1
|
Kesic B, McCann N, Bowerbank SL, Standley T, Liechti J, Dean JR, Gallidabino MD. Forensic profiling of smokeless powders (SLPs) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS): a systematic investigation into injector conditions and their effect on the characterisation of samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1907-1922. [PMID: 38332189 PMCID: PMC10901999 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05189-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Smokeless powders (SLPs) are composed of a combination of thermolabile and non-thermolabile compounds. When analysed by GC-MS, injection conditions may therefore play a fundamental role on the characterisation of forensic samples. However, no systematic investigations have ever been carried out. This casts doubt on the optimal conditions that should be adopted in advanced profiling applications (e.g. class attribution and source association), especially when a traditional split/splitless (S/SL) injector is used. Herein, a study is reported that specifically focused on the evaluation of the liner type (Ltype) and inlet temperature (Tinj). Results showed that both could affect the exhaustiveness and repeatability of the observed chemical profiles, with Ltype being particularly sensitive despite typically not being clarified in published works. Perhaps as expected, degradation effects were observed for the most thermolabile compounds (e.g. nitroglycerin) at conditions maximising the heat transfer rates (Ltype = packed and Tinj ≥ 200 °C). However, these did not seem to be as influential as, perhaps, suggested in previous studies. Indeed, the harshest injection conditions in terms of heat transfer rate (Ltype = packed and Tinj = 260 °C) were found to lead to better performances (including better overall %RSDs and LODs) compared to the mildest ones. This suggested that implementing conditions minimising heat-induced breakdowns during injection was not necessarily a good strategy for comparison purposes. The reported findings represent a concrete step forward in the field, providing a robust body of data for the development of the next generation of SLP profiling methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blake Kesic
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Niamh McCann
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Samantha L Bowerbank
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Troy Standley
- King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Jana Liechti
- King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - John R Dean
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Matteo D Gallidabino
- King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jagerdeo E, Auger S. Rapid screening procedures for a variety of complex forensic samples using laser diode thermal desorption (LDTD) coupled to different mass spectrometers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9244. [PMID: 34984743 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The applications shared in this paper demonstrate the wide variety of samples that can be analyzed when Laser Diode Thermal Desorption (LDTD) is interfaced with a high-resolution mass spectrometer and show the speed at which high quality data can be generated from complex matrices. METHODS Samples are solvent extracted and spotted in a 96-well plate. In the case of biological fluids, hydrolysis followed by solid-phase extraction is required. The solvent in the 96-well plate is evaporated followed by mass spectrometric (MS) analysis with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Where applicable, the instrument is operated in data-dependent mode, with a full-scan mass spectrum followed by MS/MS spectra of the top 10 ions with a total runtime of 0.4 min. RESULTS Four applications (MAAQ and Tear Gas, twelve rodenticides, seven explosives, and 40 drugs of abuse) are reported in this paper. MAAQ, tear gas, and rodenticides were identified by full-scan, followed by MS/MS experiments at levels of 125 μg/L, 125 μg/L, and 500 μg/L, respectively. Explosives were all identified at 102 μg/L by full-scan experiments. The drugs of abuse were identified by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) experiments at defined cutoff levels from 2 to 1000 μg/L. CONCLUSIONS Interfacing LDTD with a mass spectrometer allows for rapid screening of a wide range of samples, with either minimal or complex sample preparation. Using a high-resolution mass spectrometer with the combination to perform full-scan and MS/MS experiments adds a high level of specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eshwar Jagerdeo
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Quantico, VA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Reavis M, Goodpaster J. Quantitative analysis of smokeless powder particles in post‐blast debris via gas chromatography/vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy (
GC
/
VUV
