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Cavalera S, Anfossi L, Di Nardo F, Baggiani C. Mycotoxins-Imprinted Polymers: A State-of-the-Art Review. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:47. [PMID: 38251263 PMCID: PMC10818578 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites of molds which can contaminate food and beverages. Because of their acute and chronic toxicity, they can have harmful effects when ingested or inhaled, posing severe risks to human health. Contemporary analytical methods have the sensitivity required for contamination detection and quantification, but the direct application of these methods on real samples is not straightforward because of matrix complexity, and clean-up and preconcentration steps are needed, more and more requiring the application of highly selective solid-phase extraction materials. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are artificial receptors mimicking the natural antibodies that are increasingly being used as a solid phase in extraction methods where selectivity towards target analytes is mandatory. In this review, the state-of-the-art about molecularly imprinted polymers as solid-phase extraction materials in mycotoxin contamination analysis will be discussed, with particular attention paid to the use of mimic molecules in the synthesis of mycotoxin-imprinted materials, to the application of these materials to food real samples, and to the development of advanced extraction methods involving molecular imprinting technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claudio Baggiani
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (S.C.); (L.A.); (F.D.N.)
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Piletsky SS, Garcia Cruz A, Piletska E, Piletsky SA, Aboagye EO, Spivey AC. Iodo Silanes as Superior Substrates for the Solid Phase Synthesis of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081595. [PMID: 35458345 PMCID: PMC9026888 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current state-of-the-art techniques for the solid phase synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) nanoparticles typically rely on amino silanes for the immobilisation of template molecules prior to polymerisation. An investigation into commonly used amino silanes identified a number of problematic side reactions which negatively affect the purity and affinity of these polymers. Iodo silanes are presented as a superior alternative in a case study describing the synthesis of MIPs against epitopes of a common cancer biomarker, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The proposed iodo silane outperformed the amino silane by all metrics tested, showing high purity and specificity, and nanomolar affinity for the target peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav S. Piletsky
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Alvaro Garcia Cruz
- School of Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (A.G.C.); (E.P.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Elena Piletska
- School of Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (A.G.C.); (E.P.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Sergey A. Piletsky
- School of Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (A.G.C.); (E.P.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Eric O. Aboagye
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK;
| | - Alan C. Spivey
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK;
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Wang Y, Li Y, Luo Y, Zhou K, Qiu X, Guo H. A novel molecularly imprinted polymer material for the recognition of ochratoxin A. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang Y, Zhang C, Wang J, Knopp D. Recent Progress in Rapid Determination of Mycotoxins Based on Emerging Biorecognition Molecules: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:73. [PMID: 35202100 PMCID: PMC8874725 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungal species, which pose significant risk to humans and livestock. The mycotoxins which are produced from Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium are considered most important and therefore regulated in food- and feedstuffs. Analyses are predominantly performed by official laboratory methods in centralized labs by expert technicians. There is an urgent demand for new low-cost, easy-to-use, and portable analytical devices for rapid on-site determination. Most significant advances were realized in the field bioanalytical techniques based on molecular recognition. This review aims to discuss recent progress in the generation of native biomolecules and new bioinspired materials towards mycotoxins for the development of reliable bioreceptor-based analytical methods. After brief presentation of basic knowledge regarding characteristics of most important mycotoxins, the generation, benefits, and limitations of present and emerging biorecognition molecules, such as polyclonal (pAb), monoclonal (mAb), recombinant antibodies (rAb), aptamers, short peptides, and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), are discussed. Hereinafter, the use of binders in different areas of application, including sample preparation, microplate- and tube-based assays, lateral flow devices, and biosensors, is highlighted. Special focus, on a global scale, is placed on commercial availability of single receptor molecules, test-kits, and biosensor platforms using multiplexed bead-based suspension assays and planar biochip arrays. Future outlook is given with special emphasis on new challenges, such as increasing use of rAb based on synthetic and naïve antibody libraries to renounce animal immunization, multiple-analyte test-kits and high-throughput multiplexing, and determination of masked mycotoxins, including stereoisomeric degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Cui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Dietmar Knopp
- Chair for Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universitat München, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, D-81377 München, Germany
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Kumari A, Joshua R, Kumar R, Ahlawat P, Sindhu SC. Fungal Mycotoxins: Occurrence and Detection. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68260-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Viveiros R, Dias FM, Maia LB, Heggie W, Casimiro T. Green strategy to produce large core–shell affinity beads for gravity-driven API purification processes. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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7
