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Ing T, Cheng P, Wu M, Daugirdas J, Soung L. Plasma Protein-Binding of Amantadine in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients. Int J Artif Organs 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/039139888400700416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T.S. Ing
- Veterans Administration Hospital Hines, Illinois 60141 U.S.A
| | - P.J. Cheng
- Veterans Administration Hospital Hines, Illinois 60141 U.S.A
| | - M.J. Wu
- Veterans Administration Hospital Hines, Illinois 60141 U.S.A
| | - J.T. Daugirdas
- Veterans Administration Hospital Hines, Illinois 60141 U.S.A
| | - L.S. Soung
- Veterans Administration Hospital Hines, Illinois 60141 U.S.A
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Sorouraddin SM, Farajzadeh MA, Hassanyani A, Afshar Mogaddam MR. Combination of homogenous liquid–liquid extraction and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for extraction and preconcentration of amantadine from biological samples followed by its indirect determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16572a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new and simple procedure has been developed for the indirect determination of amantadine in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Sorouraddin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Tabriz
- Tabriz
- Iran
| | - M. A. Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Tabriz
- Tabriz
- Iran
| | - A. Hassanyani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Tabriz
- Tabriz
- Iran
| | - M. R. Afshar Mogaddam
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Tabriz
- Tabriz
- Iran
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Farajzadeh MA, Nouri N, Alizadeh Nabil AA. Determination of amantadine in biological fluids using simultaneous derivatization and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 940:142-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Analysis of amantadine in biological fluids using hollow fiber-based liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction followed by corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3065-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Narola B, Singh AS, Santhakumar PR, Chandrashekhar TG. A Validated Stability-indicating Reverse Phase HPLC Assay Method for the Determination of Memantine Hydrochloride Drug Substance with UV-Detection Using Precolumn Derivatization Technique. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2010; 5:37-45. [PMID: 20703320 PMCID: PMC2918351 DOI: 10.4137/aci.s3936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This present paper deals with the development and validation of a stability indicating high performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of Memantine hydrochloride. Memantine hydrochloride was derivatized with 0.015 M 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC) and 0.5 M borate buffer solution by keeping it at room temperature for about 20 minutes and the chromatographic separation achieved by injecting 10 μL of the derivatized mixture into a Waters HPLC system with photodiode array detector using a kromasil C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm), 5 μ. The mobile phase consisting of 80% acetonitrile and 20% phosphate buffer solution and a flow rate of 2 milliliter/minute. The Memantine was eluted at approximately 7.5 minutes. The volume of FMOC used in derivatization, concentration of FMOC and derivatization time was optimized and used. Forced degradation studies were performed on bulk sample of Memantine hydrochloride using acid (5.0 Normal (N) hydrochloric acid), base (1.0 N sodium hydroxide), oxidation (30% hydrogen peroxide), thermal (105°C), photolytic and humidity conditions. The developed LC method was validated with respect to specificity, precision (% RSD about 0.70%), linearity (linearity of range about 70–130 μg/mL), ruggedness (Overall % RSD about 0.35%), stability in analytical solution (Cumulative % RSD about 0.11% after 1450 min.) and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavil Narola
- Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, Plot No. 20, Sector-18, Udyog Vihar Industrial Complex, Gurgaon-122001, Haryana, India
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Shuangjin C, Fang F, Han L, Ming M. New method for high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of amantadine and its analogues in rat plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:1100-5. [PMID: 17553649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2006] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel precolumn derivatization method is described for the quantitative determination of amantadine, rimantadine and memantine in biological samples by HPLC with UV detection. The derivatization was performed at room temperature using anthraquinone-2-sulfonyl chloride (ASC) as reagent for only 10 min and without postderivatization treatment to inactivate excess reagent. The derivatives were analyzed by