1
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Domínguez-López LG, Mejía-Manzano LA, González-Valdez J. Using the reactive/transport dispersive models to simulate a monolithic anion exchanger: Experimental parameter determination, simultaneous model evaluation, and validation. Electrophoresis 2024. [PMID: 38850174 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Selecting an adequate model to represent the mass transfer mechanisms occurring in a chromatographic process is generally complicated, which is one of the reasons why monolithic chromatography is scarcely simulated. In this study, the chromatographic separation of model proteins bovine serum albumin (BSA), β-lactoglobulin-A, and β-lactoglobulin-B on an anion exchange monolith was simulated based on experimental parameter determination, simultaneous model testing, and validation under three statistical criteria: retention time, dispersion accuracies, and Pearson correlation coefficient. Experimental characterization of morphologic, physicochemical, and kinetic parameters was performed through volume balances, pressure drop analysis, breakthrough curve analysis, and batch adsorptions. Free Gibbs energy indicated a spontaneous adsorption process for proteins and counterions. Dimensionless numbers were estimated based on height equivalent to a theoretical plate analysis, finding that pore diffusion controlled β-lactoglobulin separation, whereas adsorption/desorption kinetics was the dominant mechanism for BSA. The elution profiles were modeled using the transport dispersive model and the reactive dispersive model coupled with steric mass action (SMA) isotherms because these models allowed to consider most of the mass transport mechanisms that have been described. RDM-SMA presented the most accurate simulations at pH 6.0 and at low (250 mM) and high (400 mM) NaCl concentrations. This simulation will be used as reference to forecast the purification of these proteins from bovine whey waste and to extrapolate this methodology to other monolith-based separations using these three statistical criteria that have not been used previously for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José González-Valdez
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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2
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The potential use of a gyroid structure to represent monolithic matrices for bioseparation purposes: Fluid dynamics and mass transfer analysis via CFD. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Cabaud C, Barré Y, De Windt L, Grandjean A. Linking the multiscale porous structure of hexacyanoferrate-loaded silica monoliths to their hydrodynamic and cesium sorption properties. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Podgornik A. Pressure drop in liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:72-88. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Podgornik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Center of Excellence for Biosensors; Instrumentation and Process Control - COBIK; Ajdovščina Slovenia
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5
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Dores-Sousa JL, Fernández-Pumarega A, De Vos J, Lämmerhofer M, Desmet G, Eeltink S. Guidelines for tuning the macropore structure of monolithic columns for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:522-533. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Luís Dores-Sousa
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
| | - Alejandro Fernández-Pumarega
- Departament de Química Analítica and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Química; Barcelona Spain
| | - Jelle De Vos
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
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6
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Lubbad SH. Wide-Bore Columns of Poly(Glycidyl Methacrylate-Co-Divinylbenzene)-Based Monolithic Beds for Reversed-Phase and Anion-Exchange Chromatographic Separation of Biomolecules. J Chromatogr Sci 2017; 55:205-213. [PMID: 27777225 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Three monoliths based on poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-divinylbenzene) were prepared in the confines of borosilicate glass columns (100 × 3 mm I.D.). The first monolith was applied for analysis of proteins by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. It furnished a fast base-line separation for four proteins (ribonuclease A, cytochrome c, α-lactalbumin and myoglobin) in <80 s, with optimum resolution range of 2.11-2.84, and extremely small values of peak width at half height with a range of 1.0-1.6 s. The second and third monoliths were surface-modified into weak and strong anion-exchangers, respectively, and were investigated for anion-exchange (AE) high-performance liquid chromatography of four proteins with acidic isoelectronic points (bovine carbonic anhydrase, conalbumin, ovalbumin and soybean trypsin inhibitor) and of 5-phosphorylated oligodeoxythymidylic acids fragments [d(pT)12-18]. The weak AE monolith experienced complete elution of the four proteins applying a basic Tris-HCl buffer (0.02 M, pH 8.9); however, the strong AE monolith established a base-line separation of these proteins in ~14 min. Both monoliths showed base-line separation of the seven fragments of d(pT)12-18 in ~6 min. The ion-exchange capacity determined by frontal and elemental analyses was comparable for the weak AE monolith (0.75 and 0.80 meq/g) and for the strong AE monolith (0.81 and 0.87 meq/g), respectively. Finally, a run-to-run and monolith-to-monolith reproducibility showed a relative standard deviation in retention time of d(pT)12-18 fragments of <2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said H Lubbad
- Department of Chemistry, Al-Azhar University-Gaza, P.O.Box 1277, Gaza, Palestine
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7
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Svec F. Monolithic columns: A historical overview. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2810-2820. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Svec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Charles University; Hradec Králové Czech Republic
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8
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Andrejčič M, Podgornik A. Effect of pressure drop model implemented for description of pressure drop on chromatographic monolith on estimated adsorbed layer thickness. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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9
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Optimization of poly(methyl styrene-co-bis(p-vinylbenzyl)dimethylsilane)-based capillary monoliths for separation of low, medium, and high molecular-weight analytes. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1443:126-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Svec F, Lv Y. Advances and Recent Trends in the Field of Monolithic Columns for Chromatography. Anal Chem 2014; 87:250-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504059c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Svec