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Alshannaq A, Yu JH. Occurrence, Toxicity, and Analysis of Major Mycotoxins in Food. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E632. [PMID: 28608841 PMCID: PMC5486318 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14060632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain filamentous fungi (molds). These low molecular weight compounds (usually less than 1000 Daltons) are naturally occurring and practically unavoidable. They can enter our food chain either directly from plant-based food components contaminated with mycotoxins or by indirect contamination from the growth of toxigenic fungi on food. Mycotoxins can accumulate in maturing corn, cereals, soybeans, sorghum, peanuts, and other food and feed crops in the field and in grain during transportation. Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food or feed can cause acute or chronic toxicity in human and animals. In addition to concerns over adverse effects from direct consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated foods and feeds, there is also public health concern over the potential ingestion of animal-derived food products, such as meat, milk, or eggs, containing residues or metabolites of mycotoxins. Members of three fungal genera, Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium, are the major mycotoxin producers. While over 300 mycotoxins have been identified, six (aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins, ochratoxins, and patulin) are regularly found in food, posing unpredictable and ongoing food safety problems worldwide. This review summarizes the toxicity of the six mycotoxins, foods commonly contaminated by one or more of them, and the current methods for detection and analysis of these mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Alshannaq
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
- Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Jae-Hyuk Yu
- Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Li G, Zhu T, Row KH. Deep eutectic solvents for the purification of chloromycetin and thiamphenicol from milk. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:625-634. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guizhen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Tianjin University of Technology; Tianjin P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Inha University; Incheon Korea
| | - Tao Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Tianjin University of Technology; Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Kyung Ho Row
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Inha University; Incheon Korea
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Selective tools for the solid-phase extraction of Ochratoxin A from various complex samples: immunosorbents, oligosorbents, and molecularly imprinted polymers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6983-99. [PMID: 27585915 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9886-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of instrumentation in terms of separation and detection has allowed a real improvement of the sensitivity and the analysis time. However, the analysis of ultra-traces of toxins such as ochratoxin A (OTA) from complex samples (foodstuffs, biological fluids…) still requires a step of purification and of preconcentration before chromatographic determination. In this context, extraction sorbents leading to a molecular recognition mechanism appear as powerful tools for the selective extraction of OTA and of its structural analogs in order to obtain more reliable and sensitive quantitative analyses of these compounds in complex media. Indeed, immunosorbents and oligosorbents that are based on the use of immobilized antibodies and of aptamers, respectively, and that are specific to OTA allow its selective clean-up from complex samples with high enrichment factors. Similar molecular recognition mechanisms can also be obtained by developing molecularly imprinted polymers, the synthesis of which leads to the formation of cavities that are specific to OTA, thus mimicking the recognition site of the biomolecules. Therefore, the principle, the advantages, the limits of these different types of extraction tools, and their complementary behaviors will be presented. The introduction of these selective tools in miniaturized devices will also be discussed.
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Mishra RK, Catanante G, Hayat A, Marty JL. Evaluation of extraction methods for ochratoxin A detection in cocoa beans employing HPLC. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:500-8. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1133933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Yang Y, Li Q, Fang G, Wang S. Preparation and evaluation of novel surface molecularly imprinted polymers by sol–gel process for online solid-phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography to detect trace patulin in fruit derived products. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra08736a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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12
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Man-Made Synthetic Receptors for Capture and Analysis of Ochratoxin A. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4083-98. [PMID: 26473924 PMCID: PMC4626722 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7104083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Contemporary analytical methods have the sensitivity required for Ochratoxin A detection and quantification, but direct application of these methods on real samples can be rarely performed because of matrix complexity. Thus, efficient sample pre-treatment methods are needed. Recent years have seen the increasing use of artificial recognition systems as a viable alternative to natural receptors, because these materials seem to be particularly suitable for applications where selectivity for Ochratoxin A is essential. In this review, molecularly imprinted polymers, aptamers and tailor-made peptides for Ochratoxin A capture and analysis with particular attention to solid phase extraction applications will be discussed.
