1
|
Adedara IA, Atanda OE, Sant'Anna Monteiro C, Rosemberg DB, Aschner M, Farombi EO, Rocha JBT, Furian AF, Emanuelli T. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of aflatoxin B 1-mediated neurotoxicity: The therapeutic role of natural bioactive compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116869. [PMID: 37567382 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a dietary toxin from the mold Aspergillus species, is well acknowledged to elicit extra-hepatic toxicity in both animals and humans. The neurotoxicity of AFB1 has become a global public health concern. Contemporary research on how AFB1 enters the brain to elicit neuronal dysregulation leading to noxious neurological outcomes has increased greatly in recent years. The current review discusses several neurotoxic outcomes and susceptible targets of AFB1 toxicity at cellular, molecular and genetic levels. Specifically, neurotoxicity studies involving the use of brain homogenates, neuroblastoma cell line IMR-32, human brain microvascular endothelial cells, microglial cells, and astrocytes, as well as mammalian and non-mammalian models to unravel the mechanisms associated with AFB1 exposure are highlighted. Further, some naturally occurring bioactive compounds with compelling therapeutic effects on AFB1-induced neurotoxicity are reviewed. In conclusion, available data from literature highlight AFB1 as a neurotoxin and its possible pathological contribution to neurological disorders. Further mechanistic studies aimed at discovering and developing effective therapeutics for AFB1 neurotoxicity is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A Adedara
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Oluwadarasimi E Atanda
- Human Toxicology Program, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Camila Sant'Anna Monteiro
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine Forchheimer 209; 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ebenezer O Farombi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Joao B T Rocha
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Furian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Emanuelli
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen X, Zhang J, Xie J, Huang Z. Development of two immunochromatographic test strips based on gold nanospheres and gold nanoflowers for the rapid and simultaneous detection of aflatoxin B1 and aristolochic acid A in dual-use medicinal and food ingredients. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
3
|
Köse K, Kehribar DY, Uzun L. Molecularly imprinted polymers in toxicology: a literature survey for the last 5 years. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:35437-35471. [PMID: 34024002 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The science of toxicology dates back almost to the beginning of human history. Toxic chemicals, which are encountered in different forms, are always among the chemicals that should be investigated in criminal field, environmental application, pharmaceutic, and even industry, where many researches have been carried out studies for years. Almost all of not only drugs but also industrial dyes have toxic side and direct effects. Environmental micropollutants accumulate in the tissues of all living things, especially plants, and show short- or long-term toxic symptoms. Chemicals in forensic science can be known by detecting the effect they cause to the body with the similar mechanism. It is clear that the best tracking tool among analysis methods is molecularly printed polymer-based analytical setups. Different polymeric combinations of molecularly imprinted polymers allow further study on detection or extraction using chromatographic and spectroscopic instruments. In particular, methods used in forensic medicine can detect trace amounts of poison or biological residues on the scene. Molecularly imprinted polymers are still in their infancy and have many variables that need to be developed. In this review, we summarized how molecular imprinted polymers and toxicology intersect and what has been done about molecular imprinted polymers in toxicology by looking at the studies conducted in the last 5 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazım Köse
- Department of Joint Courses, Hitit University, Çorum, Turkey.
| | - Demet Yalçın Kehribar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Lokman Uzun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang K, Banerjee K. A Review: Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Technologies for Detection of Aflatoxins in Foods. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E539. [PMID: 32825718 PMCID: PMC7551558 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a class of mycotoxins with regulatory and public health significance, aflatoxins (e.g., aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2) have attracted unparalleled attention from government, academia and industry due to their chronic and acute toxicity. Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of various Aspergillus species, which are ubiquitous in the environment and can grow on a variety of crops whereby accumulation is impacted by climate influences. Consumption of foods and feeds contaminated by aflatoxins are hazardous to human and animal health, hence the detection and quantification of aflatoxins in foods and feeds is a priority from the viewpoint of food safety. Since the first purification and identification of aflatoxins from feeds in the 1960s, there have been continuous efforts to develop sensitive and rapid methods for the determination of aflatoxins. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on advances in aflatoxins analysis and highlights the importance of sample pretreatments, homogenization and various cleanup strategies used in the determination of aflatoxins. The use of liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), solid phase extraction (SPE) and immunoaffinity column clean-up (IAC) and dilute and shoot for enhancing extraction efficiency and clean-up are discussed. Furthermore, the analytical techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), mass spectrometry (MS), capillary electrophoresis (CE) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) are compared in terms of identification, quantitation and throughput. Lastly, with the emergence of new techniques, the review culminates with prospects of promising technologies for aflatoxin analysis in the foreseeable future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- US Food and Drug Administration/Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Kaushik Banerjee