- International
Research Center
for Soft Matter, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Yongqin Lv
- International
Research Center
for Soft Matter, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
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11
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Boron nitride nanotubes and their functionalization via quinuclidine-3-thiol with gold nanoparticles for the development and enhancement of the HPLC performance of HPLC monolithic columns. Talanta 2012; 93:274-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Extrathermodynamic Study of Retention Equilibrium in RP-LC Using a C18-Silica Monolithic Stationary Phase. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Preparation and characterization of lauryl methacrylate-based monolithic microbore column for reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5228-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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An improved capillary model for describing the microstructure characteristics, fluid hydrodynamics and breakthrough performance of proteins in cryogel beds. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5487-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Koku H, Maier RS, Czymmek KJ, Schure MR, Lenhoff AM. Modeling of flow in a polymeric chromatographic monolith. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3466-75. [PMID: 21529814 PMCID: PMC3109253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The flow behavior of a commercial polymeric monolith was investigated by direct numerical simulations employing the lattice-Boltzmann (LB) methodology. An explicit structural representation of the monolith was obtained by serial sectioning of a portion of the monolith and imaging by scanning electron microscopy. After image processing, the three-dimensional structure of a sample block with dimensions of 17.8 μm × 17.8 μm × 14.1 μm was obtained, with uniform 18.5 nm voxel size. Flow was simulated on this reconstructed block using the LB method to obtain the velocity distribution, and in turn macroscopic flow properties such as the permeability and the average velocity. The computed axial velocity distribution exhibits a sharp peak with an exponentially decaying tail. Analysis of the local components of the flow field suggests that flow is not evenly distributed throughout the sample geometry, as is also seen in geometries that exhibit preferential flow paths, such as sphere pack arrays with defects. A significant fraction of negative axial velocities are observed; the largest of these are due to flow along horizontal pores that are also slightly oriented in the negative axial direction. Possible implications for mass transfer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Koku
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Robert S. Maier
- Information Technology Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180
| | - Kirk J. Czymmek
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Mark R. Schure
- Theoretical Separation Science Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, PA 19477-0904
| | - Abraham M. Lenhoff
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
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16
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Smrekar F, Ciringer M, Štrancar A, Podgornik A. Characterisation of methacrylate monoliths for bacteriophage purification. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2438-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization-derived monolithic anion exchangers for the fast separation of double-stranded DNA fragments. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2362-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Lubbad SH, Bandari R, Buchmeiser MR. Ring-opening metathesis polymerization-derived monolithic strong anion exchangers for the separation of 5'-phosphorylated oligodeoxythymidylic acids fragments. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8897-902. [PMID: 21450301 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) derived monoliths were prepared from 5-norborn-2-enemethyl bromide (NBE-CH(2)Br) and tris(5-norborn-2-enemethoxy)methylsilane ((NBE-CH(2)O)(3)SiCH(3)) within the confines of surface-silanized borosilicate columns (100 mm × 3 mm I.D.), applying Grubbs' first generation benzylidene-type catalyst [RuCl(2)(PCy(3))(2)(CHPh)]. Two monoliths of the same recipe were converted into strong anion-exchangers applying two different approaches. Monolith I was prepared by a two-step reaction of the poly(NBE-CH(2)-Br) moieties with diethyl amine forming a weak-anion exchanger followed by reaction (quaternization) with ethyl iodide. Monolith II was prepared via a single-step reaction of the poly(NBE-CH(2)-Br) moieties with triethyl amine. The resulting monolithic anion-exchangers prepared demonstrated a good aptitude for the anion-exchange separation of single-stranded nucleic acids (ss-DNA). However, monolith II showed superior separation efficiency compared to monolith I indicated by sharper analyte peaks and better resolution values for the 5'-phosphorylated oligodeoxythymidylic acids fragments. On monolith II, the seven fragments of [d(pT)(12-18)] were baseline separated in less than 9 min. The influence of the buffer pH on the separation efficiency was studied applying a phosphate (0.05 mol/L, pH 7 and 8) and Tris-HCl buffer (0.05 mol/L, pH 9), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said H Lubbad
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Stoffe und Faserchemie, Institut für Polymerchemie, Universität Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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19
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Nordborg A, Hilder EF, Haddad PR. Monolithic phases for ion chromatography. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2011; 4:197-226. [PMID: 21689046 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061010-113929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Monolithic media are continuing to increase in popularity in chromatographic applications, and the ongoing use of commercially available materials in ion chromatography (IC) has made monoliths a viable alternative to packed-bed columns for routine use. We discuss different strategies for the synthesis of polymeric and silica monoliths with ion-exchange functionality, such as direct incorporation of ion-exchange functionality during monolith preparation and different postpolymerization alterations such as grafting and coating. The formulations and strategies presented are focused on materials intended for use in IC. We also discuss strategies for materials characterization, with emphasis on nondestructive techniques for the characterization of monolith surface functionality, especially those with applicability to in situ analysis. Finally, we describe selected IC applications of polymeric and silica monoliths published from 2008 to 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nordborg