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Li G, Wang W, Wang Q, Zhu T. Deep Eutectic Solvents Modified Molecular Imprinted Polymers for Optimized Purification of Chlorogenic Acid from Honeysuckle. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 54:271-9. [PMID: 26347506 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DES) were synthesized with choline chloride (ChCl), and DES modified molecular imprinted polymers (DES-MIPs), DES modified non-imprinted polymers (DES-NIPs, without template), MIPs and NIPs were prepared in an identical procedure. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were used to characterize the obtained polymers. Rebinding experiment and solid-phase extraction (SPE) were used to prove the high selectivity adsorption properties of the polymers. Box-Behnken design (BBD) with three factors was used to optimize the extraction condition of chlorogenic acid (CA) from honeysuckles. The optimum extraction conditions were found to be ultrasonic time optimized (20 min), the volume fraction of ethanol (60%) and ratio of liquid to material (15 mL g(-1)). Under these conditions, the mean extraction yield of CA was 12.57 mg g(-1), which was in good agreement with the predicted BBD model value. Purification of hawthorn extract was achieved by SPE process, and SPE recoveries of CA were 72.56, 64.79, 69.34 and 60.08% by DES-MIPs, DES-NIPs, MIPs and NIPs, respectively. The results showed DES-MIPs had potential for promising functional adsorption material for the purification of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Tianjin Suyan Medical Technology Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
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14
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Wei S, Liu Y, Yan Z, Liu L. Molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography for determination of aflatoxin M1 and B1 in foods and feeds. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16784h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction for determination of aflatoxin M1 and B1 in foods and feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoulian Wei
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Zhaoqing University
- Zhaoqing 526061
- P. R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Zhaoqing University
- Zhaoqing 526061
- P. R. China
| | - Zijun Yan
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Zhaoqing University
- Zhaoqing 526061
- P. R. China
| | - Ling Liu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Zhaoqing University
- Zhaoqing 526061
- P. R. China
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Xie L, Sheng P, Kong W, Zhao X, Ou-Yang Z, Yang M. Solid-phase extraction using molecularly imprinted polymer for determination of ochratoxin A in human urine. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, selective and reliable sample preparation technique employing solid-phase extraction (SPE) based on molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for the determination of ochratoxin A (OTA) in human urine was described. After sample adjustment to pH 2.5 with 0.1 M HCl, the urine sample was loaded onto the MIP-SPE column, and after a wash step, OTA was eluted for measurement by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection. Key parameters which affected the MIP-SPE extraction efficiency were optimized as was the detection method. Under the optimised conditions, the limits of detection and quantification for OTA in urine were 0.2 ng/ml and 0.6 ng/ml, respectively. The recoveries for OTA in urine, spiked at the 0.6, 6.0 and 60 ng/ml levels, ranged from 92.0 to 98.9%. Sixty urine samples were analysed, of which four were found to contain OTA at concentrations ranging from 0.022 to 0.083 ng/ml; the positive results were confirmed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. OTA determination in urine is a good indicator for human exposure to the mycotoxin, and this is the first report on OTA contamination in Chinese people.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Xie
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Malianwa North Road 151, Beijing 100193, China P.R
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China P.R
| | - P. Sheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China P.R
| | - W. Kong
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Malianwa North Road 151, Beijing 100193, China P.R
| | - X. Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Malianwa North Road 151, Beijing 100193, China P.R
- Chinese Academy of Medicinal Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Wanning 571533, China P.R
| | - Z. Ou-Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China P.R
| | - M. Yang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Malianwa North Road 151, Beijing 100193, China P.R
- Chinese Academy of Medicinal Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Wanning 571533, China P.R
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Szumski M, Grzywiński D, Prus W, Buszewski B. Monolithic molecularly imprinted polymeric capillary columns for isolation of aflatoxins. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1364:163-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Giovannoli C, Passini C, Di Nardo F, Anfossi L, Baggiani C. Determination of ochratoxin A in Italian red wines by molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction and HPLC analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:5220-5225. [PMID: 24823614 DOI: 10.1021/jf5010995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An extraction method based on molecularly imprinted polymer prepared through a mimic template approach was used for the determination of ochratoxin A in 17 red wines from different geographical regions of Italy. Sample loading (wine sample diluted 1:1 with 1% v/v aqueous solution of PEG 8000), washing (2 mL water/acetonitrile 4:1 v/v), and elution (2 mL of acetonitrile/acetic acid 98:2 v/v) conditions allowed the optimization of the extraction method, capable of preconcentrating ochratoxin A below the maximum permitted level of 2 ng/mL. Under optimized conditions, recoveries of ochratoxin A from spiked samples ranged from 88 to 