- National Reference Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune 412307, India;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Park S, Lee JY, You S, Song G, Lim W. Neurotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1 on human astrocytes in vitro and on glial cell development in zebrafish in vivo. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 386:121639. [PMID: 31787402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is one of the well-known mycotoxins and mainly found in contaminated animal feed and various agricultural products inducing acute and chronic toxicology, tumor, and abnormal neural development. However, the effects of aflatoxin B1 on the human brain, especially on astrocytes, have not been studied in depth. In the present study, we studied the neurotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1, in vitro and in vivo. Aflatoxin B1 decreased the proliferation and stopped cell cycle progression at the sub G0/G1 stage with an increase in BAX, BAK, and cytochrome c proteins in human astrocytes. In addition, it increased the mitochondrial depolarization, oxidative stress, and calcium influx in both the cytosol and mitochondria. Surprisingly, inhibition of calcium overload in the cytosol and mitochondria, using calcium chelators and an inhibitor, partially rescued the proliferation of aflatoxin B1-treated astrocytes. Based on the toxicity assays using zebrafish models, aflatoxin B1 decreased the embryo survival rate with physiological changes and an increase in the caspase and tp53 genes. It also decreased the expression of gfap, mbp, and olig2 in the transgenic zebrafish embryo's brain and axon. Our results revealed the specific mechanism of the neurotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1 on human astrocytes and zebrafish glial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunwoo Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - Seungkwon You
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gao J, Wang J, Wu C, Hou F, Chang S, Wang Z, Pu Q, Guo D, Fu H. Fast screening of aflatoxins in dairy cattle feeds with CE-LIF method combined with preconcentration technique of vortex assisted low density solvent-microextraction. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:499-507. [PMID: 30467879 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination in agricultural products poses a great threat to humans and livestock. The aim of this study was to establish a simple, rapid, highly sensitive, and inexpensive method for the simultaneous detection of aflatoxin B1 , B2 , G1 , and G2 in agricultural products. We used a vortex assisted low density solvent-microextraction (VALDS-ME) technique for sample preconcentration and sample detection was achieved with a CE-LIF method. Aflatoxins were separated in an uncoated fused-silica capillary with the MEKC mode and were excited by a 355 nm UV laser to produce native fluorescence for detection. The obtained LOD and LOQ for the four aflatoxins were in the range of 0.002-0.075 and 0.007-0.300 μg/L, respectively, and the analysis time was within 6.5 min. Using the established method, aflatoxins were screened in naturally contaminated dairy cattle feed samples including alfalfa, bran, and corn kernel. The result shows that the alfalfa and bran samples were contaminated with aflatoxins to varying degrees. Compared with other analytical techniques for aflatoxin screening in agricultural products, this CE-LIF method combined with VALDS-ME preconcentration technique is simple, rapid, highly efficient, and inexpensive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Chengxin Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Shenghua Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Zhaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Qiaosheng Pu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Ding Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Hua Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gurban AM, Epure P, Oancea F, Doni M. Achievements and Prospects in Electrochemical-Based Biosensing Platforms for Aflatoxin M₁ Detection in Milk and Dairy Products. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E2951. [PMID: 29257102 PMCID: PMC5751533 DOI: 10.3390/s17122951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins, which are mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and parasiticus growing on plants and products stored under inappropriate conditions, represent the most studied group of mycotoxins. Contamination of human and animal milk with aflatoxin M₁, the hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B₁, is an important health risk factor due to its carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Due to the low concentration of this aflatoxin in milk and milk products, the analytical methods used for its quantification have to be highly sensitive, specific and simple. This paper presents an overview of the analytical methods, especially of the electrochemical immunosensors and aptasensors, used for determination of aflatoxin M₁.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Gurban
- Biotechnology Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Petru Epure
- EPI-SISTEM SRL, Bvd Brasovului 145, Sacele, 505600 Brasov, Romania.
| | - Florin Oancea
- Biotechnology Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Mihaela Doni
- Biotechnology Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Maciel LF, Felício ALDSM, Miranda LCR, Pires TC, Bispo EDS, Hirooka EY. Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in different cocoa clones (Theobroma cacao L.) developed in the southern region of Bahia, Brazil. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:134-143. [PMID: 29090642 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1397293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Brazil is the sixth largest producer of cocoa beans in the world, after Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Indonesia, Nigeria and Cameroon. The southern region of Bahia stands out as the country's largest producer, accounting for approximately 60% of production. Due to damage caused by infestation of the cocoa crop with the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa, which causes 'witch's broom disease', research in cocoa beans has led to the cloning of species that are resistant to the disease; however, there is little information about the development of other fungal genera in these clones, such as Aspergillus, which do not represent a phytopathogenicity problem but can grow during the pre-processing of cocoa beans and produce mycotoxins. Thus, the aim of this work was to determine the presence of aflatoxin (AF) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in cocoa clones developed in Brazil. Aflatoxin and ochratoxin A contamination were determined in 130 samples from 13 cocoa clones grown in the south of Bahia by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector. The method was evaluated for limit of detection (LOD) (0.05-0.90 μg kg-1), limit of quantification (0.10-2.50 μg kg-1) and recovery (RSD) (89.40-95.80%) for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2 and OTA. Aflatoxin contamination was detected in 38% of the samples in the range of <LOD-17.795 μg kg-1, with AFB1 in 25% of the total samples, whereas ochratoxin A was positive in 18% of the samples in the range of <LOD-274.90 μg kg-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Fonseca Maciel