isocratic HPLC with a UV detector at 256 nm on a Lichrosper C18 column. The linear range for the determination of three drugs spiked in plasma (0.2 ml) was 0.05-5.0 microg/ml for amantadine and rimantadine, 0.05-2.0 microg/ml for memantine, respectively. The limits of detection and quantification were 20 and 50 ng/ml for the analytes, respectively. Application of the method to the analysis of amantadine, rimantadine and memantine in rat plasma and pharmacokinetic studies are demonstrated and proved feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Shuangjin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Higashi Y, Nakamura S, Matsumura H, Fujii Y. Simultaneous liquid chromatographic assay of amantadine and its four related compounds in phosphate-buffered saline using 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole as a fluorescent derivatization reagent. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:423-8. [PMID: 16161183 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous HPLC assay of 1-adamantanamine hydrochloride (amantadine) and its four related compounds [2-adamantanamine hydrochloride (2-ADA), 1-adamantanmethylamine (ADAMA), 1-(1-adamantyl)ethylamine hydrochloride (rimantadine) and 3,5-dimethyl-1-adamantanamine hydrochloride (memantine)] in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) after pre-column derivatization with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F) was developed. Phosphate-buffered saline samples were mixed with borate buffer and NBD-F solution in acetonitrile at 60 degrees C for 5 min and injected into HPLC. Five derivatives were well separated from each other. The lower limits of detection of amantadine, 2-ADA, ADAMA, rimantadine and memantine were 0.008, 0.001, 0.0008, 0.0015 and 0.01 microg/mL, respectively. The coefficients of variation for intra- and inter-day assay were less than 6.4 and 8.2%, respectively. The method presented was applied to a binding study of these compounds to human alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein. While affinity constants and capacities for ADAMA, rimantadine and memantine were calculated by means of Scatchard plots, those for the others were not determined. ADAMA, rimantadine and memantine were bound with different affinities and capacities. These results indicate that NBD-F is a good candidate as a fluorescent reagent to simultaneously determine amantadine and its four related compounds by HPLC after pre-column derivatization. Our method can be applied to binding studies for protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Higashi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ho-3, Kanagawa-machi, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan.
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Arndt T, Guessregen B, Hohl A, Reis J. Determination of serum amantadine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 359:125-31. [PMID: 15913590 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2005.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amantadine (1-adamantylamine) is used for treatment of influenza, hepatitis C, parkinsonism, and multiple sclerosis. Current amantadine analysis by HPLC or gas chromatography (GC) requires a laborious sample pretreatment with extraction and/or derivatization steps. We established an LC-MS/MS method without protein precipitation, centrifugation, extraction and derivatization steps. MATERIAL AND METHODS 50 microl sample+50 microl of 0.4 mg/l 1-(1-adamantyl)pyridinium bromide as internal standard+1000 microl water (96-well plate). Of this 25 microl+500 microl water (96-well plate; final serum dilution 1:462). LC-MS/MS: Surveyor MS pump, Autosampler, triple-quadrupole TSQ Quantum mass spectrometer (Thermo Electron). Autosampling: 2 microl of each sample. Chromatography: isocratic water/acetonitrile (60/40 v/v) with 5 g/l formic acid, flow rate 0.2 ml/min, run time 3 min, Phenomenex Luna C8(2) (100 x 2.0 mm (i.d.); 3-microm bead size) column. Mass spectrometry: electrospray atmospheric pressure ionization, positive ion and selective reaction monitoring mode, ion transitions m/z 152.0-->135.1 (at 22 eV amantadine) and 214.1-->135.1 (at 26 eV internal standard). RESULTS Calibration curves were constructed with spiked serum samples (amantadine 50-1000 microg/l, r>0.99). No carry over (5000 microg/l). No ion suppression with retention times similar to those of amantadine (1.8 min) and the internal standard (2.1 min). Detection limit 20 mg/l, linearity 20-5000 mg/l, intra-assay/inter-assay CV<6%/<8%, recovery 99-101%. Method comparison: LC-MS/MS=1.23 x GC-45 (Passing-Bablok regression). No significant bias between GC and LC-MS/MS (Bland-Altman plot). CONCLUSION We consider the sample pretreatment without deproteination, derivatization and centrifugation steps and the specificity of the tandem mass spectrometry as the most important points of our amantadine analysis method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Arndt
- Bioscientia GmbH, Konrad-Adenauer-Strasse 17, D-55218 Ingelheim, Germany.