102% with sample volumes up to 20 mL. The HPLC determination by fluorescence detection allowed limits of detection and quantification, respectively, of 0.075 and 0.225 ng/mL. Sample extractions by an immunoaffinity protocol showed the method to be comparable, demonstrating the potential of the imprinting approach to substitute for the current immunoaffinity method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Giovannoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino , Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Yu L, Li P, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Ding X, Wang X. Graphene oxide: An adsorbent for the extraction and quantification of aflatoxins in peanuts by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1318:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Molecularly imprinted polymer-based solid phase clean-up for analysis of ochratoxin A in ginger and LC-MS/MS confirmation. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Hung CY, Huang YT, Huang HH, Hwang CC. Synthesis and Molecular Recognition of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer with Ibuprofen as Template. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200600155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Effect of the mimic structure on the molecular recognition properties of molecularly imprinted polymers for ochratoxin A prepared by a fragmental approach. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Electrochemical affinity biosensors for detection of mycotoxins: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 49:146-58. [PMID: 23743326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the current state of electrochemical biosensors in the determination of mycotoxins in foods. Mycotoxins are highly toxic secondary metabolites produced by molds. The acute toxicity of these results in serious human and animal health problems, although it has been only since early 1960s when the first studied aflatoxins were found to be carcinogenic. Mycotoxins affect a broad range of agricultural products, most important cereals and cereal-based foods. A majority of countries, mentioning especially the European Union, have established preventive programs to control contamination and strict laws of the permitted levels in foods. Official methods of analysis of mycotoxins normally requires sophisticated instrumentation, e.g. liquid chromatography with fluorescence or mass detectors, combined with extraction procedures for sample preparation. For about sixteen years, the use of simpler and faster analytical procedures based on affinity biosensors has emerged in scientific literature as a very promising alternative, particularly electrochemical (i.e., amperometric, impedance, potentiometric or conductimetric) affinity biosensors due to their simplicity and sensitivity. Typically, electrochemical biosensors for mycotoxins use specific antibodies or aptamers as affinity ligands, although recombinant antibodies, artificial receptors and molecular imprinted polymers show potential utility. This article deals with recent advances in electrochemical affinity biosensors for mycotoxins and covers complete literature from the first reports about sixteen years ago.
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Cao J, Kong W, Zhou S, Yin L, Wan L, Yang M. Molecularly imprinted polymer-based solid phase clean-up for analysis of ochratoxin A in beer, red wine, and grape juice. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1291-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine; Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College; Beijing P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy; Chengdu University of TCM; Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Weijun Kong
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine; Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Shujun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine; Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College; Beijing P. R. China
- Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun P. R. China
| | - Lihui Yin
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Li Wan
- School of Pharmacy; Chengdu University of TCM; Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine; Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College; Beijing P. R. China
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Piao C, Chen L. Separation of Sudan dyes from chilli powder by magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1268:185-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Székely G, Fritz E, Bandarra J, Heggie W, Sellergren B. Removal of potentially genotoxic acetamide and arylsulfonate impurities from crude drugs by molecular imprinting. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1240:52-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Design, preparation and characterization of novel molecularly imprinted polymers for removal of potentially genotoxic 1,3-diisopropylurea from API solutions. Sep Purif Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Vidal JC, Duato P, Bonel L, Castillo JR. Molecularly Imprinted On-Line Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled with Fluorescence Detection for the Determination of Ochratoxin A in Wheat Samples. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2011.565449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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28
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Lee TP, Saad B, Khayoon WS, Salleh B. Molecularly imprinted polymer as sorbent in micro-solid phase extraction of ochratoxin A in coffee, grape juice and urine. Talanta 2012; 88:129-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Preparation and characterization of a molecularly imprinted polymer by grafting on silica supports: a selective sorbent for patulin toxin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2259-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5282-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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30
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Abstract