- a Department of Bromatological Analyses, Pharmacy College , Federal University of Bahia , Salvador , Brazil.,b Department of Food Science and Technology , State University of Londrina , Londrina , Brazil
| | | | | | - Tassia Cavalcante Pires
- a Department of Bromatological Analyses, Pharmacy College , Federal University of Bahia , Salvador , Brazil
| | - Eliete da Silva Bispo
- a Department of Bromatological Analyses, Pharmacy College , Federal University of Bahia , Salvador , Brazil
| | - Elisa Yoko Hirooka
- b Department of Food Science and Technology , State University of Londrina , Londrina , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shi H, Yu P. Advanced synchrotron-based and globar-sourced molecular (micro) spectroscopy contributions to advances in food and feed research on molecular structure, mycotoxin determination, and molecular nutrition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2164-2175. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1303769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Shi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kang’ethe EK, Sirma AJ, Murithi G, Mburugu-Mosoti CK, Ouko EO, Korhonen HJ, Nduhiu GJ, Mungatu JK, Joutsjoki V, Lindfors E, Ramo S. Occurrence of mycotoxins in food, feed, and milk in two counties from different agro-ecological zones and with historical outbreak of aflatoxins and fumonisins poisonings in Kenya. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyx018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
11
|
Somsubsin S, Seebunrueng K, Boonchiangma S, Srijaranai S. A simple solvent based microextraction for high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of aflatoxins in rice samples. Talanta 2017; 176:172-177. [PMID: 28917738 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of a simple solvent based microextraction, namely vortex assisted low density solvent-microextraction (VALDS-ME), followed by high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD) for the simultaneous determination of four aflatoxins (AFs) including AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 in rice samples. In VALDS-ME, a mixture of low density solvents (1-octanol and toluene) was used as the extraction solvent. The extraction was rapidly achieved with the assistance of vortex agitation and phase separation was easily obtained after the addition of Na2SO4. The effects of various parameters on the extraction efficiency were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, high enrichment factors (42-132), low limits of detection (LODs) in the range of 0.0011-0.17μgkg-1 and good precisions (RSDs lower than 6.2%) were obtained. AFB1 and AFG1 were detected in berry rice sample at 0.26 and 2.1μgkg-1, respectively. The recoveries in AFs-spiked rice samples ranged from 70% to 104%. Moreover, the present method was comparable to the conventional immunoaffinity chromatography method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somying Somsubsin
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ketsarin Seebunrueng
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Suthasinee Boonchiangma
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Supalax Srijaranai
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Karczmarczyk A, Baeumner AJ, Feller KH. Rapid and sensitive inhibition-based assay for the electrochemical detection of Ochratoxin A and Aflatoxin M1 in red wine and milk. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
13
|
Shuib NS, Makahleh A, Salhimi SM, Saad B. Determination of aflatoxin M 1 in milk and dairy products using high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence with post column photochemical derivatization. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1510:51-56. [PMID: 28668367 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk using high performance liquid chromatography with photochemical post-column derivatization and fluorescence detection is described. The samples were first extracted and clean-up using the immunoaffinity AFLATEST column originally targeted for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2. The separation of aflatoxin M1 were performed using C18 Hypersil gold (150mm×4.6mm, 5μm) column at 40°C under isocratic elution. Fluorescence detector (FLD) was set at 360nm and 440nm as excitation and emission, respectively. The use of methanol to replace acetonitrile as the mobile phase resulted in ∼67% peak area enhancement of AFM1. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of the analytical method after post-column derivatization without evaporation/reconstitution with mobile phase was 0.0085μgL-1 and 0.025μgL-1 respectively. However, LOD and LOQ improved to 0.002 and 0.004μgL-1 respectively with the addition of evaporation/reconstitution step. The method was statistically validated, showing linear response (R2>0.999), good recoveries (85.2-107.0%) and relative standard deviations (RSD) were found to be ≤7%. The proposed method was applied to determine AFM1 contamination in various types of milk and milk products. Only 2 samples were contaminated with aflatoxin M1 (10% incidence). However, the contamination level is below the Malaysian and European legislation limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nor Shifa Shuib
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Mycotoxin Analytical Centre, Chemistry Department, Penang Branch, Jalan Tull, 10450, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Makahleh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Bahruddin Saad
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Multiclonal plastic antibodies for selective aflatoxin extraction from food samples. Food Chem 2017; 221:829-837. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
15
|
Agriopoulou S, Koliadima A, Karaiskakis G, Kapolos J. Kinetic study of aflatoxins' degradation in the presence of ozone. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
Fisli H, Bensouilah N, Abdaoui M. Spectrofluorimetric determination of the antineoplastic agent lomustine based on the sensitizing effect of β-cyclodextrin. LUMINESCENCE 2015; 31:871-80. [PMID: 26510489 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The effects of solvent dipolarity/polarizability and solvent-solute hydrogen bonding on the photophysical properties of the antineoplastic drug lomustine were analysed by means of the linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) concept proposed by Kamlet and Taft. The LSER method enabled the overall solvent effects to be quantitatively estimated and separated into specific and non-specific contributions. The molecular encapsulation of lomustine by β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) has been studied using fluorescence spectroscopy. The results are discussed in terms of the binding parameter and the effect of the solvent used. It was concluded that β-CD forms a 1:1 inclusional complex with lomustine in acetonitrile solution and its association constant was calculated to be 500 M(-1). In addition, and for the first time, a simple, rapid and high sensitive fluorimetric method for the determination of lomustine was developed based upon the enhancement effect produced through complex formation with β-CD. The new approach for the quantification of lomustine in the presence of β-CD was described in aqueous and organic solutions. Better limits of detection (0.31 µg ml(-1)) and quantification (1.05 µg ml(-1)) were obtained in aqueous solution with respect to those obtained in organic solvent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassina Fisli