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9
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Higashi Y, Uemori I, Fujii Y. Simultaneous determination of amantadine and rimantadine by HPLC in rat plasma with pre-column derivatization and fluorescence detection for pharmacokinetic studies. Biomed Chromatogr 2005; 19:655-62. [PMID: 15803448 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We investigated simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) determination of amantadine hydrochloride (AMA) and rimantadine hydrochloride (RIM) levels in rat plasma after fluorescent derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde and 2-mercaptoethanol. Afterwards, the method was applied to determine their pharmacokinetics. The retention times of AMA and RIM derivatives were 12.6 and 22.2 min and the lower limits of detection were 0.025 and 0.016 microg/mL, respectively. The coefficients of variation for intra- and inter-day assay of AMA and RIM were less than 5.1 and 7.6%, respectively. After i.v. administration of AMA or RIM to rats, the total body clearance and distribution volume at the steady-state of RIM were higher than those of AMA. Bioavailability of AMA and RIM was 34.9 and 37.2%, respectively. When AMA and RIM were p.o. co-administered, the area under the plasma concentration--time curve of RIM was significantly lower than that after RIM alone. On the other hand, pharmacokinetic parameters of AMA did not significantly change. These results indicate that our HPLC assay is simple, rapid, sensitive and reproducible for simultaneously determining AMA and RIM concentrations in rat plasma and is applicable to their pharmacokinetic studies. Also, co-administration of AMA and RIM may result in the lack of pharmacological effects of RIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Higashi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ho-3, Kanagawa-machi, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan.
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10
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Higashi Y, Fujii Y. Liquid chromatographic determination of 1-adamantanamine and 2-adamantanamine in human plasma after pre-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde and 1-thio-β-d-glucose. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 799:349-54. [PMID: 14670755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) determination of 1-adamantanamine hydrochloride (1-ADA) and 2-adamantanamine hydrochloride (2-ADA) in human plasma after the derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) and 1-thio-beta-D-glucose (TG). Extracted human plasma samples were mixed with OPA and TG at room temperature for 6 min and injected onto HPLC. Retention times of 1-ADA and 2-ADA derivatives were 12.6 and 14.1 min, respectively. The lower limits of detection of 1-ADA and 2-ADA were 0.02 and 0.008 microg/ml, and the lower limits of quantitation of 1-ADA and 2-ADA were 0.025 and 0.01 microg/ml, respectively. The coefficients of variation for intra-day and inter-day assay of 1-ADA and 2-ADA were less than 4.4 and 6.0%, respectively. L-Dopa and dopamine were not found to interfere with the peaks of 1-ADA and 2-ADA derivatives. Human plasma unbound fraction (f(p)) values of 1-ADA varied between 0.32 and 0.48, while those of 2-ADA varied between 0.38 and 0.68. These results indicate that HPLC assay of 1-ADA and 2-ADA by derivatization with OPA and TG is simple, rapid, sensitive and reproducible for determining 1-ADA and 2-ADA in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Higashi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ho-3, Kanagawa-machi, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan.
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11
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Koeberle MJ, Hughes PM, Wilson CG, Skellern GG. Development of a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric method for measuring the binding of memantine to different melanins. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 787:313-22. [PMID: 12650754 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00957-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric method was validated for the determination of free memantine in melanin binding studies. The sources of melanin studied were sepia, synthetic and bovine melanin. Memantine was chromatographed on a reversed-phase column (Prodigy 5 microm, ODS(3), 100 A, 100 x 4.6 mm) using gradient elution with mobile phases of 0.1% formic acid in deionised water and 0.1% formic acid in methanol at a flow-rate of 0.8 ml/min. The mode of ionisation was atmospheric pressure-electrospray and detection by single ion monitoring of the memantine ion m/z 180. Validation of the method showed that the assay was linear from 0.1 to 1200 nM and 0.5 to 1200 nM memantine in deionised water and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), respectively. Accuracy for sample preparations in deionised water was between 80 and 108% and between 80 and 123% for PBS. For both media, intra- and inter-day precision was below 1% for retention time and below 5% for analyte peak area. At the LLOQ, the variation of peak area was less than 17%. Binding of memantine to melanin was measured indirectly by determining the unbound fraction of memantine. After incubation of melanin with memantine, the sample was centrifuged and filtered to separate the memantine-melanin complex effectively from suspension. The filtrate was then assayed for free memantine from which the extent of binding was then calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Koeberle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, UK
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Suckow RF. Separation methods for tricyclic antiviral drugs. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 764:313-25. [PMID: 11817035 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A review of the published analytical methodology for the tricyclic antiviral (TAV) drugs is presented. While amantadine and rimantadine are the only two approved drugs for the prophylaxis and treatment of the influenza A virus, amantadine has also been approved for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In addition, a few structurally related compounds are finding important clinical applications in other central nervous system-related disorders. To effectively evaluate the pharmacokinetics, biotransformations, stability, and other critical parameters that are necessary for pre-clinical and clinical studies, analytical methodology that conforms to the rigors of regulatory requirements must be developed and made available. This review discusses the analytical methods used in the determination of amantadine, rimantadine, tromantadine and memantine and the pre-clinical and clinical application of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Suckow
- Analytical Psychopharmacology Laboratory, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY 10032, USA.