- Australian Center for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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20
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Urban J, Svec F, Fréchet JM. Hypercrosslinking: new approach to porous polymer monolithic capillary columns with large surface area for the highly efficient separation of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:8212-21. [PMID: 21092973 PMCID: PMC3022388 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Monolithic polymers with an unprecedented surface area of over 600 m(2)/g have been prepared from a poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzyl chloride-co-divinylbenzene) precursor monolith that was swollen in 1,2-dichloroethane and hypercrosslinked via Friedel-Crafts reaction catalyzed by ferric chloride. Both the composition of the reaction mixture used for the preparation of the precursor monolith and the conditions of the hypercrosslinking reaction have been varied using mathematical design of experiments and the optimized system validated. Hypercrosslinked monolithic capillary columns contain an array of small pores that make the column ideally suited for the high efficiency isocratic separations of small molecules such as uracil and alkylbenzenes with column efficiencies reproducibly exceeding 80,000 plates/m for retained compounds. The separation process could be accelerated while also improving peak shape through the use of higher temperatures and a ternary mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, and water. As a result, seven compounds were well separated in less than 2 min. These columns also facilitate separations of peptide mixtures such as a tryptic digest of cytochrome c using a gradient elution mode which affords a sequence coverage of 93%. A 65 cm long hypercrosslinked capillary column used in size exclusion mode with tetrahydrofuran as the mobile phase afforded almost baseline separation of toluene and five polystyrene standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Urban
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Frantisek Svec
- The Molecular Foundry, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jean M.J. Fréchet
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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21
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Bruns S, Müllner T, Kollmann M, Schachtner J, Höltzel A, Tallarek U. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Method for Quantitative Characterization of Silica Monolith Morphology. Anal Chem 2010; 82:6569-75. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100909t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tibor Müllner
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin Kollmann
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Schachtner
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Höltzel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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22
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Huang YP, Zhang SJ, Zhao L, Zhang QW, Liu ZS. Characterization of Convection for Molecularly Imprinted Monolith. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Skudas R, Grimes B, Thommes M, Unger K. Flow-through pore characteristics of monolithic silicas and their impact on column performance in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2625-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Urban J, Jandera P. Polymethacrylate monolithic columns for capillary liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:2521-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Thommes M, Skudas R, Unger K, Lubda D. Textural characterization of native and n-alky-bonded silica monoliths by mercury intrusion/extrusion, inverse size exclusion chromatography and nitrogen adsorption. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1191:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Particle packed columns and monolithic columns in high-performance liquid chromatography-comparison and critical appraisal. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:393-415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Billen J, Desmet G. Understanding and design of existing and future chromatographic support formats. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1168:73-99; discussion 71-2. [PMID: 17706659 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present contribution reviews the use of alternative support formats as a means to surpass the chromatographic performance of the packed bed of spheres. First, a number of idealized structures are considered to obtain a general insight in how the performance of a chromatographic support depends on its shape and size, using the isocratic peak-capacity generation speed as the main performance indicator. Using this criterion, it is found that the packing density or, equivalently, the external porosity, is the most important of all geometrical shape factors. Depending on whether the sample consists of weakly or strongly retained components, the optimal external porosity can be expected to vary between 60% and a value near 100%. The optimal exploitation of a high external porosity, however, also requires overall shrinkage of the domain size, towards and into the sub-micron range. With the current fabrication technologies, this requirement seems difficult to achieve. In the presence of a lower limit on the characteristic support size, each range of desired plate numbers or peak capacities has its own optimal external porosity, ranging from a very low value (high packing density) for high speed, small peak capacity applications, to very high external porosities (low packing density) for applications requiring a very large peak capacity. Subsequently, the obtained theoretical insights are used to review and discuss the past and current research on alternative support formats. Finally, a number of emerging micro- and nano-fabrication technologies are introduced and their potential for the future production of supports with improved shape and homogeneity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Billen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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28
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Bisjak CP, Lubbad SH, Trojer L, Bonn GK. Novel monolithic poly(phenyl acrylate-co-1,4-phenylene diacrylate) capillary columns for biopolymer chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1147:46-52. [PMID: 17328901 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Monolithic capillary columns were prepared by thermally initiated free radical polymerisation of phenyl acrylate (PA) and 1,4-phenylene diacrylate (PDA) in the confines of 200 microm I.D. fused silica capillaries. Polymerisation was performed in the presence of 2-propanol and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as inert diluents (porogens), using alpha,alpha'-azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator. Morphology and porosity of the resulting monoliths were comprehensively studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury intrusion porosimetry and inverse size-exclusion chromatography (ISEC). The novel poly(phenyl acrylate-co-1,4-phenylene diacrylate) (PA/PDA) monoliths showed high mechanical stability and were successfully applied to the separation of proteins and oligodeoxynucleotides, employing reversed-phase (RP) and ion-pair reversed-phase (IP-RP) conditions, respectively. Maximum loading capacities for cytochrome c and d(pT)(16) were evaluated and found to be in the region of 200 fmol. Batch-to-batch reproducibility was determined for three independently prepared PA/PDA monolithic capillary columns. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) of retention time (t(R)) of 0.7-1.6% for proteins and 0.2-2.5% for d(pT)(12-18) proved high reproducibility of the PA/PDA supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens P Bisjak