). J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:1431-1440. [PMID: 35368092 PMCID: PMC9322668 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Forensic analysis of smokeless powder particles recovered from the debris of an improvised explosive device can provide information about the type of smokeless powder used and can aid investigation efforts. In this study, quantitative methods were used to yield information about the difference in the chemical composition of the particles pre‐ and post‐blast. The technique, gas chromatography/vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy (GC/VUV), was able to quantify nitroglycerin, 2,4‐dinitrotoluene, diphenylamine, ethyl centralite, and di‐n‐butyl phthalate in pre‐ and post‐blast smokeless powder particles using heptadecane as an internal standard. Post‐blast debris was obtained via controlled explosions with assistance from the Indiana State Police Bomb Squad. Two galvanized steel and two polyvinyl chloride pipe bombs were assembled. Two devices contained single‐base smokeless powder and two contained double‐base smokeless powder. 2,4‐dinitrotoluene and diphenylamine were successfully quantified in the single‐base smokeless powder post‐blast debris while nitroglycerin, diphenylamine, and ethyl centralite were successfully quantified in the double‐base smokeless powder post‐blast debris. Compounds were detected at concentrations as low as 9 μg of 2,4‐dinitrotoluene per mg, <3 μg of diphenylamine per mg, 131 μg of nitroglycerin per mg, and <3 μg of ethyl centralite per mg. Concentration changes between pre‐ and post‐blast smokeless powder particles were determined as well as microscopic differences between pre‐ and post‐blast debris for both smokeless powders in all devices. To our knowledge, this is the first use of GC/VUV for the quantification of explosives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madison Reavis
- Forensic and Investigative Sciences Department Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis Indiana USA
| | - John Goodpaster
- Forensic and Investigative Sciences Department Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis Indiana USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Damseaux C, Scholl G, Damblon C, Dejeaifve A, Dobson R, Ma X, Marko I, Monbaliu JM, De Pauw E, Eppe G. Identification of the Degradation Products from α‐Ionone Used as Stabiliser in “Green” Propellants through its Lifetime. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Damseaux
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory MolSys Research Unity Université de Liège 11, allée du six Août 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Georges Scholl
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory MolSys Research Unity Université de Liège 11, allée du six Août 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Christian Damblon
- Structural biological chemistry laboratory MolSys Research Unity Université de Liège 11, allée du six Août 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Alain Dejeaifve
- R and D department PB Clermont (Eurenco) 176, rue de Clermont 4480 Engis Belgium
| | - Rowan Dobson
- R and D department PB Clermont (Eurenco) 176, rue de Clermont 4480 Engis Belgium
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Université Catholique de Louvain Place Louis Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Istvan Marko
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Université Catholique de Louvain Place Louis Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Jean‐Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis MolSys Research Unity Université de Liège 11, allée du six Août 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory MolSys Research Unity Université de Liège 11, allée du six Août 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory MolSys Research Unity Université de Liège 11, allée du six Août 4000 Liège Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Gunshot residue (GSR) is a shred of important trace evidence which helps forensic scientists solve a huge range of incidents related to firearms. The identification of the shooter to bullet identification from a gunshot wound help reconstruct a scene of the crime.
Main body
The review of this scientific paper is based on gunshot residue, its composition, and the growing advanced technology which allow us to study about how GSR analysis help to identify and detect residues. Various methods are acquired to identify and analyze organic and inorganic residues present when ammunition is fired. The review highlights the composition of GSR, its collection methods, and analysis part which emphasize on all the methods developed so far. The use of conventional methods including colorimetric and instrumentation-based analysis and advanced technology including electrochemical technique for detecting residues from the last 50 years. Spot tests or chemical tests were performed but they degrade the sample and can sometimes cause hindrance with some other nearby material present at the crime scene. Instrumentation techniques including AAS, ICP-MS, SEM, SEM-EDX, GC, HPLC, etc. are discussed in detail. Mostly advanced electrochemical methods developed are for inorganic gunshot residues (IGSR), but some researchers worked on both residues. Also, the fabricated electrochemical cells are replaced by a single strip-based technique for easy detection. So, to combat these issues, various scientists are moving towards sensor-based methods for rapid and reliable detection. These methods are more user-friendly, sensitive, and cost-effective and provide rapid detection results.