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13
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Suckow RF, Zhang MF, Collins ED, Fischman MW, Cooper TB. Sensitive and selective liquid chromatographic assay of memantine in plasma with fluorescence detection after pre-column derivatization. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 729:217-24. [PMID: 10410945 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A procedure was developed for the determination of memantine in plasma using liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Following a liquid-liquid extraction from 1 ml of plasma containing the internal standard amantadine, the extract was derivatized at room temperature with dansyl chloride, and the highly fluorescent derivatives were chromatographed with a reversed-phase C18 column and a mobile phase of phosphate buffer and acetonitrile. Dansylated memantine and amantadine were eluted in less than 13 min with no interference from endogenous material. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 3-400 ng/ml with inter- and intra-assay imprecision (C.V.) of less than 10%. The limit of quantitation was 3 ng/ml, and no major antidepressant, neuroleptic or their respective metabolites interfered with the quantitation of memantine. This method could also be applied to the quantitation of amantadine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Suckow
- Analytical Psychopharmacology Laboratory, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY 10032, USA.
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14
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Nagaraj S, Rahavendran SV, Karnes HT. Visible diode laser induced fluorescence detection for capillary electrophoretic analysis of amantadine in human plasma following precolumn derivatization with Cy5.29.OSu. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1998; 18:411-20. [PMID: 10096835 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(98)00054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Visible diode laser induced fluorescence (VDLIF) detection (620-700 nm) has become important in bioanalysis due to the increased sensitivity and selectivity that can be achieved in biological matrices. A selective and sensitive capillary electrophoretic method employing VDLIF detection has been developed for the analysis of amantadine in plasma. Amantadine was extracted from plasma into toluene under alkaline conditions and the residue was derivatized with the far-red label Cy5.29.OSu. The reaction mixture was dried under nitrogen, reconstituted and then injected onto a laboratory constructed capillary electrophoresis system equipped with a laboratory constructed visible diode laser detector temperature tuned to oscillate at 647.8 nm. The selectivity of the technique was evaluated by demonstrating a lack of interfering peaks in extracts of blank plasma. A calibration curve ranging from 1.8 to 461.1 ng ml(-1) was shown to be linear. The precision and accuracy of the assay (n = 6) were determined to be within 17% R.S.D. and 15% difference from the nominal concentration respectively. The limits of detection for unextracted amantadine and for amantadine from the extracted concentrate from plasma were determined to be 9.5 fmol and 115 amol respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nagaraj
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0533, USA
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Rees WA, Harkins JD, Woods WE, Blouin RA, Lu M, Fenger C, Holland RE, Chambers TM, Tobin T. Amantadine and equine influenza: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and neurological effects in the horse. Equine Vet J 1997; 29:104-10. [PMID: 9104558 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb01650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Amantadine is an antiviral agent effective against influenza A viruses. We investigated 1) the antiviral efficacy, 2) analytical detection, 3) bioavailability and disposition, 4) pharmacokinetic modelling and 5) adverse reactions of amantadine in the horse. In vitro, amantadine and its derivative rimantadine suppressed the replication of recent isolates of equine-2 influenza virus with effective doses (EDs) of less than 30 ng/ml. Rimantadine was more effective than amantadine against most viral isolates; we suggest a minimum plasma concentration of 300 ng/ml of amantadine for therapeutic efficacy. In vivo an i.v. dose of amantadine 15 mg/kg bwt produced mild, transient CNS signs which were no longer apparent after 30 min. Amantadine administered at a dose of 15 mg/kg bwt was established as the maximum safe single i.v. dose. However, if repeated i.v. administration of amantadine is required no more than 10 mg/kg bwt t.i.d. should be used. The maximal safe plasma concentration of amantadine was not evaluated but is probably greater than 2000 ng/ml and possibly greater than 4000 ng/ml. On the other hand, horses with lower seizure thresholds, or those on medications that lower seizure thresholds, may be at increased risk of amantadine-induced seizures, which show few premonitory signs and are rapidly fatal. After i.v. administration of amantadine 10 mg/kg bwt, the disposition kinetics were well fitted by a 2-compartment open model. The estimated peak plasma concentration after this dose was about 4500 ng/ml, the volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss) was (mean +/- s.d.) 4.9 +/- 1.9 l/kg bwt and the beta phase half-life was 1.83 +/- 0.87 h. Computer projections of plasma amantadine concentrations after i.v. administration of amantadine at a dose of 10 mg/kg bwt