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée (LCA), Université 8 mai 1945, Guelma, Algeria
| | - Nadjia Bensouilah
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée (LCA), Université 8 mai 1945, Guelma, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Abdaoui
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée (LCA), Université 8 mai 1945, Guelma, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Asghar MA, Iqbal J, Ahmed A, Khan MA, Shamsuddin ZA, Jamil K. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography method with post-column derivatization for the detection of aflatoxins in cereals and grains. Toxicol Ind Health 2014; 32:1122-34. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233714547732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel, reliable and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with post-column derivatization was developed and validated. The HPLC method was used for the simultaneous determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1) and G2 (AFG2) in various cereals and grains. Samples were extracted with 80:20 (v/v) methanol:water and purified using C18 (40–63 μm) solid-phase extraction cartridges. AFs were separated using a LiChroCART–RP-18 (5 μm, 250 × 4.0 mm2) column. The mobile phase consisted of methanol:acetonitrile:buffer (17.5:17.5:65 v/v) (pH 7.4) delivered at the flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1. The fluorescence of each AF was detected at λex = 365 nm and λem = 435 nm. All four AFs were properly resolved within the total run time of 20 min. The established method was extensively validated as a final verification of the method development by the evaluation of selectivity (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2), linearity ( R2 ≥ 0.9994), precision (average SD ≤ 2.79), accuracy (relative mean error ≤ −5.51), robustness ( p < 0.0080), ruggedness ( p < 0.0100) and average recoveries (89.2–97.8%). The limits of quantification of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 were 0.080, 0.073, 0.062 and 0.066 ng g−1, respectively. Finally, the developed method was applied for the analysis of AFs in 45 samples comprising rice ( n = 20), wheat ( n = 15) and maize ( n = 10). The results showed that 65% of rice, 20% of wheat and 80% of maize samples were found contaminated with AFs. Thus, according to the achieved results, it is suggested that the newly developed HPLC method could be effectively applied for the routine analysis of the AFs in different cereals and grains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Khalid Jamil
- Food and Feed Safety Laboratory, Food and Marine Resources Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang J, Li J, Jiang Y, Duan X, Qu H, Yang B, Chen F, Sivakumar D. Natural occurrence, analysis, and prevention of mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:64-83. [PMID: 24188233 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.569860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are small toxic chemical products formed as the secondary metabolites by fungi that readily contaminate foods with toxins in the field or after harvest. The presence of mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and patulin, in fruits and their processed products is of high concern for human health due to their properties to induce severe acute and chronic toxicity at low-dose levels. Currently, a broad range of detection techniques used for practical analysis and detection of a wide spectrum of mycotoxins are available. Many analytical methods have been developed for the determination of each group of these mycotoxins in different food matrices, but new methods are still required to achieve higher sensitivity and address other challenges that are posed by these mycotoxins. Effective technologies are needed to reduce or even eliminate the presence of the mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products. Preventive measures aimed at the inhibition of mycotoxin formation in fruits and their processed products are the most effective approach. Detoxification of mycotoxins by different physical, chemical, and biological methods are less effective and sometimes restricted because of concerns of safety, possible losses in nutritional quality of the treated commodities and cost implications. This article reviewed the available information on the major mycotoxins found in foods and feeds, with an emphasis of fruits and their processed products, and the analytical methods used for their determination. Based on the current knowledge, the major strategies to prevent or even eliminate the presence of the mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products were proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Yang
- a Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Afsah-Hejri L, Jinap S, Hajeb P, Radu S, Shakibazadeh S. A Review on Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Malaysia Case Study. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013; 12:629-651. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Afsah-Hejri
- Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC); Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Univ. Putra Malaysia; 43400 UPM; Serdang; Selangor; Malaysia
| | - S. Jinap
- Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC); Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Univ. Putra Malaysia; 43400 UPM; Serdang; Selangor; Malaysia
| | - P. Hajeb
- Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC); Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Univ. Putra Malaysia; 43400 UPM; Serdang; Selangor; Malaysia
| | - S. Radu
- Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC); Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Univ. Putra Malaysia; 43400 UPM; Serdang; Selangor; Malaysia
| | - Sh. Shakibazadeh
