly inhibited ADP- and uncoupler-stimulated respiration on NAD(+)- and FAD-linked substrates. ATPase activity and vectorial H+ ejection were affected only slightly by BHA, suggesting that BHA predominantly inhibits mitochondrial electron flow. Experiments to determine its site of action showed that BHA did not noticeably affect electron flow through cytochrome oxidase; in contrast, NADH:duroquinone reductase activity and electron flow through ubiquinone-cytochrome b-cytochrome c complex were inhibited strongly because the oxidation of duroquinol was affected markedly. The BHA block of electron transport was bypassed by both N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol. Also, the presence of BHA changed the redox state of cytochrome b and c1 to a more oxidized level. These observations suggest that electron transport is inhibited by BHA at the NADH-ubiquinone and at the ubiquinone-cytochrome b levels. From Hill plots, it is clear that more than one binding site is involved in complete inhibition; in addition, available evidence suggests that there may be two sites at the substrate side of ubiquinone and another two sites at the oxygen side of ubiquinone. Consequently, mitochondrial ATP synthesis would be interrupted. This event could be related to the toxicity of BHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago
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Cobley JG, Singer TP, Beinert H, Grossman S. Piericiden A sensitivity, site 1 phosphorylation, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase during iron-limited growth of Candida utilis. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Grossman S, Cobley J, Singer TP, Beinert H. Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Dehydrogenase, Piericidin Sensitivity, and Site 1 Phosphorylation in Different Growth Phases of Candida utilis. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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