t.i.d. at 8 h intervals suggest peak plasma concentrations of 4000-5000 ng/ml and troughs of less than 300 ng/ml will be achieved. Amantadine administered orally at 10 mg/kg bwt and 20 mg/kg bwt showed mean oral bioavailability of about 40-60% and a plasma half life of 3.4 +/- 1.4 h; however, there was substantial inter-animal variation in bioavailability. Projections based on the kinetics observed in individual animals suggest that some animals readily maintain effective plasma concentrations of amantadine after oral administration of 20 mg/kg bwt t.i.d. On the other hand, animals in which amantadine is poorly bioavailable may require up to a 6-fold (120 mg/kg bwt) increase in the oral dose to achieve effective blood concentrations. Withholding food for 15 h did not reduce these inter-animal differences in bioavailability. Our results showed that simple dosing with oral amantadine will not yield effective plasma concentrations in all animals. While i.v. administration yielded more reproducible plasma concentrations, care should be taken to see that the seizure threshold is not exceeded. In acute situations, i.v. administration (5 mg/kg bwt) every 4 h should maintain safe and effective plasma and respiratory tract concentrations of amantadine.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Rees
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546, USA
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Wong LT, Sitar DS, Aoki FY. Chronic tobacco smoking and gender as variables affecting amantadine disposition in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995; 39:81-4. [PMID: 7756105 PMCID: PMC1364986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1995.tb04414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Amantadine HCl (3 mg kg-1) was administered orally to 20 young healthy adults. Its apparent volume of distribution (V2/F) was higher in smokers than nonsmokers, 6.05 +/- 0.86 vs 4.87 +/- 0.85 l kg-1; (mean +/- s.d., 10/group, P < 0.011), and no gender-associated effect was observed. Renal clearance did not vary with time-interval, but urinary recovery at 48 h was higher in men than in women (60.2 +/- 7.5% vs 47.0 +/- 15.0%, P < 0.032). Males had higher renal clearances than females when normalised for body mass index (BMI, 0.492 +/- 0.284 vs 0.248 +/- 0.137 l-1 BMI h-1, (10/group, P < 0.032)). On combining data from a previous study, the weight normalised renal clearance was also higher in men than in women, 0.160 +/- 0.075 vs 0.102 +/- 0.053 l kg-1 h-1 (19/group, P < 0.01). Chronic tobacco smoking did not alter the plasma or renal amantadine clearance. We conclude that gender and tobacco smoking are independent variables effecting amantadine disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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17
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Rakestraw D. Determination of amantadine in human plasma by capillary gas chromatography using electron-capture detection following derivatization with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1993; 11:699-703. [PMID: 8257734 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(93)80177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A specific, sensitive, and accurate capillary gas chromatographic method for the quantitation of amantadine in human plasma is described. Amantadine and the internal standard, rimantadine were extracted from plasma under alkaline conditions into toluene. Both compounds were derivatized with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride. The derivatives were separated on a HP-1 capillary column at 180 degrees C and detected using a 63Ni electron-capture detector. The minimum quantifiable limit of the assay is 2.3 ng ml-1 of amantadine base using 1 ml of plasma. The method was used to evaluate the bioequivalence of two different formulations of amantadine hydrochloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rakestraw
- Du Pont Merck Pharmaceutical Company, Newark, DE 19714
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Aoki FY, Sitar DS. Effects of chronic amantadine hydrochloride ingestion on its and acetaminophen pharmacokinetics in young adults. J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 32:24-7. [PMID: 1740533 DOI: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1992.tb03782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The authors studied the effect of chronic amantadine ingestion on its own disposition and that of acetaminophen in five healthy young adults. The half-life of amantadine after 42 days ingestion was 15.1 +/- 2.3 hours and was not different from 14.8 +/- 4.4 hours after an acute ingestion (mean +/- SD). However, chronic amantadine ingestion was associated with an increased apparent volume of distribution for acetaminophen, 1.1 +/- 0.1 L/kg compared with 0.9 +/- 0.1 L/kg, when the two drugs were concurrently ingested after a 2-week washout period. This difference in kinetic distribution was not reflected in terminal acetaminophen half-life, 149 +/- 54 versus 151 +/- 55 minutes for chronic and acute amantadine ingestion, respectively. Plasma acetaminophen clearance with chronic amantadine ingestion (5.8 +/- 2.6 mL/min/kg) was not different from that determined after acute coingestion of both drugs (4.3 +/- 1.1 mL/min/kg). Thus, no change in recommended dose is necessary when these two drugs are coingested.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Y Aoki
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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19