Conclusions
This review results in the composition of GSR, its collection methods, and analysis using sophisticated methods that emphasize all the methods developed so far and it also culminates the merits and demerits of all detection methods.
Collapse
|
6
|
Trache D, Tarchoun AF. Analytical Methods for Stability Assessment of Nitrate Esters-Based Propellants. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 49:415-438. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1540921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Djalal Trache
- Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, UER Procédés Energétiques, Algiers, Algeria
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Reese KL, Jones AD, Smith RW. Characterization of smokeless powders using multiplexed collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry and chemometric procedures. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 272:16-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
8
|
López-López M, Merk V, García-Ruiz C, Kneipp J. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of smokeless gunpowders and macroscopic gunshot residues. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4965-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
9
|
|
10
|
Benito S, Abrego Z, Sánchez A, Unceta N, Goicolea MA, Barrio RJ. Characterization of organic gunshot residues in lead-free ammunition using a new sample collection device for liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 246:79-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
11
|
Taudte RV, Beavis A, Blanes L, Cole N, Doble P, Roux C. Detection of gunshot residues using mass spectrometry. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:965403. [PMID: 24977168 PMCID: PMC4055073 DOI: 10.1155/2014/965403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, forensic scientists have become increasingly interested in the detection and interpretation of organic gunshot residues (OGSR) due to the increasing use of lead- and heavy metal-free ammunition. This has also been prompted by the identification of gunshot residue- (GSR-) like particles in environmental and occupational samples. Various techniques have been investigated for their ability to detect OGSR. Mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to a chromatographic system is a powerful tool due to its high selectivity and sensitivity. Further, modern MS instruments can detect and identify a number of explosives and additives which may require different ionization techniques. Finally, MS has been applied to the analysis of both OGSR and inorganic gunshot residue (IGSR), although the "gold standard" for analysis is scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray microscopy (SEM-EDX). This review presents an overview of the technical attributes of currently available MS and ionization techniques and their reported applications to GSR analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Verena Taudte
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Alison Beavis
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Lucas Blanes
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Nerida Cole
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Philip Doble
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Claude Roux
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Alizadeh N, Farokhcheh A. Simultaneous determination of diphenylamine and nitrosodiphenylamine by photochemically induced fluorescence and synchronous fluorimetry using double scans method. Talanta 2014; 121:239-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
13
|
DeTata D, Collins P, McKinley A. A fast liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS) method for the identification of organic explosives and propellants. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 233:63-74. [PMID: 24314503 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A fast, highly specific and sensitive method for the detection of an extensive list of organic explosives and propellants using an optimised Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS) procedure has been developed. Analyte specific information including retention time, adduct accurate mass and fragmentation data was firstly collected using both positive and negative ion Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionisation (APCI) and entered into a Personal Compound Database/Library (PCDL). The custom PCDL can then be used to screen any sample for the presence of organic explosives and propellants, generating a match score for any identified compounds. To date over 50 organic explosives and propellants have been characterised and entered into the database representing those likely to be encountered in forensic and environmental samples and also a range of specialist explosives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David DeTata
- Forensic Science Laboratory, ChemCentre, Building 500, Manning Rd., Bentley 6102, Western Australia, Australia; School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Thomas JL, Lincoln D, McCord BR. Separation and Detection of Smokeless Powder Additives by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS),. J Forensic Sci 2013; 58:609-15. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Florida International University; 11200 SW 8th Street; CP 304, Miami; FL; 33199
| | - Danielle Lincoln
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Florida International University; 11200 SW 8th Street; CP 304, Miami; FL; 33199
| | - Bruce R. McCord
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Florida International University; 11200 SW 8th Street; CP 304, Miami; FL; 33199
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chang KH, Jayaprakash PT, Yew CH, Abdullah AFL. Gunshot residue analysis and its evidential values: a review. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2012.691546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
16
|
