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Xu L, Lu J, Meng W, Cui F. Determination of the Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Lamivudine, Stavudine, and Didanosine in Human Urine by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography Using the Ionic Liquid-Based Cationic Surfactant 1-Tetradecyl-3-Methylimidazolium Bromide. ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.1904970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Weiqi Meng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fengjuan Cui
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
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2
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Chiral Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461383. [PMID: 32797856 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The potential of Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography to achieve enantiomeric separations is reviewed in this article. The separation principles and the most frequently employed separation strategies to achieve chiral separations by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography are described. The use of chiral micellar systems alone or combined with other micellar systems or chiral selectors, as well as of mixtures of achiral micellar systems with chiral selectors is discussed together with the effect of different additives present in the separation medium. Indirect methods based on the derivatization of analytes with chiral derivatizing reagents and the use of achiral micelles are also considered. Preconcentration techniques employed to improve sensitivity and the main approaches developed to facilitate the coupling with Mass Spectrometry are included. The most recent and relevant methodologies developed by chiral Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography and their applications in different fields are presented.
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A quality by design-based approach to a capillary electrokinetic assay for the determination of dextromepromazine and levomepromazine sulfoxide as impurities of levomepromazine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 146:402-409. [PMID: 28926734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Using a quality by design approach, a capillary electrophoresis method for the simultaneous determination of dextromepromazine and the oxidation product levomepromazine sulfoxide in levomepromazine was developed. The analytical target profile was defined that the method should be able to quantify 0.1% of both impurities with a precision of ≤10%. Hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin was used as chiral selector. The critical process parameters cyclodextrin concentration, buffer pH and concentration as well as temperature and applied voltage were studied using a fractional factorial resolution V+ design for defining the knowledge space. A central composite face centered design was used as response surface methodology for deriving the design space by Monte Carlo simulations. The selected working point was a 100mM citric acid buffer, pH 2.85, containing 3.6mg/mL hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin, a temperature of 15°C and a voltage of 25kV. Robustness was estimated using a Plackett-Burman design. The method was subsequently validated in the relative concentration range of 0.1%-1.0% of the impurities for a solution containing 0.25mg/mL levomepromazine. The method was applied to the determination of the purity of the reference substance of the European Pharmacopoeia and of the drug in a commercial injection solution.
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Yu PL, Tu YY, Hsieh MM. Combination of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin for high-speed enantioseparation of phenothiazines by capillary electrophoresis. Talanta 2015; 131:330-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Mahajan S, Mahajan RK. Interactions of phenothiazine drugs with surfactants: a detailed physicochemical overview. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 199-200:1-14. [PMID: 23933135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phenothiazine drugs have been the subject of great interest due to their interesting aggregation properties and ability to interact with surfactants, model lipid bilayers, and biomembranes. Since these drugs show enormous pharmacological actions and deposits on the biomembranes, their pharmacological activities seem to be related to the drug-membrane interactions or to the absorbability on the membrane. Further, the mechanisms for the various biological activities of phenothiazines can be explained by exploring these drug-membrane interactions. Keeping these points in view, many researchers have investigated the interactions of these drugs with surfactants. This review describes the physicochemical aspects of the interactions between phenothiazine drugs and surfactants which have been discussed under three sections: (i) micellar and interfacial studies, (ii) spectroscopic studies, (iii) phase separation studies (CP) and (iv) miscellaneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suruchi Mahajan
- Department of Chemistry, UGC-Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
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6
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Hancu G, Simon B, Rusu A, Mircia E, Gyéresi Á. Principles of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography applied in pharmaceutical analysis. Adv Pharm Bull 2013; 3:1-8. [PMID: 24312804 PMCID: PMC3846027 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2013.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its introduction capillary electrophoresis has shown great potential in areas where electrophoretic techniques have rarely been used before, including here the analysis of pharmaceutical substances. The large majority of pharmaceutical substances are neutral from electrophoretic point of view, consequently separations by the classic capillary zone electrophoresis; where separation is based on the differences between the own electrophoretic mobilities of the analytes; are hard to achieve. Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, a hybrid method that combines chromatographic and electrophoretic separation principles, extends the applicability of capillary electrophoretic methods to neutral analytes. In micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, surfactants are added to the buffer solution in concentration above their critical micellar concentrations, consequently micelles are formed; micelles that undergo electrophoretic migration like any other charged particle. The separation is based on the differential partitioning of an analyte between the two-phase system: the mobile aqueous phase and micellar pseudostationary phase. The present paper aims to summarize the basic aspects regarding separation principles and practical applications of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, with particular attention to those relevant in pharmaceutical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Brigitta Simon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Aura Rusu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Eleonora Mircia
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Árpád Gyéresi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Târgu Mureş, Romania
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7
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Ibrahim WAW, Hermawan D, Sanagi MM. Cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography for enantioseparations. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 970:349-361. [PMID: 23283789 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-263-6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The separation of enantiomers is one of the important fields of modern analytical chemistry, especially for agrochemical and pharmaceutical products because the stereochemistry has a significant influence on the biological activities of compounds. Cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CD-MEKC) has become an important capillary electrophoresis mode for enantioseparations. Here, we describe an example of a CD-MEKC method using hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin as chiral selector and sodium dodecyl sulfate as micellar solution for enantioseparation of triazole fungicides and the drug econazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Aini Wan Ibrahim
- Separation Science and Technology Group (SepSTec), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia.