- Dept. of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture; Univ. Putra Malaysia; 43400, UPM Serdang; Selangor; Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Complexation of the mycotoxin zearalenone with β-cyclodextrin: Study of the interaction and first promising applications. Mycotoxin Res 2013; 24:14-8. [PMID: 23606075 DOI: 10.1007/bf02985265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the study of the interactions between native and substituted β-cyclodextrins and zearalenone and its derivatives α- and β-zearelonol. The data obtained by fluorescence and NMR experiments suggested that zearalenone, α- and β-zearalenol and cyclodextrins give rise to host-guest complexation, with the inclusion of the phenolic moiety inside the cyclodextrin cavity. The high stability of these complexes induces a high fluorescence enhancement upon complexation. These results have been successfully applied to the spectrofluorimetric determination of zearalenone in maize raw samples, without any chromatographic separation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Singh J, Roychoudhury A, Srivastava M, Solanki PR, Lee DW, Lee SH, Malhotra BD. A highly efficient rare earth metal oxide nanorods based platform for aflatoxin detection. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:4493-4503. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20690d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
22
|
Sani AM, Azizi EG, Salehi EA, Rahimi K. Reduction of aflatoxin in rice by different cooking methods. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 30:546-50. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233712462466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rice ( Oryza sativa Linn) is one of the basic diets in the north of Iran. The aim of present study was to detect total aflatoxin (AFT) in domestic and imported rice in Amol (in the north of Iran) and to evaluate the effect of different cooking methods on the levels of the toxin. For this purpose, 42 rice samples were collected from retail stores. The raw samples were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique for toxin assessment and then submitted to two different cooking methods including traditional local method and in rice cooker. After treatment, AFT was determined. Results show that the average concentration of AFT in domestic and imported samples was 1.08 ± 0.02 and 1.89 ± 0.87 ppb, respectively, which is lower than national and European Union standards. The highest AFT reduction (24.8%) was observed when rice samples were cooked by rice cooker but the difference with local method was not statistically significant ( p > 0.05).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohamadi Sani
- Food Science and Technology Department, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran
| | | | - Esmaeel Ataye Salehi
- Food Science and Technology Department, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran
| | - Khadije Rahimi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Young Researchers Club,Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu L, Jin H, Sun L, Ma S, Lin R. Determination of aflatoxins in medicinal herbs by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2012; 23:469-476. [PMID: 22323053 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We report a rapid and accurate method to determine the natural occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) B1, B2, G1 and G2 in medicinal herbs and the analysis of 174 commercial samples by this method. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present work is to examine the occurrence of the aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in common medicinal herbs. METHODOLOGY The AFs were extracted, purified by immunoaffinity column and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry with electrospray ionisation (HPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS The AFs can be separated within 6 min using an Agilent XDB C₁₈-column. The target analyte AFB1 could be detected at 0.14 µg/kg. A good linear relationship was found for AFG1 and AFB1 in 1-100 pg and AFG2 and AFB2 in 0.8-30 pg (r > 0.9995). The analyte recovery under three different spiking levels was 64-100% with the relative standard deviations (RSD) below 8.19%. CONCLUSION This simple and accurate method effectively eliminates false positive detection and can be used to determine the AFs in medicinal herbs to control product quality. We found that in the 174 samples tested, 27 were contaminated with AFs. The incidences of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 in the samples tested were 15.52%, 14.37%, 6.32% and 2.30%, respectively. We proposed 10 µg/kg total AFs and 5 µg/kg AFB1 as the reasonable maximum limits (ML) in medicinal herbs, and there are 10 samples (5.71% occurrence) in our test that exceeded this proposed limit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Liu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Degola F, Dall'Asta C, Restivo FM. Development of a simple and high-throughput method for detecting aflatoxins production in culture media. Lett Appl Microbiol 2012; 55:82-9. [PMID: 22568641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2012.03264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a simple, high-throughput and inexpensive procedure to detect and quantify aflatoxins into the culture media of growing mycelia. METHODS AND RESULTS Fungal conidia (Aspergillus flavus) were inoculated into the wells of a microplate containing 200 μl of different formulations of coconut-derived liquid medium. Time-dependent production of aflatoxins in the culture media was evaluated by a procedure relying on the UV-induced fluorescence emission by the toxin, using a microplate reader. These data were validated by comparison with the outputs of a conventional HPLC-based procedure. Determinations of aflatoxin concentration, according to the fluorimetric procedure, were performed either by withdrawing samples from the plates or by direct 'in situ' readings, the latter method reinforcing the high-throughput feature of the procedure. Fluorescence enhancers (cyclodextrins) did not ameliorate the sensitivity of the procedure to low concentrations of the toxin into the medium. The efficacy of the procedure was also validated by testing the effect on toxin yield of adding an antioxidant agent (α-lipoic acid) to the medium. CONCLUSIONS We give evidence that our improved procedure is reliable and suitable to analyse aflatoxin accumulation time course in coconut-derived culture medium. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study shows that our procedure may profitably be used to give insights into the mechanisms of regulation of mycotoxin production and, consequently, to implement different strategies for the containment of aflatoxin contamination of food and feed commodities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Degola