López-López M, Bravo J, García-Ruiz C, Torre M. Diphenylamine and derivatives as predictors of gunpowder age by means of HPLC and statistical models. Talanta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
17
|
Separation and identification of smokeless gunpowder additives by capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:259-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
18
|
López-López M, Ferrando JL, García-Ruiz C. Comparative analysis of smokeless gunpowders by Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 717:92-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
19
|
Abstract
A comprehensive review of the scientific literature on gunshot residue (GSR) is presented. Aspects of both inorganic and organic GSR are discussed, from formation and distribution, to sample collection, preparation, and analysis using a variety of techniques. The interpretation of GSR results is also considered including issues surrounding the contamination, distribution, and transfer of GSR. Potential problems with ulterior sources of GSR like particles have been reported in the literature. For example, particles from environmental and occupational sources have been highlighted as exhibiting similar chemical and morphological characteristics to GSR. These findings are put into context with regard to interpreting samples. A move toward a "case by case" approach is argued to be more preferable to a "formal" classification system where possible. The analysis of both inorganic and organic compositions of residue samples as well as morphological considerations is considered to be a more ideal approach to GSR analysis, wherever practicable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Dalby
- Department of Chemistry and Forensics, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gaurav D, Malik AK, Rai PK. High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Methods for the Analysis of Explosives. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340701244698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhingra Gaurav
- a Department of Chemistry , Punjabi University , Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Malik
- a Department of Chemistry , Punjabi University , Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - P. K. Rai
- b Centre for Fire, Explosives and Environmental Safety , New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mathis JA, McCord BR. Mobile phase influence on electrospray ionization for the analysis of smokeless powders by gradient reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography-ESIMS. Forensic Sci Int 2005; 154:159-66. [PMID: 16182961 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2004] [Revised: 10/04/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The solution parameters associated with gradient elution reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were characterized by evaluating the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS) response of selected smokeless powder additives. Using direct liquid infusion, the positive ion ESIMS responses were determined for three general classes of powder constituents: dialkylphthalate acid esters, N,N'-dialkyl-N,N'-diphenyl urea based stabilizers and nitroso-, nitro-, and dinitro- derivatives of diphenylamine. The relative ESIMS intensities of the powder components were investigated as a function of three solution parameters: ammonium acetate concentration, pH, and percent methanol. The effect of the ammonium acetate concentration demonstrates that the electrolyte is required for efficient ionization and the ESIMS intensity was optimal at a concentration of 2mM for the selected compounds, except 2,4'-dinitrodiphenylamine. The aqueous solution pH, corresponding to the available protons in solution, did not have a significant effect on the ESIMS intensity of the analytes. The percent methanol was evaluated with both decreasing and constant electrolyte concentrations to demonstrate the effects of droplet stability and ion transfer into the gas phase. These findings were applied to the analysis of the selected smokeless powder additives using HPLC-ESIMS to illustrate increased sensitivity for the protonated molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Mathis
- Ohio University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger Laboratories, Athens, 45701, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rudell DR, Mattheis JP, Fellman JK. Evaluation of diphenylamine derivatives in apple peel using gradient reversed-phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet–visible absorption and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass selective detection. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1081:202-9. [PMID: 16038210 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed for extracting, identifying, and quantifying diphenylamine (DPA) derivatives in the peel of DPA-treated apples using gradient reversed-phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet-visible absorption and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization detection (LC-UV-vis-APCI-MS). Compounds routinely analyzed using this method included hydroxylated, nitrosated, nitrated, and methoxylated diphenylamine derivatives. Analysis of peel treated with 0-8 g L(-1) DPA showed that peel DPA content was a limiting factor in derivative production and that recovery of most compounds over this range was linear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Rudell
- Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1104 N. Western Ave., Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bestimmung von Nitrodiphenylaminen und verwandten Verbindungen im Sickerwasser einer Rüstungsaltlast. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03038688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
24
|
Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2003; 38:905-916. [PMID: 12938112 DOI: 10.1002/jms.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
|