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Spectrophotometric determination of amantadine sulfate after ion-pairing with methyl orange. Arch Pharm Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02876871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Strong DK, Eisenstat DD, Bryson SM, Sitar DS, Arbus GS. Amantadine neurotoxicity in a pediatric patient with renal insufficiency. DICP : THE ANNALS OF PHARMACOTHERAPY 1991; 25:1175-7. [PMID: 1763530 DOI: 10.1177/106002809102501103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Amantadine hydrochloride, a dopamine agonist with antiviral and antiparkinsonism properties, is used for the prevention and treatment of influenza A respiratory infections in high-risk populations. The occurrence of amantadine-induced hallucinations and tremors is described in a young, renal transplant patient with declining renal function. Following discontinuation of amantadine, plasma amantadine concentrations were correlated with central nervous system toxicity. In view of the usage of amantadine in renal transplant recipients and the elderly, clinicians must be alert to the possibility of amantadine-induced neurotoxicity in patients with changing renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Strong
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Riley CM, Ault JM, Klutman NE. Chromatographic methods for the bioanalysis of antiviral agents. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1990; 531:295-368. [PMID: 2258420 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present review has concentrated on chromatographic techniques for the quantitative determination of antiviral drugs in biological samples. Special attention has been paid to the elements of chromatographic assays that are essential to ensure selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision of the various methods. Wherever possible, attempts have been made to determine the suitability of the methods for application to investigations in pharmacokinetics in man and experimental animals, biopharmaceutics, therapeutic drug monitoring, metabolism and pharmacology. Because of the serious consequences of infection from material contaminated with viruses, special consideration has been given to the handling of contaminated samples. It was convenient to divide the antiviral drugs for the purpose of this review into two groups, the nucleoside and the non-nucleoside antiviral drugs. The nucleosides discussed are vidarabine, cytarabine, ribavirin, riboxamide, acyclovir, ganciclovir, desciclovir, carbovir, 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine, 2',3'-dideoxycytidine, zidovudine, 2',3'-dideoxyinosine, 2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine, idoxuridine, 5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine, 2'-fluoro-5-iodoaracytidine and 5-iodo-2'-deoxycytidine. The non-nucleoside antiviral drugs discussed are arildone, amantidine, rimantidine, moroxydine, enviroxime, foscarnet and ampligen.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Riley
- Center for BioAnalytical Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66046
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Abstract
Amantadine is a drug with diverse uses ranging from prevention of influenza A illness to the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease. It is available only in oral formulations from which it is well absorbed and widely distributed, little drug being present in the circulation. Apparent volume of distribution is inversely related to dose over the therapeutic range and accounts in part for a noteworthy logarithmic increase in plasma concentration as a function of dose. Elimination is primarily by renal clearance by both glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. Amantadine accumulates in patients with renal dysfunction. Hence, doses must be reduced in such patients to avoid toxicity. Interactions with other drugs appear uncommon. Relationships have been demonstrated between amantadine therapeutic effects and plasma concentrations in different study cohorts, but not in individual patients. Dose schedules have been suggested for individuals in whom amantadine kinetics are different from healthy subjects. However, these schedules are controversial in their choice of target concentrations and in being untested as to predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Y Aoki
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg
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Köppel C, Tenczer J. A revision of the metabolic disposition of amantadine. BIOMEDICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1985; 12:499-501. [PMID: 2932178 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200120910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Amantadine is one of the most commonly used drugs for the control of tremor in Parkinson's disease. Additionally, it has an antiviral action in the prevention of type A influenza. It has been previously reported that amantadine is nearly completely eliminated in the urine. No metabolites have been detected. Surprisingly, in a case of amantadine overdose, several metabolites could be identified by gas chromatography/mas spectrometry. This finding prompted us to re-investigate the metabolism of amantadine under a therapeutic dosing regimen. The bulk of the dose was eliminated unchanged. However, eight metabolites could be identified. Besides N-acetylation which is the major metabolic pathway, several rather unusual metabolic pathways were observed: N-methylation, formation of Schiff bases and N-formiates. No metabolites with a hydroxylated adamantane ring system could be detected.