- Department of Genetics Biology of Microorganisms Anthropology Evolution, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Colak H, Hampikyan H, Bingol EB, Cetin O, Akhan M, Turgay SI. Determination of mould and aflatoxin contamination in tarhana, a Turkish fermented food. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:218679. [PMID: 22623886 PMCID: PMC3349127 DOI: 10.1100/2012/218679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tarhana is a popular traditional Turkish cereal-based fermented food product mainly produced at home or at home-scale level. Some certain mould species can grow even at low moisture and pH values and produce aflatoxins in food. This study was conducted to determine aflatoksin levels in tarhana. For this purpose, a total of 138 tarhana powder samples were collected from bazaars in Istanbul and analyzed for aflatoxins, mould contamination, and some physco-chemical parameters. As a result, 32 out of 138 tarhana samples (23.2%) were found to be contaminated with aflatoxins in the range of 0.7–16.8 μg/kg, whereas 29 samples contained Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) ranging from 0.2–13.2 μg/kg. All samples (100%) contaminated with moulds in the range of 1.4 × 101 –5.8 × 107cfu/g. The average pH, moisture and aw results were detected as 3.82, 12.71%, and 0.695, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Colak
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
VISWANATH PREMA, NANJEGOWDA DIVYASHREEKALLENAHALLI, GOVINDEGOWDA HEMALATHA, DATTATREYA AKSHATHAMALEBENNUR, SIDDAPPA VINUTHA. AFLATOXIN DETERMINATION IN BLACK TEA (CAMELLIA SINENSIS) - STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT OF A PROTOCOL. J Food Saf 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2011.00339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
27
|
Lopardo R, Musto M, Cellini F, Grieco PD. Development and application of a duplex PCR for the detection of Aspergillus carbonarius occurring in grapes. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-010-0077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
|
28
|
|
29
|
Larionova D, Goryacheva I, Van Peteghem C, De Saeger S. Thin-layer chromatography of aflatoxins and zearalenones with β-cyclodextrins as mobile phase additives. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2011. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2010.1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The conditions of thin-layer chromatography separation of related aflatoxins and zearalenones in the presence of β-cyclodextrin and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin were studied. Effects of the stationary phase and mobile phase composition were investigated. Analytical conditions for the separation and simultaneous semi-quantitative fluorescence detection of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, zearalenone and α-zearalenol on normal-phase plates (silica gel, polyamide) and reversed-phase plates (C18) with cyclodextrin modified mobile phase were optimised. The limit of quantification was found 2 ng per spot for aflatoxin G1 and aflatoxin B2, 3.5 ng for aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin G2 and 100 ng per spot for zearalenone and α-zearalenol. Addition of cyclodextrins to the mobile phase allowed a decrease in the amount of toxic solvents, and improved separation characteristics, but did not improve the limit of quantification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. Larionova
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - I. Goryacheva
- Chemistry Institute, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - C. Van Peteghem
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - S. De Saeger
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hernández-Martínez R, Navarro-Blasco I. Aflatoxin levels and exposure assessment of Spanish infant cereals. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2010; 3:275-88. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2010.531402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
31
|
Astray G, Mejuto J, Morales J, Rial-Otero R, Simal-Gándara J. Factors controlling flavors binding constants to cyclodextrins and their applications in foods. Food Res Int 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
32
|
Determination of mycotoxins in foods: current state of analytical methods and limitations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 86:1595-612. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
33
|
Bhat R, Rai RV, Karim A. Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Present Status and Future Concerns. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2010; 9:57-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
34
|
|
35
|
|
36
|
Shephard GS. Aflatoxin analysis at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:1215-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2857-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
37
|
Reiter E, Zentek J, Razzazi E. Review on sample preparation strategies and methods used for the analysis of aflatoxins in food and feed. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53:508-24. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
38
|
Dall’Asta C, Faccini A, Galaverna G, Corradini R, Dossena A, Marchelli R. Complexation of zearalenone and zearalenols with native and modified β-cyclodextrins. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-009-9572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
39
|
Turner NW, Subrahmanyam S, Piletsky SA. Analytical methods for determination of mycotoxins: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 632:168-80. [PMID: 19110091 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are small (MW approximately 700), toxic chemical products formed as secondary metabolites by a few fungal species that readily colonise crops and contaminate them with toxins in the field or after harvest. Ochratoxins and Aflatoxins are mycotoxins of major significance and hence there has been significant research on broad range of analytical and detection techniques that could be useful and practical. Due to the variety of structures of these toxins, it is impossible to use one standard technique for analysis and/or detection. Practical requirements for high-sensitivity analysis and the need for a specialist laboratory setting create challenges for routine analysis. Several existing analytical techniques, which offer flexible and broad-based methods of analysis and in some cases detection, have been discussed in this manuscript. There are a number of methods used, of which many are lab-based, but to our knowledge there seems to be no single technique that stands out above the rest, although analytical liquid chromatography, commonly linked with mass spectroscopy is likely to be popular. This review manuscript discusses (a) sample pre-treatment methods such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), solid phase extraction (SPE), (b) separation methods such as (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE) and (c) others such as ELISA. Further currents trends, advantages and disadvantages and future prospects of these methods have been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Turner