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8
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The synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes/gold composites and their application to the detection of thioridazine. J Solid State Electrochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-012-1672-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Flieger J, Świeboda R. Application of chaotropic effect in reversed-phase liquid chromatography of structurally related phenothiazine and thioxanthene derivatives. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1192:218-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Shi B, Huang W, Cheng J. Analysis of amino acids in human vascular endothelial (ECV-304) cells by microchip electrophoresis with fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1144-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Liao WS, Lin CH, Chen CY, Kuo CM, Liu YC, Wu JC, Lin CE. Enantioseparation of phenothiazines in CD-modified CZE using single isomer sulfated CD as a chiral selector. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:3922-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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ZHANG Z, MA J, LEI Y, LU Y. Flow-injection on-line oxidizing fluorimetry and solid phase extraction for determination of thioridazine hydrochloride in human plasma. Talanta 2007; 71:2056-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2006.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
This paper reviews recent methodological and instrumental advances in MEKC. Improvements in sensitivity arising from the use of on-line sample concentration (sweeping, stacking, and combination of both protocols) and derivatization (in-capillary reactions and coupling with flow-injection systems) and improvements in resolution obtained by changing the composition of the BGE (e.g., with organic modifiers, ionic liquids, nonionic and zwitterionic surfactants, mixed micelles, and vesicles) or using coated capillaries are discussed in detail. In addition, MS and LIF spectroscopy are examined in relation to their advantages and restrictions as applied to MEKC analysis. Some thoughts on potential future directions are also expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Silva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
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14
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Martínez-Gómez MA, Sagrado S, Villanueva-Camañas RM, Medina-Hernández MJ. Enantioseparation of phenotiazines by affinity electrokinetic chromatography using human serum albumin as chiral selector: application to enantiomeric quality control in pharmaceutical formulations. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 582:223-8. [PMID: 17386496 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, there is a special interest within the pharmaceutical laboratories to develop single enantiomer formulations and consequently a need for analytical methods to determine the enantiomeric purity of drugs. The present paper deals with the enantiomeric separation of promethazine and trimeprazine enantiomers by affinity electrokinetic chromatography (AEKC)-partial filling technique using human serum albumin (HSA) as chiral selector. A multivariate optimization of the most critical experimental variables in enantioresolution, running pH, HSA concentration and plug length, is carried out to obtain enantioresolution of promethazine and trimeprazine. The estimated maximum and optimum resolution of trimeprazine and prometazine enantiomers (Rs=1.74 and 2.01, respectively) corresponded to the following experimental conditions: pH 7.5; [HSA] 170 microM and plug length 190 s and pH 7.6; [HSA] 170 microM and plug length 170 s, for trimeprazine and prometazine, respectively. The developed methodologies were applied for the enantiomeric quality control of promethazine and trimeprazine enantiomers in commercially available pharmaceutical formulations. Resolution, accuracy, reproducibility, cost and sample throughput of the proposed methodologies make it suitable for quality control of the enantiomeric composition of promethazine and trimeprazine in pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Amparo Martínez-Gómez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de València, C/Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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15
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Antczak A, Ramstad T, Johnson R. A CD-MEKC Method Utilizing a Neutral Surfactant for Enantiomeric Purity Determination of an Oxazolidinone Drug Candidate. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0828-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Lin CE, Liao WS, Cheng HT, Kuo CM, Liu YC. Enantioseparation of phenothiazines in cyclodextrin-modified capillary zone electrophoresis using sulfated cyclodextrins as chiral selectors. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3869-77. [PMID: 16217834 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, enantioseparations of five phenothiazines, including promethazine, ethopropazine, trimeprazine, methotrimeprazine, and thioridazine, in CD-modified CZE using dual CD systems consisting of randomly sulfate-substituted CD (MI-S-beta-CD) and a neutral CD as chiral selectors in a citrate buffer (100 mM) at pH 3.0 were investigated. The results indicate that MI-S-beta-CD is an excellent chiral selector for enantioseparation of ethopropazine. The enantiomers of promethazine can also be baseline-resolved with MI-S-beta-CD at concentrations in the range of 0.5-1.0% w/v. On the other hand, thioridazine and trimeprazine interact strongly with neutral CDs. As a result, the enantioselectivity of these two phenothiazines is remarkably and synergistically enhanced with increasing the concentration of neutral CDs in the presence of MI-S-beta-CD and simultaneous enantioseparations of these phenothiazines, except for methotrimeprazine, could favorably be achieved with the use of dual CD systems. Moreover, by varying the concentration of beta-CD or gamma-CD at a fixed concentration of MI-S-beta-CD (0.75% w/v) reversal of the enantiomer migration order of promethazine occurred. This may be attributable to the opposite effects of charged and neutral CDs on the mobility of the enantiomers of promethazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Erh Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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17