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Quinn RP, Scharver J, Hill JA. Synthesis and use of radioactive antiviral agents in radioimmunoassay and metabolism studies. Pharmacol Ther 1985; 30:43-65. [PMID: 2428069 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(85)90047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Bélanger PM, Grech-Bélanger O. Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of plasma and urinary levels of amantadine in man. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1982; 228:327-32. [PMID: 7076756 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)80449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Chapter 13 Biomedical applications of the electron-capture detector. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Sioufi A, Pommier F. Gas chromatographic determination of amantadine hydrochloride (Symmetrel) in human plasma and urine. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1980; 183:33-9. [PMID: 7400262 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)81395-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A method for the determination of amantadine hydrochloride at concentrations down to 10 ng/ml in human plasma and urine is described. After addition of a known amount of amphetamine sulphate as internal standard to 1 ml of plasma or urine, amantadine is extracted at basic pH in toluene. Both compounds are derivatized with trichloroacetyl chloride. The derivatives are determined by gas chromatography using a 63Ni electron-capture detector. The technique was applied in a study of the elimination of amantadine after oral administration to man; plasma concentrations are reported.
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Greenblatt DJ, DiMascio A, Harmatz JS, Bernardo DL, Marder JE. Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of amantadine in drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms. J Clin Pharmacol 1977; 17:704-8. [PMID: 336651 DOI: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1977.tb01545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plasma amantadine concentrations were assessed in a series of hospitalized schizophrenic patients receiving this drug during a double-blind trial of amantadine and benztropine in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Mean (+/- S.E.) plasma amantadine concentrations were 0.54 +/- 0.08 microgram/ml on day 7 and 0.43 +/- 0.08 microgram/ml on day 14. Overall improvement of EPS was not correlated with plasma level, but improvement in the target EPS of rigidity was correlated with plasma amantadine concentration on day 7 (r = 0.75) and day 14 (r = 0.68). There was no evidence that the overall improvement in schizophrenic symptomatology was influenced by plasma amantadine concentrations.
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Colman RW, Kuchibhotla J, Jain MK, Murray RK. Phase separation in phosphatidylcholine bilayers as a predictor of inhibition of blood platelet aggregation by amantadines. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 467:273-9. [PMID: 884071 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(77)90304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ability of eleven amantadine derivatives to induce phase separation in dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine bilayers was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The relative potency varied with the shape and size of the hydrocarbon cage. These agents also markedly inhibited blood platelet aggregation. The relative potencies of these compounds to induce phase separation showed a significant correlation (r = 0.70) with their platelet inhibitory activity suggesting that their pharmacologic action may be at the level of the platelet membrane. The effective concentration of the parent component amantadine is similar to its pharmacologic concentration suggesting its use as an anti-platelet drug.
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Pacifici GM, Nardini M, Ferrari P, Latini R, Fieschi C, Morselli PL. Effect of amantadine on drug-induced parkisonism: relationship between plasma levels and effect. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1976; 3:883-9. [PMID: 788761 PMCID: PMC1428941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1976.tb00642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amantadine, administered at a dose of 200 mg/day, antagonized the extapyramidal symptomatology induced by neuroleptic drugs in fifteen psychiatric patients. Steady-state levels were reached within 4-7 days of treatment. Individual plasma levels ranged from 200-900 ng/ml. Apparent plasma half-lives varied from 10-28.5 h with an apparent VD of 200-400 litres. A significant relationship was found between the plasma levels of amantadine and the effects on the extrapyramidal symptomatology. The data suggest a direct effect of amantadine on dopaminergic receptors.
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Rizzo M, Biandrate P, Tognoni G, Morselli PL. Amantadine in depression: Relationship between behavioural effects and plasma levels. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1973. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00567008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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