- Centre for Organic Electronics, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Galaverna G, Dall'Asta C, Corradini R, Dossena A, Marchelli R. Cyclodextrins as selectors for mycotoxin recognition. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2008. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2008.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with the applications of cyclodextrins as selectors for mycotoxin recognition. Complexation by cyclodextrins via formation of inclusion (host-guest) complexes induces significant changes in the physical and chemical properties of mycotoxins as guest molecules, effects that can be used in a variety of analytical techniques. Changes in chromatographic and electrophoretic properties and their applications to set up new separation methods are covered. Among these changes, a significant effect is the enhancement of the mycotoxin fluorescence upon inclusion, a phenomenon which provides a simple and convenient method to significantly increase the sensitivity of fluorescence-based trace analysis. The practical application of this phenomenon to set up new analytical methods is described. Studies on the mechanism of inclusion complex formation are also reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. Galaverna
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 17/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - C. Dall'Asta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 17/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - R. Corradini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 17/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - A. Dossena
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 17/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - R. Marchelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 17/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abbas HK, Shier WT, Horn BW, Weaver MA. Cultural Methods for Aflatoxin Detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1081/txr-200027854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
42
|
Maragos CM, Appell M, Lippolis V, Visconti A, Catucci L, Pascale M. Use of cyclodextrins as modifiers of fluorescence in the detection of mycotoxins. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:164-71. [PMID: 18286406 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701564555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins, cyclic oligosaccharides composed of amylose subunits, are known to interact with mycotoxins. The interactions may be useful to analytical chemists by altering the properties of the mycotoxin of interest, namely the chromatographic properties, electrophoretic properties, fluorescence, or absorption of these fungal metabolites. Practical applications of these effects have been the incorporation of cyclodextrins into high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis methods for mycotoxin detection. Specific mycotoxins include those with a native fluorescence such as the aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEN) as well as those that can be rendered fluorescent through derivatization, such as T-2 toxin. The literature describing the applications of cyclodextrins in mycotoxin analysis is reviewed and an attempt to extend the use of cyclodextrins to the detection of labelled T-2 toxin is presented. Twenty cyclodextrins were evaluated for their ability to enhance the fluorescence emission of T-2 toxin derivatized with pyrene-1-carbonyl cyanide (T2-Pyr). This evaluation revealed that heptakis (2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (DIMEB), in particular, enhanced T2-Pyr fluorescence. DIMEB was used as a buffer modifier in a capillary electrophoresis-laser-induced fluorescence (CE-LIF) method for detecting T-2 in maize. Because of the effects that certain cyclodextrins have, especially under aqueous conditions, they may make useful additives for a variety of mycotoxin analytical methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Maragos
- Mycotoxin Research Unit, USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Goryacheva IY, Rusanova TY, Pankin KE. Fluorescent properties of aflatoxins in organized media based on surfactants, cyclodextrins, and calixresorcinarenes. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934808080078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
44
|
Amadasi A, Dall'asta C, Ingletto G, Pela R, Marchelli R, Cozzini P. Explaining cyclodextrin–mycotoxin interactions using a ‘natural’ force field. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4585-94. [PMID: 17449255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Docking techniques and the HINT (Hydropathic Interaction) program were used to explain interactions of aflatoxin B(1) and ochratoxin A with beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins. The work was aimed at designing a chemosensor to identify very low concentrations of these mycotoxins by exploiting the affinity of the cyclodextrin cavity for many small organic molecules. Actually, the inclusion of the fluorescent portion of these toxins into the cavity may lower the quenching effect of the solvent, thus enhancing the luminescence. HINT is a 'natural' force field, based on experimentally determined LogP(octanol/water) values, that is able to consider both enthalpic and entropic contributions to the binding free energy with an unified approach. HINT is normally applied to predict the DeltaG degrees of binding for protein-ligand, protein-protein, and protein-DNA interactions. The leading forces in biomolecular processes are the same as those involved in organic host-guest inclusion phenomena, therefore we applied this methodology for the first time to cyclodextrin complexes. The results allowed us to explain spectroscopic data in absence of available crystallographic or NMR structural data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Amadasi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Parma, I-43100 Parma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Muscarella M, Lo Magro S, Palermo C, Centonze D. Validation according to European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC of a confirmatory method for aflatoxin M1 in milk based on immunoaffinity columns and high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 594:257-64. [PMID: 17586123 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A high performance liquid chromatographic method with fluorimetric detection for the determination of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk has been optimized and validated according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC by using the conventional validation approach. The procedure for determining selectivity, recovery, precision, decision limit (CC(alpha)), detection capability (CC(beta)) and ruggedness of the method has been reported. The results of the validation process demonstrate the agreement of the method with the provisions of Commission Regulation 401/2006/EC. The mean recovery calculated at three levels of fortification (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5-fold the MRL) was 91% and the maximum relative standard deviation value for the within-laboratory reproducibility was 15%. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) values were 0.006 microg kg(-1) and 0.015 microg kg(-1) while the CC(alpha) and CC(beta) values were 0.058 microg kg(-1) and 0.065 microg kg(-1), respectively. The relative expanded measurement uncertainty of the method was 7%. The method was not affected by slight variations of some critical factors (ruggedness minor changes) as pre-treatment and clean-up of milk samples, thermal treatment and different storage conditions, as well as by major changes valued in terms of milk produced by different species (buffalo, goat and sheep). The method allowed accurate confirmation analyses of milk samples, resulted positive by the screening method. In fact, the Z-score values attained in a proficiency test round were well below the reference value of 1, proving the excellent laboratory performances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Muscarella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, via Manfredonia 20, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Calleri E, Marrubini G, Brusotti G, Massolini G, Caccialanza G. Development and integration of an immunoaffinity monolithic disk for the on-line solid-phase extraction and HPLC determination with fluorescence detection of aflatoxin B1 in aqueous solutions. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:396-403. [PMID: 17317069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development and characterization of an anti-aflatoxin B1 (anti-AFB1) immunoaffinity monolithic disk is reported. Polyclonal anti-AFB1 was covalently immobilized in batch on an epoxy-activated monolithic Convective Interaction Media (CIM) disk (12 mm x 3 mm i.d.) by a one-step reaction via epoxy groups of the polymer surface. 0.96 mg of antibody were immobilized and the binding capacity of the CIM disk was determined by frontal analysis. The CIM disk was coupled through a switching valve to a reversed-phase column, namely Chromolith Performance RP-18e. A fully automated HPLC method with fluorescence detection for the determination of aflatoxin B1 in aqueous solution was developed. The total analysis time with the integrated system is 46 min and the retention time of AFB1 is approximately 29 min. The binding capacity of the immunoaffinity disk was evaluated in terms of linearity, precision and accuracy of the extraction procedure. The immunoaffinity support was stable after repeated runs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Calleri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ip SP, Che CT. Determination of aflatoxins in Chinese medicinal herbs by high-performance liquid chromatography using immunoaffinity column cleanup Improvement of recovery. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1135:241-4. [PMID: 17083947 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although analytical methods are available for the determination of aflatoxins in medicinal herbs, none of them can be applied satisfactorily to all sample matrices. The difficulty arises from the complex chemical composition of the herbs. Recovery is generally low by using immunoaffinity column cleanup due to the acidity of the water extractive leading to a weakened binding affinity. As a solvent for dilution and neutralization, phosphate buffer saline is useful for certain herbs but not for others that have high acidity. The problem can be solved by using 0.1 M phosphate buffer, which has a higher buffering capacity and eliminates sodium chloride. The modified method was validated by the analysis of a certified reference material and shown to be useful for the determination of aflatoxins in herbal samples of high acidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siu-Po Ip
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ammida NHS, Micheli L, Piermarini S, Moscone D, Palleschi G. Detection of Aflatoxin B1in Barley: Comparative Study of Immunosensor and HPLC. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710600713248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
49
|
Colak H, Hampikyan H, Ulusoy B, Ergun O. Comparison of a competitive ELISA with an HPLC method for the determination of aflatoxin M1 in Turkish White, Kasar and Tulum cheeses. Eur Food Res Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-006-0258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
50
|
Sforza S, Dall'asta C, Marchelli R. Recent advances in mycotoxin determination in food and feed by hyphenated chromatographic techniques/mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2006; 25:54-76. [PMID: 15892148 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal toxins produced by molds, which occur universally in food and feed derivatives, and are produced under certain environmental conditions in the field before harvest, post-harvest, during storage, processing, and feeding. Mycotoxin contamination is one of the most relevant and worrisome problem concerning food and feed safety because it can cause a variety of toxic acute and chronic effects in human and animals. In this review we report the use of mass spectrometry in connection with chromatographic techniques for mycotoxin determination by considering separately the most diffuse class of mycotoxins: patulin, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, trichothecenes, and fumonisins. Although the selectivity of mass spectrometry is unchallenged if compared to common GC and LC detection methods, accuracy, precision, and sensitivity may be extremely variable concerning the different mycotoxins, matrices, and instruments. The sensitivity issue may be a real problem in the case of LC/MS, where the response can be very different for the different ionization techniques (ESI, APCI, APPI). Therefore, when other detection methods (such as fluorescence or UV absorbance) can be used for the quantitative determination, LC/MS appears to be only an outstanding confirmatory technique. In contrast, when the toxins are not volatile and do not bear suitable chromophores or fluorophores, LC/MS appears to be the unique method to perform quantitative and qualitative analyses without requiring any derivatization procedure. The problem of exact quantitative determination in GC/MS and LC/MS methods is particularly important for mycotoxin determination in food, given the high variability of the matrices, and can be solved only by the use of isotopically labeled internal standards or by the use of ionization interfaces able to lower matrix effects and ion suppressions. When the problems linked to inconstant ionization and matrix effects will be solved, only MS detectors will allow to simplify more and more the sample preparation procedures and to avoid clean-up procedures, making feasible low-cost, high-throughput determination of mycotoxins in many different food matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sforza
- Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, I-43100, Parma, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|