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 52a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Junkar I, Koloini T, Krajnc P, Nemec D, Podgornik A, Strancar A. Pressure drop characteristics of poly(high internal phase emulsion) monoliths. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1144:48-54. [PMID: 17239386 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Revised: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Today, monoliths are well-accepted chromatographic stationary phases due to several advantageous properties in comparison with conventional chromatographic supports. A number of different types of monoliths have already been described, among them recently a poly(high internal phase emulsion) (PolyHIPE) type of chromatographic monoliths. Due to their particular structure, we investigated the possibility of implementing different mathematical models to predict pressure drop on PolyHIPE monoliths. It was found that the experimental results of pressure drop on PolyHIPE monoliths can best be described by employing the representative unit cell (RUC) model, which was originally derived for the prediction of pressure drop on catalytic foams. Models intended for the description of particulate beds and silica monoliths were not as accurate. The results of this study indicate that the PolyHIPE structure under given experimental condition is, from a hydrodynamic point of view, to some extent similar to foam structures, though any extrapolation of these results may not provide useful predictions of pressure versus flow relations and further experiments are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Junkar
- BIA Separations d.o.o., Teslova 30, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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30
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Grimes BA, Skudas R, Unger KK, Lubda D. Pore structural characterization of monolithic silica columns by inverse size-exclusion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1144:14-29. [PMID: 17126846 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a parallel pore model (PPM) and a pore network model (PNM) are developed to provide a state-of-art method for the calculation of several characteristic pore structural parameters from inverse size-exclusion chromatography (ISEC) experiments. The proposed PPM and PNM could be applicable to both monoliths and columns packed with porous particles. The PPM and PNM proposed in this work are able to predict the existence of the second inflection point in the experimental exclusion curve that has been observed for monolithic materials by accounting for volume partitioning of the polymer standards in the macropores of the column. The appearance and prominence of the second inflection point in the exclusion curve is determined to depend strongly on the void fraction of the macropores (flow-through pores), (b) the nominal diameter of the macropores, and (c) the radius of gyration of the largest polymer standard employed in the determination of the experimental ISEC exclusion curve. The conditions that dictate the appearance and prominence of the second inflection point in the exclusion curve are presented. The proposed models are applied to experimentally measured ISEC exclusion curves of six silica monoliths having different macropore and mesopore diameters. The PPM and PNM proposed in this work are able to determine the void fractions of the macropores and silica skeleton, the pore connectivity of the mesopores, as well as the pore number distribution (PND) and pore volume distribution (PVD) of the mesopores. The results indicate that the mesoporous structure of all materials studied is well connected as evidenced by the similarities between the PVDs calculated with the PPM and the PNM, and by the high pore connectivity values obtained from the PNM. Due to the fact that the proposed models can predict the existence of the second inflection point in the exclusion curves, the proposed models could be more applicable than other models for ISEC characterization of chromatographic columns with small diameter macropores (interstitial pores) and/or large macropore (interstitial pore) void fractions. It should be noted that the PNM can always be applied without the use of the PPM, since the PPM is an idealization that considers an infinitely connected porous medium and for materials having a low (<6) pore connectivity the PPM would force the PVD to a lower average diameter and larger distribution width as opposed to properly accounting for the network effects present in the real porous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Grimes
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
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Skudas R, Grimes BA, Machtejevas E, Kudirkaite V, Kornysova O, Hennessy TP, Lubda D, Unger KK. Impact of pore structural parameters on column performance and resolution of reversed-phase monolithic silica columns for peptides and proteins. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1144:72-84. [PMID: 17084406 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, monolithic silica columns with the C4, C8, and C18 chemistry and having various macropore diameters and two different mesopore diameters are studied to access the differences in the column efficiency under isocratic elution conditions and the resolution of selected peptide pairs under reversed-phase gradient elution conditions for the separation of peptides and proteins. The columns with the pore structural characteristics that provided the most efficient separations are then employed to optimize the conditions of a gradient separation of a model mixture of peptides and proteins based on surface chemistry, gradient time, volumetric flow rate, and acetonitrile concentration. Both the mesopore and macropore diameters of the monolithic column are decisive for the column efficiency. As the diameter of the through-pores decreases, the column efficiency increases. The large set of mesopores studied with a nominal diameter of approximately 25 nm provided the most efficient column performance. The efficiency of the monolithic silica columns increase with decreasing n-alkyl chain length in the sequence of C18<C8<C4. The resolution of proteins and peptides by reversed-phase gradient liquid chromatography on n-octadecyl, n-octyl, and n-butyl bonded monolithic silica columns is optimized. The results obtained imply the use of acetonitrile concentration gradient up to 75% for n-octadecyl and n-octyl bonded monolithic silica columns, and the use of acetonitrile concentration gradient up to 85% for n-butyl bonded monolithic silica columns. With the respect to the gradient times and flow rates, the optimum conditions are the best with n-octyl and n-butyl bonded monolithic silica columns, where the range of optimum gradient times is up to approximately 30 min and mobile phase flow rates in the range of 0.5-1 ml/min. Consequently, the best performance towards peak resolution is obtained with n-octyl bonded monolithic silica column with the respect to low concentration of organic phase gradient, fast separations and low solvent consumptions due to low flow rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romas Skudas