So far, solid phase extraction, the use of MycoSep columns and immunoaffinity chromatography are the most common clean-up methods in mycotoxin analysis. Among these methods, immunoaffinity chromatography offers the highest selectivity and therefore the highest efficiency in removing interfering matrix compounds and enriching the analyte. Common immunoaffinity columns are prepared by covalently binding the antibodies to a solid support material which, due to the harsh conditions applied, frequently lowers their affinity for the antigen. The review article presents new strategies which have been developed to overcome this problem: sol-gel immunoaffinity chromatography, immuno-ultrafiltration, the use of aptamers as selective ligands and the application of molecularly imprinted polymers. The present paper covers the principles as well as the application of these approaches for sample clean-up in mycotoxin analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Cichna-Markl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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31
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Recognition of molecularly imprinted polymers for a quaternary alkaloid of berberine. Talanta 2011; 84:1038-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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32
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Gong XY, Cao XJ. Preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers for artemisinin based on the surfaces of silica gel. J Biotechnol 2011; 153:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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33
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Tothill I. Biosensors and nanomaterials and their application for mycotoxin determination. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2011. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2011.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxin analysis and detection in food and drinks is vital for ensuring food quality and safety, eliminating and controlling the risk of consuming contaminated foods, and complying with the legislative limits set by food authorities worldwide. Most analysis of these toxins is still conducted using conventional methods; however, biosensor methods are currently being developed as screening tools for use in field analysis. Biosensors have demonstrated their ability to provide rapid, sensitive, robust and cost-effective quantitative methods for on-site testing. The development of biosensor devices for different mycotoxins has attracted much research interest in recent years with a range of devices being designed and reported in the scientific literature. However, with the advent of nanotechnology and its impact on the evolution of ultrasensitive devices, mycotoxin analysis is also benefiting from the advances taking place in applying nanomaterials in sensors development. This paper reviews the developments in the area of biosensors and their applications for mycotoxin analysis, as well as the development of micro/nanoarray transducers and nanoparticles and their use in the development of new rapid devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Tothill
- Cranfield University, Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK 43 0AL, United Kingdom
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34
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Solid-phase extraction using molecularly imprinted polymers for selective extraction of a mycotoxin in cereals. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6668-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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35
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Guo BY, Wang S, Ren B, Li X, Qin F, Li J. Citrinin selective molecularly imprinted polymers for SPE. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1156-60. [PMID: 20175088 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for citrinin (Cit) with 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (HNA) as mimic template were prepared and the molecularly imprinted SPE method was developed for the detection of Cit in rice with HPLC. The adsorption properties of HNA and Cit on the MIPs and nonimprinted polymers were investigated. It proved that MIPs showed higher selectivity adsorption to HNA and Cit than nonimprinted polymers were. The recoveries of Cit in rice were in the range of 86.7-97.7%. The spiked rice samples and five rice samples in Beijing market were detected using molecularly imprinted SPE method and satisfied results were obtained as discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Yuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
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36
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Yang L, Wang L, Pan J, Xiang L, Yang M, Logrieco AF. Determination of ochratoxin A in traditional Chinese medicinal plants by HPLC–FLD. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:989-97. [DOI: 10.1080/19440041003647122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Molecularly imprinted polymers for ochratoxin a extraction and analysis. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1536-53. [PMID: 22069649 PMCID: PMC3153256 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2061536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are considered as polymeric materials that mimic the functionality of antibodies. MIPs have been utilized for a wide variety of applications in chromatography, solid phase extraction, immunoassays, and sensor recognition. In this article, recent advances of MIPs for the extraction and analysis of ochratoxins are discussed. Selection of functional monomers to bind ochratoxin A (OTA) with high affinities, optimization of extraction procedures, and limitations of MIPs are compared from different reports. The most relevant examples in the literature are described to clearly show how useful these materials are. Strategies on MIP preparation and schemes of analytical methods are also reviewed in order to suggest the next step that would make better use of MIPs in the field of ochratoxin research. The review ends by outlining the remaining issues and impediments.