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Lara FJ, García-Campaña AM, Alés-Barrero F, Bosque-Sendra JM. Development and validation of a capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of phenothiazines in human urine in the low nanogramper milliliter concentration range using field-amplified sample injection. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:2418-29. [PMID: 15924366 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method with ultraviolet-visible detection has been established and validated for the determination of five phenothiazines: thiazinamium methylsulfate, promazine hydrochloride, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, thioridazine hydrochloride, and promethazine hydrochloride in human urine. Optimum separation was obtained on a 64.5 cm x 75 microm bubble cell capillary using a buffer containing 150 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and 25% acetonitrile at pH 8.2, with temperature and voltage of 25 degrees C and 20 kV, respectively. Naphazoline hydrochloride was used as an internal standard. Field-amplified sample injection (FASI) has been applied to improve the sensitivity of the detection. Considering the influence of parameters affecting the on-line preconcentration (nature of preinjection plug, sample solvent composition, injection times, and injection voltage) and due to the significant interactions among them, in this paper we propose for the first time the application of a multivariate approach to carry out the study. The optimized conditions were as follows: preinjection plug of water for 7 s at 50 mbar, electrokinetic injection for 40 s at 6.2 kV, and 32 microm of H3PO4 in the sample solvent. Also, a solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure is developed to obtain low detection limits and an adequate selectivity for urine samples. The combination of SPE and FASI-CZE-UV allows adequate linearities and recoveries, low detection limits (from 2 to 5 ng/mL), and satisfactory precisions (3.0-7.2% for an intermediate RSD %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Lara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Determination of thiazinamium, promazine and promethazine in pharmaceutical formulations using a CZE method. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Le DC, Morin CJ, Beljean M, Siouffi AM, Desbène PL. Electrophoretic separations of twelve phenothiazines and N-demethyl derivatives by using capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography with non ionic surfactant. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1063:235-40. [PMID: 15700476 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We focused our work on the separation of phenothiazines that are important drugs used for the treatment of psychic diseases. For a better understanding of the metabolism of these solutes, we wanted to separate not only a mixture of 12 phenothiazines but also a mixture containing phenothiazines and their N-demethyl metabolites by capillary electrophoresis. Separations in capillary zone electrophoresis were performed using 3 x 10(-2) mol/L H3PO4 (pH 2.5) but the obtained resolutions were not entirely satisfactory especially with regard to phenothiazine -N-demethyl derivative pairs. To improve the obtained results, we have performed separations by using micellar electrokinetic chromatography. In this approach, we used a running electrolyte containing 3 x 10(-2) mol/L H3PO4 electrolyte (pH 2.5) and octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C12E8) as neutral surfactant. By introducing 2 x 10(-3) mol/L C12E8 in the electrolyte, 11 out of 12 phenothiazines have been baseline separated. With respect to the separation of a mixture containing 3 phenothiazines and their 3 demethyl derivatives, we obtained an excellent separation by using a running electrolyte prepared with 7.5 x 10(-4) mol/L C12E8 and 3 x 10(-2) mol/L H3PO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Le
- UMR 6180 Chirotechnologies Catalyse et Biocatalyse, Université Aix-Marseille III, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques St Jérôme, 13397 Marseille Cedex 07, France
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Chen KH, Lin CE, Liao WS, Lin WY, Hsiao YY. Separation and migration behavior of structurally related phenothiazines in cyclodextrin-modified capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2002; 979:399-408. [PMID: 12498271 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01501-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The influences of buffer pH and the concentration of beta-cyclodextrins (beta-CDs) on the separation and migration behavior of 13 structurally related phenothiazines in CD-modified capillary zone electrophoresis (CD-CZE) using a phosphate background electrolyte at low pH were investigated. We focused on the separation of these phenothiazines, including the enantiomers of chiral analytes, with the use of beta-CD and hydroxypropyl-beta-CD (HP-beta-CD) as electrolyte modifiers or chiral selectors at concentrations less than 8 mM. The results indicate that the interactions of phenothiazines with beta-CDs are very strong and that effective separations of 13 analytes can be achieved with addition of 0.3 mM beta-CD or 0.5 mM HP-beta-CD in a phosphate buffer at pH 3.0. Binding constants of phenothiazines to beta-CDs were evaluated for a better understanding of the interactions of phenothiazines with beta-CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, P.O. Box 23-34, 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei 10674, Taiwan
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