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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Wei Y, Huang X, Chen Q, Geng X. PREPARATION AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC BEHAVIOR OF A BIFUNCTIONAL CONTINUOUS ROD FOR WEAK CATION EXCHANGE AND IMMOBILIZED METAL AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100107351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinmao Wei
- a Institute of Modern Separation Science, Northwest University , Xi'an , 710069 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- a Institute of Modern Separation Science, Northwest University , Xi'an , 710069 , P. R. China
| | - Qiang Chen
- b Department of Chemistry , Boji College of Arts and Science , Boji, Shaanxi , 721007 , P. R. China
| | - Xindu Geng
- a Institute of Modern Separation Science, Northwest University , Xi'an , 710069 , P. R. China
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Zabka M, Minceva M, Rodrigues AE. Experimental characterization and modelling of analytical monolithic column. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:95-105. [PMID: 17123626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydrodynamics, equilibrium and kinetics of adsorption in a silica-based monolithic column Chromolith Performance RP-18e (Merck KgaA, Germany) have been studied. The column permeability was calculated according to the Darcy law for laminar flow. The efficiency of the monolithic column was characterized through the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) for myoglobin, phenol and progesterone. The 2-D single channel mathematical model has been applied to describe the adsorption dynamics. Parabolic velocity profile, axial and radial diffusion in the monolith channel, linear driving force model for the mass transfer in the monolith channel skeleton wall and linear adsorption equilibrium were assumed. The mathematical model gives good prediction of the experimental elution peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Zabka
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Lü H, Wang J, Wang X, Lin X, Wu X, Xie Z. Rapid separation and determination of structurally related anthraquinones in Rhubarb by pressurized capillary electrochromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:352-7. [PMID: 16875795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Revised: 06/04/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A pressurized capillary electrochromatography (pCEC) with monolithic column has been developed for the rapid separation and determination of five structurally related anthraquinones in Rhubarb. The possibility of rapid separation resulted from the unique pore structure with high permeability and favorable mass transfer characteristics of the monolithic stationary phase. The effect factors such as organic modifier, acidity and concentration of running buffer, separation voltage were investigated to acquire the optimum condition. In the 220 nm wavelengths, the five anthraquinones could be baseline-separated rapidly within 5 min with the separation voltage of -20 kV in 10 mmol/L phosphate buffer (pH 6.2) containing 65% acetonitrile. The calibration graphs of rhein, aloe-emodin, emodin chrysophanol and physcion were linear by plotting the peak area against the analytes concentration over the range of 0.2-65, 0.1-30, 0.1-55, 0.5-30 and 0.5-55 microg/mL, respectively. The detection limits of five anthraquinones were ranged from 0.06 to 0.2 microg/mL and the recoveries of Rhubarb samples were about 81.3-86.4% (R.S.D.< or = 5.2%). This proposed method was successfully applied to determination of the five analytes in Rhubarb with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Lü
- The Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety (Fuzhou University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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35
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Courtois J, Byström E, Irgum K. Novel monolithic materials using poly(ethylene glycol) as porogen for protein separation. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wei Y, Huang X, Liu R, Shen Y, Geng X. Preparation of a monolithic column for weak cation exchange chromatography and its application in the separation of biopolymers. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:5-13. [PMID: 16485704 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A procedure for the preparation of a monolithic column for weak cation exchange chromatography was presented. The structure of the monolithic column was evaluated by mercury intrusion. The hydrodynamic and chromatographic properties of the monolithic column--such as back pressures at different flow rates, effects of pH on protein retention, dynamic loading capacity, recovery, and stability--were determined under conditions typical for ion-exchange chromatography. The prepared monolithic column might be used in a relatively broad pH range from 4.0 to 12.0 and exhibited an excellent separation to five proteins at the flow rates of both 1.0 and 8.0 mL/min, respectively. In addition, the prepared column was first used in the purification and simultaneous renaturation of recombinant human interferon gamma (rhIFN-gamma) in the extract solution with 7.0 mol/L guanidine hydrochloride. The purity and specific bioactivity of the purified rhIFN-gamma in only one chromatographic step were obtained to be 93% and 7.8 x 10(7) IU/mg, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinmao Wei
- Institute of Modern Separation Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
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37
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Bisjak CP, Bakry R, Huck CW, Bonn GK. Amino-Functionalized Monolithic Poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-divinylbenzene) Ion-Exchange Stationary Phases for the Separation of Oligonucleotides. Chromatographia 2005. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-005-0607-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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38