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38
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Urusov AE, Zherdev AV, Dzantiev BB. Immunochemical methods of mycotoxin analysis (review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683810030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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39
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Lucci P, Derrien D, Alix F, Pérollier C, Bayoudh S. Molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction for detection of zearalenone in cereal sample extracts. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 672:15-9. [PMID: 20579483 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop a method for the clean-up and preconcentration of zearalenone from corn and wheat samples employing molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as selective sorbent for solid-phase extraction (SPE). Cereal samples were extracted with acetonitrile/water (75:25, v/v) and the extract was diluted with water and applied to an AFFINIMIP ZON MIP-SPE column. The column was then washed to eliminate the interferences and zearalenone was eluted with methanol and quantified using HPLC with fluorescence detection (lambda(exc)=275/lambda(em)=450 nm). The precision and accuracy of the method were satisfactory for both cereals at the different fortification levels tested and it gave recoveries between 82 and 87% (RSDr 2.5-6.2%, n=3) and 86 and 90% (RSDr 0.9-6.8%, n=3) for wheat and maize, respectively. MIP-SPE column capacity was determined to be not less than 6.6 microg of zearalenone and to be at least four times higher than that of immunoaffinity column (IAC). The application of AFFINIMIP ZON molecularly imprinted polymer as a selective sorbent material for detection of zearalenone fulfilled the method performance criteria required by the Commission Regulation (EC) No. 401/2006, demonstrating the suitability of the technique for the control of zearalenone in cereal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Lucci
- POLYINTELL, Pharma Parc II, voie de l'innovation, chaussée du vexin, 27100 Val de Reuil, France
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40
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Biosensors for secondary metabolites, two case studies: ochratoxin A and microcystin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010. [PMID: 21520719 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7347-4_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites are chemical compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development or reproduction of organisms. Due to the toxicity shown by some of these compounds, their presence can represent a threat to human health. Reliable detection systems able to control their presence are required, as a tool to ensure public health. This chapter offers an overview of different techniques developed for the detection of toxic secondary metabolites, taking ochratoxin A and microcystins as two representative examples. While ochratoxin A is a mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi, microcystins are cyanotoxins released by certain strains of cyanobacteria. Biosensor-based strategies are emphasized as powerful screening tools.
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41
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Sergeyeva TA. Molecularly-imprinted polymers as synythetic mimics of bioreceptors. 2. Applications in modern biotechnology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.7124/bc.0007f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Sergeyeva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
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42
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43
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Yan H, Qiao F, Row KH. Molecularly Imprinted Monolithic Column for Selective On-Line Extraction of Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin from Urine. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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44
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Molecularly imprinted monolith in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with HPLC/UV detection for determination of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:479-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2964-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Rahmani A, Jinap S, Soleimany F. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Mycotoxins. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2009; 8:202-251. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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46
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Recent advances in the development of novel materials for mycotoxin analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:1205-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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47
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Zhang Y, Liu R, Hu Y, Li G. Microwave Heating in Preparation of Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Beads for Trace Triazines Analysis in Complicated Samples. Anal Chem 2009; 81:967-76. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8018262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ruijin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuling Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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48
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49
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Goljer I, Molinari A, He Y, Nogle L, Sun W, Campbell B, McConnell O. Unexpected rearrangement of enantiomerically pure 3-aminoquinuclidine as a simple way of preparing diastereomeric octahydropyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine derivatives. Chirality 2008; 21:681-91. [PMID: 18792960 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of (S)- or (R)-3-aminoquinuclidine with 2-chloropyrimidine or 2-bromopyrimidine led to an unexpected formation of both cis- and trans-octahydropyrrolo [2,3]pyridine derivatives. A single-step synthesis of two of the four stereoisomers of these octahydropyrrolo[2,3]pyridine derivatives provides a convenient way of generating stereochemically defined isomers. Optimization of reaction conditions was carried out by (1)H NMR monitoring. The relative and absolute stereochemistry of all four stereoisomers was determined by a combination of (1)H, (13)C, and (15)N NMR spectroscopy and vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Goljer
- Discovery Analytical Chemistry, Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.
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50
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Krska R, Schubert-Ullrich P, Molinelli A, Sulyok M, MacDonald S, Crews C. Mycotoxin analysis: an update. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:152-63. [PMID: 18286405 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701765723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of cereals and related products used for feed can cause intoxication, especially in farm animals. Therefore, efficient analytical tools for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of toxic fungal metabolites in feed are required. Current methods usually include an extraction step, a clean-up step to reduce or eliminate unwanted co-extracted matrix components and a separation step with suitably specific detection ability. Quantitative methods of analysis for most mycotoxins use immunoaffinity clean-up with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation in combination with UV and/or fluorescence detection. Screening of samples contaminated with mycotoxins is frequently performed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), which yields qualitative or semi-quantitative results. Nowadays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are often used for rapid screening. A number of promising methods, such as fluorescence polarization immunoassays, dipsticks, and even newer methods such as biosensors and non-invasive techniques based on infrared spectroscopy, have shown great potential for mycotoxin analysis. Currently, there is a strong trend towards the use of multi-mycotoxin methods for the simultaneous analysis of several of the important Fusarium mycotoxins, which is best achieved by LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry). This review focuses on recent developments in the determination of mycotoxins with a special emphasis on LC-MS/MS and emerging rapid methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Krska
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
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