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Zhang X, Wang JC, Lacki KM, Liapis AI. Molecular dynamics simulation studies of the conformation and lateral mobility of a charged adsorbate biomolecule: Implications for estimating the critical value of the radius of a pore in porous media. J Colloid Interface Sci 2005; 290:373-82. [PMID: 15925373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Revised: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The conformations, the values of the lateral transport coefficient of a charged biomolecule (desmopressin) in the adsorbed layer and in the liquid layers above the adsorbed layer, the potential energies of the interaction between the biomolecules located in different liquid layers with the charged solid surface and with the biomolecules in the adsorbed layer, the potential energies of the interaction between water molecules in the hydration layers surrounding the conformations of the biomolecules in different layers, as well as the structure and number of hydration layers between the different conformations of desmopressin, were determined by molecular dynamics simulation studies. The results show that the lateral mobility of the adsorbed desmopressin is approximately equal to zero and the value of the lateral transport coefficient of the biomolecule in the liquid layers located above the adsorbed layer increases as the distance of the liquid layer from the charged solid surface increases. But the values of the lateral transport coefficient of the biomolecule in the liquid layers above the adsorbed layer are lower in magnitude than the value of the transport coefficient of desmopressin along the direction normal to the charged solid surface in the liquid phase located above the vacant charged sites of the solid surface, and these differences in the values of the transport coefficients have important implications with respect to the replenishment of the biomolecules in the inner parts of a channel (pore), the overall rate of adsorption, and the form of the constitutive equations that would have to be used in macroscopic models to describe the mechanisms of mass transfer and adsorption in the pores of adsorbent media. Furthermore, a novel method is presented in this work that utilizes the information about the sizes of the conformations of the biomolecule in the adsorbed layer and in the liquid layers above the adsorbed layer along the direction that is normal to the charged solid surface, as well as the number and size of the hydration layers along the same direction, and could be used to estimate the value of the lower bound of the linear characteristic dimension of a pore (i.e., pore radius) in porous adsorbent media (e.g., porous adsorbent particles; skeletons of porous monoliths) in order to realize effective transport and overall adsorption rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Biochemical Processing Institute, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65409-1230, USA
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39
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Rieux L, Niederländer H, Verpoorte E, Bischoff R. Silica monolithic columns: Synthesis, characterisation and applications to the analysis of biological molecules. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:1628-41. [PMID: 16224956 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, proteomics has been a subject of intense research. The complexity of proteomics samples has fostered technological developments. One of these addresses the need for more efficient and faster separations. Monolithic columns prepared from organic and silica monomers offer very efficient separations at low back-pressure. Silica-based monoliths have small-sized skeletons and a bimodal pore size distribution with microm-sized throughpores and nm-sized mesopores. This gives silica-based monoliths favourable properties for high-efficiency, fast separations, like a low-pressure drop across the column, fast mass transfer kinetics and a high binding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Rieux
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, University Centre for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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40
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Abstract
Pressure drop analysis in commercial CIM disk monolithic columns is presented. Experimental measurements of pressure drop are compared to hydrodynamic models usually employed for prediction of pressure drop in packed beds, e.g. free surface model and capillary model applying hydraulic radius concept. However, the comparison between pressure drop in monolith and adequate packed bed give unexpected results. Pressure drop in a CIM disk monolithic column is approximately 50% lower than in an adequate packed bed of spheres having the same hydraulic radius as CIM disk monolith; meaning they both have the same porosity and the same specific surface area. This phenomenon seems to be a consequence of the monolithic porous structure which is quite different in terms of the pore size distribution and parallel pore nonuniformity compared to the one in conventional packed beds. The number of self-similar levels for the CIM monoliths was estimated to be between 1.03 and 2.75.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Mihelic
- Melamin-Chemical Company, Tomsiceva 9, SI-1330 Kocevje, Slovenia
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41
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Gu B, Armenta JM, Lee ML. Preparation and evaluation of poly(polyethylene glycol methyl ether acrylate-co-polyethylene glycol diacrylate) monolith for protein analysis. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1079:382-91. [PMID: 16038326 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A poly(polyethylene glycol methyl ether acrylate-co-polyethylene glycol diacrylate) monolith was prepared by UV-initiated polymerization. Methanol and ethyl ether were selected as porogens from a variety of organic solvents to achieve the desirable characteristics of the monolith. The preparation of the monolith could be achieved within 10 min. The monolith was macroscopically homogeneous, had low flow resistance, and did not swell or shrink significantly in tetrahydrofuran. Inverse size-exclusion data indicate that the monolith had a total porosity of 75.4% and an internal porosity of 9.1%. The monolith could be used for size-exclusion separation of peptides, although it could not separate proteins with molecular masses between 10 and 100 K due to its unique pore size distribution. It was found to resist adsorption of proteins in capillary liquid chromatography when using 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.5 M NaCl. Complete recovery of both acidic and basic proteins was achieved. The monolith can be used for applications in which inert materials are required for protein analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghe Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, P O. Box 25700, Provo, UT 84602-5700, USA
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42
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Podgornik A, Strancar A. Convective Interaction Media (CIM)--short layer monolithic chromatographic stationary phases. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 2005; 11:281-333. [PMID: 16216781 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(05)11009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Modern downstream processing requires fast and highly effective methods to obtain large quantities of highly pure substances. Commonly applied method for this purpose is chromatography. However, its main drawback is its throughput since purification, especially of large molecules, requires long process time. To overcome this problem several new stationary phases were introduced, among which short layer monoliths show superior properties for many applications. The purpose of this review is to give an overview about short methacrylate monolithic columns commercialised under the trademark Convective Interaction Media (CIM). Their unique properties are described from different perspectives, explaining reasons for their application on various areas. Approaches to prepare large volume methacrylate monolithic column are discussed and optimal solutions are given. Different examples of CIM monolithic column implementation are summarised in the last part of the article to give the reader an idea about their advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Podgornik
- BIA Separations d.o.o., Teslova 30, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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43
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Samanidou VF, Ioannou AS, Papadoyannis IN. The use of a monolithic column to improve the simultaneous determination of four cephalosporin antibiotics in pharmaceuticals and body fluids by HPLC after solid phase extraction—a comparison with a conventional reversed-phase silica-based column. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 809:175-82. [PMID: 15282109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2004] [Revised: 06/14/2004] [Accepted: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of a monolithic column (Chromolith, SpeedROD RP-18e, by Merck) was studied on the determination of cephalosporin antibiotics. Results were compared with those from a previously developed analytical method using conventional silica-based analytical column. A rapid, accurate and sensitive method has been developed and validated for the quantitative simultaneous determination of four cephalosporins: Cephalexine and Cephadroxil (first generation), Cefaclor (second generation) and Cefotaxim (third generation) in pharmaceuticals as well as in human blood serum and urine. Hydroflumethiazide (HFM) (3,4-dihydro-6(trifluoromethyl)-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide-1,1-dioxide) was used as an internal standard at a concentration of 1.5 ng/microL. A rectilinear relationship was observed up to 5 ng/microL for the four compounds. Analysis time was less than 4 min. The statistical evaluation of the method was examined by means of within-day repeatability (n=8) and day-to-day precision (n=8) and was found to be satisfactory with high accuracy and precision results. The method was applied to the determination of the cephalosporins in commercial pharmaceuticals and in biological fluids: human blood serum after solid phase extraction and urine simply after filtration and dilution. Recovery of analytes in spiked serum samples was in the range from 88.7 to 107.8%, while for urine samples recovery was from 98.0 to 105.6%. By comparing the figures of merit for the monolithic column and the silica-based one, regarding the determination of the four cephalosporins investigated in the present study, the outstanding efficiency of the monolithic column can be noticed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V F Samanidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Jungbauer A, Hahn R. Monoliths for fast bioseparation and bioconversion and their applications in biotechnology. J Sep Sci 2004; 27:767-78. [PMID: 15354554 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200401812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Monoliths have consolidated their position in bioseparation. More than 200 different applications have been reported in the past two decades and their advantages compared to conventional chromatography demonstrated. These include the high mass transfer efficiency due to the convective flow enabled by the macroporous character of the matrix. Recently plasmid DNA and viruses were separated with high efficiency and cryogels and monolithic superporous agarose were developed for capture of proteins from crude homogenates and separation of microorganisms or lymphocytes. Currently four companies manufacture monoliths mainly for analytical applications although monoliths with a volume of 0.8 liter are commercially available and 8 L are available as prototypes. A book entitled "Monolithic materials: preparation, properties and applications" was published in 2003 and became standard reference of the status of this area. This review focuses on the progress in monoliths that goes beyond the scope of this reference book. Less progress has been made in the field of bioconversions in spite of the fact that monolithic supports exhibit better performance than beads in enzymatic processing of macromolecules. It appears that the scientific community has not yet realized that supports for these applications are readily available. In addition, monoliths will further substantially advance bioseparations of both small and large molecules in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Jungbauer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
Rigid porous polymer monoliths are a new class of materials that emerged in the early 1990s. These monolithic materials are typically prepared using a simple molding process carried out within the confines of a closed mold. For example, polymerization of a mixture comprising monomers, free-radical initiator, and porogenic solvent affords macroporous materials with large through-pores that enable applications in a rapid flow-through mode. The versatility of the preparation technique is demonstrated by its use with hydrophobic, hydrophilic, ionizable, and zwitterionic monomers. Several system variables can be used to control the porous properties of the monolith over a broad range and to mediate the hydrodynamic properties of the monolithic devices. A variety of methods such as direct copolymerization of functional monomers, chemical modification of reactive groups, and grafting of pore surface with selected polymer chains is available for the control of surface chemistry. Since all the mobile phase must flow through the monolith, the convection considerably accelerates mass transport within the molded material, and the monolithic devices perform well, even at very high flow rates. The applications of polymeric monolithic materials are demonstrated mostly on the separations in the HPLC mode, although CEC, gas chromatography, enzyme immobilization, molecular recognition, advanced detection systems, and microfluidic devices are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Svec
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA.
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Abstract
Monolithic stationary phases and columns have rapidly become highly popular separation media for liquid chromatography, in spite of their recent discovery. However, their most important features have not yet been completely clarified. A complete understanding of their performance and of their intrinsic characteristics will require the systematic acquisition of many series of reliable experimental data and their consistent analysis from different points of view. Progress in their design and production requires now that the chromatographic behavior of monolithic columns be studied in close connection with their physico-chemical and structural properties. The main goal of this review is to summarize fundamental information on some physico-chemical and chromatographic characteristics of monolithic stationary phases and columns for RPLC. The material reviewed deals only with silica-based monolithic columns. First, structural information on the porosities and the size of the pores in monolithic columns is reported. Second, results of chromatographic studies that deal with the characterization of monolithic columns are summarized. Third, results of detailed studies made on the adsorption equilibrium and the surface heterogeneity of monolithic stationary phases are presented. Finally, results on the mass transfer kinetics in monolithic columns derived from the applications of the classical random-walk model and of the moment theory to a new model of the monolith are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Miyabe
- Faculty of Engineering, Toyama University, Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
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47
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Vervoort N, Gzil P, Baron GV, Desmet G. Model column structure for the analysis of the flow and band-broadening characteristics of silica monoliths. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1030:177-86. [PMID: 15043267 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We report on the use of commercial computational fluid dynamics software to study the band broadening in a perfectly ordered three-dimensional model structure, the so-called tetrahedral skeleton column (TSC), selected for its close geometrical resemblance to the specific pore network topology of silica monoliths. Van Deemter plots are presented for the case of a species flow through a non-porous skeleton and for the case of a retained component (k' = 1) in a porous skeleton (mesopore porosity epsilon = 0.6 in both cases). Using the flow domain as the characteristic scaling dimension, the TSC model yields reduced plate heights as small as h(min) = 0.8 and separation impedances as small as Emin = 120 for a retained component with k' = 1. The very small reduced plate heights for the TSC model can without any doubt largely be attributed to the perfect homogeneity of the considered model structure: the B and C terms are similar to those obtained in real silica monoliths with similar external porosity, whereas the A term is significantly (about a factor of 10) smaller. The present study hence suggests that further experimental work to obtain more homogeneous silica networks could yield large gains in reduced plate height and separation impedance. Comparing the three-dimensional TSC model with a 2D array of cylinders, it was found that the use of the domain size as the characteristic dimension in the reduced plate height expression is much more appropriate than the use of the skeleton size, hence validating earlier approaches adopted in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Vervoort
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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48
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Persson P, Baybak O, Plieva F, Galaev IY, Mattiasson B, Nilsson B, Axelsson A. Characterization of a continuous supermacroporous monolithic matrix for chromatographic separation of large bioparticles. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 88:224-36. [PMID: 15449292 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A continuous supermacroporous monolithic chromatographic matrix has been characterized using a capillary model, experimental breakthrough curves, and pressure drop experiments. The model describes the convective flow and its dispersive mixing effects, mass transfer resistance, pore size distribution, and the adsorption behavior of the monolithic matrix. It is possible to determine an effective pore size distribution by fitting the capillary model to experimental breakthrough curves and pressure drop experiments. The model is able to describe the flow rate dependence of the experimental breakthrough curves. Mass transport resistance was due to: (i) dispersive mixing effects in the convective flow in the pores; and (ii) slow diffusion in the stagnant film covering the surface within each pore, under adsorption conditions. The monolithic matrix can be described by a very narrow pore size distribution, illustrating one of the advantages of the gel. A broader pore size distribution results in increased band broadening. This can be studied easily using the model developed in this investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Persson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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49
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Gutenwik J, Nilsson B, Axelsson A. Coupled diffusion and adsorption effects for multiple proteins in agarose gel. AIChE J 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.10231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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50
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Šatı́nský D, Solich P, Chocholouš P, Karlı́ček R. Monolithic columns—a new concept of separation in the sequential injection technique. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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